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M
A
i i W
m
—o— (Continued from Page 1)
organizations fighting bigotry and intoler
ance and strengthening intergroup relo_ tions. (Which, being interpreted, means
fighting for the destruction of the White
Christian race through integration And
race-mixing!) JDA is currently seeking
.$5,G O
O ,000 nationally to meet the minimal
budgetary requirements of AJC and ABL..”
ADL is tiie Jewish Anti-Defamation
League (secret police) that maintains
Soviet-like dossiers on all name-called “antiSemites” and practices bigotry, persecution
and defamation against them, while it
spouts ‘brotherhood’ in order to keep itself
off the hot. griddle. This same issue' of
Heritage has an editorial titled, “Depraved
Nightmare-Disjointed Soul,” which ridicules
and defames White Chi'istian patriots in
the accepted Jewish manner.
Think what indigent little Christian
American patriots could do with these mil
lions of dollars handed to them by the
public, on a golden platter, such .-as the
Jews regularly collect! And the above is
only one of the many such continuous na
tional drives for funds. This effectively
1 explodes the lies fii'st above quoted, And
puts the shoe on the other fool—where it
belongs. Their own literature amply proves
this contention. These huge funds are used
for their own selfish racial, religious and
national (Israeli) purposes. My mail, these
days, consists largely of appeals from 'in
dignant, indigent Christians, of which I anv
one. Who lias all the money and why?
This same davits is sponsoring a bill in
Congress, together with his cohort,
Emanuel Celler, also of N.Y., chairman of
the House Judiciary Committee, to deprive
Christian Constitutional patriots (called
‘hatemongers’ by _the -Jewish ..press) _of
* their pre-eminent Constitutional right to
use the mails, to present their side of mat
ters vitally affecting our country. But of
course there is not intended to be any in
vestigation or hamstringing of Ilie virulent
anti-Christian Jewish, publications! —
Protestant and Catholic churches, who aye
thereby hiring skillfully' inoculated with'
Judaism rather than Christianity. These
acthdf?:--- are documented in the American
Jewish Committee, budgets for 1953 and
1954. Their Iiiterreligious Activities Div.
“seeks to encourage and assist Protestant
and C -ihoxic churches and church groups
to develop education anti social action pro
grams that will create, favorable attitudes
towards jews and Judaism.” (from p. 55,
1954 Budget). “W plan to continue our
;c
close contacts with both the Protestant and
Catholic press, not only to provide factual
information in areas of mutual concern..
(p. 56). And from their 1953 Budget: “...our
Christian educators have come to regard
our agency as having special competence
in intergronp education and have no hesi
tation in calling upon us for counsel.” (page'
96). These so-called ‘Christian’ churches
and ministers must be totally bereft of
brains, dedication, and inspiration from
their true leader, the Christian Christ!
These proselyters, as well as their victims,
should well remember St. Matthew 1S:6 as
well as Matthew 23:15.
Yet despite this propagandizing of their
victims in an effort to make the Christian
love the Jew, Zionist Jewry’s organizations'
and publications (as well as their cats paws
such as Drew Pearson) play continually
upon the word “ifATE” and “hatemonger. ing” which they apply indiscriminately to
anyone and everyone who does truly at-,
tempt to follow in the footsteps of the
Christ, and who dares to expose or criti
cise THEM in any way, no matter how
truthfully. They use these words “bate”,
and “anti-Semitic” in an effort to defame
their victims and make them persona non
grata with the public, all of which is, or
should be, lawfully libelous. They give us
no benefit of the doubt as to our high
motives and principles in trying to “pre
serve, protect and defend” our country,
oui .‘ace, our Christian religion, just as
they labor militant ly to do the same for.
theirs, According to them, we have no
iConsthutioiiai right jto do this in and for
minded;. lovers of pleasures ,yiyr.e uuu»
C
c'od,” spoken of in II Timothy. 3:4.
Christ foresaw these very days when He
said “Ar-7 yc shall be hated of all men for
’s sake: but he that endureth to
tho enu
oe saved.” It. is now. going to
costson -...Thing
'^oudly carry that Name
above ALL Nam . one cannot be a do-less
•‘Chwlsmou* .especially since He said, “Think
iJO ’’ . f am come to send peace on earth:
' earner net to send peace, but a sword.”
Better buckle on your sword, brother, and
'.put on the whole armor of Christ, else you
sir i: net be able id stand in the soon-com
ing days. “And he that taheth not ills cross
ifed: folio..elk (not) after me, is not worthy
o£ me.”
-*m4
If you do not stand and fight with and
for Him, you certainly will not reign with
Him, her will you enter into His Kingdom.
-No longer may you straddle the fence. HE
made the. supremo sacrifice, and so shall
you have to sacrifice to regain and save
ycur -freedom. Freedom is -only for those
who dare. This Is a spiritual battle, not a
■political one, .thfet is looming over the-earth,
in u-hica tile forces of darkness must, and
shall be, defeated. This time Christ and
Hid Hosts are coming in Power and Glory
to fight for His people. There will be no
other help except His. When the people call
upon Him, Be will respond.
SsmmonSense*
Union, N ew Jo rio y , U .S. A.
Cond"? McGinloy, Editor
3 1 -for 25 copio3, $3 for 1G9, $10 far 500
Or.e yeoi 's subjefiMion. $ 1. Threo year* (or S2.5Q
First Closs (Seolitd)—5 3 .0 0 J ir t y w r
FOREIGN 10 MONTHS St.OO
. *V*.. . '
C o xzxjtS ea ss*
« *
• '
Fvb'iihtd fwict m lW at
oA y
, SaO C h e o tr.u t S t. U n io n , N ow J e r s e y , U .3.A ..
e
M
n
iW
tr*** O k*
IT
COMMON SENSE is published by
Curisiian Educational Assn.,. Union, N . J.
�
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RG 07, Arlington County Public Schools
Description
An account of the resource
Record Group 07 contains the incomplete and unofficial records of the Arlington County, Virginia, public school system. The entire collection measures 20.85 linear feet, and ranges in date between 1909 and 2004. The bulk of the material is from the period 1946-1988.
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"Common Sense", The Nation's Anti-communist Newspaper, unknown page.
Description
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Bottom half of unknown page.
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pdf
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RG 7, Arlington County Public Schools
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Common Sense, William Allen
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1950s
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7_1_8_19_9
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others
would
DOES
SHOULD MIX. The Bible does' say in Acts
...
t p 'J
. ;
17:24-26 “G od...hath made of one blood
,acc"
'm M m m k
all lutu.n; of m en.;.,and hath deter,e u‘,ve 01
mined___ the bounds of their habitations.” , ? C0VZ
‘u y
Conde McGinlcy
God created different races and placed the
or
White man in Europe, Yellow in Asia, Red:i “amber of us who have a five meanings
in America, and Black in Africa—Godol years of business experience to draw the
sonarated the races: man mixed them!
m:yv maue exireme sacrifices.
separated
races;
x:v.s p-itriotic paper, easily read, packed
Southerners are as law-abiding as any
other citizens. Anti-Integration measures v.’ioi tacts, is the practical, hard-hitting
have been taken not to defy the federal weapon which has enraged the Marxist
o ________________ e _____ ____________
government, but to prevent disastrous con- forces, to attack us from all sides attemptsequences to both races of unmet measures. 'n® ^ smear and misrepresent this paper
The 14th (equal protection) Amendment, w m cm thej cannot answer. Our subsenpwas “ratified” by Southern States: at ,,(?8 1 _ “ growing fast the paper has
bayonet point. The Congress which pro- l:ro^ n “ self.
posed it set up separate schools in Washing. ^ v if * lime for patriots to make
ton, as did States which “ratified” it. At Spccfei efforts to double our readers and
least 35 times the Supreme Court has ruled “ el? strengthen us financially so we can
that the law permits “separate but equal”
ourselves and publish weekly.
•
facilities. The Supreme Court decision of
^vace a month does not permit us to
May 17, 1954, is a decree handed" down by
••!«©. many phases of subversion and
9 appointed men. No de-segregatloiv law brainwashing which many people are
has been passed by Congress, the only body o n x w n s to «now about. _
empowered by the Constitution tomake
Oor greatest weakness is not asking for
laws. The only Civil Rights law passed money. % e do not send you a begging let\
gives the federal government the right to l6r eac“ I
week saying we are going to close
intervene in voting cases only.
-vrdown unless you help as but that does not
The race problem has been found to he
^
need your fi,mnciaI Mdefinitely and unquestionably linked jvith
.
projects are continually waitun-Amencan activities. The operation of • ^
in 0 ‘r headquarters for funds to
the communists is very subversive-,they ^
them 0 l l t We have quit our oecupawork through “fronts, organizations and. ,{on.H where we could make money; this
individuals without membership cards who
k Spends on you patriots to back us
n n v n n tv Q ln
nm r
lrlo n o
enm o
Ifn D vvrntriv
__
v
1..........
>
perpetrate itheir ideas, some knowingly, up according to your ability.
some completely unsuspecting of the re
Please help us turn the trend.
lationship. Communists express as theiv in
GET SET FOR THE BIG MARXIST
tentions the violent overthrowing of the
PUSH IN CONGRESS IN JANUARY
government and Constitution, and mongrelization of races. History shows that all na
tions which have had an amalgamation of
races have declined as world powers. The Georgia Commission on Education
has revealed that leaders of all racial up
risings in the South since the Supreme
Court handed down its decision met at a
KEEP CHRIST IN CHRISTMAS!
communist training school in Monteagle,
cause they have been-herdsmen of human
cattle (gey cattle!), who have made a rcligibri of y.
.vgy (the study of human
nature). One must actually use the figuraof these key words in order
ostensible inference of this
statement The first definition of liumanitarianism given in the Merriam Webster's
is: “The tenet denying the divinity of
Christ!” Can you see now why the Pharisee3 are sucn “great humanitarians?” In
case the innocent believe the real InterpreNation of editor Gach’s words are farfetched, he continues, dropping somewhat
his veil of hypocrisy. It is not surprising
that this old hatred of our humanism is as
prevalent today as it has been since
Pharoah. it js understandable that the
feudal Arab King of Saudi Arabia hates
tke sjghf 0f a j ew. They remind him too
0f what happened to Pharoah. (And
0f ffte Jewess who poisoned Mohammed?)
In many schools in Germany “The Diary
0f Anne Frank” is required reading. (NJPO
1958, p. 11).
.“If we write only about Jewish citizens
who are perfect, the average reader will
lose faith and won’t be willing to believe or
accept the story. That will do us no good
whatsoever,” said Myron S. Kaufmann.
(NJPO, Jan. 24, 1958, p. 8).
<*
:
~
Or
“I disagree with what you say, but I
will defend to the death y o u r. right to
say it.”
'
. . . . Voltaire „
ORDER A QUANTITY OF THIS ISSUE
AND MAIL QUICKLY TO PEOPLE WHO
MILL ACT !! !
HELP SECURE A MILLION READERS
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
RG 07, Arlington County Public Schools
Description
An account of the resource
Record Group 07 contains the incomplete and unofficial records of the Arlington County, Virginia, public school system. The entire collection measures 20.85 linear feet, and ranges in date between 1909 and 2004. The bulk of the material is from the period 1946-1988.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
"Common Sense", The Nation's Anti-communist Newspaper, unknown page.
Description
An account of the resource
Bottom half of unknown page.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
pdf
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
RG 7, Arlington County Public Schools
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Common Sense, William Allen
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1950s
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
7_1_8_19_10
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https://projectdaps.org/files/original/c7628e69ad1d1df15acfe4066d5f2a08.pdf
7af76192dc5eb8c5d2284aab8c6883dd
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Text
Sr
VIRGINIA 'S
A-PROJSSaBf^^® 5
"
B Z lE G n a iT r a A T IO N
P ttQ eR A W
COORDINATION AT WORK
State leaders meet to launch "Emergency VotcrProoram
Meeting of organizations
having statewide influence in
February, 1959, to plan an
Emergency Crash Program. It
was promoted by the NAACP
which was designated as the
coordinating agency. The
Steering Committee was com|^
posed of Masons, Elks, the1
Beauticians and NAACP.
Mrs. Otelia Jackson was
elected President*, at organi
zational meeting held in
Charlottesville,
State PA Committee
vT-17^-
200 attend initial meeting of
Crusade for Voters-Charlottesvi1le.
Norfolk has a Political
Alliance - seeks citywide
affiliation with all civic
and social groups.
"Knock On Every Door"
Richmond's Crusade lead<
trains new worker.
Center: Bill Thornton,
President of Richmond Crusade
for Voters, has cit'fwide
influence. '"Negro vote
potent force" was the con
census of Primary results.
Norfolk holds training sessions
twice per week.
The youth can be invaluable
in influencing their parents
and community.
Executive Secretary
charts course.
Candidates fo r the
House o f Delegates
Yr-uth Council m«P» plans for "Operation Citizenship'
�INTRODUCTION TO COORDINATION
"Our modern world, says John M. Brooks, was built through the principles of coordination.
We can and must use the same principles to build up the Negro vote in Virginia."
I.
COORDINATION
Partnerships, cooperatives, corporation:mergers and alliances are all efforts to
gain strength by joining hands in some degree with other individuals or groups.
The common weakness is votelessness. The alliance sought by the State NAACP is
coordination of the efforts of all individuals and/or civic or social groups.
We join hands then in a dynamic year-round Political Action Program which in turn
will produce a large and intelligent Negro vote.
II.
WHY WE SHOULD COORDINATE OUR EFFORTS
1.
2.
Only 22% of the potential Negro voting population are registered voters.
3.
A large number of Negroes qualified to vote do not show up at the polls on
election day.
4.
A large number of Negroes pay their poll taxes, but fail to register.
5.
III.
The job is too big for the NAACP alone and too important to the common welfare
to run the risk of spasmodic or spot programs.
The majority of localities lack organizational machinery to contact the
masses of people for the purpose of giving out factual and un-biased infor
mation on political candidates and issues.
WHAT CAN YOU DO?
1.
You can start a coordinating group in your area?
2.
You can improve the effectiveness of the group already started (organizations
are built)•
3.
You can throw your weight behind local independent or other organizations
that are doing an effective Political Action job. In this way, you will
still have coordination - the NAACP stands ready to join hands with such
organizations•
************ ** ************
�PLANNING A YEAR-ROUND PROGRAM
I.
A TWELVE MONTH PROGRAM
A good starting point for your Voter-Registration Program is the day following
the November General Election with the year ending on election day. Here's why:
1.
2.
II.
Payment of the poll tax is the first step to qualifying for voting in the
year ahead (1960 in this case). It is normally assessed in November (for
some, it's earlier), andf.is payable on or before December 5th without a
penalty.
A well-rounded program must consider the key dates and events - the December
and May poll tax deadlines, the June election (local election for cities), the
Primary and General Elections. Leading up to these events, the program should
be geared to getting the maximum results whether it is poll tax payment, regis
tration, or a Get-Out-The-Vote campaign.
A FOUR-PRONG PROGRAM
I like to think of the State Conference's Program as having four areas of attack:
Promotion, Organization, Campaigning and Training.
1.
Promotion - here you are interested in climate building for favorable accep
tance of "what istcoming next" be it a move to organize a poll tax-registra
tion drive, or to get the voters to the polls. This is done best through
leaflets, posters, and continually urging and making announcements especially
by your minister (a monthly or bi-monthly sermon would go a long way in main
taining the desired climate.
2.
Organization - of a coordinating group wherein all forces within the locality
is expected to participate: the churches, schools, PTA groups, NAACP, fra
ternal, social and civic groups, and just plain interested individuals.
Through unity in promotion of the BALLOT a more effective job can be done.
With organization goes the responsibility of making it effective through
select leadership and a good training program. There is no special time to
organize - anytime is the right time.
3.
Campaigning - Door-to-door canvassing is the most effective means of selling
the ballot. A special campaign should be instituted at least a month in ad
vance of the key dates (previously mentioned). Example:
a.
A Get-Out-The-Vote Campaign should follow this general pattern:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
4.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A fact sheet mailed to all qualified voters.
Exposure of candidates to voters.
Initial visit by block or road workers (one to two weeks prior).
Last minute visits - not more than two days preceding elections.
Telephone calls.
Poll watchers, baby sitters, car pools, storm troopers on election
day all are a part of this campaign.
Training - An active training program is invaluable and the most needed.
Leaders, workers and prospective voters; training gives the desired confi
dence and skill. The regular scheduled training program can be launched
through your coordinating group or its affiliates (Church, PTA, etc.).
�I.
THE WORKSHOP - AN IMMEDIATE MUST
A continuous training program is ideal. The workshop is something every locality can
do - NOW. How about it?
II.
URGENT - PLAN A WORKSHOP
1.
Pick a date - a full Saturday might be best.
2.
Find a place with adequate facilities - a school building is the first choice.
3.
Topics that can be presented
(a)
(d)
4.
Voting requirements (b) organization building (c)
the survey (e) just plain Mselling, and others.
,
worker training
Personnel for the shop (Resource)
(a)
(b)
III.
Get at least one attraction - expert
(c)
5.
Use local talent
Call on your Director (yours truly) even in the planning stages
A workshop thrives on people - all stops need to be pulled out to assure maximum
attendance.
See Page 3, paragraph (C) of "Spven Steps to Political Freedom” .
THE SURVEY - WHY?
Despite the questionable accuracy of the figures compiled by the Secretary of
the State Board of Elections (as submitted by local clerks and registrars) until
these tabulations are proved inaccurate, we*11 be using them and others will too,
to our disadvantage.
Another factor to face is that the totals for 1958 were submitted during the per
iod between January and April 1 of 1959, which in any case, do not reflect the
last minute efforts in poll tax payment and registration which takes place dir
ectly during the months of April, May and June. I dare say that these months pro
duced another 3,000 to 5,000 registered voters for 1958. If they show up it will
not be until April 1, 1960. THE LOCALITY AS WELL AS THE STATE IS IN NEED OF AN
UP-TO-DATE FIGURE TO WORK WITH. The only way it can be obtained is by way of a
survey.
NOTE: Again, the workshop can play an invaluable role^in.focusing attention on
this need as well as in outlining procedures to follow.
In Prince Edward County by use of the survey, we are^jincovering leaders, workers
and potential voters that had been given up for Dead. It can do the same for
you.
IV.
THE YOUTH IN "OPERATION CITIZENSHIP"
I.
The answer - Local mock elections
(a) Objectives:
1.
To provide a training ground to effectuate 'bperation citizenship1
�2.
To generate interest in and provide a working knowledge of local and
state government.
3.
To prepare the youth for lending aid in selling the ballot to his parents
and community.
4.
To further coordinate the program of the Youth Council with that of the
adults in voter-registration.
(b) The General Plan - Youth Chapters promote sponsor and hold mock elections .
.
for governor and/or other elected officials. (A city manager might be ideal)
1.
Candidates (atleast two) may be selected in one of three ways, or a
combination of ways.
a.
b.
Allow each geographical division of the city (North, South, East,
West) and magisterial districts in the county to run a candidate.
c.
2.
Hold a primary (elimination contest)
Volunteer or independents
Candidates will have a campaign committee to
a.
b.
O
raise funds (this could be the impetus to meet chapters* money needs)
to promote the candidate.
3.
A poll tax and registration requirement cou|d be worked out - .15 for polltax and blank paper registration to qualify.
4.
Campaign speeches based primarily“o n ’
the facts of politics would offer
good training material.
5.
Winning candidate (s) will rei|;n for the year as governor, mayor or what
have you.
6.
A place of honor will be provided for him at the state convention (1960).
CONCLUSIONS:
I* 'The real pay-off will come when the information learned through participation in
the mock election is transferred to the REAL 1HING.
II.
Ill
The Adult Voter-Registration Program needs you. There is nothing more important
at this time than ’Insuring good Government” Self-preservation is the first
’
law of nature. In preserving and .improving the institutions in our society, we
are not only helping ”ours” but all the people of this Commonwealth.
This is not an ultimatum,
it is not.
the idea is", but the manner in which you approach
�LET»S LEARN THIS SOUQ
"Lift Every Voice And Sing", while considered, the unofficial MAC? Anthem - IS IS KOI
THE NEGRO NATIONAL ANTHEM* Negro Americans, like all other American Citizens have but
one National Anthem - THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER*
Every Negro who appreciates the struggles, trials, heartaehes, tears and victories
made toward Freedom and First Class Citizenship should knew all, three stanzas of the
song*
.
The words are by James Weldon Johnsen, 1871 - 1938, a famous Executive Secretary of
the NAACP and it was set to music by his brother J. Rosamond Johnson.
James Weldon Johnson - 1871 - 1938
J. Rosamond Johnson - 1873 ~ 19SU
LIFT EVERT VOICE AND SING
By James Weldon Johnson
Lift every voice and sing,
'Til earth and Heaven ring,
!
Ring with the harmonies of Liberty!
Let our rejoicing rise
High as the listening skies,
Let it resound, loud as the rolling sea.
Sing a song full of the faith that the dark past
has taught us.
Sing a song full of the hope that the present
has brought usj
Facing the rising sun of our new day begun.
Let us march on 'til viptory is won.
Stony the road we trod.
Bitter the chastening rod.
Felt, in the days when hope unborn had died!
Yet with a steady beat,
Have not our weary feet.
Come to the place for which our fathers signed?
We have come over a way that with tears
has been watered.
We have come treading our path thro' the blood
of the slaughtered!
Out from the.
gloomy.pabt,
'Til now we stand at last
Where the white gleam of our bright star is cast.
God of our weary years,
God of our silent tears,
Thou who has brought us thus far on the way!
Thou who has by thy might.
Led us into the light,
Keep us forever in the path wa pray.
Lest our feet stray from the places, our God.
where we met Thee,
Lest our hearts, drunk with the wine of the world,
we forget Theej
Shadowed beneath thy hand may we forever stand,
True to our God, true to our Native Land.
�*1 N VOTES
THERE IS STRENGTH'
REMEMBER
PRINCE EDWARD
CLOSED SCHOOLS
CLOSED SCHOOLS
IT CAN
HAPPEN
TO
YOU
�
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RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
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"Coordination at Work," NAACP
Description
An account of the resource
Paper "Coordination at Work" by the NAACP on how to coordinate people for political action, specifically for voting and civil rights. Gives instruction and advice on creating a "year-round program" and organizing workshops. Seven pages.
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pdf
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RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
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NAACP
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No date
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unknown
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This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited.
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DEDICATION ISSUE
Mrs. Edm und C am pbell, Chairm an
Mr. T. E. R u tte r, Superintendent,
Of T he School Board, Proposes
D edicates W ak efield To An
D edicating W akefield To Parents,
U nceasing E ffo rt Toward The
T axpayers, A nd Students.
Goal O f A n A dequate Education
The dedication of Wakefield is made pos
sible by the contributions of many per
sons, so many, in fact, th a t I find it dif
ficult to form ulate an appropriate in
scription. With full knowledge,
therefore, th a t the statement
will be inadequate, I pro
pose th a t we dedicate the
Wakefield School to three
groups of persons.
F irst, to those parents
who, by making homes for
their children in Aldington
County, gave this school its
reason fo r being; who, with
unswerving, intelligent de
votion, planned, prodded, andMrs. Campbell
finally achieved.
Second, to those A rlington citizen tax
payers who do not have children in the
public schools and yet have an investment
of money, tim e and in terest in the public
education of the children of Arlington
and in the school buildings, which are
monuments to their belief in the future
America.
(Continued On Page 2)
For Every C itizen
The dedication, of. the Wakefield High
School on February 22, 1955, marks a great
milestone in the history of Arlington
County and a day of true significance for
each of us individually. First
this day is im portant because
Wakefield is a beautiful and
functional school building, one
in which we may take justifi
able pride. And, more impor
ta n t still, is the knowledge we
shall dedicate ourselves as a
school system and as a com
munity to the belief that
education is im portant, and Mr. R utter
the Wakefield School stands as a monu
ment to th a t belief and to the perpetua
tion of it here in Arlington.
Wakefield borrows its name from a Vir
ginia shrine, the birthplace of George
W ashington, who shared a belief in a
dream—a dream th at is now the United
States of America. Today, we share a
belief th a t the way of life for which
“Wakefield"’ stands is a good way, a belie
(Continued On Page 2)
Dr.H .M .W ilson, Principal, Believes Ken D arling, P resid e n t O f The
S tudent G overnm ent, Feels T h at
“ School S p irit” Has M ade
Good P a rticip a tio n In School
O ther Successes Possible
A ctivities By The S tu d en t Body,
In commenting on Wakefield’s progress,
I do not point to the many tangible suc
cesses which are catalogued in this dedi
cation issue. Instead, I call attention to
the intangible something called “school
spirit” th a t has developed so
quickly in our school. Call it
“school
sp irit”, “morale”,
“esprit de corps” or by any
other name, it has been the
moving force th a t has made
our other successes possible.
This feeling on the p art of
students, sta ff, and
com
munity members reflects the
affection which they hold
for, the pride they take Dr. Wilson
in, and the confidence
they have in
the school. When such a feeling ex
ists, when m orale is as high as it is
a t Wakefield, the efforts of a high
ly trained professional staff, the p ar
ticipation of an unusually fine student
group, and the support of an intelligent
parent group cannot but build an enviably
bright future. I feel privileged to share in
building th a t future.
Is N ecessary F o r Success
In the p a st two years of Wakefield’s
operation the Student Government As
sociation has involved itself in many ac
tivities. The variety of these activities has
been numerous—parties, dances, elections,
and citizenship projects.
The benefits gained by
those students participating
were equally numerous—
fun, knowledge of self-gov
ernment, and the reward of
doing something fo r the
community.
Through these activities
we have fulfilled the p u r
pose of the Wakefield Stu- Ken Darling
dent Government Association.
In our constitution the purpose is
stated as an effort to prom ote student
participation, to bring out student lead
ership, and to bring about school im
provement by developing school spirit and
cooperation, and building tradition.
In the future, I feel th a t it will be ab
solutely necessary fo r the organizations
and activities to continue to fulfill the
purpose of the W akefield Student Gov
ernment Association in order to continueto reap the benefits and retain the suc
cesses th at have already been ours.
Member'.
International
Honorary Society
fo r H igh School
VOL. I NO. 8
"
Dedication
WAKEFIELD HIGH SCHOOL, ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA
February 22, 1955
Journalists
W K F L G O S D R G T O Y A S O O E A IO
A E IE D R W U IN W E R F P R T N
w eeks. Then school life settled down piayed lig h t on pur own footfoalT iieiu in
ih is is the oeiiuLiiuJ new Vvai<erieh. n
stead of a t Four-Mile Run where they
High School located high on the Dinwiddie to a quiet norm.
Street hill in South Arlington. To the
L ast year marked the opening of the
had previously been played. The boys’
front stands the massive auditorium tow er
g irls’ gym, the library, and the music, art,
The form al dedication of Wakefield ing over the re st of the building. In back and home ec rooms. Also, the auditorium, gym and the two new w ings were comnleted. In December th e f ir s t assembly
takes place today. The program is not lie various playfields. The football field boys’ gym, and two new wings were s ta r t
was held in our new auditorium.
only for the school dedication, but also is nestles low in a natural bowl.
ed.
honoring the birthday of George W ashing
Wakefield hasn’t y e t been completed.
In the fall of ’55, 2200 confused stu
The firs t of la st year, 1600 students
ton. The activities include two assemblies found their way through an endless maze dents poured into the halls of Wakefield. There will be a rifle range, tennis courts,
with interesting programs and well known of electrical wires, saws, nails-, and other New students exclaimed over the vastness and new bleachers on the field. These
things should be finished by 1956-1957.
speakers. A t both assemblies W akefield’s equipment. Classes were held in the clinic, of th e school, while old ones were frankly
puzzled over its rapid summer growth.
Yes, this is W akefield High School, to
cafeteria, and over in Claremont Elemen
musical groups will perform.
T his year our football games were be dedicated on February 22, of this year.
tary School. Confusion prevailed fo r sevThe firs t assembly will be held this
morning a t ten o’clock in the auditorium.
Dr. Colgate W. Darden, president of the
University of Virginia, will be the speaker.
Dr Darden was form erly governor of
Virginia. All home-room presidents and
vice-presidents, class officers, and officers
of the Student Council will attend. The
Junior Class will also attend if there is
enough room in the auditorium. Music for
this assembly will be provided by the
chorus and the orchestra. The traditional
key ceremony will take place a t this time.
In this ceremony, Dr. Wilson will accept
the key of the school.
A t two o’clock this afternoon the as
sembly fo r the entire student body will
be held in the boys’ gym. Parents and the
public are also invited to attend.
Today, there will be an open-house a t
Wakefield. Guests will be able to tour the
school to see the classrooms and modern
facilities. The Hospitality Committee of
the PTA, of which Mrs. Oldham is the
chairman, will guide all the visitors and
make them feel welcome. -The ' home
economics classes are ready to serve re
freshments to guests.
The committee which planned all
these activities - the open house, visitors,
ceremonies and assemblies - is headed by
Mi's. Joseph Wheeler. Others on the com
mittee are: Mr. Charles J. Walsh, assis
tant superintendent of schools in A rling
ton; Mr. A rth u r Conover, president of the
Wakefield Parent-Teacher Association;
Mrs. Oldham; Dr. E. R. Draheim, who is
representing the School board; Mr. Ira
Funston and Mr. N orris N. Thompson of
the Wakefield advisory committee; Dr.
Harold Wilson, principal of W akefield;
Mr. Ralph Kiel-, associate principal; Mrs.
Mare, assistan t principal; Dr. Knipling,
sponsor of the Student Council here at
Wakefield; Ken Darling, president o f the
Student Council, and Chuck Johnson,
former president, representing the student Wakefield High School is located on a forty acre tr a c t bounded by Chesterfield Road (top), Dinwiddie Street (rig h t) and George Mason
Drive (bottom). The football varsity can be seen exercising on the field in the. foreground.
Daily Sun Photo
body.
Ceremonies
�PAGE TWO
T
llF
t h e s ig n a l
National Honor
Societies To Be
Formed Next Year
February 22, 1955
Wakefield Students Receive Many Awards
and Honors During First Two Years
Looking- over the past three semesters, we remember
the honors that have come to Wakefield students. We think
High School S tu d e n t Publication
of the excitement of student government campaigns, the giv
Wakefield H igh School will soon
ing of sports awards, and the honor and responsibility that
take its place scholastically with
other high schools in the area comes with the good citizenship award. But Wakefield stu
Member.
and in the nation. Dr. Harold M. dents have received many other awards from outside the
Columbia
Wilson, principal, in a recent in school. Although this is only a partial record, you can see
terview confirmed this fact and that Wakefield students are recognized both locally and na
Scholastic
pointed out t h a t there will be tionally in many different areas.
chapters here o f several national
Press Association
Our sports stars shine just as brightly in wider com
honor societies.
petition. Last year, Jim Macintosh received the Nathan
Students ranking high in scholar
Editor-in-C hief .........
A1 T ate ship, leadership, service and char Stern outstanding linesman award, and Henry Mayo was
Make-Up Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .........
Kay Fuller acter will be eligible to member given honorable mention for northern Virginia in football.
The National Rifle Association recently awarded medals to
Managing Editor .............
. . . . ........... Phyllis Ritzenberg ship in the N ational Honor So
ciety. Quill and Scroll will be the Jon Wilhelm, Jim Johnson, and Bill Harting. Versatile Bill
News Editor .......................................
R ita Chambers goal of students superior in litera also received an outstanding linesman award for his perfor
F eature Editor ............................... . ..»................... Karen Jamison ture. French, Spanish and Latin mance in football. Spring sports were not neglected- in base
Sports Editor .............................................
Roger Hamilton Societies will be organized for pu ball, Don McKinney received a Little League trophy, and Ken
pils outstanding in these langu Hersey was likewise honored by the Arlington Optimists
Basketball ..................................................
Andy Pettis
ages. The above-named societies
Business M a n a g e r....................................................................... Mary Knox will be a t Wakefield this year, said Club. Tom Perkins and Charles Chalkley were recognized by
Advertising .......................................
Marilyn -Gard Dr. Wilson.
the National 5-Star 100 club for outstanding merit in track.
Circulation .............
Bob Tate
“Thespians” f o r students with Facing more local but equally stiff competition, Bob Wood
Exchange ...................
K aren Anderson acting ability w ill be installed next placed second in the district AAUW wrestling meets. An
Photographer ...............................................
Steve Moore
year. Plans are now being made other sophomore, Larry Rundorff became champion of the
Typists .........................
Hildegaard Riedel, Ann Kovacevich fo r several other societies for spe Dixie Royal Ping Pong Club.
Adviser ...........................
Mr. R. Moure cialized subjects. All of these will
Wakefield students have brains as well as brawn. This
Jr. High Adviser ......................................
Mrs. E. Burnside undoubtedly be read y for member was proved when Lynn Liebschutz and Edwin Ford won
Sports Adviser •.........................
Mr. J. Stein ship next year, said Dr. Wilson.
first place in the electronics division of the Arlington Science
W restling ........................................
DickMason
Fair, and were recognized for outstanding work by the Wash
ington Science Fair. Another prize-winning scientist is Doug
Quill and Scroll Chapter Coulter, who competed last year in the Stratford Science
Two internationally minded Wakefielders,
Organized a t Wakefield Fair. and Sue Letzler placed second and fourth inRoger Ham
ilton
the county
W akefield’s f i r s t honor society wide United Nations contest. Terry Woods was sent by the
A dedication usually seems like a prelude, the beginning of has been chartered by the Stu Arlington Optimists Club to the University of Citizenship at
something. Wakefield's dedication is, however, a year and a half dent Council. Quill and Scroll, the William and Mary College. Bobbie Carter displayed her citi
international honorary society for
late. Wakefield's real dedication was in September 1953, when she high school Journalists, initiated zenship by earning a JANGO chevron for 700 hours of volun
opened her doors. From th a t time to this, traditions have been six charter members in the W ake teer work. For a third kind of good citizenship, Judy Macken
founded. Athletic teams have been put into action, variety shows field chapter, in a candlelight zie was honored as an outstanding camper at GAA camp last
ceremony, recently. As soon as summer. And surely we all remember the exciting contest at
have been produced, newspaper, literary magazine, annual have the chapter is b e tte r organized,
Wakefield last year in which Julie Drenning won the county
gotten underway, a music department has been built up, student other prospective members will
American Legion Oratorical Contest. Another original speech,
government activities have been organized. We have taken great be initiated. The chapter has also delivered by Wakefield junior Joyce Adams won the district
to decide on a name.
steps since that day in September when we were just a group of
Members must meet the follow Voice of Democracy contest.
As last year’s variety show proved, Wakefield has plenty
kids from Madison, Tee Jay, Claremont, Abingdon, Barrett and ing requirem ents:
1. They must be a t least a of talent in the entertainment field. Our students have per
Barcroft, thrown into the same building, to study together. Now
formed elsewhere as well—
witness Bobbie Cox, who won a
we are Wakefield. We are united under one name, Wakefield, one junior.
2. They must be in the upper Camel’s talent show recently. Anne Verner, who sings and
purpose, to build Wakefield into something which we can look on third of their class in general
plays the guitar, has won prizes from local restaurants and a
scholastic standing a t the time of Washington theater besides winning in the finals of the
with pride and affection.
their election (for the current
Junior R e v u e television program. A rlin g to n County Majorette
We are faced with problems unlike those of pupils in an year.)
established school. In their case the traditions have all been
3. They m ust have done super and Junior Majorette medals went to Betty Lou Alfbrite ancf
founded and in practice for years. They must only follow the worn ior work in some phase of jour Dolores Campbell for their fine appearances on the parade
path. If there is something o f which they don't approve, something nalistic or creative endeavor.
ground. Two of our more serious musicians are John Keyser,
they think is being done wrong, it is practically impossible to
4. They m u st be recommended selected to be concert master of the All-State Orchestra, and
change it. It is hard to break well established traditions. For this by the supervisor or the commit Ann Hofto who won a National Piano Auditions award. Our
reason, out-dated ideas are still being carried out. There are still tee governing publications.
vote for the most unusual award goes to Mike Murtha, who
5. They m u st be approved by won three costume prizes in a local Halloween contest.
people who say, "W h a t was good enough for 'Sister' is good enough
the Executive Secretary, (na
for me," and so there is very little progress.
Many other Wakefielders have won awards from outside
tional)
We, a t Wakefield need have no worries about that. It is up
The main purpose of the society the school, and the coming oratorical contest may well be the
to us to blaze the trail which future generations shall follow. We is to encourage and reward in first of many more honors. Congratulations one and all, and
may be guided by older schools, but we are not bound to them or dividual achievem ent in jour keep up the good work!
their traditions. The first five years or so should be the formative
years. During these years, activities should be set up. We should
constantly be making things as good as we possibly can, and then,
just a little better.
It is up to us, in Wakefield's years of formation to aim
towards having:
First, a student council which will be representative of the
students, one which will keep school ideas modern and up-to-date,
and which will always be democratic, not only in theory, but in
practice.
Second, a drama department of which we can all be proud.
W ithin a year, Wakefield should be producing, not only talent
and variety shows, but dramatic productions comparable to Little
Theater or other amateur productions.
Third, athletes who make a good showing each time they play,
who try their darndest to win, but who are good sports whether
they are on a winning or losing team.
Fourth, a music department which will give not only recitals
and concerts, but fine performances of operettas and Broadway
musicals.
Fifth, honor societies which offer recognition to those who
are superior in their fields.
Sixth, a literary magazine, newspaper, and annual, free of
censorship, and able to compete with the best high school publica
tions of this country.
W e must aim for the best in all these projects. We want
nothing in our school to be mediocre or second best. To have an
activity be superior, we must make sure that the superior people
run it, and participate in it. W e will find that that is how things
w ill be done in the world into which we will be thrown a t gradua
tion. Since school is our preparation for life, it should give us a
realistic approach to it.
Wakefield already has an advantage over many schools, in its
exterior appearance. We have a fine building, superior facilities.
Now, we must dedicate ourselves to making the name "W ake
fie ld " synonymous with "The Best". We must provide the skeleton
building with a spirit worthy o f being perpetuated by future stu
dents.
Wakefield must be dedicated to producing people who, through
constant striving and competing for the best in school work and
school activities, shall, become successful American citizens, w ill
ing and able to work' then towards making and keeping their
country the best.
nalism and allied fields. Its aim
is to raise th e quality and stand
ards of high school journalism.
Mrs. Campbell from page 1
Third, to th e boys and girls who
will go out of the classrooms at
Wakefield to be good citizens of
their community, sta te and nation.
May they be conscious of their re
sponsibility to provide for their
own children and all other chil
dren as good an educational op
portunity as has been fo r them
here.
Education is a torch which
must be passed on from genera
tion to generation, if our Ameri
can way of life is to survive. As
we dedicate this school building,
may we dedicate ourselves anew
to this tru st.
Mr. R utter from P age 1
th at every individual is im portant
and each h as a rig h t to an educa
tion suited to his needs.
Wakefield has been planned and
built to serve these education
needs; an able sta ff devoted to
this belief has been brought to
Wakefield. During these past two
years, we have seen ample evi
dence of the opportunity th a t lies
ahead. As we come together on
the 22nd of February to dedicate
the Wakefield High School to the
service of th e community, it is my
hope th a t each mem ber of the
student body, as well as each
member of the school staff, will
join with nie in dedicating our
selves to th e wise and full use
of this beautiful new building and
to an unceasing e ffo rt towai'd the
goal of an adequate education for
every citizen.
Student Government Groups
Resolve School Problems
The Wakefield High School Student Government As
sociation is governed by a Student Council, a Student Forum,
and an Inter-Club Council. Our six elected officers, as you all
know them, are: Ken Darling, President; Steve Hall, First
Vice President; Dani Grantham, Third Vice President; Dottie Rice, Secretary; and Martha Rayfield, Treasurer. These
officers have been working hard since the beginning of this
school year.
The Student Council, under Dr. Phoebe Knipling’s dir
ection, consists of the six student officers and all of the
class presidents and vicepresidents. The members have ac
complished the following things: (1) placing a suggestion
box on the office door, (2) supervising the seventh and tenth
grade class elections, (3) organizing Wakefield’s part in the
Arlington hospital drive, and (4) sending representatives to
the Student Council Association Convention.
The Inter-Club Council, presided over by Dani Grantham,
is under the direction of Miss Maryanne Hurley. It (1) spon
sored the all-school dance last November, (2) is now sponsor
ing the variety show to be held on March 25, (3) is sponsor
ing another all-school dance to be held in the spring, and (4)
is now encouraging clubs to work on projects for the bulletin
boards in the halls.
The Senior Forum, with Mrs. Evelyn Burnside as spon
sor, is made up of the tenth and eleventh grade homeroom
presidents. Steve Hall is the president, Don Richards the pre
sident pro tempore, and June Walton, secretary. The forum’s
main concern during the year was the point system; revising
it for the senior high level and organizing a points commit
tee, made up of students and teachers, to evaluate the points.
The Junior Forum, with Mr. Gerald Shelton as sponsor,
consists of the seventh, eighth, and ninth grade homeroom
presidents. Jerry Gerich is the forum’s president, Mike Arkin
the president pro tempore, and Nancy Steele, secretary. The
Junior Forum has, among other activities, given suggestions
for the revising of the.junior high part of the point system,
and organized a committee to work on problems concerning
the cafeteria.
�«
February 22, 1955
PAGE THREE
TH E SIGNAL
The combined Wakefield Choir, Boys Chorus and Girls Chorus, directed by Miss Donna W hittaker, perform at the spring concert held in the girls gym.
Music Department
Library
At the beginning of last year, the first Wakefield Music February 18 marks th e f irs t an
Department was faced with a great challenge. They were in niversary of Wakefield’s new li
a new school, with no established traditions, no plan of brary. The building, which is one
action, no auditorium and no music rooms. The 61 orchestra of the largest high school library
buildings, houses about 6000 books,
members were crowded into the faculty lounge, which also of which about 2500 were brought
provided storage space for instruments. The Junior High from Dolly Madison school. The
State
Boy’s Chorus met in the clinic. The Junior High Girls’ library Education Board says the
must have at least 5 books
Chorus and Choir serenaded the school from the entrance per student, meaning th a t W ake
hall on Dinwiddie Street until the weather grew cold and field’s library should have about
12000 books.
al
there were no doors. Then they worked in the greater privacy ready ordered Many itbooks areated
and
is estim
of the faculty dining room. Under these conditions they were th at almost $10,000 will be spent
expected to produce good music—and they did! They bat this year for new books. Over $16,already been
tled poor acoustics, rickety bleachers, and a rather noisy 000 hasand equipment.spent on fu r
niture
cement mixer to present programs and assemblies for the The library subscribes to 103
school.
magazines , receives 3 daily new s
the weekly
I
Since then, the department has more than fulfilled its papers and a record andpapers.colt
has started
m ap
beginning promise and is laying groundwork for an ever big lection and has also collected ca t
ger future.
' * 4 alogues and bulletins from m any
'
The vocal music deparment,
under Miss Donna W hittaker and
Mr. W alter Fox, has increased!
greatly, both in quantity and
quality, in the past year and a
half. It is expected to be more
than twice its original size by
next year.
The boys’ chorus, an ever-popular activity for the junior high
boys of Wakefield, gives the boys
an opportunity to perform all
kinds of music, serious and popu
lar. The, chorus is one of the best
in this area and has presented
many fine, program s, both here
and in the “feeder” elementary
schools.
Girls are notorious for liking to
sing, and the girls’ chorus uses this
tra it to a very beautiful end. This
versatile group also gives many
program s of varied kinds of music
and combines with the boys’ chorus
to form a mixed chorus of 260
voices.
The Choir, W akefield’s senior
high vocal group, performs more
serious pieces than the junior high
groups with this year’s emphasis
on Negro spirituals. The M adrigal
Singers, a group of 12 voices, se
lected from the Choir, not only
sings m adrigals but some modern
pieces. All of these groups will
sing in the annual All County
Music Festival a t W ashingtonLee.
Our intruniental music depart
ment, started last year under Mrs.
Thea Cooper, gained another
teacher, Mr. Gerald Lewis. Mrs.
Cooper is in charge of the or
chestras, Mr. Lewis the bands.
There are three orchestras and
three bands, senior high, junior
and interm ediate. In addition
there are beginning wind and
string classes. T h e s e groups
participate in assemblies, special
program s and will have their own
Spring Festival this year. In ad
dition, they are active in such
program s as the South Arlington
Junior High Festival, the Arling
ton Senior High Festival and the
Northern Virginia District F esti
val. Here bands, orchestras and
individuals compete against others,
equally advanced. Not to be for
gotten is the pep band which play
ed a t the school football games
and which will be replaced next
year by a m arching band. A t pre
sent the band is deciding on a uni
form.
“Bigger and b etter” is the de
partm ent’s view to the future.
Coming are more instrum ents,
more program s, a more select
choir and perhaps even an oper
etta.
Dramatics
This is actually the first
year that a real Drama Club
has been in existence here at
Wakefield. Last year the Dra
ma and Talent Variety Clubs
were rolled into one. They
gave two productions, the
first being Charles Dickens’
Christmas Carol which was
presented nine times to ap
proximately 500 students. In
the spring, a talent variety
show, Hep Cat Jubilee was
nroduced. The Drama-Talent
Variety Club last year was
sponsored by Mrs. Irene Fox.
This year a need was fe lt for
many separate clubs connected
w ith drama, therefore a drama
club was established with many
small clubs included in it. The
overall Drama Club is sponsored
by Mr. Robert Stevens and Mrs.
Olive Hensell. They guide and
supervise the projects of the
sm aller clubs. One section of the
Dram a Club is prim arily concerned
only with acting and acting tech
niques. This is sponsored by Mrs.
Abigail Calvin and Mrs. Eluira
White. Because of the demand for
more acting groups, this will be
enlarged next year.
Starstone Photo
Science D epartm ent
Wakefield High School has an extensive and interest
ing science program. Starting with seventh grade, each stu
dent takes one semester of science. A science may be elected
in the eighth and ninth grades if desired.
Four general science labs are in operation at present,
running thirteen sections for the seventh through the ninth
grades.
On the senior high level, we have two fully equipped
biology labs running ten sections of biology, and a chemistry
Clinic
colleges and universities.
The Library Club and AudioVisual Club are sponsored by the
library. The la tte r plans to teach
students the care and use of the
audio-visual equipment, which in
cludes, 8 sixteen millimeter sound
projectors, 4 opaque projectors, and
6 sound recorders.
The librarians are assisted by
over 60 students and by parents
who come in during th e day and
help process the books. Their help
is very much appreciated.
In November Jhe library had a
Book-Week, during which all new
books were displayed. I t is hoped
th at this will become an annual
event.
All students are invited to sug
gest books that they would like the
library to acquire. In th is way
the library can b e tte r satisfy the
wants of the students.
The clinic, under the direction
of Mrs. Helen Truseh with the
capable assistance of Mrs. Denny
Phillips, handles from 40 to 60
pupils daily. A total of 24 students
help in the clinic during their study
periods, adm inistering F irst Aid
and doing odd jobs. There are also
two physicians who work one hour
on Fridays, Dr. Melton Stein and
Dr. Frances Ayers.
The clinic has seven beds, each
in its own individual cubicle, a
separate room which will become
a dental office in the near future,
a large room fo r the screening of
vision and the holding of conferen
ces, clubs, and H ealth Council meet
ings, and a special soundproof room
for hearing tests, (said to be the
only one of its kind in the count;y.)
Last year, the clinic handled
4,218 patients, with the tenth grade
leading, the seventh, eighth, and
ninth grades being second, third
and fourth respectively in the num
ber of patients. The heaviest month
was May.
make th e ir props a s realistic as
possible in order to convey the
proper picture to the audience.
They are now working on scenery
which will be suggestive of a ship
for the T alent V ariety Show. The
third club in the backstage group
is the Stage Electricians Club,
sponsored by Mr. Lloyd Wolfe.
Their big job is teaching boys how
to m anipulate the tricky lightingpanel in our auditorium. They are
now working tow ards helping with
the Talent V ariety Show.
As a fu rth er project of all D ra
ma Club members, especially those
of the acting section, it is hoped
th a t a Spring Production of “ Our
Town” may be produced!
The main purpose of all these
clubs within the Drama Club is
the same, th a t of being able to
produce enjoyable and faultless
entertainm ent
to
appreciative
audiences.
lab and lecture room. Five sections
of chem istry are in progress this
year and are expected to increase
to six sections next year. One lab
oratory is being set up now for
next y ear’s first four sections oi
physics.
In addition to the lab sciences,
three sections of physical science
will be offered fo r those students
who do not elect biology, chemis
try, or physics.
Wakefield is soon to gain recog
nition for its a ctiv ities. in the
sciences. Already our school has
been scheduled to be host to the
Arlington Area Science F air which
comes up the f irs t week in April
Many of the students in Wakefield
may not be aw are of the honor
bestowed on two of their class
mates last year. In the Science
F air of the W ashington area, Lynn
Liebschutz and Edwin Ford re
ceived the aw ard fo r the most
outstanding individual project.
Only because the two collaborated
on their project were they kept
from going on to h ig h e r honors.
Their award-winning electric brain
has set the precedent fo r an out
standing fu tu re in Wakefield’s
scientific activities.
Art Staff Changes
F resh blood has come to Wake
field to replace Mrs. Hiltz and
Mrs. Markov, a r t teachers, who
left to take up child care. The a rt
departm ent is now composed of
Mr. Moure, who has taught ap
plied design a t Washington-Lee
as well as a t W akefield. Mr. Gun
nels, %vho studied a t R.P.I. and
Denver U niversity, and Mrs. New
man, an attractiv e and capable
teacher from Portsm outh, Ohio.
A t the present tim e the a rt class
activities include photo-montages,
architectural design, interior de
sign, and puppetry.
The Talent Variety Club is now
thoroughly engaged in getting
ready for their production of Ship
Ahoy. The show will be the story
of the travels of a ship and should
prove very fascinating. Its spon
sors are Mr. 0. Diffenbaugh, Mr.
and Mrs. W alter Fox, and Mr. and
Mrs. Je rry Lewis. The auditions
fo r the show were open to the
whole school.
W ithout the work of three other
clubs, big productions could never
be realized. These are the stage
Design, Carpenters, and Stage
Electricians Clubs. The Carpenters
Club, sponsored by Mr. Samuel
Wood, while still in its early stages,
is taking on the task of construct
ing the scenery fo r Ship Ahoy.
They receive their instructions as
to the dimensions needed fo r cer
tain props, from the Stage Design
Club, sponsored by Mr. H. Gunnels.
The props are then constructed
and sent back to the design club
for realistic touches and finish ‘The six hicks from th e sticks” was one act in the 1954 Variety Show, The Hep Cat Jubilee. Shown
ing. I t is both the Carpenters and left, to right are Nancy Golden, Carlotta Burro>vs, Cindy Clardy, Fudgie Paxson, and Mary Ellen Wilthe Stage Design Clubs’ job toliams.
Starstone Photo
�THE SIGNAL
PAGE FOUIl
IN R M R L
TA UAS
PUBLICATIONS
Intramural sports are probably the most important part
of Wakefield’s athletic program. Through them, boys and
girls, whether skilled in a particular sports activity or not,
can participate in organized athletic games and contests.
Boys’ Intramural Sports Association
The success of our intramural sports program for boys is
indebted to an organization known as the “Boys’ Intramural
Sports Association.” The groundwork for this organization
was laid last year when there was only a small and less stable
intramural organization in effect. The association actually
did not begin work until this year when, under the direction
of Mr. Stein, its policies were formulated and set into opera
tion.
This complex and well planned
organization has resulted in an ef
ficient and active intram ural sports
program . The best proof of this is
Mr. Stein’s own study of in tra
m ural participation.
Following a r e
some of the p er
tinent points deriv
ed from a survey
of the participa
tion records of the
\ Boys’ Intram ural
Sports Association
f r o m September,
£ 1954, to January,
Mr. Benoit 1955.
1. Approximately 50% of all
boys in Wakefield have p artici
pated in one activity a t least one
time.
2. Touch football was the most
popular of all activities with 30%
of all boys participating (397 in
all).
In order the other activities
nked as follows:
Basketball
252
24%
Bowling
177
17%
Swimming
83
8%
Tennis
69
7%
Archery
46
4%
Golf
32
3%
Football
Pentathalon
27
2.6%
Shuffleboard
19
2%
4. 51% of all
ninth grades p ar
took in touch foot
ball. Although 129
seventh grade boys
participating
in
touch football re
presented
high
num ber fo r one
grade in a single
activity it repre
Neal
sented only 43% of all boys of
this grade.
4. Participation was slightly
higher percentage-wise on the ju n
ior high school level than, the
senior high school level. In gen
eral, participation was best a t the
ninth grade level than any of the
others.
5. In those homerooms with the
best and most conscientious m an
a g e r s participa
tion was higher
and there was a
higher percentage
with few er fo r
feits. This reem
phasizes the need
and importance for
good m anagers if
a homeroom is to
Mr.
F . Scott participate
suc
cessfully in intram urals. Interest
and enthusiasm on the p a rt of in
dividual homeroom teachers is re
quested and needed.
6. Basketball has been the most
popular 11th grade activity (touch
football ranked firs t in all other
grades.)
Wakefield has three publications, an annual, a literary mag
azine, and a newspaper.
The firs t annual will be publish
ed this May. At th a t time the prod
uct of a year and a half of hard
work will be som ething which one
can put his hands on and feast his
eyes on. The S ta r stone will con
sist of 150 pages of pictures of
school activities. I t will contain
photos of the various clubs, the
music departm ent, the publica
tions’ staffs, and candid shots of
kids around school, among other
things.
The Pendulum, th e literary mag-
azine, produced two editions last
year and will publish another this
spring. Anyone interested in pub
lication of their poems, essays, or
short stories need only submit
them to Miss Richmond, sponsor
of the magazine, for considera
tion. This magazine is another im
portant p a rt of school life, since
it offers an outlet for talent in the
field of creative writing.
The Signal, our newspaper, pro
duces fifteen issues a year. Last
year it was staffed by the junior
high school, but this year the
senior highers have taken over.
During the school year the staff
G L A H E IC A C T N
IR S T L T
SSO IA IO
The Girls’ Athletic Association
of Wakefield is an organization of
girls interested in athletics, whose
job it is to plan and execute an
intram ural program fo r girls. I t is
composed of the girls who serve as
officers and m anagers and those
girls who are active members by
virtue of 100 pts.
Girls may become active mem
bers by taking p a rt in intram ural
programs until their 100 pts. are
completed. Most of our activities
give the participant 5 points per
hour of participation. When a girl
has compiled 500 points she will re
ceive a G. A. A. school emblem.
The organization is not only a
local one but is sponsored by the
State D epartment of Education and
is now being adopted as a national
organization.
As this year is our firs t experi
ence in G. A. A. our present offi
cers and charter are President,
Dasha Mehan; Vice President,
Nancy Wells; Secretary, Eileen
Myers; and Publicity M anager, B.
J. Covel. Under the leadership of
these officers the G. A. A. has pri
marily planned and carried out a
varied program of intram ural ac
tivities, planned and executed one
school play night.
F uture plans include eight play
days, several play n ights and two
faculty-G. A. A. games. These faculty-G. A. A. games are planned to
raise funds to finance our annual A W-L player scores in the G.A.A. Hockey game played during the
representation and to finance our Field Day on November 13, 1954.
futu re play days.
Caldwell & Son
The G.A.A. a t Wakefield is in the
Town and Countrygrowing process and w ith the in
Texaco Service
Beauty Salon, Inc.
terest and assistance of all the
Station
for women of distinction
Wakefield girls interested in sports
4970 Columbia Pike
Virginia Square
it can become a very successful
Arlington, Virginia
organization.
3447 N. F airfax Drive
JA . 8-9649
e r-:ir-
i
H LO
♦ T E IG O
DELICATESSEN
GROCERIES
V
3512 Columbia Pike
pJA. 7-5622
HLDY
OI A
ADFAGBO.
N LG RS
S OS
HE
9 a. m. - 11 p m."
.
BARCROFT
CLEANERS
4710 Columbia Pike
Specialists in Quality
Dry Cleaning
tries to p resent the tru th about
school and local news. It also pre
sents interesting features on fash
ions, movies, a rt, music, and col
leges. Twice a year the junior high
produces, under the direction of
Mrs. Burnside, the Smoke Signal,
a supplem ent to the Signal or
takes over the production of The
Signal fo r two issues. The Signal
is sponsored and advised by Mr.
Moure, as is the Starstone.
HOME ECONOMICS
In less th an two years the Home
Economies D epartm ent has ad
vanced g reatly , not only in its
physical plant, but in its program
of study.
This y e a r a fourth department
has been added, so th at all pupils
can be accomodated.
A new dishwasher and home
freezer have been purchased.
Two girls from the Home Ec.
classes gave a demonstration on
the use of frozen foods, on Kit
chen Cupboard, a television prol gram .
The Home Ee. D epartm ent also
produced two fashion shows for
the school.
During the summer, forty girls
belonging to the Future Home
m akers of America Club went to
the Vii-ginia F.H.A. camp in
Smithfield, Virginia. This trip will
be repeated this summer.
B a la n c e ’s Rx Drug
Store
3925 Mt. Vernon Ave.
Alexandria, Va.
Phone TEmple 6-4444
P au l’s Feminine
Apparel
3143 Wilson Blvd.
A rlington, Virginia
JA. 7-1386
Compliments
of
CHARLES G. STOTT
COMPANY
K arl’s Florist
School Supplies
3434 N. Fairfax Dr.
and
Arlington,
Virginia
Equipment
NA. 8-4181
For F ree Pick-up and
Delivery Service Call
JA. 7-6568 or JA. 7-3393
BARCR0FT
PHARMACY
“ Your Prescription
Center”
4704 Columbia Pike
Arlington, Va.
JA. 7-6606
M E W
IST R 's
A Swell Place to Enjoy
Ice Cream Specialities and
Sandwiches
Come in and see us
1955
DIAMOND
JUBILEE
For 75 Years a Store Worthy of the Nation's Capital
impressions . . .
on campus or o ff . . .
3012 Wilson Blvd.
1531 Quaker
Lane
Clarendon
Alexandria,
Arlington, Virginia
Va.
SHELTON BROS.
JEWELERS
Diamonds - Watches - Jewelry
Silverware
B M tM lg g llE IIlllIM
CLAREMONT DRUGS
School Supplies
F eb ru ary 22, 1955
4624 King Street
(Leesburg Pike and W alter Reed Dr.)
Free Delivery — KI. 8-4211
ilIll:t!'W II!i;r'i !ini!'!|,i!;’!ii!!Lr!lll[5n!IL£L[!n,!I
EBiiinunu^^
W atch
and
Jew elry
R epairing
nvB snnniH
M
inisnn
Wherever you're bound, it's Woodies
for everything you need from classroom casuals
to your date “specials". For you girls, there's
the "new" Young 4th Floor. And for the men,
it's the easy to reach Men's Store, 2nd Floor.
Luncheonette
■M
HnHBnnminimiinaa^siianisinniimiimiTGiiiiimmss
�PAGE FIVE
TH E SIGNAL
F eb ruury 22, 1955
FO T A L
OB L
Football is probably W akefield’s
biggest sport. The completion of
our new stadium this year brought
about an increased interest in the
V arsity, J. V. and Junior High
teams. N ext year will be our
first year in Group I competition.
The interest and enthusiasm of our
students should make it our best
year.
V arsity Football
Going into Group I competition
next year the W arrior football
varsity is expecting a good season.
Mr. Richard Johnson, who has
coached the la st two seasons of
football, feels th a t these previous
seasons were most successful. “The
Sports In Review 1953 - / 955
The students of Wakefield should be very proud of the tremendous sports record that
we have attained since Wakefield first opened its doors in 1953. Varsity, J.V.,
and Jr. High teams have given Wakefield a highly respected name among
the schools we have competed against. These teams will continue to bring
honor and fame to this school in the future both among our competitors and in
the community. Mr. Sonen, Director of Athletics, has expressed his outlook for
next year as follows, “We expect to produce teams with good records against
the Group I opponents we will be scheduling next year, because we have the
coaching staff, student body, and physical facilities that are conducive to
successful teams.”
But perhaps more important than these team sports is the expansive program
Mr. Sonen offered by Physical Education classes, the Boys' Intramural Sports Associa
tion, and the Girls’ Athletic Association in the field of athletics. Through this program
every boy and girl has an opportunity to participate in sports activities.
Since this issue is in commemoration of our school we have reviewed the progress of
each sport since Wakefield opened and have also gathered statements from the coaches on
outlooks for the future.
The 1955 varsity football team made an outstanding showing under the coaching of Mr. Johnson, Mr. Schulte and Mr. Edmonson.
Starstone Photo
boys have learned a lot in the
two years,” he says,
“and it should realoff next
ff
The
team t h i s
was m u c h
by in
losing many
the firs t string
Mr. Johnson players. H o w e v e r
they
managed a
very good season
topping it off with
a thrilling 6-6 tie
with W-L.
Included in next
year’s
plans
are
more bleachers for
the home field
new uniforms
the team.
The 1955 squad Mr. Schulte
will be made up of about forty
boys and ten games have been
scheduled.
Probably
the
two
toughest team s will be George
W ashington and Washington-Lee
varsities.
J. V. Football
One of the main factors in
volved in producing a good v ar
sity team is a well-run junior
varsity team . I t is here th a t
futu re sta rs get their basic train
ing and fundam entals.
Wakefield this year set up its
first Junior V arsity program in
football. The sport was coached
by Mr. Vic Blue form er foot
ball coach a t Madison Junior High.
L ast season the boys compiled
a 3-2 record losing several close
ones.
The squad carried 30-40 players
and no admission was charged to
see games.
“N ext y ear”, says Mr. Blue,
“.the fu tu re looks very bright
with m any prospects coming up.
Six games have been scheduled. ”
Jr. High Football
W akefield’s championship foot
ball team th is year was the Junior
High squad, coached by Mr. Jesse
Meeks. The team won the Arlington
County Championship Game by
defeating Swanson Junior High
26-0.
The junior W arrior team is in
its second year a t Wakefield, with
two very successful seasons be
hind it.
Although he will lose half .his
players before next year, Mr.
Meeks feels very confident th a t
the new m aterial will make a
very fine team.
CROSS COUNTRY
All we have left of W a k e fie ld ’s
firs t cross country season, last
fall, are the memories and the
•statistics. The most im portant
statistic is the won-loss record
which reads three wins, two losses,
and a third in the D istrict
Group I meet.
There are two team efforts
which will deserve remembering.
The firs t is our J. V.’s victory
in the first triangular m eet with
F airfax and Falls Church. That
was the time we came w ithin three
points of a perfect score with
and 18-38-53 victory. W e did this
as Wayne Wilson, Carlos Her
nandez,
Chuck
Johnson, and
George Seckinger captured the first
four places -with Charley Oman
finishing but eighth.
The second, of course, is our
defeat of W-L. Aside from the
fact th a t it was the firs t Wake
field team victory over W-L, this
meet is to be remembered fo r the
size of the 19-43 score. This is
the time Cochran was only three
seconds off the course record to
win, with his team m ates Dave
Cutcomb taking second place, Tom
Hines fourth, Charley Chalkley
fifth, and Bill Loeffler seventh
to rack up the lopsided score.
What so rt of a team was this?
When we sought out Mr. Stein’s
opinion he stated, “The team show
ed the ability to bounce back
after losing the opening meet to
G-W and the first W -L meet, by
winning the last th ree in a row.
In addition they took their wins
in stride and continued to work
just as hard if not h a rd e r as the
season progressed. 'A t .all times
everyone was giving his very
best efforts, whether in practice or
actual competition. These are the
characteristics of a truly good
squad. As fa r as the season goes
the progress was excellent and
I feel the season very successful
against older and more experienced
competition.”
WE L G
R ST IN
Probably the fastest growing
sport in popularity a t Wakefield
is wrestling—not the clowning
seen on television, but real honest
wrestling.
The sport here, is in its first
year. In the coaching spot is
Mr. Vic Blue an expert in his field.
Mr. Blue
Mr. H arris
His squad consists of twenty boy,
half of whom will letter.
E ight meets are scheduled this
year, five of them a t home. A
state tournam ent will top off the
end of the season.
Most of the W arrior wrestlers
are tenth graders so next year
will be even b etter than the fine
season this year.
As to the fu ture of the sport
in high schools Mr. Blue figures
TAK
RC
Track is one of Wakefield’s ma
jor sports. Team s are offered at
both senior and junior high levels.
The completion of our fine cinder
track will m ake the sport an added
attraction to students this spring.
V arsity and J. V.
The firs t track team was intro
duced last year. The season was
largely experim ental with the
scheduling of tough competition.
However, the profitable experience
gained last year against such
team s as St. A l
ban’s, G. W., W-J,
Annandale, Fairfax,
Falls Church, R ic h
ard
Montgomery,
Herndon and Epis
copal will pay off
in seasons ahead.
Dave Cutcomb, Char
les Chalkley, John
Gibson and George
Mr. Stein
Cochran are only a
few of the boys who showed out
standing perform ance last year.
The schools to be scheduled next
year are G-W, W-L, Annandale,
F airfax, Falls Church, Osbourn,
Bladensburg, B.CC., Friends, St.
Alban’s, and George Mason. Coach
Stein has given his outlook on the
forthcom ing season as follows, “On
the basis of la st y ear’s results and
records, it looks like we should be
well represented in all events this
year. Our stren g th definitely leans
in the direction of distance run
ners. Several tenth graders and
newcomei’s have shown consider
able promise in early workouts
th a t indicated fu rth e r strengthen
ing of last y e a r’s weak events.”
Junior High
Track this year will be the out
standing spring sp o rt in the junior
high school. The
team will also be
an
addition
to
W akefield’s pro
gram
as
track
last year was lim
ited to an in tra
m ural level.
3
Under the dii-ection of Mr. EdEdmondson
mondson the teams
will consist of 5 weight classes,
with five events in each class, as
follows: 85 lbs., 100 lbs., 115 lbs.,
and unlimited w ith dash, high
jump, broad jum p, shot put, and
relay.
The addition of a junior high
ti-ack team will fu rth e r advance
the opportunity fo r boys to par
ticipate in this sport.
six more school will add wres
tling to th eir nex t year vai’sity
program m aking a total of 16
participating schools. Certainly
W akefield’s will be among the
best.
The 1954 track team . L. to R. (front row) D. Stamp, T. Hines, G. Cochran, C. Chalklev, Coach J. Stein, D. Cutcomb, T. Perkins, C. John
son. (Second row) B. Graves, J. Ribble, R. Linde, B. Tillett, P. Arntson, G. H artm an, E. Betts. (Third row) D. French, P. Brumbaugh J. Redd
D. p e ttit, J . McGlathery, A Pettis, E. Houghton, (Fourth row) B. Loeffler, D. Greenman, J. Patalive, L. Peetoom, D. Mohrhardt, R.
Daniels, B. Thorpe, (F ifth row) E. Hinley, A. Tate, L. Budge, E. Payne. M gr~V . Houghton. C. Oman. Mgr., B. Matthews, Mgr.. B. Win
chester, B. Patterson.
Starstone Photo
�PA G E SIX
t h e
F e b ru a ry 22, 1955
s ig n a l
B SE A L
A BL
Baseball is very quickly be
coming a big sport a t Wakefield
With our. new field coming along
and a heavy schedule this soasor
we should draw a lot of fans.
M ort Irwin, varsity coach, war
pleased with last year’s record cf
7-7 and one curfew.
This year Mr. I r
win will be looking
for lots of hitting.
We are w eakest on
hitting but we have
a good mound s ta f r
with • the help of
Nolan Hill, Butch
Varden, and Mert
Mr. Irwin M c G i l l . Our de
fense needs some work also, since
a lot of the boys who will pla>
Yvaketuuus n r s t baseoau team. r,eit lo r*glu (fro n t row,» J. miner, J. Morris, G. Purdy, D. Gunderson, H. Litle, R. Kirk, K. Darling,
(second row) K. Darling, I). Faldwin, G. Parker, I). Breeden, D. Gardiner, L. Shweikardt, B. Gorden, N. Hill, (third row) R. Compton, W.
this y ear played in a summe
Wilson, G. Bergoffen, F. Stevens, H. Mayo, Mr. M. Irw in, Coach P. Morrin, M. Mcgill, B. Varden, C. Furr, D. Duterman.
league and th at should help the
team out.
O u r. leading batter last year
was" catcher Ken Darling batting
Varsity and J. V., Jr. High
.391.
Coach Robbie Robinson of the
This spring, Wakefield’s first
Practice will sta rt February 22
V arsity Basketball team, is pleas
golf team will be added to the
fo r pitchers and catchers and
ed with the performance of both
March 2 for the rest of the i
last and this year’s teams. As any wide variety of varsity sports
team.
coach does, Robbie hopes to im available to students. I t will be
N ext year Mr. Irwin will be i
prove on his boys and produce a open to any senior high boy with
looking for a good team and th e r '
good squad before the season is some previous golf experience. The
fo r boys who will be able to
over.
replace the Seniors who will
Last year’s re team will be formulated under
the direction of Mr.
graduate.
cord was 12 wins
Reese within t h e
and 6 losses, which
next month. Prac
was a fine foundatice will be held on
t i o n for Wake
'
a five day schedule,
field’s first Basket
two days out of the
ball team. T h i s
________
w e e k a t Fairfax
year, however, we
Another new “FIRST” in Wake-1
Courthouse Country
are playing more
field’s athletic activities will begin
experienced b a l l m Je
r
M clu b - team will be
around February 23. This new
The
Mr. Robinson clubs, but with our ®
sport is tennis. This is growing i
Mr. Reese
c o m p o s e d of 10
Wakefield sp irit we have done a
around Arlington with a definite
great job so fa r this season with men, 6 . playing each match,
tre” '1 of interest. The cause of
our record showing 7 wins and and 4 alternates. To determine
t h i s popularity is
the 6 to play, elimination will
8 losses.
the g reat number of
Mr. Robinson thinks everyone be held preceding each match.
courts being built,
has improved since la st year and Falls Church, W. & L., Fairfax,
and to the hundreds
thinks th ere will be more im G. W., Mt. Vernon, St. Alban’s,
of people who enjoy
provement during the next year. Suitland, and Bladensburg are the
this sport.
Leading factors in our losses this schools scheduled for matches.
W akefield’s team
The golf team offers a wonderful
year a r e injuries
will consist of only
opportunity fo r boys interested
tenth and eleventh
in g o lf instruction, play, and golf
A1 Lederle, our big I
graders, w ith Mr.
balls. As any other varsity sport,
sophomore center, is
Meeks being head
school letters will be awarded.
out for the season ‘
Mr. Meeks coach. The squad
with a knee operawill carry around twenty-five boys,
tion, John Gibson
with their schedule showing ten to
forward, and co-captwelve matches. The main conten
tain, who sprained 1
SERVICE
ders will be Washington-Lee and
his ankle a t the be- jj
George Washington, and maybe
« TY
ginning of the sea
some matches with D istrict schools.
son will soon b e ^ r- Haithcock
• Radio
Mr. Meeks encourages all boyback in the Wakefield lineup.
who are seriously interested in
N ext year we will be up against
• Appliances
playing tennis to come to the I The W arriors’ Henry May (30) is seen shooting as Ray Regan (22) much b etter ball clubs, as we
firs t organizational meeting on looks on from the far left in the game with Richard Montgomery this will be entered in group one (1)
F ebruary 23.
^ season.
competition. But as usual Wake
field’s fine sense of sportsman
ship and school spirit will aid
TTV CO. INC.
them in a successful season next
KI. 9-4900
TE. 64114
year.
B SK T A L
A EBL
GL
OF
T N IS
EN
SHIRLINGTON
RADIO
The Wakefield Junior High
basketball team, coached by Mort
Irwin, has improved very much
over last year. Last year’s record
vas 0 wins and 6 losses. This
vear we have already won 3 out
of 4 games. One reason for the club
'mproving so much is th at a lot
of the boys have 3 years’ expe
rience. We have a very even dis
tribution of scoring but the tall
Dave Lockman, is high scorer
so fa r this year. Also in the run
ning are Garland Schweickhardt,
Tim Simpson, and Frank Homan.
Boys who are very good in floor
work are Ronnie Lee, Ronnie
Terwilliger, Jim Simpson, Frank
Homan and Topper Wheeler.
Our reserves are very strong
also. In fact there is not very
much difference in our first string
and our 3rd. Paul Ronka, Topper
.1. H unter, E. Kugler, S. Holderness. (second row) J. Gibson, D. Meyers, B. Varden, R. Regan, W. Watson Wheeler, and John Crump lead
the reserves.
and A. Lederle.
Mr. Irwin said “it was hard
to single out one individual th a t
is outstanding.” Our squad has
good team work.
Open Sundays
Free
Next year our varsity will be
4689 King St., Alexandria, Va.
composed of this year’s “B” squad.
9 o. m. - 7 p. m.
Delivery
Our “B” squad is a good team
JA. 5-8686
and by next year we hope to have
a championship team.
COMPLETE
TUNE U P
RSSS
REPAIR
TAIL
SMUF
/N S T A L U D
b k a k f s
TtEUHCD
C A E O T MR E
L R MN A KT
708 North Glebe Road
Arlington, Virginia
Telephone
JAckson 2-8817
HILL'S
ART SUPPLIES
Largest
Retail Art Store
In Virginia
Complete Picture Framing
Service
CENTRE SHOE
STORE
j
In- the Fairlington Centre i
Alexandria
OV. 3-1665 |
! W eather Bird - W eather T een!
Velvet Step - CHy Club
j
CLAREMONT ESSO
SERVICENTER
JA . 7-9666
�
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RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics.
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"Dedication Issue" of the Wakefield High School Student Publication, The Signal, February 22, 1955, 6 pages.
Description
An account of the resource
Issue published on the formal dedication of Wakefield High School. Issue covers dedication ceremony, school activities, sports, awards and school departments. School has been open for two years before formal dedication.
Format
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pdf
Source
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RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell
Creator
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Arlington County Public Schools, Wakefield High School
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1950s
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited.
Identifier
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19_2_2_1_3
-
https://projectdaps.org/files/original/4ad6dc5f88815ae66d0a3fda82535c90.pdf
505c44fdd9d911b1a380dcd57f78d0d8
PDF Text
Text
/
s '*
f
FAIRFAX COUNTY HOUSING COM ITTEE FACT SHEET
M
N ovem ber 1 , 1962
C O S T ------------------------- M e d ia n v a l u e o f t h e 4 6 , 8 6 l o w n e r - o c c u p ie d h o u s e s , $ 1 8 ,7 0 0 .
Median monthly rent o f the 15,232 tenant-occupied houses, $107.
2 ,7 7 1 o w n e r - o c c u p ie d u n i t s v a l u e d a t l e s s t h a n $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 .
8 4 0 t e n a n t - o c c u p i e d u n i t s r e n t e d a t l e s s t h a n $6 0 .
* *
*
CONDITION
4 ,3 0 3 u n i t s c l a s s i f i e d d e t e r i o r a t i n g o r d i l a p i d a t e d .
INCOM —
E
M e d ia n f a m i l y in c o m e among 6 2 , l 4 l c o u n ty f a m i l i e s , $ 8 ,6 0 7 ( F o u r t h h i g h e s t among a l l c o u n t i e s i n t h e U. S . )
* * *
6,194 fa m ilie s make l e s s than $4,000 a year.
9>873 fa m ilie s make l e s s than $5,000 a year.
(A b o v e f i g u r e s fr o m i 9 6 0 U . S . c e n s u s )
M e d ia n in co m e f o r t h e c o u n t y 's 4 ,0 9 3 m a le o p e r a t i v e s a n d k i n d r e d
w o r k e r s ( c r a f t s m e n , c h e c k e r s , d r i v e r s , r e p a i r m e n , e t c . ) w as
$ 4 , 5 4 l i n i 9 6 0 . C o u n ty P l a n n i n g C o m m issio n h a s p r o j e c t e d a n e e d
f o r 6 ,6 6 7 w o rk e rs i n t h i s c a te g o r y b y 1 9 7 0 .
Median income fo r the county s 1,873 male laborers was $2,502 in
i 9 6 0 . Planning Commission has p rojected a need fo r 3,CC0 workers
in t h i s category by 1970.
* * *
H
EALTH
G e n e r a l l y , t h e r e i s a p re d o m in a n c e o f t u b e r c u l o s i s i n s u b
s t a n d a r d h o u s i n g . E m o tio n a l p r o b le m s d e r i v e fr o m l a c k o f p r i v a c y
a n d s t u d y s p a c e , f a m i l y d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n c i d e n t t o p o o r h o u s in g .
W
ELFARE
L e s s t h a n 5 0 0 f a m i l i a r i n t h e c o u n ty a r e a s s i s t e d b y c o u n ty
p ro g ram s f o r a i d t o d e p e n d e n t c h i l d r e n , o ld ag e a s s i s t a n c e ,
t o t a l l y a n d p e r m a n e n tly d i s a b l e d , p r o t e c t i v e s e r v i c e s .
T hus,
w e l f a r e c l i e n t s a r e s m a l l m i n o r i t y o f lo w -in c o m e a n d / o r s u b
s t a n d a r d h o u s in g f a m i l i e s i n t h e c o u n ty .
RACE
9 6 p e r c e n t o f c o u n ty w h i t e , 4 p e r c e n t N e g ro ( i 9 6 0 ) .
8 4 p e r c e n t o f c o u n ty w h i t e , l 6 p e r c e n t N e g ro ( 1 9 5 0 ) .
* *
*
* * *
W h ite p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s i n g r a p i d l y w h i l e N e g ro p o p u l a t i o n r e m a in s
a b o u t t h e sam e . H o w ev e r, some N e g r o e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y p r o f e s s i o n a l
p e o p l e , m oved t o W a s h in g to n b e c a u s e o f l a c k o f h o u s in g a v a i l a b l e
t o th e m i n c o u n ty .
About 70 percent o f w elfare load, 50 percent o f fa m ilie s w ith le s s
than $4,000 income, occupants o f about 80 percent o f sub
standard hou ses, are w hite.
�
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Title
A name given to the resource
RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
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Title
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"Fairfax County Housing Fact Sheet", November 1, 1962. 2 pages. Page 1.
Description
An account of the resource
County Statistics on costs of homes , conditions, income, health, welfare, race and problem areas. Page 1.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
pdf
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Fairfax County
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1962-11-01
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1960s
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited.
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18_1_1_9_7
-
https://projectdaps.org/files/original/c14942480bf52faa574f1c36c6e128b2.pdf
9019e605a058327c5dd74cb22335d299
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Text
H ousin g F a c t S h e e t - 2
PROBLEM AREAS
VACANCIES SCARCE i n l o w - c o s t c a t e g o r y . I n i 9 6 0 o n l y 55 v a c a n t h o u se s f o r s a l e
v a l u e d a t u n d e r $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 , o n l y 80 v a c a n c i e s i n r e n t a l s b e lo w $ 6 0 . A d d i t i o n a l l y ,
d u r i n g f i r s t y e a r o f e n f o rc e m e n t o f Housin g Hygiene O r d in a n c e ( e n d i n g A ugust 31>
1 9 6 2 ) , 4 l h o u s e s wer e d e m o l i s h e d .
About 70 p e r c e n t o f t h o s e d e m o l i s h e d had
p rev io u sly been v acant.
DOUBLING UP OF FAMILIES, w i t h s u b s e q u e n t new h e a l t h an d h o u s i n g p r o b l e m s , r e s u l t s
fro m e n f o r c e m e n t o f Housin g Hygiene O rd in an ce w h ich , d e s p i t e i t s m e r i t s , adds t o
sh o rtag e o f poor housing.
FAMILIES WITH FOUR OR MORE CHILDREN, e x c l u d e d fro m many r e n t a l p r o p e r t i e s , f i n d i t
e s p e c i a l l y d i f f i c u l t t o l o c a t e l o w - c o s t h o u s i n g . Few r e n t a l a g e n c i e s h a n d l e u n i t s
which accommodate t h i s s i z e f a m i l y .
AGED h av e s p e c i a l p r o b lem s b e c a u s e o f low income, i n c r e a s i n g m e d i c a l c o s t s .
NO NON-PROFIT DAY CARE f a c i l i t i e s f o r working m o t h e r s .
(One i s now b e i n g p l a n n e d . )
HIGH COST OF LOT DEVELOPMENT ( e s t i m a t e d b etw een $ 3 , 1 5 0 and $ 4 , 0 0 0 ) r e s u l t s fro m
r e g u l a t i o n s and minimum l o t s i z e .
NEGROES IN MIDDLE-INCOME BRACKET, a n x i o u s t o s t a y i n c o u n ty an d r e n t , b u i l d o r b uy,
c a n 't fin d w illin g s e lle rs or le sso rs.
EXORBITANT RENT c h a r g e d f o r some p o o r h o u s i n g .
�
Dublin Core
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Title
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RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
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The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
"Fairfax County Housing Fact Sheet", November 1, 1962. 2 pages. Page 2.
Description
An account of the resource
County Statistics on costs of homes , conditions, income, health, welfare, race and problem areas. Page 2.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
pdf
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Fairfax County
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1962-11-01
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1960s
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited.
Identifier
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18_1_1_9_8
-
https://projectdaps.org/files/original/0693eabae67b09f785d889132549e1f3.pdf
b2d6c7252c0b236527788fe90e4166da
PDF Text
Text
May 20, 1948
To Supporting Organ!satS on a.
The Citizens' O ji.: ittec Against Segregation in Recreation
i:
Washington, D. C,
Friends:
As Chairman of the Recreation Co.Timittee of the D. C. Branch of the 1 i A C P,
1
we called a conference of individual citizens and representatives of organizations
in July, 1945 to see what could be done to oppose the attempt of the Recreation
3oard to legalize segregation in public recreation. The accompanying report pre
sents to you a brief account of what we tried to do to save Washington from another
social stigma.
It was conceived by all of us most alarming that supposed patriotic leader
ship in Washington, D. C. during the beginning of a great war dedicated to remov
ing from the world the bestiality of Hitlerism, was moving in the direction of
racial fascism right here in the capital of one of the contending nations. Many
of us consecrated ourselves to the task of trying to make of Washington a city in
which the ideals for which the world was fighting, might be exemplified through
maintenance of free recreation.
To this task your Executive Board and many other representatives have given
a great deal of time, energy, and money, in the work to elLflinate this facet of
intolerance. We owe much to the splendid support of some of the reporters and
editors of the daily and weekly press.
We depended on some individuals more than
others, but all were helpful and rendered aid whan called upon.
Copies of this report can be secured from the office of the U A A C P at
2002 - 11th St., N W . We hope that from its pages those who in the future will
engage in the crusade for right against wrong, will find material that will be
helpful.
For the Committee
Signed:
E. B. Henderson, Chairman
Contents:
SUPPLEMENT TO PI A 3 R REPORT
Page
Organizations Composing C A S H - -- - - - - 1
formation of C A S R - Protested "By-Lav;" - - - - - - - 2
Protest to D. C. Recreation Board - - Page 3;
Interior Dept. Policy 4
Senator Bunton Deletes "Segregation"~3efttion of bill - - - - - - - 4
C A S R Begins Fight on Policy of A A U - Uline - Boys' Club - - - - 5
Tourist Camp Policy - - - Page
6 ; C I O Tests Recreation Policy - 6
C A S K Fights A A U Racial Sanctions Page 6 ; C A S H
Pickets - 7
Uline Challenged - - Page 8;
Examplesof Interracial Activity - - 9
'Washington Post Supports Anti-Segregation in Boxing - - - - 9
Washington Daily News Battles
Prejudice - - - - - - - 10
N A A C P Lawyers Aid Boxers Against A A U - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1
Court of Appeals Rules for Colored Boxers - - - - - - - - - - 11
C A S R Works for Open Golden Gloves - - - - - - - - - - - - 12
Discrimination in Boys' Clubs - - - - - - - - - 12
Police Boys' Club Perfect Pattern of Racial Fascism - - - - - - - 13
C A S H , Against Surrender of Federal Recreation to Local Board - - - 13
Recreation Board Puts in Record Complete Jim Crow Policy - - - - - 45
Expensive and Social Waste in Playground Operation - - - - - - - 49
�May 20, 1948
FINAL REPORT OF CITIZENS COMMITTEE AGAINST SEGREGATION IN RECREATION
From June - 1945 to Wpril - 1948
In recent years the increased activity of the N A A C P and the C C R made
it seem advisable to dissolve the special committee which was organized by the
Recreation committee of the D. C. Branch of the N A A C P« Among the organiza
tions which subscribed to the objectives of the Citizens Comniittee Against
Segregation in Recreation in 1945 were the following:
A K A Ncn-Partisan Council
N A A C P, D. C. Branch
American Association of University Women
National C I O , Committee
American Legion, Posts Nos, 2 and 5
to Abolish Discrimina
American Youth for Democracy
tion
B'Nai Brith - Anti Defamation League
Nat'l Catholic 'Welfare Com,
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, A F of L
Nat’ Council of Negro
l
Business and Professional Women’s League
Women
Nat’ Council for Permanent
l
Cafeteria Workers and Restaurant Workers Local #471
U F W A, C I O
F £ P C
C I O Local #10
Nat'l Farmers Union
C I O Maritime Committee
Nat'l Fraternal Council of
Negro Churches
Citizens Committee on Race Relations
Nat'l Lawyers Guild
College Alumnae Club
Council of Negro Labor Leaders
Nat'l Negro Congress
Nat'l Sorority of Phi
D, C. Health, Physical Education
and Recreation Association
Delta Kappa
Employees’ Local #9, A F of L
Nat'l Women's Trade Union
Far Northeast Council
League
Federation of Civic Associations, Inc,
Oldest Inhabitants Ass'n
Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
of Washington, D. C.
Federation of P T A
People's Action Committee
Fellowship of Reconciliation
Phyllis Wheatley Y W C A
Hotel Service Workers Local #80, A F of L
Sigma Delta Tau - Beta
Howard University Youth Council
Chapter (Legal Frat,)
I B P 0 Elks of the World,
Southeast House
Civil Rights Committee
Southern Conference for
Independent Funeral Directors
Human Welfare
Institute of Race Relations
Supreme Liberty Life Ins.
Interdenomination Ministers Alliance
(District Office)
League of Women choppers
Society of Friends
Local Dining Car Union, A F of L
U F W A District Council,
Mall Tennis Club
CI O
Pruachors Union
U 0 P W A Local #27, C I O
Washington Committee on
Racial Democracy
Washington Cooperative Bookshop
Washington Council of
Washington Federation of
Social Workers
Churches
Washington Housing Com.
Washington Industrial Union
Washington Urban League
Council, C I O
Y M C A, 12th St. Branch
Women's Internat'l League f o r
Federation of Churches,
Peace and Freedom
S o c i a l A c t i o n C-oramit t ~ War Registers' League
ee
�The officers and the Executive Board of C A S R in office at the dissolution
of the Committee in April, 3948, .'ere:
Executive Board:
E. B. Henderson, Chairman
Kenneth Pohlimann, Vice President
Gladys Edmonson, Secretary
Delilah Pierce, Treasurer
W. S. Anderson
Gertrude Evans
Charles S. Hill
Wendall A. Parris
In conclusion, it is the concensus of those of us who remained until the end
of the work of this committee, that a record of what we have done might serve
those who will continue to keep up the fight for justice and civil rights for
all people.
Cd tizens Committee Against Segregation in Recreation Formed
The Citizens C A 3 R was formed at a conference called by the Recreation
Committee of the N A A C P at the Y M C A on Friday, June 20, 1945. Represen
tatives of labor, religious, civic and recreational groups met to plan a campaign
for the "abolition of the rule, adopted by the D. C. Board of Recreation on
June 12, 1945, providing for racial segregation in public recreation facilities."
was
Dr. E. Bu Henderson, chairman of the Recreation Committee of the N A A C
elected Vice Chairman; Kenneth E. Pohlman of the Southern Conference for Human
welfare was elected Vice Chairman; U. Simpson Tate of the U F W, SecretaryTreasurer; Mrs. Delilah W. Pierce of the National Sorority of Phi Delta Kappa,
Assistant Secretary. Other members of the Executive Board were: W. S. Anderson*
Gertrude Evans, Charles S. Hill, Rev* Francis McPeek, E. Pauline Myers, wendall
A. Parris, and Beatrice M. Reed.
Among the organizations responding to the call were the N A A C P, the
Council of Negro Labor Leaders, the Washington Chapter S C H W, the Fraternal
Council of Negro Churches, the Federation of Civic Associations, the Industrial
Union Council and fifteen other groups.
The issue of racial segregation in public recreation in the Nation's capital
was considered of vital importance to all Americans. At the first meeting, Rev.
William H. Jernagin of the Fraternal Council of Negro Churches said that, "this
is the only Capital in the world which ic presently attempting to institute
separate racial laws with peculiar rights and advantages for one group and under
privileged and disadvantages for the oth*r, This is a queer logic for a govern
ment to profess which is desirous of assuming the leadership of the world's
family of nations - especially when tho majority of the world's people are
members of darker races," Repeatedly throughout the years of the life of
,
C S A R, this argument was presented by many groups to win support for democrat
ic operation of public recreation in the Nation's capital.
The by-law that aroused many citizens adopted by the Recreation Board cn
June 12, 1945 read as follows: Recreation programs for white residents shall
be conducted in regions A - F and in designated city-wide centers. Recreation
programs for Negro residents shall be conducted in regions G - K abd in designat
ed city-wide centers." Immediately many colored and white citizens as individuals
and representatives of 3 2 organizations, met to lay plans to protest the by-law
adopted and to 3 eek nullification.
�- 3 Protest to Recreation Board - June 12, 1945*
On June 12th, these representatives to the number of more than 200, assembled
in the Board Room of the Recreation Department and presented the follcwing argu
ments:
1.
There is no legal justification for the regulation in question. The history
of the legislation setting up the Recreation Board shows that Congress considered
and rejected a proposal to consider segregation in law*
2 0 The effect of the Board's ruling is to force discontinuance of unsegregated
use of recreational facilities„
3. The ruling of the Board imposes embarrassment and unjust hardship upon numer
ous organizations with both white and colored memberships, and upon families of
one race living where playgrounds are designated for the other race.
4,
We are entitled to 144k to government agencies in Washington and the National
Capital, to set an example of decent and democratic behavior for the Nation and
for the United Nations.
Speakers under the leadership of Attorney William H. Hastie against the "by
law" were:
Rev; Stanford J. Harris of the Mt. Vernon Methodist Church
J. B. Tate, Pres. 'Washington Chapter of the National Lawyers Guild
Lt. Col. James S. Schramm
Dr. Rayford Logan of Howard University
Rev. Francis W. McPeek of the Federation of Churches
Henry Beit sc her of the United Federal 'Workers of America
Miss Betty Hays, Chairman, Washington Labor Canteen
Robert Sherman, President of the Washington Industrial Union Council
Lillian Evanti, for the Northwest Civic Association
Ruth S. Ralph of the'United Office and Professional Workers of America
Rev. J. F. Whitfield, pastor of the 12th Jt. Christian Church
Austin" L. Fickling of the Brookland Civic Association
The only proponents of segregation were Ernest F. Henry, Recreation Committee
Chairman of the Federation of Citizens association, and Gordon M. Atherbolt of
McArthur Boulevard Citizens1 Association.
Involved in the controversy was the relationship of the federal recreation
areas operated by the Recreation Department in face of an edict by the Interior
Department that federal areas "shall be open to all people" without reference to
race or color. Under operation of the Interior Department golf courses, tennis
courts, and in fact, all federal recreation areas are free from racial restrictions,
Mr. Irving C. Rotot, Supt. of National Capital Parks, and Mrs. Alice C. Hunter,
Secretary of the Board, moved that the clause be stricken out of the by-laws of
the Recreation Board. They were outvoted 3 to 2. Voting for the by-laws were:
James E. Schwab, Mrs. George A, Garrett, Walter L. Fowler, representing the
D. C. Commissioners on the Board.
Mr. C. Melvin Sharpe was absent and Chairman Harry S. Wender did not vote.
Supporting the Interior Department's stand. Acting Secretary of the Interior wrote
a letter to the Recreation Board on July 11, 1946, ten days before the Board
acted, regretting the Recreation Board had incorporated in its by-laws "provisions
for the segregation of white and Negro recreation programs." Mr. Fortas, Acting
Secretary of the Interior wrote that, "a policy of non-segregation has been in
effect in areas under jurisdiction of the United States Department of the Interior
for a considerable period of time and has operated satisfactorily within the
District of Columbia as well as outside thereof. This jisrm.uiii.ms uso o f park are;®
�- 4 by members of both races has demonstrated the practicability of adherence to the
principle of equal rights which is affirmed by the Federal Constitution,"
Mr. Fortas continued, "I hereby advise you that the United states Department
of the Interior reaffirms its policy of non-segregation. This policy will be con
tinued in all areas under the jurisdiction of this department. It applies to
areas under the ..policy control of the .Secretary-.of the Interior,even though pro
grams utilizing facilities within those areas are administered by the Recreation
Board."
The Recreation Board’s chairman, Harry 3. Wender, defended the Board's action
on the ground that Public Law 534 (77th Congress) "specifically spelled out that
the recreation program should be operated on a colored and white basis as set up
by the National Capital Park and Planning Commission before the Board was created."
The basis of defense by the Board for its segregation policy largely depends
upon the interpretations given to the phrase in the law providing among other
things, that "the Capital Parks and Planning Commission, in accordance with a
comprehensive plan, as suitable and desirable units of the D. C. Recreata.on
System."
To offset this contention however, was the decided action of Congress to
eliminate Jection 7 of Article III of the original bill which would have recogniz
ed the segregation plan under the Community Center and Playgrounds Department.
Here follows the action taken by the Congress as quoted from the Congressional
record of the 77th Congress:
Senator Burton Deletes Section Recognizing Segregation.
On March 30, 1942, the senator proceeded to consider the Bill H. R. 5075, to
create a recreation board for the District of Columbia, to define its duties, and
for other purposes, which had been reported from the Committee on the District of
Columbia. Section 3 of Article II Functions and Administrative Responsibilities
of the Board provides among other duties, "The public properties utilized by the
Board for the above purposes shall include those designated by the National Cap
ital Parks and Planning Commission, in accordance with a comprehensive plan, as
suitable and desirable units of the District of Columbia recreation system." It
is this statement upon which the Recreation Department defends its assumed right
to operate a segregated system of recreation. The "comprehensive plan" refers
to a diagram showing the Recreation areas of the city as designed by T. C. Jeffers
of the Commission in 1929, which shows 26 major centers. In the legend, centers
are indicated as follows: Areas enclosed in solid lined circles are marked:
"MlGHBGRHGOD RECREATION CENTER," and those with broken lined circles are marked:
(WHITE)
"NEIGHBORHOOD RECREATION CENTER." This is the only indication and could easily
(COLORED)
be interpreted to mean areas used largely by white or colored people. No act of
the District government provides for segregation or isolation of one group or the
other from any areas.
Section 7 of Article III of the bill reads: "The plan or system for the ad
ministration. operation, and conduct of recreation facilities in use by the Comaiunit.y Center and Playgrounds Department of the District of Columbia at the time
of the passage and approval of this act is hereby adopted and made the permanent
policy for the administration, operation and conduct of all recreation facil
ities placed by this act under the jurisdiction of the Board. The Board
�- 5 shall continue to rncognize coordinate authority of white and colored personnel
in the administ.:..ationoperat ion <:d c onduct of the respective programs to be
-t
.
adopted, conduc ed, E rected,, and supervised by the Hoard under the terms of
this act..1
1
As a result of conferences with representatives of the N a A C P and other
citizens, Mr. Burton was prevailed upon to remove the above section which would
have given legislative sanction to a policy of segregation,. Whereupon, at the
end of the reading of the bill in the Jenate, Senator Burton "Moved to strike
out Section 7 Article III" for the committee. The amendment was agreed to.
v/hereopon the Senator moved to raise sections 8 and 9 to position of sections 7
and 8. These latter two amendments simply repealed an?J acts in conflict with this
act and provided for the act taking effect 30 days after passage.* The house con
curred in this amendment.
It is easy to see that it was therefore the intent of Congress not to legis
late "segregation" in the act setting up the Board of Recreation.
Throughout the act are references to the use of buildings and grounds under
jurisdiction cf ether agencies such as the National Capital Parks and the Beard
of Education, but Jection 3 of article III expressly states that nothing in the
act "shall be construed to abridge the powers of the Board of Education, the Com
missioners of the District of Columbia, or the National Park Jervice to refuse
the use of any such ground, building or facility... and nothing herein expressed
or implied shall be construed to abrogate any powers vested in the Board of Educa
tion by the organic act of 1906.Oo"
References to race are also to be noted under Article I, Section I of the
bill which provides that "The appointment of the four citizens shall be without
regard to race, sex, or creed, and shall take judicious account of the parent,
civic, and other organizations through which residents of the District voice their
civic-wishes and advance the common welfare." Section 2 of Article II also pro
vides, "Their salaries (personnel* and positions shall be fixed in accordance
with the Classification Act of 1923, as amended, without regard to race, sex, or
creed..,"
It has been hard to see how the Recreation Board can interpret the Bill
authorizing its existence as granting the Board the right to impose racial segrega
tion. It can be construed that the plat indicating certain grounds as white or
colored in the "Comprehensive Plan" referred to simply means areas largely used
by the races, mainly because of residence,
C S A R Begins Fight on A A U, Uline, Boys Clubs.
In January 1946, C A J R voted to extend its operations to include in its
program opposition to:
1,
The Amateur Athletic Union ban on interracial sport.
2,
The policy of Uline Arena which admitted colored citizens to boxing and
wrestling shows, but denied them admission to ice hockey, the Icecapades,
basketball and 3ome othor shows
3,
The policy of the Police Boys Club which segregates all colored boys to one
building and activities of one club - No, 2 - and which denies colored cit
izens membership on the Bor-rd of sixty directors,
4,
The policy of the Boys Clubs of Washington whioh denies
boy*
entry into the elnlxs and aoti v iti
. -
�On January 2, 1946, C A S R learning of attempted discriminatory racial practioss
at the Tourist Camp in East Potomac Park, the Chairman wrote to the Department of
the Interior, Mr. Oscar Chapman, Assistant secretary of the Department
^
January 2, 1946
My dear Mr. Henderson:
I am pleased to inform you that this department contemplates no
change in the established policy of non-segregation in connection with
the operation of the East Potomac Park tourist facilities.
The Touriit Camp was established by authority of the Congress for the
primary purpose of accomodating visitors to the National Capital who,
regardless of race er creed, desire adequate quarters convenient to
the principal points of tourist interest in Washington at nominal
rates. As the federal agency in charge cf the operation of the Nation
al Capital Park Jystem, we feel that a visit to Washington should netonly fulfil their recreational requirements, but also should contri
bute to their knowledge and their pride in our form of government.
Jincerely yours,
(Signed)
Oscar Lj Chapman
Assistant Secretary
C I 0_Attempts to Test Recreation Policy
In June 1946, the C I O Industrial Union Council announced to the RecreationDepartment that it would stage "mixed" tennis games on the Rose Park playground.
These games were played without interference by the Department of Recreation.
Throughout 1946 and 1947, C A 3 R and its component organizations battled
against bigotry and proponents of race prejudice and discri dnation based on race
or color. Some of the projects were crowned with partial success.
C A S R Fights
a
A U Discriminatory Sanctions
For years, the Amateur Athletic Union of Washington, D. C. prohibited "mixed"
amateur athletics by the device of writing upon the back of sanctions it issues
to any organization applying for permission to conduct a tournament, the follow
ing proscription:
"The Registration Co.!iraittee of the D. C. Association of the A A U does
.not sanction mixed racial competition or exhibition in any sport under
its jurisdiction. Accordingly, this sanction is grant ed with the dis
tinct understanding that there will be no interracial competition on the
program for which this sanction is given. Any infraction will result in
suspension of the athletes involved and refusal of further sanctioning
to the sponsoring organization,"
After many conference with A A U officials we could get nowhere with them. The
Y M C A applied for membership and sent a checx of \^10, for membership. It was
returned without comment. We refused to set up a Jim Crow auxiliary. The
Y M C A stopped staging boxing events and attempted to enter Y boys in the A A U
boxing tournaments. When this was refused, the boys entered suit against the
A A U and were defended by Attorneys Hayes, Hastie and Ransom.
�C A S R has also attempted to secure abolition of the discriminatory prac
tices cf the Boxing Commission ^nd to provide a more democratic organization.
Although .aany thousands of dollars accrue to the Boxing Co omission from its
opex*ation, very little filters back to colored .athletic groups nor any to color
ed people as officials or employees of the Boxing Commission, The salaries of
two members of the Commission, the secretary, referees, physicians, inspectors,
etc. are paid from the huge sums derived from the percentage of gate receipts
and fees received. This has amounted to approximately $30,000 in some seasons.
In one year, a sura of $4,000 left over was divided between clubs sponsoring
boxing. Of this sum, only Howard University Athletic Department received $200.
Yet there were a half dozen colored groups supporting boxing. The excuse offer
ed was that they failed to apply for benefits. Of the whole galaxy of paid
officials, only one colored physician has been used as a judge. There are all
sorts of alibis given. The only sound thing to do is to have colored representa
tion on the Commission. This is justifiable largely in view of the fact that
colored boxers attract thousands of colored spectators and are responsible fcr
the great crowds which pay expenses of the Commission. Before "mixed" boxing,
the promoters were operating in the red. Organized citizens should insist upon
a fair or equitable proportion of the jobs paid for by the Commission, This is
yet to be done.
One of the jobs done by C A 3 R, was to supply information to and assist
various agencies working in the field of battering race relations. Among the
groups ao served were the Social Survey Committee of the Council cf Social
Agencies, the Citizens Committee on Race Relations, the President's Committee on
Civil Rights and the Rosenwald .Survey. The Committee has also supplied informa
tion to many other individuals and organizations concerning discrimination in
recreation
C A S R Helps Fight for Liberal Theatre
C A 3 R also supported the fight for liberalizing the legitimate theatre
here in Washington. This has been done by sending telegrams to Actors Equity
and by aiding the Council for Civil Rights.
flany conferences have been held with individuals and committees in the fight
against the Recreation Board, the Boys Clubs and with officials in many of the
departmental agencies. Many thousands cf bulletins, letters, dodgers, etc. have
been distributed to spectators at athletic events, to the press and to interested
persons and organizations.
C A S R Pickets
Members of the C A S E themselves and with the help of hundreds of individ
uals have engaged in picketing and passing out circulars at nearly all the Golden
Glcves and A A U boxing events, and at Uline's Arena in protest against his
racial policy. Night after night, men and women and boxers from the Y M C A and
Police Boys' Club No. 2 walked in all kinds of weather to demonstrate against
Hitler's racial policy in effect here in J. C. The wording on sane of the pla
cards was:
"Mixed Pro Bouts Every Weety Why Not Amateur?"
"Washington, D. C. - Only United Nation Capital Condoling Race Prejudice?"
"25,000 Negro Boys From D. C. Fought Fascism In This *var."
"Boycott the A A U Jim Crow oports: Jim Crow 3ports Are Un-American.""We Oppose American Hitlerism - Youth Council - N A A C P, Boys' Clubs,
Y M C A, C I 0."
�- 3 " U N O Turns Down D. C. Because of Jim Crow."
"D. C. - Jim Crew Boxing Capital of the World,"
"Why Were 2 5 , 0 0 0 Negro Boys Cent From D. C. To Fight In Europe For Freedom —
Denied Came in D. C."
"We Salute The Washington Post,"
"Uline Professes Being Catholic Christian - Practices Racial Fascism."
"A1 Weil Promotes Jim Crow."
"Don’t Buy Ice Where You Can't See Ice Shows."
C A S R Challenges Uline
The attempt to cause a change in the exclusion policy of the Uline Arena
finally was crowned with success and was a notable one in which C A 3 R played
an outstanding part. When it became evident that the policy of barring colored
citizens from the Ice Shows, Ice Hockey Games and professional basketball games,
while admitting them to what was termed, "low culture" events like boxing and
wrestling, was firmly established, C A S H campaigned relentlessly against the
policy.
Early in 1944* a committee consisting of Assistant Secretary of the Interior,
Oscar Chapiflanj former Assistant secretary of State, G. Howland Shaw; Dr. Frederick
Reissig of the Federation of Churches and the chairman of C A 3 R, called on Mr,
Uline to protest his ban on colored spectators. Following his refusal to modify
his policy, C A S R organized pickets which demonstrated every season at athletic
events and on many of the nights of the Icecapades.
The Committee also did everything possible to dissuade organizations from
using the Arena. Among those who were urged not to rent the Hall - e e Billy Rose's
wt"Carmen Jones" and the Conference of the Regional Methodist Church, Because of
the campaign, many organizations were deterred from contracting for use of the
Arena.
Despite the fact that the Arena was objected to, professional fight promoters
insisted on staging fights there. Little by little, the attendance of colered
people grew smaller and smaller until the fight promoters gave up.
But the straw that broke the back of Uline management was the continual
refusal of colored fans to attend even when the "mixed" Golden Gloves event of
1947 was staged there, as a fielder's choice between keeping colored boxers out
of the Golden Gloves which was held at Uline's Arena and the boycott against Uline,
the Chairman of C A 3 R, in face of divided sentiment, advocated:
1,
2,
That the boys should enter to box.
That colored spectators should maintain a boycott.
After the first few nights, Dick O'Brien, promoter of the Golden Gloves tourna
ment was asked about leasing the hall for the next season. He called attention
to the fact that even so popular an event as mixed amateur boxing was not at
tracting colored fans. Within a week Mr. Uline called a press conference and
announced a cessation of discrimination in any event. Ever since that, colored
people have been admitted to any and all events. Thousands of high school child
ren have learned to or enjoyed skating and many oclored people have seen Ice
dhows for the first time. Credit must be given to many organizations for assist
ing in this campaign against Uline's policy. Particularly helpful was th<? work
done by a group callin 3 themselves the Peoples Action Committee which was listed
among the beginning organizations affiliated with C A S R.
�9 Instances of Interracial Activity
To substantiate the fact that children are not normally prejudiced and that
there are many adults who are bold enough to carry on in the face of a pattern of
racial discrimination, we cite a few of the many instances of interracial activity:
1.
Although the Boys' Clubs operate a color line, for several years the
settlement houses have held interracial track, basketball and softball meets*
2. Colored and white people participate on the Mall, other federal tennis
courts and in Rose Park, D. C, Playground courts*
3. Professional and amateur boxing takes place all ever Washington weekly.
There has never been a disorderly incident based on race.
4. George Washington University, Catholic University and Maryland University
no longer object to playing teams on which are colored players.
5. The Star Indoor Track Meet at the Armory was conductee without color
distinction in spectator and athletic participation,
6. Many softball games between white and colored teams occur annually.
7. Professional basketball games take place regularly at Turner's Arena be
tween white and colored teams.
8. Howard University is scheduling more and more games with white opponents.
9. White and colored childreh play together in many places all over the city
except where supervision by white adults seek to prevent.
10, There are a number of interracial clubs of teen-agers learning to live
together,.
11, Several nursery schools and private schools are interracial.
12, The first open Amateur Union outdoor meet was held at the Maryland
University track on May 4, 194&.
G h S R Aided by Press
The C A S R has always depended on the Negro press for much of its program,
Publicy in this day is essential to promotion of any cause. The Committee feels
what it has achieved and for what consciousness of the problems it has created in
the mind of the public, is due largely to the splendid support of the Afro-American,
Pittsburgh Courier and occasionally of the Journal and Guide and the Chicago
Defended.
£ i?
On December 27, 1945, the chairman of C A 3 R wrote Mr. Eugene Meywe, Publish
er and editor of the Washington Post, again calling his attention to the continued
unfair practices of the local A A U. He was informed of the opposition of Dan.
Ferris, secretary of the National A A U, to the use of the sanctioning powers t«
discriminate against colored athletes, was told of the general unfairness of the
A A U, and was urged to withdraw the support of his paper as a sponsor of the A A U
events. To this request, the following letter was sent followed by a box announce
ment in the Post withdrawing from sponsorship:
January 2, 1946.
Mr. Edwin B. Henderson, Chairman
Committee of Recreation
The N A A C P
100 Massachusetts Avenue, N. W.
Washington 1, D. C.
Dear Mr. Henderson:
Your letter to Mr. Eugene Meyer, dated December 27, has been referred to me.
I have to-day written to the Sports Department asking that it notify the
�-
10-
A A U that unless the ban against colored boys be removed, that we cannot
sponsor the contest this year. So long as the A A U admits boys in other
cities, and so long as mixed bouts are legal in Washington, I do not see
where they have a leg to stand on in continuing the present policy. It is
a completely stupid viewpoint so far as I am concerned.
It may be contended that colored boys in town do not have the type of
clubs and the type of training demanded by the A A U and that they must
observe certain standards of training or supervision. I would not know
about that. But I do know that so.^long as the objection is put on a color
basis that their viewpoint is inde.nsible. The line of reasoning which
prohibits a white boy from meeting a colored boy in amateur performance
in Washington, but allows him to do so in Boston, is something that
really goes beyond my slender powers.
Yours very truly,
Alexander F. Jones.
On January 6, 1946, the following announcement was made by the Vvashington
Post: "For two years, the Washington Post has s )onsored the District of Columbia
amateur boxing championship tournament known as the Battle of Belts. There have
been repeated requests that entries of colored amateurs be accepted for the
toruanment. The District of Columbia Athletic Union has consistently refused to
permit colored boys to compete. It ha3 maintained that position arbitrarily c
despite the fact that the National A A U of which it is a member, has set forth
that all amateur athletes are eligible for competition without regard to color
or race. Bouts between colored and white fighters in the professional ring are
sanctioned by the District Boxing Commission, and have been without so-called
"incidents." The District A A U, however, chooses to bar colored boxers from
the amateur championships because of what it chooses to call its duty to
Washington’s social philosophy.
The Washington Po 3 t also finds itself with a choice. In the interest of
tolerance, it chooses to withdraw from the sponsorship of the A A U boxing
tournaments, and herewith does."
Washington Daily News, 1/7/46.
THIS IS ON ME
By Roger Treat
Washington’s worshippers of Jim Crow took another slap in the face yesterday
when it was announced that the Battle of Belts, a yearly amateur boxing tourna
ment, would be abandoned because the local chapter of the Amateur Athletic Union
chooses to bar Negro boxers because of its "duty to Washington's social philosophy."
This "duty" is a small part of the reason why Washington is unacceptable as head
quarters for the U N 0, and of the reason why it is difficult for peoples in
foreign countries to have much faith in a nation which talks a great game of
high ideals, but fails to live them, even in the Capital city.
The local A A U is operating in direct defiance of the national parent body,
which wrote a letter to the local Board several years ago. The letter was signed
by Dan Ferris, national secretary, and advised the Washington group that the barring
of Negro boxers was totally unwarranted. It did not add tnat it was disgraceful,
but few would hesitate to add that description, . ."
�-
11-
Throughout 1946, Roger Treat, sports editor of the Washington Daily News, in
many commentaries belabored the officers and governing body of the local A A U.
An appeal m s made from time to time to get action on the Washington local
A A U by the national officers. Many wrote condemning harshly the policy of the
local body. Judge Bonniwell of Philadelphia, president of the Middle Atlantic
Association of the A A U, called a meeting of his Board and unanimously the
Board adopted a resolution "as exemplary of American amateur sportsmanship," to
communicate with the national president and call upon him "to take such steps as
will immediately secure to all athletes the same privileges that we accord our
white, Indian, Hawaiian and oriental representatives."
This was followed by similar action by the A th le tic Commission of the Jtate
of Pennsylvania and other organizations.
N A A C P Lawyers Aid Y H C A Boys in Legal Fi;
;ht Against A A U
Early in 1945, lawyers for the N A A C P, Messrs. Hastie, Hayes and Ransom*
sued the A A U to secure a declaratory .judgment on behalf of several of the boxers
of the 12th Street Y M C A. Their boys were members of the D C A A U but were
denied entry to the A A U meets. The lower court at the instance of the first
trial "dismissed and denied the application for declaratory judgment." The case
was taken to the United Jtates Court of Appeals,
Here Justices Clark, Miller and Prettyman reversed the decision of the lower
court* and ramanded the case xor trial on its mefcits. The Justices implied that
’
the A A U did not control through the sanctioning power the participation of
local members in championships, local, national, or international; that the
constitution and by-laws of the defendant A A U does not per.nit the restrictive
sanction, that local athletes are first ualified for national competition by
first competing in the District. The Judges averred that: "The gist of the
case is narrow.
The complaint says that plaintiffs are barred from District-wide,
national and international championship athletic competition, by the body which
has plenary power over all amateur athletic competition in this country, in
violation of the constitution and by-laws of the body. The complaint is not that
athletic events are held in which plaintiffs are not permitted to participate.
The complaint is that plaintiffs are barred, totally, from the eventual selection
of local, national and international champions and that the debarment is beyond
the power of the Committee enforcing it. The rights upon which plaintiffs stand
are the rights of members of the Unions in good standing. Appellees’ contention,
implicit although not expressed, that the constitution, by-laws and regulations
of the Unions are no part of the contract between pl^inriffs and the Unions, is
beside the point and is also without merit. Members in good standing whose
rights are invaded by an ultra virus act of a committee of the organization, are
clearly entitled to relief and protection.
Me need not speculate as to what proportion of their averments plaintiffs
need prove in order to support the relief which they claim. On the record as it
stands now, the only questions are whether the complaint and the affidavit show
that there are genuine issues of material facts and whether the complaint, if pr
proved as averred, states a claim for which relief can ge granted. In our view,
the answers to both questions are affirmative.
* United Jtates Court of Appeals - No* 9064 - Millie Farrell et al, Appelants~
V District of Columbia Amateur Athletic Union, a Corporation, et al, Appellees.
Argues January 16, 1946 - Decided February 25, 1946,
�-
After the
Track when the
our lawyer and
permit the A A
standing being
C A S H
12
-
action of the A A U in November 1948 lifting the ban on Boxing and
casecame up for trial, the A A U lawyer and representative and
representative agreed to enter a non-s.iit, This was done to
U to gradual]y withdraw its discriminatory practices. The under
that the appelants may re-enter the suit for trial.
Jorges for- Opening Golden Gloves to all Boxers__
In 1946, the chair.iian wrote to Mrs. Eleanor Patterson, publisher of the
Times-Herald, calling attention to the action of the Washington Post in refusing
to sponsor the A a U local boxing tournament, and suggested that the Times-Herald
was powerful enough an institution to resist the sanction ban against mixed
competition of the A A U. thereupon Mrs. Patterson announced to her management
that if the colored people objected to conduct of the Golden Gloves under the ban,
she would consider abandoning the contests. After a survey of sentiment, we
assured her that the colored sports and the public did object to the Times-Herald
sponsorship of the Golden Gloves tourney under A a U conditions. Mrs. Patterson
then ordered cessation of the Golden Gloves tournament for 1947.
A A U Votes to Partially Lift Ban
Later in 1947, the A A U announced that a vote would be taken to consider
taking the ban off frcm mixed boxing and track with certain reservations. Aided
by the representatives of the Evening Star which anticipated an indoor track
meet in the new Armory, and of the Times Herald, the A A U voted 12 to 4 to lift
the ban on track and boxing,
This action resulted in the first Golden Gloves tournament and the first
A A U tournament, in which colored and white boys participated, and a track meet
run along normal American lines. Colored boys won two of the eight city champ
ionships in the Golden Gloves and four of the eight in the A A U championships.
All traveled together to the nationals in each sport. Thus an outcome in
victory for tolerance.
At this writing, the fight is still on, to get the A A U to take off the ban
completely. A weight lifting championship under the auspices of the A A U is
being staged at the Jewish Community Center and colored boys have been denied
entry. The case in the courts has been withdrawn pending an attempt at peaceful
settlement of the problems leading to a complete democratization of the A A U
policie s .
Boys* Clubs Discriminate
The C A 3 R has called to the attention of the people of Washington, the
injustice of segregation or isolation of colored boys in Boys' Club. Although
colored boy3 live in the Ghettos and most depressed districts and contribute the
greater amount of delinquency, there are only two Boys' Clubs in which colored
boys may participate. Both club houses are located in the northwest section of
the city. Both are connected with the Police Department. No colored boys are
served by the Washington Boys' Club.
The most democratic club is the one known as the Junior Police and Citizens
Corps. Its founder is Officer Oliver Cowan. He operates under the direction of
Lt. Murphy, who directs the Juvenile Division of the Police Department, Cowan
is a national figure and his methods have been studied throughout America, The
Board of the J. P. C. C. is a "mixed" board of prominent citizens. The Corjw*
participated in by boys of all races although the greatest number of branches
compose mainly colored boys. He is doing a great job.
�-13On the other hand, the Police Club for colored boys located at 12th and You
Jtreets, serves all of the boys of Washington, at the one club house and is
operated almost entirely on a segregated basis. It is not permitted to enter
its members in events for all of the other clubs. Nor is any colored citizen
permitted to serve on its Board of sixty Directors.
The irony of the situation is that although police of all races and colors
operate in the various precincts of the city, colored boys are not integrated in
the various precinct boys' clubs. Many police officers, paid out of the general
tax funds, areassigned on full time to duties in connection with these clubs.
Police have been granted permission to solicit funds fhom citizens for the support
of the police boys1 clubs, a practice condemned in many cities as dangerous to
public welfare*
The police Boys' Club, located at 12th and You, is supposed to serve colored
boys all over D. C. Thus, to use the club, many of these boys must pay two car
fares and spend hours of time going to and from the club. This club probably
costs more to operate in capital outlay and improvements than any other club. The
Board calls it the best club. As a monument to race prejudice, bigotry and stupid
ity in the nation's capital, it helps to prove to the world that officialdom
condones racial discrimination and segregation. There is no law providing for
segregation in the District of Columbia, This club is a perfect example to the
nation of the extent to which adult citizenship steeped in racial prejudice will
go even in the use of public funds, for although many thousands of dollars are
raised for operation of the clubs, the tax payers’ money is involved by possibly
•350,000 in the pay of police who work with the club and solicit funds.
We have sought by letter, circulars and conferences to publicize these cir
cumstances and to persuade changes in policy, dome progress has been made, but
the liberal adults are completely silenced by those who follow the pattern of
racial bigotry.
The Washington Boys Club is a part of a national organization. It raises .
much money from the public. It has never permitted colored boys to enter any of
its clubs, yet it heralds its work as work for all boys. Many thousands of dollars
are invested in the Washington Boys' Club supposedly to prevent delinquency among
underprivileged boys, yet it takes no account of the more than a hundred thousand
boys who are unfortunate enough to be colored.
The C A S H has attempted to get the Police Department and the Board of
Directors of the Police Boys' Club to:
1,
Recognize the worth and counsel of some colored citizens by placing
them on the Board of sixty Directors.
2, Permit the colored boys to play in the scheduled games and tournaments.
3. Permit colored boys to attend the Police Boys' camp.
4. Permit colored boys, who live in the neighborhood of the clubs, in the
various precincts, to attend these clubs.
C A S R Opposes Surrender of D. C. Federal Recreation to D. C Recreation
Board,
The Department of Recreation is seeking to bring all of the federally owned
and supervised recreation areas in the District of Columbia under its superbvision and control. The great mass of colored citizenry and hundreds of
organizations of colored people throughout the Nation have opposed this.
�- 14 Under the Interior Department and its subsidiaries, such as tne National
Capital Parks, hundreds of acres of Federal grounds and buildings have been
conducted for recreation with the ideals of democratic participation by all, free
citizens as a policy. All agencies operating projects for the recreational use
cf citizens of Washington and visitors to their Nation's Capital have been in
structed to keep free from any racial discrimination. Areas operated free from
official racial bias are the public golf and tennis courts^on Federal grounds,
the tea house, bicycle and boat concessions and others. Frequently, colored
children who sought to use bicycles were told that in order for them to hire
bicycles they must leave a deposit of from $25. to $50. while white children
deposited only < 5. Last year, C A S R reported to the Interior Department such
p
a case. Immediately an investigator was put on the case. The concessionaire
was first warned. Later he was dismissed.
One of the best examples of the possibility of democratic procedure in
recreation can be seen in the presence of v/hite and colored tennis players on the
Mall Tennis courts during the tennis season.
Because of the many attempts before Congress to secure to the D. C. Recrea
tion Board control over Eederal areas of recreation, our committee asked Mr.
Harold Chinn to draw up the arguments for maintenance of control by the Federal
Government until and unless the D. C. Board operates programs for all citizens,
residents and visitors alike, free from discrimination because of race.
The following statement was prepared by Mr. Harold Chinn, an active worker
for a democratic program of recreation,.:in 1 9 4 7 :
.
In view of the fact that an attempt has been made in Congress to secure
legislation to authorize the D. C. Recreation Board to operate all Public
recreational facilities in the District of Columbia, it has become necessary
to cite certain facts which should be weighed carefully before such legisla
tion is enacted.
At the present time - since June 12, 1945 - the D. C. Recreation Board has,
in its by-laws (Chapter 4, lection 2, Paragraph 2) committed itself to the
operation of a segregated system of recreation of all facilities now under
the jurisdiction and/or control of the Board. This action was taken despite
the fact that large sections of the population indicated at an epen hearing
before the Board their disagreement with and opposition to the arbitrary
policy of segregation adopted by the Board.
Since this policy, in effect, prohibits the voluntary non-segregated use of
public facilities now under control of the Board, we wish to point out the
fact that the further extention of the area of control to facilities now undei
the control of the National Park Service but operated for that agency by the
D. C. Recreation Board, under private companies under Public Law 534, Article
II, lection 2, would cornu-lit to segregated use, all federally owned facij.ities
now being operated as open or non-segregated units.
Specifically, we offer the following objections:
1. There is no legal justification for the compelling by regulation of the
segregated use of such facilities whether they are owned by the District of
Columbia or the Federal Government.
�-15 The statute which created the Board, Public Law 534 - 77th Congress
Chapter 265, 2nd Session, HR 5075) does not specify, and the history of the bill,
demonstrates that the Congress considered and rejected by a majority vote, a pro
posal to include a provision for segregation in the law (Section 7 of Title III
HR 5075) at that time Senator Burton, after oonsultation with citizens* groups,
moved and the ienite concurred in the deletion of the section which provided for
a segregated recreational system. Later the House of Representatives also voted
to delete the provision.
2.
There is with the doubtful exception of the public school regulation in the
District of Columbia no law or regulation in the District of Columbia code
authorizing segregated use of any public facility. It is obvious, there
fore, that the Code offers no precedent or authority for segregation in the
use of tax supported facilities.
3.
The so-called public school law enacted 85 years ago is not a valid precedent
making mandatory a segregated recreational policy for the D. C. Recreation
Board since the authority for the former is not binding upon the latter.
Attention is directed to the rules of the Board of Education for the separa
tion of the races for the purposes of education between the hours of 9 a, m.
and 3 p. m. and to the by-laws of the Board of Education which state un
equivocally that the public school buildings may be used after school hours
provided that such use does not interfere with the primary educational
purpose of school properties, that the school buildings are used for non
commercial purposes, and that such agencies or organizations using them shall
not be of a subversive character. The Board (of Education) in response to
a direct inquiry has advised that the organization or agencies requesting
the use of the buildings.control their own membership and programs as well
as participation. It is cle^r, therefore, that the Board of Education has
not imposed any limitation or dictated any restricted segregation policy
upon the D. C. Recreation Board itself.
4.
A further objection to the placing of all recreational facilities under
the D. C. Recreation Board is that such control would only unduly restrict
the programs of mixed groups who for years have used federally controlled
facilities, but it would also impose greater economic hardships upon
citizens who, because they are unable to use segregated neighborhood
facilities must travel great distances to use federally owned non-segregated facilities, further extension, therefore, would enlarge this condition
of displacement and voluntary use,
5.
Moreover, the pattern of commercial recreation such as baseball, basketball,
foot-ball and many other sports, operates generally in direct opposition
to the policy of the Board.
Mixed attendance a3 well as mixed participation in sports, is increasing,
thereby demonstrating the fact that spectators as well as participants are
progressively more democratic than the policy of the D. C. Recreation Board
would indicate.
It must be emphasized that public properties, the titles of which are in the
United otates, should not be controlled by any Board which would impose segrega
tion upon the citizens of the United Jtates. People come here from every section
of the country to enjoy the facilities provided by their government and their
right to do so should not be further jeopardized.
�-
16
-
The fact that this policy of segregation affects more white than colored
is another compelling reason why public property should be free from restric
tion, especially in the field of recreation where such use is casual, elastic
and unpredictableu These large groups of citizens certainly should not be
denied the rights to which they are entitled,
6,
Finally, the fact that public funds are being expended to operate a
recreational program for all the citizens in Washington, would preclude
the validity of any administration action to inaugurate a program in contra
diction to public law, whereby any group or groups of citizens are unduly
restricted in their voluntary use of such public facilities.
It is the intent of this group to support the efficient operation of a
recreational program for all the citizens in Washington and we shall approve
the control of all such facilities by the D. C. Recreation Board, provided the
D. C. Recreation Board will operate all such facilities for all citizens upon
a non-segregated basis.
The Department of Recreation by May 191+8 has not ‘ ithdrawn its discrimina
w
tory "by-law." Neither has it attempted to resort to police force to prevent
mixed group gatherings on its playgrounds. It is faced with so many contra
dictory situations, and operates in so many ways at excessive costs to maintain
segregation, that we predict the Board will have to modify its By-Laws" either
of its own accord or by persuasion from court action.
In 1946, the .'uporint r. c ent of Recreation wa 3 asked several pertinent
questions to interpret the -tbitude of the Board of Recreation with reference
to operation of the Ldpartm^nt.
The letters follow:
April 15, 1947
Mr. Milo Christiansen, Chairman
Board of Recreation
Washington, D. C.
My dear Mr. Christiansen:
The D. C. Branch, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
is writing this letter to bring the following to your attention:
The Howard University Chapter which is directed by and through the D. C.
Branch, held a legislative conference recently in the District of Columbia,
We have been informed by them that a Committee from the Howard Chapter
requested the use of Banneker Center for the purpose of entertainment. It
is said that this consent was granted by those in charge, later to be
rescinded with the explanation tnat it is not the policy of the Board of
Recreation to permit affairs of an interracial nature to be held in or on
the premises under its supervision.
More recently, Community Education Incorporated, an organization dedicated
to the practice of democratic principles, haj informed us that they were
told by your office that their scheduled dance recital at Armstrong High
..School Auditorium would have to be cancelled because of the interracial
quality of their organization and expected audience. I have further been
informed that this "rule" was waived to save the embarrassment of late
�-17cancellation. The management of Community Education Incorporated stated
further that a Miss Mayfield of your office informed them that it is not
the policy of the Board of Recreation to permit interracial audiences or
performers in its auditorium and that this case was not to be interpreted
as establishing a precedent.
Please advise us immediately of what your policy is in this matter.
Very truly yours,
/s/ Stephen G. Spottswood
Stephen G, Spottswood
President,
April 18, 1947
Mr. Stephen Gi Spottswood, President
National Association for the Advancement
of Colored People
2002 - 11th Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C.
Attention William A. Hill, Executive iecretary
Dear Mr, Spottswood:
Receipt is acknowledged of your April 15 communication inquiring about our
policies relating to inter-racial use of units which this Department operates.
The Recreation Department applies the policies of the Recreation Board which
in this case afe defined in Chapter IV, Section 2, By-laws, Rules and Regula
tions of the iiecreation Department shall include those designated by the
National Capital Park and Planning Commission, in accordance with a compre
hensive plan, as suitable and desirable unit3 of the District of Columbia
recreation system,
2, "Recreation programs for white residents shall be conducted in regions
A - F and in designated city-wide centers* Recreation programs for Negro
residents shall be conducted in regions G - K and in designated city-wide
denters,"
If there is any other information you would like to have, we shall be pleased
to provide it for you.
Sincerely yours,
/s/ Milo F, Christiansen
Milo F. Christiansen
�- IB April 21, 1947
Mr. Milo r ';r « i
.. •
Board of
Washington, : 0
My dear Mr. Christiansen.
we wish to thank you for your letter stating that the policies of the
Recreation Department are applied in accordance with Cahpter IV, Section
2, By-laws, Rules and Regulations of the Recreation Board. However, we
are requesting clarification of those policies in light of the following
specific questions which your letter does not answer:
1.
Does this mean that the Recreation Department prohibits white
performers from appearing in centers located in regions 0 - K?
2.
Does this mean that the Recreation Department prohibits colored
performers from appearing in centers located in regions A - F?
3.
Does this rule oreclude inter-racial group meetings in centers
of either region?
4.
Does this deny white persons the privilege of audience partici
pation at affairs in regions G - K, and colored persons the
same denial in regions A - F?
5.
Does this preclude inter-racial performers from appearing in
centers in regions A - F and G - K?
6.
What is the Department of Recreation’s interpretation of "Contro
versial Activities" as applied in contractual relationship with
the Board of Education for the use of Public School premises.
As an organization with membership of over 10,000 Washington citizens, we
are dedicated to civic betterment^ For this reason we wish to become fully
aware of the policies now in effect as they may be derived or abrogated from
the By-laws, Rules and Regulations of the Recreation Board.
Sincerely yours,
Stephen G. Spottswood
President
3GS:jp
Copy to:
Dr* Garnett C. Wilkinson
First ouperintendent of Schools
�- 19
April 29, 1947
Mr. Stephen G. Spottswood, President
National Association Tor the Advancement
of Colored People
2002 - 11th Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C,
Dear Mr. Spottswood:
In response to your April 21 communication requesting clarification of
policies in relation to specific questions contained therein, the answers
are a follows:
Question 1 through 5, the reply is yes.
Question 6 - The Recreation Department does not use the term 'contro
‘
versial activities" in its regulations governing use of school property.
The rules under Chapter VI, Section
prohibit the use of public school
buildings and abounds for "activities tending to create unrest and acrimon
ious discussions in the community, etc." The Recreation Department may
grant the use of public school buildings and grounds in accordance with
these regulations, arid each case must be interpreted in the light of
current public interest and feeling.
If we can be of any further assistance to analyze or to provide information
in the questions contained in your previous communication, we shall be
pleased to do so.
Sincerely yours,
/s/ Milo F. Christiansen
Milo F. Christiansen
Superintendent of Recreation
As a result of this disclosure, several groups have requested a hearing
before the Committee on Community Use of School Buildings of the Board of Educa
tion to request a modification of the contract between the Board of Education
and the Recreation Board in regard to the operation of recreation in public school
buildings and grounds. Although a hearing before the Committee on Buildings and
Grounds was requested many weeks ago, at this writing no meeting has been held.
Terrible Jocial and Economic 'waste by Dept. of Recreation's Policies.
One of the serious situations exists in that there are many play areas located
in border districts where both colored and white people live. By limiting play to
one group or the other, many thousands of children, because of race are denied play.
For example, both the New York Avenue Playground and the Jherwood Playground are
designated for whites only. Yet a survey taken hourly for a week, and it happened
the weather was good that week in October 1947, showed that only ten whites at
tended the New York playground and that for brief periods during the entire week.
This is a record of the actual number of children on the New York playground
between the hours of 9 and 3 o'clock and was taken during the week of October 6
throu October 10, 1947. The weather was perfect every day. The number of children
is indicated:
�-
Period
1
2
3
k
5
6
20
-
Mon.______ Tues.
_____‘fed,______
/
0
0
c
0
0
L
0
0
J ____
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
3
0
0
2
2
Thurs,
Fri,
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Total pupils in attendance for the week: ?.0,
Yet , across the street is Terrell Junior High icnool with over 1.000 child
ren who have no playground and must play in the street. And across on the N street
side is Dunbar High Jchool with over 1,000 girls and 500 boys who could use this
ground during school time, but are forbidden,
Logan Jchool children in 1948 are deprived of play facilities because the
present ground is being closed for the erection of a new building. These children
could attend the Sherwood Playground a "white play area" at G ot., N. E. between
10th and 11th for their intramural games during the school day, A survey during
November showed that practically no white children were on the ground for the
week of observation. Much of the same situation exists at Rose Park, Rosedale,
Hoover and Happy Hollow playgrounds.
There are many large playgrounds attached to schools in the white system in
the midst of colored residential areas. The Recreation Department will not put a
caretaker or supervisor on these grounds because they are attached to "white"
schools. This policy should be abn'Liohod, Here are a fe w
areas in this
category.
a.
b.
c.
Gage Jchool at 2nd & V Sts., N. W. is completely surrounded by colored
^•siden+.c. It is a sur€a»<*i large area. Colored and white children
play tog/?thc?xtne ground frequently, but they do it by going through
holes in the fence.
Wilson Teachers College at 11th & Harvard is surrounded by colored res
idences. After school hours, the college students go to their homes all
over the city. Colored children climb the fance and play. There is no
supervisor or caretaker present,
The Old Central High Jchool at 7th and 0 Sts. is a white boys* vocational
school. The pupils do not line in the neighborhood. Colored and white
children go over the fance or through a hole they cut in the fence. This
is a large ground for the old city and here again the Recreation Depart
ment ignores the needs of these children.
Because of shifting population several play areas supervised by the Recreation
Board are maintained as "white" yet there are as many if not more colored children
in the neighborhood. There is no sound sensible reason, except the arbitrary rul
ing of the Recreation Board, why all the children cannot play on the playground
instead of risking their lives in the street.
�-
a.
b.
c.
21
-
Happy Hollow Playground at 18th & California Sts. should be available
to any children.
Park View Playground at Otis and Park Place is another such area of
changing population.
Rosedale Playground south of Denning Road near 17th Street is being
surrounded by colored residents.
(Note: A citizen’s child living across from the ground was struck by a
car and hospitalized while playing in the street, because she was
barred from the playground.)
It is the opinion of the Citizens Committee Against Segregation in Recreation
that the Board of Education should note the policy of the Recreation 3oard and
prevail upon this Board to modify any policy which denies children the right to
play on tax supported grounds. Even if it can be maintained that pupils in
schools may be legally segregated by race, for instruction, there is no legal
sanction for arbitrary use of a segregated policy by the Department of Recrea
tion. It ir also true that the Recreation Department uses Federal areas and
maintains a Jim Crow policy.
As this final report is ended, a Board of Education committee is meeting to
hear the orgination representatives who are urging that the Board of Education
insists in their contract with the Recreation Board that public schools operated
for recreation shall not be restricted by the Recreation Department policy of
segregation.
It is also encouraging to note that more and more Catholic Schools are
tending towards dropping color barriers, '/ hope in the near future that the
.e
Jewish Community Center and the Pa rochialSchools will liberalize their athletic
policies.
Finally we hope this report and its supplement will prove of interest and
value as an historical account of the battle against intolerance and for democracy
in America.
Signed:
E. B. Henderson
Chairman, Citizens Committee Against
Segregation in Recreation
May 19, 1942
�
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RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
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"Final Report of Citizens Committee Against Segregation in Recreation," 1948
Description
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Copy of ""Final Report of Citizens Committee Against Segregation in Recreation," May 20, 1948. Includes cover letter to "supporting organizations." Gives brief history and makeup of the committee, Chronicles the fight to desegregate parks and recreation facilities in Washington DC, including federal, city, and private facilities (including Uline Arena, the Amateur Athletics Union and the Boys Club) up to May 1948. 22 pages.
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RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
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Citizens Committee Against Segregation in Recreation
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1948
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1940s
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18_2_1_17_24
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9a86125abb9d6f68d212754d8403606b
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Text
American
m
i
t
e
w
t
y
�In the
MERCURY’S
Opinion . . .
Funeral oi " r' .....
By Russell Maguire
your ears; I come to
Flend meAmericans, countrymen,
bury the Constitution, not to praise
r ie n d s ,
it. The ev-il that men and documents
do lives after them; the good is oft
interred with their bones. So be it
with the Constitution.
The cunning “One-World Con
spirato rs,” the “ in tern atio n alist
schemers,” the “ war promoters”
have told you that the Constitution
is an old-fashioned document and
too ambitious. If it were so, it was
a grievous fault. And grievously
hath the Constitution paid for it.
Here, under leave of the con
trolled “international press,” the
“invisible government,” and the
rest — come I to speak at the Con
stitution’s funeral.
It was our oldest friend, faithful
and just to us. It hath brought many
rights and safeguards to our people.
Under its protection our general
coffers were filled. Did this in the
Constitution seem ambitious?
When the poor have cried or been
in need, the Constitution hath fed
and protected them and their chil
dren. Ambition should be made of
sterner stuff. Yet the “selected”
Supreme Court has said, the Con
stitu tio n is ambitious — and are
they honorable men?
You all did know that our wise
and patriotic ancestors had oppor
tunities to give someone a kingly
crown, which he did thrice refuse.
Was this ambition?
I speak not to disprove what the
un-American United Nations plot
ters have spoken. But I am here to
speak what I do know. You all did
love this Constitution once, not
without cause; what cause withholds
you then to mourn for it?
O, judgment, thou art fled to
brutish beasts. And men have lost
their reason. Bear with me, my heart
is in the coffin there with the Con
stitution, and I must pause till it
come back to me.
But yesteryear, the Constitution’s
word might have stood against the
world, now lies it there. And none
so poor to do it reverence. O,
citizens of these United States! If
I were disposed to stir your hearts
and minds to rage. I should do the
“ internationalist” tax-exempt or
ganizations and the “ One-World”
Foundations wrong, who, you all
Copyright 1956 by Russell Maguire. A ll rights reserved.
From The American Mercury, February, 1956
The t American Mercury
know, say they are honorable men. I
rather choose to wrong the murdered
Constitution.
Than wrong such “honorable”
men? But here’s the world’s greatest
docum ent — the C onstitution —
with the seal and love of our wise
and courageous God-fearing Found
ing Fathers. Let but the people hear
this testament and you would go
and kiss the Constitution’s wounds.
Yes, beg a part of it for memory,
mentioning it to your children and
passing it on as a rich legacy unto
their issue.
It is not meet that you know how
much the Constitution loved and
protected you. For it will inflame
you and make you mad. ’Tis good
you know not that you are the heirs
and owners of this great country —
that the so-called ‘ powerful men”
and their stooges are but your
servants.
about the
and
M holding the Constitutioncoffin
I shall read its message to you. And
a k e a r in g
if you have tears, prepare to shed
them now.
You all do know this heritage,
where all the rights and power were
reserved to you. And with loving
hands the Founders of this country
covered it with our flag of red, white
and blue. Look in this place ran the
United Nations dagger through; see
what a rent Supreme Court decisions
have made. Through these open
ings the well-publicized “advisors”
stabbed, and as they plucked their
cursed steel away, mark how the
blood of the Constitution and the
hopes of freedom flowed.
These stabs of treasonable people,
admitted to our country as “citi
zens,” were the most unkindest cuts
of all. For ingratitude, more strong
than Americans’ arms, quite van
quished the C onstitution. They
burst its mighty heart, and Bloody
Treason now flourishes over us.
Stay, countrymen! Good friends,
patriotic friends, let me not stir you
up to such a sudden flood of mutiny.
They that have done this deed say
they are “ honoi'able” ; what private
international plots they have, alas!
I know not. They are cunning and
clever, and will, no doubt, try to
answer you.
I am no orator, as our enemies
are; but as all you know me, a plain,
blunt man, that loves my country,
I humbly ask to speak my thoughts.
For I have neither wit, nor words,
nor worth, nor action, nor utterance,
to stir men’s blood; I only speak
right out to tell you that which you
yourselves do know.
I show you the Constitution’s
wounds, poor dumb mouths, and
bid them speak for me. But were I
otherwise, I would ruffle up your
spirits, and point to every wound
in the Constitution. And then, at
last, this should move the people
of America to rise and m utiny
against the conspirators who are
planning to take over our country,
and thus avenge the Constitution’s
death.
�M EM O TO READERS:
The dozens of articles in the current issue of AMERICAN MERCURY are
just as vitai to you as the reprinted article you have just read. If this reprint
stirred your interest, then surely a regular subscription to AMERICAN
MERCURY will bring more articles of great urgency to you and your friends.
Exclusive articles—offered only to you in the Mercury’s dedicated fight
against communism—are written by the outstanding scholars and authorities
in the country. No magazine exposes communism with greater range or
vigor than AMERICAN MERCURY. For this reason you ought to be a
regular subscriber.
We offer you an outstanding service — the AMERICAN MERCURY
reprints. The reprint gives you a VOICE of INFLUENCE in your com
munity. The reprint has become the principal medium for combatting
subversion in the local community. In 1955 over a million reprints of
Mercury articles were circulated. To support this work, you and your friends
ought to be regular subscribers to AMERICAN MERCURY.
Your community organization can benefit substantially by promoting AMERI
CAN MERCURY subscriptions to members. We offer excellent com
missions to organizations for this purpose.
Subscribe now, and tell your neighbors about us.
THE AMERICAN M ERCURY
250 W est 57th Street, N ew York 19, N. Y.
Please send a subscripiton to:
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�
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RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
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"Funeral of the Constitution," American Mercury, 1956
Description
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Flyer reprinting "Funeral of the Constitution," an opinion piece by Russell Maguire for the American Mercury, February, 1956. Cover shows political cartoon. Maguire laments the death of the Constitution through wounds delivered by the United Nations and recent Supreme Court decisions. Last page promotes subscriptions to the American Mercury. Three pages.
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pdf
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RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
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Russell Maguire, American Mercury
Date
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1956-02
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1950s
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18_2_1_17_17
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Text
H I S T O R Y O F CKEPJTYDALE S C H O O L
T h e h i s t o r y of C h e r r y d a l e S c h o o l is m o r e t h a n J u s t
an a c c o u n t of a b u i l d i n g , a s u c c e s s i o n of y e a r s , a n d a s t o r y o f
a P T A w h i c h s t r u g g l e d t o m a k e its c h i l d r e n ' s e d u c a t i o n m o r e
meaningful.
It is t h e h i s t o r y o f a c o m m u n i t y a n d a c o u n t r y a nd
the v e r y i m p o r t a n t p l a c e a s c h o o l p l a y s i n the g r o w t h and
d e v e l o p m e n t o f both.
In 1 9 0 8 w h e n t he C h e r r y d a l e S c h o o l w a s b u i l t , the
c o m m u n i t y of C h e r r y d a l e w a s c h a n g i n g f r o m a r u r a l b a c k w a t e r to
a thriving village.
More and mo r e of D o r s e y Dona l d s o n ' s c h e r r y
orchards, w h i c h had g i v e n t h e i r name to the community, were
f a l l i n g to t he a x e as n e w c i t i z e n s a r r i v e d v i a t h e W a s h i n g t o n
a n d Old D o m i n i o n E l e c t r i c R a i l r o a d w h i c h w a s c o n s t r u c t e d t h r o u g h
C h e r r y d a l e e n r o u t e to G r e a t F a l l s a n d m a d e c o m m u t i n g t o W a s h i n g t o n
convenient.
The^ f i r s t t r o l l e y h a d m a d e its m a i d e n v o y a g e to
G r e a t F a l l s in 1906.
In 1910, t w o y e a r s a f t e r C h e r r y d a l e w a s b u i l t , the
C l a r e n d o n E l e m e n t a r y S c h o o l (Maury) a nd F o r t M y e r H e i g h t s S c h o o l
(Wilson) w e r e b u i l t .
T h e o r i g i n a l C h e r r y d a l e s c h o o l b u i l d i n g at
3 7 1 0 Lee H i g h w a y is the o l d e s t s c h o o l s t i l l in use in A r l i n g t o n
Coun t y .
No r e c o r d s r e m a i n t o d a y to t e l l us t h e e n r o l l m e n t o f
C h e r r y d a l e d u r i n g t h e s e e a r l y y e a r s b u t we k n o w it w a s o n e o f
the l a r g e s t a n d m o s t i m p o r t a n t s c h o o l s i n t h e C o u n t y o f A l e x a n d r i a
(to b e r e n a m e d A r l i n g t o n in 1920).
B y 1 9 1 2 it w a s one of o n l y
six t e e n schools in the c o u n t y — 12 for whites, ^ for N e g r o e s —
n o n e of w h i c h g a v e I n s t r u c t i o n b e y o n d t h e e i g h t h grade.
B y 1922
it e m p l o y e d t w e l v e t e a c h e r s — m o r e t h a n a n y o t h e r s c h o o l i n t h e
>
C o u n t y — a n d h a d A 3 9 p u p i l s in 13 d i f f e r e n t c l a s s e s . ' " T h e
C h e r r y d a l e S c h o o l d r e w its p u p i l s f r o m a n a r e a e n c o m p a s s i n g the
Maywood, Thrifton, C h a i n Bridge, Woodmont, Dominion Heights,
Hi g h v i e w Park and Cherry d a l e sections.
It w a s i n t h e W a s h i n g t o n
S c h o o l D i s t r i c t , the o t h e r s c h o o l s i n t h i s d i s t r i c t b eing,
Carn e , S a e g m u l l e r a n d H a l l ' s Hill.
S e v e r a l y e a r 3 p r i o r to 1916 the Patrons' L e a g u e o f
C h e r r y d a l e S c h o o l w a s o r g a n i z e d a n d w a s the p r e d e c e s s o r o f the
Parent-Teachers Association.
At the O c t o b e r 1 9 1 6 m e e t i n g of
t he L e a g u e , t h e f i r s t p r e s e r v e d m i n u t e s t e l l us, t he L e a g u e
v o t e d t o p a y a 96 ^ e l e c t r i c l i g h t b i l l a nd a p p r o p r i a t e d $10 to
b u y a c o u c h f o r c h i l d r e n w h o m i g h t b e o o m e ill at s c h o o l .
An
a d d i t i o n a l $ 2.50 h a d t o b e a u t h o r i z e d f o r t h i s p u r c h a s e a t the
n ext m e e t i n g .
�2
In February 1917 the Installation of a telephone In
the school vma authorised, the business, rate on a party line
being $36,00 per annum— up from $24. A toll telephone for the
use of the community was also installed later, adding a small
accumulation of funds for the League.
During the next few years the need for more space
grew drastically— World War I and the importance of Washington
as a world capitol bringing an influx of government employees
to the area. A building program was begun. A new building was
erected to- the west of the old school and an auditorium which
would serve the whole county as a recreation and civic meeting
place was built onto the old Cherrydale School. The Patron's
League purchased 400 chairs and installed lighting flxturos at
a cost of $90 for the auditorium. All the local dignitaries
were invited to a house warming on Juno 11, 1917.
The winter of 1917-1918 was a severe one with a
scarcity of coal which made entertainments at the school
impossible. In November 1917 the League agreed to put gas in
the school building and in the auditorium so that hot lunches
could be served the children in cold weather.
On May 11, 1917 > a constitution and by-laws were
adopted which changed the name "Patron's League" to "ParentTeachers School Association." At the time there were a hardy
36 members, very few of which attended the monthly meetings
with any regularity.
Then as now, the problems of the community and the
country were reflected in the discussions recorded by the PTA.
World War I loomed large in the minds of all U. S. citizens in
1917. The U. S. Food Administration, headed by Herbert Hoover,
wrote the local PTA's urging every housewife to sign a Food
Conservation Pledge Card and requesting their cooperation in
sugar rationing. And in a paroxysm of patriotism the Cherrydale
PTA passed in 1918 a resolution which opposed "the teaching of
the German Language in any school supported by the tax payers
of Virginia."
Some timeless school problems plagued the Cherrydale
PTA even in 1917. There was some discussion about expelling
children for going to the golf links on school days. These
truants were probably to be found at the nearby Washington
Country Club which had moved to its present site in 1907. And
several nasty letters were directed to a local merchant,
Mr. McCormick, about his selling cigarettes to schoolboys.
�3
Mr.•McCormick ignored those letters and finally tha PTA discussed
taking him to court. The records do not reflect whether Mr.
McCormick continued, to accomodate the children in thoir vice or
whether they had to move to a now supplier.
Later, in 1919. tho PTA decided something had to
be done about the speeding on the newly improved Lee Highway
in front of the school. Before this improvement, Lee Highway
(the old C-eorgetown-Fairfax Turnpike) had been alternately a
sea of mud or dust. One .wealthy resident along the road; Mr.
John Clarlc, had earlier become so disgusted with its condition
he had it surfaced with crushed oyster shell all the way from
Eosslyn to hl3 address at 2627 Lae Highway. Washington Avenue
(now Boulevard) was, however, the "main street" of Cherrydale
ac the time.
The Cherrydale PTA was concerned about the beauty of
its community and wrote to the Board of Supervisors about the
empty tar cano left by workmen along Lee Highway which marred
"tha beauty of the landscape"— especially with spring just
around the corner. In 1918 it sponsored a "Clean Up The Yards"
contest in which 86 Cherrydale children participated. One
member complained it was absurd to offer prises for well-kept
grounds when Cherrydale School grounds were in such a
"disgraceful condition."
As the need for more classrooms grew so did the need
for more playground space. In 1917 the PTA had tried to obtain
a right-of-way to the use of the alley Just behind the auditorium
and in 1921 bought an adjoining lot from Mrs. White, the .landowner, for $900 to increase the grounds. An additional $300
was needed to have the area graded and still more money was
required for seeds and plantings. Playground space continued
p o be an acute problem at Cherrydale.
It was not until 1962,
after a concerted and intensive PTA campaign, that at long last
four lots were purchased back of the school. However, this
property was still tied up in litigation in 1964.
By 1921, the Cherrydale PTA was more than just a
concerned parents' group. As landlords of the auditorium, they
profited from its. heavy community use. Dozens of groups met
and performed there so the PTA decided to rent the use of the
piano at $1.00 per function. In 1918-19, $64,00 was gained in
this way, giving an indication of the hub-bub of activity
centered at the school. In 1927 the PTA raised the rates—
charging $5.00 for a series of rehearsals and $2.00 for a
single performance. Finally, in 1924 the PTA went on record
�4
"as disapproving of tha promiscuous renting of the auditorium"
and sent ito objections to the School Board.
In 1920 the ETA went into the moving picture business,
entering into a joint venture with KaJ. King, who showed films
in the auditorium on a regular basis. The enterprise was so
successful that the PTA finally bought tho projector outright
and in 1920-21 made $1832,31» les3 tho expenses incurred for
operators, rental of films and advertising. Presumably, the
Pottcrton's put the PTA out of business when they opened'the
county's first movie house, "Pioneer Hall" at 4018 Lae Highway,
as the records reflect that in 1924 the PTA attempted to dispose
of their projector.
The PTA also raised money by membership dues (50^),
card parties, tag days, candy sales, paper drives, fairs, and
most of all, by sponsoring well-attended dances. This latter
practice was called to a halt in 1927 when the Arlington
County Board of Education decided school property was not the
proper place for such goings on. A Chautauqua held at Cherrydale
in the summer of 1922 netted the PTA $53.07, one-half the proceeds
the other half was given to the Fire Department.
All in all, the treasurer's reports of these years
look like those of a well-run aggressive corporation; however,
the proceeds were devoted to the improvement of the school and
all the time the PTA was expanding and improving the grounds,
buying books and clocks, furniture and furnishings for the
school, which in 1922 had 439 pupils.
A history of Cherrydale School is not complete without
some mention of the Cherrydale Volunteer Fire Department, the
first company in the county. A serious fire around 1905 had
caused the concerned citizens to organize the company. Its
entire equipment consisted of one short ladder and ten roundbottom leather buckets. Two hand-drawn chemical oarts, which
cost $350, were purchased in 1912 and were housed in a shed
behind the school. The present station house was built in 1919,
the initial contribution being made by President and Mrs. Woodrow
Wilson who "bought" a brick, Mora than one PTA meeting was
disrupted by all the men present having to respond to the sound
of the fire siren which the PTA had helped to buy in 1922. In
1923 the Fire Department was allowed to build a 30,000 gallon
cistern on the school grounds; besides heipins the fire fighters,
it was hoped this would help clear up the drainage problems in
the school yard. The Fire Department was still using the school
grounds in 1929 when tho PTA asked it to remove a dangerous iron
tower beside tho school.
�5
Also of historic interest was the establishment of
#1^9 in 1917, by H. 0„ Slower, a member of the
This was one of ths-earliest Boy Scout troops
in the country, being founded only seven years after the national
organisation was formed.
B o y Scout troop
C h e r r y d a l e PTA.
On April 25, 1926, seven years after WWI ended, the
unveiled a memorial stone in the schoolyard in memory of
the men from Chorrydale who lost their lives in the war. This
was a well-publicized event and drew a large crowd.
D.A.K.
The library at Chorrydale School, one of the six
original libraries in the county, was the first and only library
in the area. It was first formally organized by the Cherrydale
League of Women Voters in 1923 which operated and maintained it
as a public service for seven years. In 1931 the PTA took over
its operation, Mrs. Martha Rauh, president of the PTA, being the
librarian. The library was located on the second floor of the
old building and. the public was invited to check out any of its
1,000 volumes. Library cards cost 5fS. In 193° the PTA helped
organize the Cherrydale Library Association and complete control
was given over to this group when it moved to its new quarters
at 3828 Lee Highway in 1938. In 1958 the library building was
condemned and the PTA and other community groups were successful
in their fight to retain a local branch of the library rather
than letting it be combined with the central library as proposed.
In the summer of 1929 Cherrydale was one of the first
schools in the state to initiate a "Summer Round-Up," a campaign
to examine and treat incoming school children in co-operation
with the State Health Department. Doctors examined UU children
ar.d dentists treated 18 pupils at no expense during June of that
year. In 1930, Cherrydale was cited as having the best pre
school examination program in Virginia. A permanent clinic was
established in the school and Summer Round-Ups were held annually,
until at least 195^-. The PTA has continued to conduct annual
health checks for all the children at Cheirrydale.
In October 1926 the Welfare Committee of the PTA
recommended establishing a lunch room in the girl’s basement
where gas was available. A three-burner gas stove was donated
by Mrs. L. A. Little and three barrels of dishes were given by
the Willard Hotel. The PTA decided it couldn't afford a hotwater heater or tubs for dish-washing, so one wonders how
satisfactory, or sanitary, the lunch room experiment was, but
by 1927 the minutes refer to the lunch room as "the cafeteria."
In 1932-33, free milk and 25(^ lunches were being served on a
daily ba3is. As late as 1956 the PTA was still trying to get
�6
a hot-lunch program for Cherrydale, one of only eight schools
in the county without such services. . Finally, in 1958 the
cafeteria wing off the multi-purpose room was completed and
began operations.
The minutes of the FTA from 1916 and those of 1971
reflect many similar concerns:
1.
Grounds— throughout the years the appearance
the school grounds caused constant dissatisfaction among-the
garden-minded members of the Cherrydale PTA. Trees and grass
and shrubs and hedges and flower boxes were planted almost
annually, but the trampling of little feet and lack of care
finally led the PTA to have the entire area surfaced with
asphalt in 1948-1949. The "unsettled boundary of Lee Highway"
.held up the first fence around the school ground in 1925, but
after it was installed it seemed to always need paint and
repairs.
2. Equipment— the Cherrydale PTA's minutes reflect
a generous and up-to-date spirit in acquiring new equipment for
their school. In the 20's sewing machines, athletic equipment,
drinking fountains, a victrola, maps, football standards, song
books, a new piano, a new set of reference books--"The Bookhouse
a hectograph for copying papers, a new stage curtain, and many
more useful articles were bought for the school. In the 30's,
furniture, musical instruments, music, field trips and more
books were paid for during these depression years. In the
40's, 50's and 60's the library fund became a part of the annual
budget, so also did the Safety Patrols, organized in 1937— the
PTA buying raincoats and sending some children to camp each year
3. Health— besides standing behind a strong athletic
program the Cherrydale PTA ha3 always helped disseminate
knowledge and literature concerning the health of children. In
1926 the new Shlck Test for Diptheria was explained and promoted
The Summer Kouna~Up became an annual PTA function and the .PTA
paid for several tonsillectomies for needy children in 1928-31.
In 1935 the school opening was delayed for two week3 as a
precaution asainst Infantile paralysis having been brought into
the county by people on vacation.
4. Safety— traffic on Lee Highway has always worried
the PTA and from the beginning it has Jangled the ear of the
authorities for more and better traffic regulations around the
school. In April 1929 a gala "Safety Pagent" was sponsored by
the PTA in which the Safety Patrols and Eire Laddies played
prominent roles.
�7
5.
PTA Membership— from the beinning one of the ma
concerns of the PTA has been how to attract members ana next how
to get them to come to the meetings— on time. In the first
pi-oserved minutes* October 13* 1916, we find the secretary of
the then Patron's League complaining about tardiness!
"But,
'Hope' springing eternal in the human breast causes us not to
diepair. And, sometime everybody will be present at the opening
hour."
Membership drives have dominated the history of the
Cherrydale PTA— almost annually we see a kernel of active members
trying to come up with a better idea of how to gain new members.
Perhaps the lowest point was reached in 1925 when there were only
11 paid members of the group. The next year Miss Elliot, the
principal, facetiously suggested giving a child whose parents
attended the meeting an "E" in his weakest subjeot of that
month. Instead a $20 loving cup was purchased and passed to the
best represented class each month. By 1930 there were 233
members, showing the effectiveness of either the loving cup or
the persistence of the membership chairmen.
,
The PTA song in the 20's and 30's was "Our Battle
Hymn for Children" with which the meetings were opened. Card
parties* lawn parties, talent nights, cake sales, square dances,
fairs, plays, carnivals, minstrel shows and entertainments of
all sorts lured the non-members to join the PTA through the
years as the stalwart group tried to perpetuate itself. In 1973.,
the Cherrydale PTA boasts 186 members, attesting their success.
In 1928 the Woodmont School, built in 1926, was
affiliated with the Cherrydale PTA and was supported by its
treasury and organization for several years and maintained
close ties until at least 1934.
In 1929 there was a proposal afoot to use the old
Cherrydale School as a house of detention or a "School for
Incorrigibles." The Cherrydale PTA would not hear of it and
soon the plan was dropped.
In 1939— 41 Cher?cydale was one of the few schools in
Arlington which offered classes in religious education for those
students desiring to take it.
The old Cherrydale School building was renovated in
19511 the entire interior being gutted and rebuilt. When the
school year started in 1958, the 286 students were all crowded
into the old building, attending classes in a double shift-8-12; 12:30-4. The 1917 building was being completely renovated
�8
after years of agitation by the ETA. The dedication of the now
building was January 18, 1959 and the sorely tried teachers and
students once again could stretch out a bit and get down to
work bcX'ore ‘te school year was over.
In I960 Cherrydale was designated as a kindergarten
center and was home-base for 100 five-year-olds from the Monroe,
Wilson and Cherrydale areas. No bus service was budgeted for
their transportation so the FTA had to arrange car pool3.
Playground space was critical at this time ar.d it was then that
the School Board was finally persuaded to buy the four lot3
behind the school between Oakland and Nelson Streets.
In 1565-66 the Arlington School Board concluded that
the many small, old schools which clustered around the Lee
Highway corridor were inefficient and uneconomical and suggested
consolidation. Planning and study groups were formed under the
aegis of the School Board, and PTA' s from nine to ten schools
were called upon to consider the situation and come up with an
overall plan for the future of the schools in the area. After
many meetings and much soul searching, the Cherrydale PTA
decided the old school had to be abandoned.
In 1971, new school boundaries were drawn and
finalised splitting the Cherrydale School district into three
parts— Page School, the new Glebe school to be ready in 197172, and the new Uocdmont School to be ready in 1972-73. In the
meantime Cherrydale will be used as a kindergarten through
third grade for the Woodmont School district during 1971-72.
On May 18, 1971, the Cherrydale PTA held its final
meeting. One can not help but wonder how many children, eager
or reluctant, learned to read and write here and learned the
first ABC's of good citizenship over the years. . One thing is
certain, all the children, wherever they now may be, can take
a full measure of pride in their school's unswerving devotion
to progress end its extraordinary tradition of civio responsibility
which have characterized Cherrydale School and made it a leader
in this community for 63 years.
Compiled and written by Judith A. (Mrs. Peter S.) Taylor, Kay, 1971
Sources:
Notes and minutes of the Patron's League and PTA of Cherrydale
School, October 13, 19l6~precent; Eleanor Lee Templeman, Arlington
Heritage:__Vignettes of a Virginia County. 1959; Dorothy Ellis Lee,
A jit;.to.-v of Arlimt o n County. Vi r inf a, 19J
;
l6: L e s l i e L. Shelton,
"Fire Lighting in Arlington County,'' The Arlington H i s t o r i c a l
Magazine, Vol. II (October, 1961), pp. 50-57.
�
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RG 66, Personal Papers of Henry Gardner
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Text
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF VIRGINIA
RICHMOND DIVISION
Civil Actions Nos,
2l*35>
and 21*36
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT
OF COLORED PEOPLE, a corporation,
N.A.A.C.P. LEGAL DEFENSE AND EDUCATIONAL
FUND, INCORPORATED, a corporation.
Plaintiffs,
KENNETH C. PATTY, Attorney General for
the Commonwealth of Virginia; T. GRAY
HADDON, Commonwealths Attorney for the
City of Richmond, Virginia; "WILLIAM J.
CARLETON, Commonwealths Attorney for
the City of Newport News, Virginia;
LINWOOD B. TABB, JR,, Commonwealth's
Attorney for the City of Norfolk, Virginia
WILLIAM J. HAS SAN, Commonwealth's Attorney
for Arlington County, Virginia; and FRANK
N. WATKINS, Commonwealth's Attorney for
Prince Edward County, Virginia,
Defendants,
Before SOPER, Circuit Judge, and HUTCHESON and HOFFMAN,
District Judges.
HUTCHESON, District Judge concurring in part and dissenting.
�I
*
Messrs. Robert L. Carter, New York, New York, and
Oliver W. Hill, Richmond, Virginia, counsel
for National Association For the Advancement
of Colored People, in Civil Action No. 2lj35.
Messrs. Thurgood Marshall, New York, New York, and
Spottswood V. Robinson, III, counsel for
N.A.A.C.P. Legal Defense and Educational
Fund, Incorporated, in Civil Action No. 2li36.
Messrs. David J. Mays, Henry T. WLckham, John W.
Edmonds and Clarence F. Hicks, Assistant
Attorney General, all of Richmond, Virginia,
counsel for defendants in both actions, and
J. Segar Gravatt, Blackstone, Virginia,
counsel for Frank N. Watkins, Commonwealth's
Attorney for Prince Edward County.
-
2
-
�I
SOPER, Circuit Judges
These companion suits were brought by the National Association for the Advance
ment of Colored People and the N.A.A.C.P. Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc., cor
porations of the State of New York, against the Attorney General of the Commonwealth of
Virginia and tbe Commonwealth Attorneys for the City of Richmond, the City of Newport
News, the City of Norfolk, Arlington County and Prince Edward County, Virginia, to secure
a declaratory judgment and an injunction restraining and enjoining the defendants from en1
forcing or executing Chapters 31, 32, 33, 35 and 36 of the Acts of Assembly of the Common
wealth, all of which were passed at the Extra Session convened between August 27, 1956,
and September 29, 1956, and were approved by the Governor of the Commonwealth on September
29, 1956.
The suits are based on the allegation that the statutes are unconstitutional
and void, in that they deny to the plaintiffs rights accorded to them by the Fourteenth
Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
Jurisdiction is invoked under the civil rights' statutes, 1)2 TJ.S.C. 01981 and
1983 and 28 U.S.C. 5l3l)3, under which the district courts have jurisdiction of actions
brought to redress the deprivation under color of state law of any right, privilege or im
munity secured by the Constitution or statutes of the United States providing for equal
rights of all persons within the jurisdiction of the United States.
Jurisdiction is also
invoked under 28 U.S.C. 51331 and 1332 wherein jurisdiction is conferred upon the federal
courts in all civil actions where the matter in controversy exceeds the sum of $3,000.00
exclusive of interest and costs and arises under the Constitution and law of the United
States or between citizens of different states.
Accordingly, the present three-judge
district court was set up under 28 U.S.C. 52281 and evidence was taken upon which the fol
lowing findings of facts are based.
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is a non-profit
membership organization which was established in 1909 and incorporated under the laws of
the State of New York in 1911.
the State of Virginia.
It is licensed to do business as a foreign corporation in
The purposes of the corporation are set out in the statement of
its charter:
"That the principal objects for which the corporation is
formed are voluntarily to promote equality of rights and eradicate
caste or race prejudice among the citizens of the United States; to
advance the interests of colored citizens; to secure for them im
partial suffrage; and to increase their opportunities for securing
justice in the courts, education for their children, employment
-*-These Acts have been respectively codified in the Code of Virginia at 5l8-3ii9.9 et.seq.
18-31)9.17 et seq., 51)-7l), 78, 79; 18-31)^.25 et seq,, and 18-3^9.31 et seq.
�according to their ability, and complete equality before the law.
"To ascertain and publish all facts bearing upon these subjects
and to take any lawful action thereon; together with any and all things
which may lawfully be done by a membership corporation organized under
the laws of the State of New fork for the further advancement of these
objects."
The activities of the Association cover forty-four states, the District of
Columbia and the Territory of Alaska.
It is the most important Negro rights organization
in the country (see 6 Western Res. L. Rev. 101, 102; 58 Tale L. J. 571;, 581), having
approximately 1,000 unincorporated branches.
A branch consists of a group of persons in
a local community who enroll the minimum number of members and upon formal application to
the main body are grarte'd d charter.
In Virginia, there are eighty-nine active branches.
A person becmmes a member of a branch upon payment of dues which amount, at a minimum, to
$2.00 per year and may be more at the option of the member, up to the sum of $500.00 for
life membership.
The regular dues of $2.00 per year are divided into two parts, one-half
being sent to the national office in New York and one-half retained by the local branch.
In a number of states, including Virginia, the branches are voluntarily grouped
into an unincorporated State Conference, the expenses of which are paid jointly by the
national organization and the local branches, each contributing 10-cents out of its share
of each member's dues.
In Virginia, the branches contribute a greater sum for the support
of their State Conference.
The principal source of income of the Association and its branches in the
several states consists of the membership fees which are solicited in local membership
drives.
butions.
Other income is derived from special fund raising campaigns and individual contri
In the first eight months of the year the greater number of annual membership
drives are conducted.
in Virginia.
During that period in 1957 the Association enrolled 13,595 members
This represents a sharp reversal of the rising trend in membership figures
in the same eight-month period in the preceding three years, which showed 13,583 members
in 195U, 16,130 in 1955 and 19,1;36 in 1956. The income of the Association from its Virginia
branches during the first eight months of 1957 was $37,470.60 as compared with $43,612.75
for the same period in 1956.
The total amount received by the Association from Virginia
was $38,1*69.59 in the first eight months of 1957 as compared with $14;, 138.71 for the same
period in 1956.
The total income of the Association from the country as a whole for the
year 1956 was $598,612.81; and $U25,608.13 for the first eight months of 1957.
At the top of the organizational structure of the national body is the annual
convention, which consists of delegates representing the 1,000 branches in the several
-It-
�states.
It has the power to establish policies and programs for the ensuing year which are
binding upon the Board of Directors and upon the branches of the Association.
Each year
the convention chooses sixteen members of a Board of forty-eight Directors, each of whom
serves for a term of three years.
The Board of Directors meets eleven times a year to
carry out the policies laid down by the convention.
Under the Board an administrative staff
is set up, headed by an executive secretary who, representing the Board, presides over the
functioning of the local branches and State Conferences throughout the country under the
authority of the constitution and by-laws of the national body.
The Virginia State Conference takes the lead of the Association's activities in
the state under the administration of a full-time salaried executive secretary, by whom
the activities of the branches in the state are co-ordinated and local membership and fund
raising campaigns are supervised.
The State Conference also holds annual conventions at
tended by delegates from the branches, who elect officers and members of the Board of Direc
tors of the Conference.
Through its representatives the State Conference appears before
the General Assembly of Virginia and State Commissions in support of or in opposition to
measures which in its view advance or retard the status of the Negro in Virginia.
It en
courages Negroes to comply with the statutes of the state so as to qualify themselves to
vote, and it conducts educational programs to acquaint the people of the state with the
facts regarding racial segregation and discrimination, and to inform Hegroes as to their
legal rights and to encourage the assertion of those rights when they are denied.
In
carrying out this progran, the public is informed of the policies and objectives of the
Association through public meetings, speeches, press releases, newsletters and other media.
One of the most important activities of the State Conference, perhaps its most
important activity, is the contribution it makes to the prosecution of law suits brought
by Negroes to secure their constitutional rights,
[it has been found, through years of ex
perience, that litigation is the most effective means to this end when Negroes are subjected
to racial discrimination either by private persons or by public authority.7 Accordingly,
the Virginia State Conference maintains a legal committee or legal staff composed of thir
teen colored lawyers located in seven fcommunities scattered over the greater part of the
state.
The members of the legal staff are elected at the annual convention of the State
Conference and they in turn elect a chairman.
Ordinarily the legal staff is called into
action upon a complaint made to one or more members of the staff by aggrieved parties, but
sometimes a grievance is brought directly to the attention of the Executive Secretary of
the Conference, and if in his judgment the case presents a genuine grievance involving dis-
-5-
�crimination on account of race or color, which falls within the scope of the work of the
Association, he refers the parties to the Chairman of the legal staff.
If the Chairman ap
proves the complaint, he recommends favorable action to the President of the State Conference
and if he concurs, the Conference obligates itself to defray in whole or in part the costs
and expenses of the litigation.
With rare exceptions the attorneys selected by the com
plainant to bring the suit have been members of the legal staff.
Wien a law suit has been
completed the attorney is compensated by the Conference for out-of-pocket expenditures, in
cluding travel and stenografhic services, and is also paid per diem compensation for the
time spent in his professional capacity.
No money ever passes directly to the plaintiff
or litigant. [The attorneys appear in the course of the litigation for and on behalf of the
individual litigants, who in every instance authorize the institution of the suitT^
In brief, the Association, in various forms, publicizes its policies against dis
crimination and informs the public that it will offer aid for the prosecution of a legitimate
complaint involving improper discrimination. [Thus it is generally known that the State Con
ference will furnish money for litigation if the proper need arises, but the Association
does not take the initiative and does not act until some individual comes to it asking for
help. 1
Sometimes a complainant seeks damages for violation of his rights, as in cases
involving the treatment accorded Negroes in public conveyances.
In such a case, the Asso
ciation ordinarily does not furnish aid if the complainant is financially able to prosecute
his claim.
In the most fruitful field of litigation in respect to public education, the
rights of large numbers of colored people in the community are involved and a class suit
is brought;
and the Association pays the expenses even if one or more of the complainants
is possessed of financial resources.
'In most of these cases the expenses of the suit are
so great that it could not be prosecuted without outside aid.
The fees paid the lawyers
are modest in size and less than they would ordinarily earn for the time consumed.'?
The N.A.A.C.P. Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc., the plaintiff in the
second suit, also takes a prominent part in support of litigation on behalf of Negro citi
zens.
It is a membership corporation which was incorporated under the law of the State of
New Tork in I9I O.
4
Like the Association, the Fund is registered with the Virginia Corpora
tion Commission as a foreign corporation doing business in the state.
It was formed, as
its name implies, to assist Negroes to secure their constitutional rights by the prosecution
of law suits of the sort that have just been described.
The charter declares that its pur
poses are to render legal aid gratuitously to Negroes suffering "legal injustice" by reason
-6-
�of race or color who are unable on account of poverty to employ and engage legal aid on
their own behalf.
Other purposes are to secure educational facilities for Negroes who are
denied the same by reason of their race and color and to conduct research and to compile
and publish information on this subject and generally on the status of the Negro in American
life.
The charter forbids the corporation to attempt to influence legislation by propagan
da or otherwise and requires it to operate without pecuniary benefit to its members.
The
charter was approved by a New York court after service upon and without objection from the
local bar association so that it obtained the right under the law of New York to operate
as a legal aid society.
The Fund is governed by a Board of Directors which, under its charter, consists
of not less than five and not more than fifty members.
executive officers.
units.
Its work is directed by the usual
It operates from an office in New York City and has no subordinate
It employs a full-time staff of six resident attorneys and three research attorneys
stationed in New York City, and it keeps four lawyers on annual retainers in Richmond,
Dallas, Los Angeles and Washington,
research in particular cases.
It also engages local attorneys for investigation and
It has on call one hundred lawyers throughout the country
and a large number of social scientists who operate on a voluntary basis and work without
pay or upon the payment of expenses only.
By virtue of its efforts to secure equal rights
and opportunities for colored citizens in the United States, the Fund has become regarded
as an instrument through which colored citizens of the United States may act in their efforts
to combat unconstitutional restrictions based upon race and color.
In order to give information as to the nature of the work of the Fund, members
of the legal staff engage in public speaking and lectures in colleges and universities
throughout the country on a variety of subjects connected with the legal rights of colored
citizens and the race problem in general.
But in conformity with the charter of the Fund,
the officers and employees of the corporation do not attempt to influence legislation, by
propaganda or otherwise.
It is apparent that so far as litigation is concerned the purposes of the
Association and of the Fund are identical, and they in fact co-operate in this activity.
They are, however, separate corporate bodies with separate offices.
At one time some of
the executive officers were in the employ of both corporations but at the present no person
serves as an officer or employee, although many persons are members of both bodies.
The
Fund was formed as a separate organization because it was thought that it should have no
part in attempting to influence legislation and the complete separation has been promoted
-7-
�by rulings of the Treasury Department, which disallow tax deductions for contributions to
organizations engaged in political activity.
Deductions for contributions to the Fund are
allowed.
The revenues of the Fund are derived solely from contributions received in res
ponse to letters sent out four times a year throughout the country by the Committee of One
Hundred and, to some extent, from solicitations at small luncheons or dinners.
no membership dues.
There are
The Committee of One Hundred was organized in 19l(l by Dr. Ueilsen,
former president of Smith College, and consists predominantly of educators and lawyers who
have joined together for the purpose of raising the money necessary to keep the organiza
tion going.
Host of the money comes in the form of $5.00 and $10.00 contributions.
Sub
stantial sums are received from charitable foundations, of which the largest was $15,000
and the aggregate was $50,000 in 1956.
showed a steady increase.
For the four or five years prior to 1957 the income
The income for 1956 was $351,283.32.
For the first eight months
of 1955, 1956 and 1957 the income was $152,000.00, $21(6,000.00 and $180,000.00, respectively.
The receipts from Virginia were $1,1(69.50 in 1951(5 $6,256.19 in 1955, a portion of which
was a refund from prior litigations
$1,859.20 in 1956, and $li2l
(.00 for the first eight
months in 1957.
The total disbursements of the Fund for the year 1956 were $268,279.03.
The
total expenses for Virginia during the past four years consisted principally of the sum of
$6,000.00, which was the annual retainer of the regional counsel.
The Fund supplements the work of the legal staff of the Virginia State Conference
by contributing the services of the regional counsel and, more particularly, by furnishing
results of the research of scientists, lawyers and law professors in various parts of the
country.
The Fund also contributes the very large expenditures which are needed for the
prosecution of important cases that go from the federal courts in Virginia and other states
to the Supreme Court of the United States in which the fundamental rules governing racial
problems are laid down, [in this class of case the expenses amount to a sum between $ 50,000
and $100,000, and in the celebrated case of Brown v. Board of Education, the expenses amounted
to a sum in excess of $200,000.
The expenses of cases tried in the lower courts, including
an appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Circuit, amount to approximately $5,000.00.
The Fund has made only a superficial investigation into the financial competency
of complainants to whom it h'as
rendered aid in Virginia.
For the most part the cases have
been class actions brought for the benefit of all the colored citizens in a community with
children in the local public schools and the regional counsel of the Fund has entered the
-
8-
�.Cl
cases at the request of members of the legal staff of the State Conference J- It has been
obvious in such instances that the burden of the litigation was too great for the individual
litigants to bear, and the lawyers for the Fund have not regarded their participation as a
violation of the charter provision authorizing the Fund to aid indigent litigants even if
it was shown that some of the complainants in a case had legal title to homes of substan
tial value.
STATUTES IN SUIT
The five statutes against which the pending suits are directed, that is Chapters
31, 32, 33, 35 and 36 of the Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia, passed at its Extra
Session in 1956, were enacted for the express purpose of impeding the integration of the
races in the public schools of the state which the plaintiff corporations are seeking to
promote.
The cardinal provisions of these statutes are set forth generally in the following
summary.
Chapters 31 and 32 are registration statutes.
They require the registration
with the State Corporation Commission of Virginia of any person or corporation who engages
in the solicitation of funds to be used in the prosecution of suits in which it has no pe
cuniary right or liability, or in suits on behalf of any race or color, or who engages as
one of its principal activities in promoting or opposing the passage of legislation by the
General Assembly on behalf of any race or color, or in the advocacy of racial integration
or segregation, or whose activities tend to cause racial conflicts or violence.
Penalties
for failure to register in violation of the statutes are provided.
Chapters 33, 35 and 36 relate to the procedure for suspension and revocation of
licenses of attorneys at law, to the crime of barratry and to the inducement and instigation
of legal proceedings.
It is made unlawful for any person or corporation;
to act as an
agent for another who employs a lawyer in a proceeding in which the principal is not a
party and has no pecuniary right or liability;
or to accept employment as an attorney from
any person known to have violated this provision;
or to instigate the institution of a law
suit by paying all or part of the expenses of litigation, unless the instigator has a per
sonal interest or pecuniary right or liability therein;
or to give or receive anything of
value as an inducement for the prosecution of a suit, in any state or federal court or be-
Testimony as to the activities of the Association and of the Fund was given in large
part by Hoy Mlkins, executive secretary of the Association; Thurgood Marshall,
director counsel of the Fund; W. Lester Banks, executive secretary of the Virginia
State Conference; Oliver W. Hill, chairman of the legal staff of the Virginia State
Conference; Spotswood W, Eobinson, III, southeast regional counsel for the Fund.
-9-
�fore any board or administrative agency within the state, against the Commonwealth, its de
partments, subdivisions, officers and employees;
or to advise, counsel, or otherwise insti
gate the prosecution of such a suit against the Commonwealth, etc., unless the instigator
has some interest in the subject or is related to or in a position of trust toward the
plaintiff.
Penalties for the violation of these statutes are provided.
The legislative history of these statutes to which we now refer conclusively
shows that they were passed to nullify as far as possible the effect of the decision of the
Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education,
3k7
U. S. 1;83 and 3il9 U. S.
29k-
LEGISLATIVE HISTORY OF STATUTES HI SUIT
On May 17, 195U, the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education. 3U7 U.S. 1;83,
after argument and reargument, denounced the segregation of the races in public education
as a violation of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and requested
the parties as well as the attorneys general of the affected states to file briefs and pre3
sent further argument to assist the court in formulating its decrees.
On May 31, 1955, the Supreme Court, after further argument, reaffirmed its posi
tion, reversed the judgments below and remanded the cases to the lower courts to take such
proceedings as should be necessary and proper to admit the parties to the public school on
a racially non-discriminatory basis with all deliberate speed.
Amongst the cases in the group considered by the Supreme Court was Davis v. County
School Board of Prince Edward County, Virginia, which was instituted on May 23, 1951, on behalf
of colored children of high school age in that county.
The case had been tried by a three-
judge district court after the Commonwealth of Virginia had been permitted to intervene.
The court upheldthe validity of the constitutional and statutory enactments of the state
which required the segregation of the races in the state schools, but found that the buil
dings, curricula and transportation furnished the colored children were inferior to those
furnished the white children and ordered the defendants to remedy the defects with diligence
and dispatch.
103 F. Supp. 337.
As we have seen, this decision was reversed by the Supreme
Court on the constitutional point and the duty to eliminate segregation was directly pre1*
sented to the State authorities.
Their reaction is depicted in the following recital.
3
On the same day, in Bolling v. Sharpe. 3h7 U.S. U97, the Court held that segregation in
the public schools in the District of Columbia is a denial of the due process clause of
the Fifth Amendment.
U
On remand, after the filing of numerous motions and the rendering of arguments thereon,
the Court entered a decree enjoining racial discrimination in school admission but refused
to set a time limit within which the Board should begin compliance, observing the likelihooi
of the schools being closed under state law. li;9 F. Supp, li31. This refusal was reversed
on appeal, Allen v. County School Board of Prince Edward County,Va., U Cir.,_____ F.2d______
-
10-
�On August 30, 1932*5 the Governor of Virginia appointed the Gray Commission on
Public Education, composed of thirty-two members of the General Assembly, and directed it
to study the effect of the segregation decisions and make such recommendations as might be
deemed proper.
1955.
The Commission submitted its final report to the Governor on November 11,
Referring to prior decisions of the Supreme Court and to the non-judicial authority
cited by it in support of the segregation decision, the Commission characterized the latter
in the following terms:
With this decision, based upon such authority, we are now faced.
It is a matter of the gravest import, not only to those communities where
problems of race are serious, but to every community in the land, because
this decision transcends the matter of segregation in education. It means
that irrespective of precedent,(long acquiesced in, the Court can and will
change its interpretation of the Constitution at its pleasure, disregarding
the orderly processes for its amendment set forth in Article V thereof. It
means that the most fundamental of the rights of the states and of their
citizens exist b y the Court's sufferance and that the law of the land is
whatever the Court may determine it to be by the process of judicial legis
lation,"
The Commission* s general conclusion was that "separate facilities in our public
schools are in the best interest of both races, educationally and otherwise, and that com
pulsory integration should be resisted by all proper means in our power".
To this end the
Commission recommended that a special session of the General Assembly be called to autho
rize the holding of a constitutional convention in order to amend 5lUl of the Constitution
of Virginia which shortly before had been held by the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia
in Almond v. D a y . 197 V a . 1(19, to prohibit the payment of tuition and other expenses of
students who may not desire to attend public schools.
The Commission also recommended
that legislation be passed conferring broad discretion upon the school authorities to assign
pupils in the public schools and to provide for the expenditure of State funds in the pay
ment of tuition grants so as to prevent enforced integration.
In response to this recom
mendation, the General Assembly, on December 3, 1955, meeting in Extra Session, enacted a
bill submitting to the voters of the state the question whether such a convention should be
held, and on January 9, 1956, the holding of the convention was approved by the voters.
On February 1, 1956, the General Assembly in its regular session adopted an
"interposition resolution" by votes of 36-to-2 in the Senate and 90-to-5 in the House of
Delegates.
In this resolution the following declarations were included:
"That by its decision of May 17, 1 95b, in the school cases,
the Supreme Court of the United States placed upon the Constitution an
interpretation, having the effect of an amendment thereto, which inter
pretation Virginia emphatically disapproves; ***
"That with the Supreme Court's decision aforesaid and this
resolution by the General Assembly of Virginia, a question of contested
-
11-
�2
7 *
'■
�"The bill then defines efficient systems of elementary and secon
dary public schools as those systems within a county, city or town in which
there is no student body, in the respective categories, in which white and
colored children are taught. Following these definitions is this further
declaration:
'The General Assembly for the purpose of protecting
the health and welfare of the people and in order to preserve and
maintain an efficient system of public elementary and secondary
schools hereby declares and establishes it to be the policy of
this Commonwealth that no public elementary or secondary schools
in which white and colored children are mixed and taught shall be
entitled to or shall receive any funds from the State Treasury for
their operation, and, to that end, forbids and prohibits the ex
penditure of any part of the funds appropriated *#* for the estab
lishment and maintenance of any system of public elementary or
secondary schools, which is not efficient.'
"This policy is in harmony with 5129 of the State Constitution, which
provides that 'The General Assembly shall establish and maintain an efficient
system of public free schools throughout the state.' Manifestly, integration
of the races would make impossible the operation of an efficient system. By
this proposed legislation, the General Assembly, properly exercising its autho
rity under the Constitution, will clearly define what constitute an efficient
system for which State appropriations are made."
The purpose for which the Extra Session was called was emphasized in the following
exhortation with which the Governor concluded his address:
"The proposed legislation recognizes the fact that this is the time
for a decisive and clear answer to these questions:
"(l) Do we accept the attempt of the Supreme Court of the United
States, without constitutional or any other legal basis, to usurp the rights
of the States and dictate the administration of their internal affairs?
(2 ) Do we accept integration? (3) Do we want to permit the destruction of
our schools by permitting 'a little integration' and witness its subsequent
sure and certain insidious spread throughout the Commonwealth? My answer
is a positive 'No'. On the other hand, shall we take all appropriate mea
sures honorably, legally and constitutionally available to us, to resist
this illegal encroachment upon our sovereign powers? My answer is a
definite 'Yes' and I believe it is to be the answer of the vast majority of
the white people of Virginia, as well as the answer of a large, if unknown,
number of Negro citizens."
The Legislature responded at once to the Governor's appeal.
The principal bill
to which he referred in his address became Chapter 71 of the Acts passed at the Extra
Session.
It appropriated funds for the maintenance of the elementary and secondary schools
of the state for the ensuing biennium and included the declarations above set out, whereby
the use of the funds for integrated schools are prohibited.
An accompanying Act, Chapter
70, known as the Pupil Placement Act, requires each pupil to attend his present segregated
school unless a transfer is authorized by a Pupil Placement Board appointed by the Governor;
and the
Board is required to consider the effectof its decisions upon the efficiency of
the schools which, according to the declarations
by preserving segregation of the races.
of the Legislature, can be maintained only
A review of the decisions of the Board is provided
through a cumbersome and costly procedure.
Another companion statute. Chapter 68, provides
-13-
�that if children of both races are enrolled in the same school by any school authorities
acting voluntarily or under the compulsion of an order of court, the school shall be closed
and removed from the public school system and the control of the school shall be vested in
the state and not reopened until the Governor finds that it can be done without enforced
integration.
The Pupil Placement Act was considered at length and held unconstitutional by
this court in Adkins v. School Board of the City of Newport Mews. ll»8 F. Supp.
h30,
the terms of the Act are set out in full and the legislative history is reviewed.
wherein
The
opinion of the court pointed out that the administrative remedy afforded to an aggrieved
person by the Act would consume at least 105 days between the filing of the protest and the
final decision which was lodged in the hands of the Governor.
On appeal the judgment of
the District Court was affirmed, 2l»6 F.2d 325, cert. den. ___________ tT.S.__________ .
EFFECT OF PASSAGE OF STATUTES IH SUIT
It was in this setting ^ that the Acts now before the court were passed as parts
of the general plan of massive resistance to the integration of schools of the state under
the Supreme Court's decrees. /The agitation involved in the widespread discussion of the
subject and the passage of the statutes by the Legislature have had a marked effect upon
the public mind -which has been reflected in hostility to the activities of the plaintiffs
in these cases.
This has been shown not only by the falling off of revenues, indicated above.
6 While it is well settled that a court may not inquire into the legislative motive (Tenney
v. Brandhove. 3hl U.S. 367, 377), it is equally well settled that a court may inquire into
the legislative purpose.
(See Baskin v. Brown I Cir., 17U F.2d 391, 392-393, and Davis
i
v. Schnell. 81 F. Supp. 872, 878-880, aff'd 336 U.S. 933, in which state efforts to disenfranchise Negroes were struck down as violative of the Fifteenth Amendment.)
Legislative motive— good or bad— is irrelevant to the process of judicial review; but
legislative purpose is of primary importance in determining the propriety of legislative
action, since the purpose itself must be within the legislative competence, and the methods
used must be reasonably likely to accomplish that purpose. Because of this necessity, a
study of legislative purpose is of the highest relevance when a claim of unconstitutionality
is put forward. Usually a court looks into the legislative history to clear up some
statutory ambiguity, as in Davis v. Schnell. 8l F. Supp. at 878; but such ambiguity is
not the sine qua non for a judicial inquiry into legislative history. i See the decision
in Lane v. Wilson. 307 0. S. 268, in which the Supreme Court showed that the state statute
before the court was merely an attempt to avoid a previous decision in which the "grand
father1 clause of an earlier statute had been held void.
1
�but also by manifestations of ill will toward white and colored citizens who are known to
be sympathetic with the aspirations of the colored people for equal treatment, particularly
in the field of public education.
A number of white citizens who attempted to give aid to
the movement by speaking out on behalf of the colored people, or by taking membership in
the Association, or joining the complainants in school suits, have been subjected to various
kinds of annoyance.
When their names appeared in the public press in connection with these
activities they were besieged day and night by telephone calls which were obscene, threatening,
abusive, or merely silent interruptions to the peace and comfort of their homes.
and telegrams of like nature were also received.
letters
Some of these persons found themselves cut
by their friends and made unwelcome where they had formerly been received with kindness and
respect.
Two crosses were burned near the homes of two of them;
an effigy was hung in the
yard of a white plaintiff in a school case, and a hearse was sent to the home of the colored
president of the Norfolk branch of the Association during his absence "to pick up his body."
The last mentioned person was also chairman of the local branch of a labor union and a man
of prominence in his community.
He had been active and successful in directing membership
fcampaigns for the Association in prior years but in 1957 he found that the solicitors were
unwilling to continue their work.
Colored lawyers on the State Conference legal staff were
assailed with fear that enforcement of the statutes now before this court would result in
loss of their licenses to practice should they continue their activities on the Association’s
behalf.
Numerous newspaper articles offered in evidence show that the proposal to integrate
the schools was a prime subject of public interest and discussion throughout the state.
They are received over objections by the defendants only as evidence of this fact and not to
prove the accuracy of the statements therein contained. Cln view of all the evidence, we
find that the activities of the State authorities in support of the general plan to obstruct
the integration of the races in schools in Virginia, of which plan the statutes in suit
V
*
form an important part, brought about a loss of members and a reduction of the revenues of
it
the Association and made it more difficult to accomplish its legitimate aims.
The defendants on their own behalf produced as witnesses six of the plaintiffs
in the Prince Edward County school case.
All of them had been visited by representatives
of the Boatwright Committee' of the legislature, which had been created by Chapter
3h
of the
Acts passed at the Extra Session, and had been authorized to make a thorough investigation
into the activities of corporations or associations which seek to influence, encourage or
promote litigation relating to racial activities in the State.
These witnesses testified
either that they did not know that they were parties to the Prince Edward suit or that they
-
15-
�merely wanted better schools for their children and did not want integrated schools.
They
also testified that they suffered no mistreatment by reason of their names being used as
plaintiffs in the suit.
The evidence, however, shows that the first step leading to the
litigation in Prince Edward County was a strike of the children in the colored high school
who refused to attend classes for a period of two weeks as a protest against the undesira
ble conditions in the school.
After the strike there were meetings of the parents in the
school building and in the nearby Baptist Church which were addressed by lawyers of the
legal staff of the Virginia State Conference of the Association, who were in attendance
at the request of the parents of the children, as well as by other persons.
The speakers
expressed the opinion that in order to secure fair treatment for the colored pupils it
would be necessary to institute a suit for the establishment of an integrated school.
It
was further shown that ^ach of the six witnesses had signed a paper authorizing Hill, Martin
and Robinson, attorneys, to act for and on behalf of them and their children to secure
such educational opportunities as they might be entitiled to under the Constitution and laws
of the
United
States and to represent them in all suits of whatever kind pertaining thereto
The record in the Prince Edward case shows that 186 persons were joined as parties plaintiff.
The Attorney General of Alabama testified as to to racial disturbances and disor
ders in 1955 and 1956 arising in his State in connection with the attempt to enroll colored
students in white schools and involving acts of violence and personal injuiy t,i colored
persons.
He attributed these activities in large part to white men associated in a splin
ter organization of the Ku Klux Klan and expressed the opinion that the registration of
members of the organization
under an act like Chapter 32 in this case would aid in the
identification and successful prosecution of the offenders.
Similarly he thought it would
be helpful to require the registration of members of a Negro organization in Tuskegee, which
succeeded in same measure to the work of the N.A.A.C.P., after it had been enjoined from
and
operating in Alabama and had engaged in boycotting white merchants in the community/for this
purpose had engaged in threats and acts of intimidation.
The Attorney General conceded
that he was hostile to the N.A.A.C.P. and had filed suit against the Ku Klux Klan
The sheriffs of four southside
Virginia counties in which the Negro population
ranges from 1* per-cent, to 51* per-cent, and in one. instance to 77 per-cent of the total,
5
testified that the relation of the race in their jurisdictions was good but that in their
opinion integration in the public schools would result in disturbances and, perhaps, in
blood shedj
and that a list of persons active in racial matters would aid them in preser
ving -the peace and in selecting deputies to enforce the law.
-
16-
We find that the oppisition
�to integration in the public schools is especially strong in this section of
Superintendent of the
Virginia.
The
Virginia State Police agreed with the opinion that lists of persons
active in racial matters would help 1 aw enforcement even though the lists might contain
thirteen or fourteen thousand names.
A representative of the law department of the Association of American
Railroads
testified for the defendants that through investigations he had become familiar with the
solicitation of personal injury claims b y attorneys, and generally with the offenses of bar
ratry and running and capping;
and that such activities occur in Virginia and that the in
formation required to be filed under Chapter 31 of the Acts of the Extra Session would be
helpful in investigating such activities.
Mr. C. Harrison Mann, Jr., a lawyer and a delegate to the General Assembly,
testified on behalf of the defendants that he was the chief patron of the Acts of Legisla
ture now in suit and that he was moved by two purposes in connection with the legislation.
He was alarmed at the activities of a white leader who is violently fighting integration
in the eastern part of the United States and was operating in
Extra Session convened.
Washington shortly before the
It was the opinion of the witness that these activities would lead
to racial tension and possibly violence and that it was highly desirable that the identities
of the responsible people be made known by registration.
With respect to the passage of
the Acts relating to the practice of law in Virginia, the delegate was influenced by re
ports in the press that certain persons were Joined as plaintiffs in the Prince Edward
suit without lmowlege that integration of the races in the schools was at issue and that
in other parts of the country there were reports that the Association was soliciting the
institution of suits by plaintiffs and practicing law, which he considered to be a breach
of legal ethics and bad public policy.
He also gave evidence that he was subject to abuse
from various sources by reason of his activities.
DEFEHDAHT1S MOTIONS TO DISMISS
Civil Rights of Corporation
After the institution of the pending suits the defendants filed motions to
dismiss in each case on the ground that the complaints did not state a controversy over
which the court had Jurisdiction.
The motions were dismissed after argument and the defen
dants were required to answer with leave to renew the contention after the hearing on the
evidence.
They now dispute the Jurisdiction of the Court, first, on the ground that a cor
poration is not a person entitled to bring suit for deprivation of rights, privileges or
immunities granted by the Constitution or laws of the United
-17-
States under 1*2 U.S.C. 1983,
�over which jurisdiction is conferred upon the district courts by 28 U.S.C. 5l3l>3(3).
It
is pointed out that these sections are derived from the Civil Eights Act of 1871, which
was enacted to give effect to the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment and thereby to
prevent the deprivation of the rights of natural persons under the color of any state law.
Reliance is placed chiefly on the concurring opinion of Justice Stone in Hague v. C.I.O..
307 U.S.
k96,
where suit was brought by individual citizens and a membership corporation
who claimed that under an ordinance of Jersey City they were deprived of the privilege
of free speech and free assembly secured to them as citizens of the United States by the
Fourteenth Amendment.
The ordinance was held unconstitutional as an undue restriction of
these rights and relief was granted to the individual plaintiffs but denied to a corporate
plaintiff for the reason expressed in the opinion o f Justice Roberts (page 5lb) that "natural
persons and they alone are entitled to the privileges and immunities which Section 1 of the
Fourteenth Amendment secures for citizens of the United States".
This holding that corpora
tions are not "citizens" within this clause of the Fourteenth Amendment is not disputed!
bu,t Justice Stone, who concurred in the judgment but differed with the reasons expressed
by his colleagues, wrote a separate opinion in which he went further and made the following
statement (page 527)!
"Since freedom of speech and freedom of assembly are
rights secured to persons by the due process clause, all of the
individual respondents are plainly authorized by $1 of the Civil
Rights Act of 1871 to maintain the present suit in equity to
restrain infringement of their rights. As to the American Civil
Liberties Union, which is a corporation, it cannot be said to be
deprived of the civil rights of freedom of speech and of assembly,
for the liberty guaranteed by the due process clause is the liber
ty of natural, not artificial, persons. Northwestern Life Ins.
Co. v. Riggs. 203 U.S. 2lt3, 255; Western Turf Assn, v. Greenberg.
MT u .s . 359, 363."
...........
This pronouncement supports the defendants' position but it Cannot be said to
be a controlling authority since it did not represent the views of the majority of the
Court but was concurred in only by Justice Reed (see City of Manchester v. Leiby, 1 Cir.,
117 F. 2d 661, 663,
66b).
It is of more importance to note that the opinion of Justice Stone did not dis
cuss the prior decision of the Court in Gros.iean v. American Press C o . . 297 U.S. 233, where
a license tax on advertisement was held invalid at the suit of a newspaper corporation.
The Court held (page 2UU) that freedom of speech and of the press are fundamental rights
safeguarded by the due process of law clause of the Fourteenth Amendment against abridge
ment by state legislation, and although a corporation is not a citizen within the meaning
of the privileges and immunities clause, it is a person within the meaning of the equal
-
18-
�protection and due process clause of that amendment.
In other words, the corporation was
accorded rights to which it would not have been entitled if the rule announced by Justice
Stone had been applied.
Subsequent cases have extended this broad interpretation of the word "person"
in the Civil Eights Act and have held that a corporation is a person within that Act en
titled to challenge the deprivation of rights under color of a state statute to which a
money valuation could not be applied.
Thus in McCoy v. Providence Journal Co.. 1 Cir.,
190 F. 2d 760, it was held that a newspaper corporation, as well as individual persons
employed by the corporation, were entitled to bring suit under 28 U.S.C. 13ii3(3) to secure
the right to inspect public records which had been denied them by municipal authority!
and in Watchtower Bible and Tract Co. v. Los Angeles County. 9 Cir., 181 F.2d 739, it was
held that the District Court had jurisdiction to entertain a complaint of a corporation
engaged in the circulation of religious literature that it had been subjected to an uncon
stitutional tax.
Both of these decisions relied upon the pronouncement of the Supreme
Court in Grosjean v. American Press Co., supra, and we are in accord with their conclusions.
It is true that the Fourteenth Amendment as well as the Civil Eights statutes were enacted
for the purpose of securing colored persons against unjustifiable discrimination, but in
the development of the law the protection afforded by the Amendment has not been confined
to natural persons, and there is no reasonable ground at this time to deny the protection
afforded b y the Civil Eights Act to corporations which are engaged through their agents
in public speech and in the circulation of literature designed to protect the rights of
natural persons in whose interest the enactments were originally passed.
In these days,
when corporate organization is well-nigh necessary for the conduct of large enterprises,
the propriety of including them within the protection of the Act would seem to be obvious;
and since the word "person" in the Fourteenth Amendment has been broadly construed to
7
include corporations in the protection of their property rights, there is no good reason
why the same liberality of interpretation should not be used when the corporation is formed
not for purposes of profit but for the protection of the liberties of the individuals.
JURISDICTIONAL AMOUNT
Secondly, the defendants contest the right of the plaintiffs to obtain relief
7 See Pennekamp v. Florida. 328 U.S. 331 and Burstyn. Inc, v. liaison. 3h3 U.S. k9?, in
each of which the Court upheld the right of a business corporation to freedom of speech
and freedom of the press. It seems illogical and meaningless to deny the same rights
to a nonprofit corporation organized to protect the freedoms of natural persons since
the latter may always be properly joined as parties plaintiff in suits brought by the
corporation on their behalf. See 66 Tale Law Journal 5b5, 5U8.
-19-
�in this court under 28 U.S.C. J {1331 and 1332 which confer upon the district courts
jurisdiction over civil actions arising under the Constitution and laws of the United States
and civil actions between citizens of different states, where the matter in controversy ex
ceeds the sum of $3,000.00 exclusive of interest and costs.
The contention is that the
plaintiffs did not allege in their complaints or prove at the hearing sufficient facts to
establish the jurisdictional amount.
In substance the evidence shows that the membership
of the Association in Virginia dropped from 19,1(36 for the first eight months of 1956, prior
to the passage of the statutes in suit, to 13,595 in the first eight months of 1957, after
the enactments.
In the same period the income of the Association in Virginia showed a de
cline from $1(3,612.75 to $37.1(70.00. and its national income a decline from $598,6l2.81( for
the year 1956 to $1(25,608.13 for the first eight months of 1957.
losses in these periods.
The Fund also experienced
Its income rose steadily until 1956, when it became $351,283.32
although its operations in Texas were restrained in September by an order of the court.
Its income dropped in the subsequent period, as is shown by contrasting its income of
$180,000.00 for the first eight months of 1957 with its income of $21(6,000.00 for the same
period of 1956.
In Virginia, its income dropped from $1,859.20 for 15*56 to $l(2l|.00 during
the first eight months of 1957.
When suit is brought for an injunction to restrain the enforcement of a regu
latory statute alleged to be invalid because of its continuing harmful effect upon the
plaintiff the jurisdiction of the court is to be tested by the value of the object to be
gained.
Failure to prove that a sufficient amount of damage has already been sustained
will not defeat the remedy if the injury is recurrent or continuous, since the advantage
to be gained by the complainant from removal of the burden imposed by the statute is the
matter in controversy.
Glenwood Light & Water Co. v. Mutual L. H. & P. Co.. 239 U.S. 121,
125, 126; Gibbs v. Buck. 307 U.S. 66,
7h;
American R. Co. v. South Porto Rico Sugar Co..
1 Cir., 293 Fed. 670, 673; of. McNutt v. General Motors Accept. Corp.. 298 U.S. 178, 181;
KVOS v. Associated Press. 299 U.S. 269, 277.
Hence the inquiry in the pending suits is not
limited to the immediate effect upon the plaintiffs to be expected from the enforcement of
the Virginia statutes but extends to the loss likely to flow from their enforcement through
out the years.
Nor is the inquiry limited to the impact of the statutes upon the plaint if 's’
business in Virginia, because the registration statutes. Chapters 31 and 32, are not con
fined to business done in Virginia but require both plaintiffs to disclose the details of
their business throughout the country including a list of all members, all contributions,
and all expenditures;
and Chapters 33, 35 and 36, relating to the practice of law, for-
-
20 -
�bid the plaintiffs to pay the costs and expenses of class suits to which most of the contributidns received by the Fund in its recurrent national campaigns are devoted.
Taking
these facts into consideration, it is manifest that the existence of the required juris
dictional amount is established in each of the cases before the court.
Certainly it cannot be said that the claim of loss in excess of the jurisdic
tional amount was made by the plaintiffs in bad faith for the purpose of conferring juris
diction, or that it has been shown to a legal oertainty that less than the amount is involved
in the pending suits} and hence the plaintiffs have met the test laid down in the following
excerpt from Stl Paul Indemnity Co. v. Cab. Co.. 303 TJ.S. 283, 288-290!
"The intent of Congress drastically to restrict federal
jurisdiction in controversies between citizens of different states
!qas always been rigorously enforced by the courts. The rule governing
dismissal for want of jurisdiction in oases brought in the federal
court is that, unless the law gives a different rule, the sum claimed
by the plaintiff controls if the claim is apparently made in good
faith. It must'.appear to a legal certainty that the claim is really
for less than the jurisdictional amount to justify dismissal. The
inability of plaintiff to recover an amount adequate to, give the court
jurisdiction does not show his bad faith or oust the jurisdiction.
Nor does the fact that the complaint discloses the existence of a
valid defense to the claim. But if, from the face of the pleadings,
it is apparent, to a legal certainty, that the plaintiff cannot re
cover the amount claimed, or if, from the proofs, the court is
Satisfied to a like oertainty that the plaintiff never was entitled
to recover that amount, and that his claim was therefore colorable
for the purpose of conferring jurisdiction, the suit will be dis
missed. Events occurring subsequent to the institution of suit
which reduce the amount recoverable below the statutory limit do
not oust jurisdiction,"
RESTRAINT OF CRIMINAL PROSECUTION
The defendants also invoke the familiar rule that ordinarily a court of equity
will not restrain a criminal prosecution based on a state statute, even if the constitu
tionality of the statute is involved, since this question can be raised and settled in
the criminal case with review by the higher courts as well as in a suit for injunction,
Douglas v. Jeannette, 319 TJ.S. 157, 163, l61*j
and this is especially true where the only
threatened action is a single prosecution of an alleged violation of state law.
However,
fit is also well recognized that a criminal prosecution may be enjoined under exceptional
circumstances where there is a clear showing of danger of immediate irreparable injury.
Spielman Motor Co. v. Dodge. 295 U.S. 89, 95} Beal v. Missouri Pacific R. C o r n . . 312 TJ.S.
1*5, 1*9.
It is obvious that the present case falls in the latter category.
'
The penalties
prescribed by the statutes are heavy and they are applicable not only to the corporation
but to every person responsible for the management of its affairs, and under Chapter 32
of the statutes each day's failure to register and file the required information constitutes
-
21-
�a separate punishable offense. The deterrent effect of the statutes upon the acquisition
of members, and upon the activities of the lawyers of the plaintiffs under the threat of
disciplinary action has already been noted, and the danger of immediate and persistent
efforts on the part of the state authorities to interfere with the activities of the plain
tiffs has been made manifest by the repeated public statements. The facts of the cases
abundantly justify the exercise of the equitable powers of the court.
Ex parte Young.
209 U.S. 123, ll*7; Truax v. Raich. 239 U.S. 33; Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Andrews.
216 U.S. 16$; Sterling v. Constantin. 287 U.S. 378.
PRIOR CONSTRUCTION OF STATUTES BY STATE SUPREME COURT
Finally, the defendants urge that we should not exercise the power to restrain
the enforcement of the state statutes but should withhold action until the statutes have
been construed by the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia.
This contention is based on
the policy defined in decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States that the federal
courts should avoid passing on constitutional questions in situations where an authorita
tive interpretation of state law may avoid the constitutional issues.
Hence if the inter
pretation of a state statute is doubtful or a question of law remains undecided, the federal
court should hold its proceedings in abeyance for a reasonable time pending construction
of the statute by the state courts or until efforts to obtain such an adjudication have been
exhausted.
See Spector Motor Co. v. Mclaughlin. 323 U.S. 101; Government & Civic Employees
Organ. Com, v. Windsor. 3U7 U.S. 901 and 3$3 U.S, 361*; Shipman v. Dupre. 339 U.S. 321.
These rulings, however, do not mefn that the federal courts lose jurisdiction
in cases where the state courts have not passed upon the statute under attack or that
the federal court is powerless to take any action until a decision by the state court has
been rendered.
Such a conclusion could not be reached in the pending case since the federal
statutes expressly confer jurisdiction upon the federal courts where civil rights have been
violated (1*2 U.S. C. 51983), or where federal questions are involved (28 U.S.C. }1331).
Thus in Doud v. Hodge, 3$0 U.S. 1*8$, where the constitutionality of a licensing and regula
tory statute was involved and jurisdiction of the federal court was invoked under 28 U.S.C.
51331, the Court said (page 1*87):
" * ? ■ This Court has never held that a district court
-«
is without jurisdiction to entertain a prayer for an injunction res
training the enforcement of a state statute on grounds of alleged
repugnancy to the Federal Constitution simply because the state
courts had not yet rendered a clear or definitive decision as to the
meaning or federal constitutionality of t,he statute.
"We hold that the District Court has jurisdiction of this
-
22-
�cause. It was error to dismiss the 'complaint for lack of jurisdiction.
The judgment of the District Court is vacated and the case is remanded
to it. We do not decide what procedures the District Court should
follow on remand."
See also A. F. of I. v. Watson. 327 U.S. 582 , 599, where, in directing a dis
trict court to retain a suit involving the constitutionality of a state statute pending
the determination of proceedings in the state courts, the Supreme Court said that the pur
pose of the suit in the federal court would not he defeated by this action, since the
resources of equity are adequate to deal with the problem so as to avoid unnecessary fric
tion with state policies while cases go forward in the state courts for an expeditious
adjudication of state law questions.
The policy laid down b y the Supreme Court does not require a stay of proceedings
in the federal courts in cases of this sort if the state statutes at issue are free of
doubt or ambiguity.
See the opinion of Judge Parker in Bryan v. Austin. E.D.S.C., 1U8 F.
Supp. 563, 567-568, where it was said:
"I recognize, of course, that, in the application of the
rule of comity, a federal court should stay action pending action
by the courts of a state, where it is called upon to enjoin the en
forcement of a state statute which has not been interpreted by the
state courts, and where the statute is susceptible of an interpre
tation which would avoid constitutional invalidity. As the federal
courts are bound by the interpretation placed by the highest court
of a state upon a statute of that state, they should not enjoin the
enforcement of a statute as violative of the Constitution in advance
of such an interpretation, if it is reasonably possible for the
statute to be given an interpretation which will render it constitu
tional. •SHtt{_The rule as to stay of proceedings pending interpretation
of a state statute by the courts of the state can have no application
to a case, such as we have here, where the meaning of the statute is
perfectly clear and where no_interpiieiatiQn-which_could-possibly .be
placed upon_ij by the Supreme Court of the state cjruldLrender it con-,
stit'utional," j
We are not unmindful of the necessity of maintaining the delicate balance be
tween state and federal courts under the concept of separate sovereigns.
We agree that
the constitutionality of state statutes requiring special competence in the interpretation
of local law should not be determined by federal courts in advance of a reasonable oppor
tunity afforded the parties to seek an adjudication by the state court.
With these basic
principles we find no fault.
It must be remembered, however, that Congress has not seen fit to restrict the
jurisdiction of the district courts by imposing as a condition precedent to action by the
federal courts, the judicial pronouncement by the state court in cases where the constitu
tionality of a state statute is presented and injunctive relief is requested.
Concurrent
jurisdiction still exists until modified in the wisdom of the legislative branch of our
government.
-23-
�Neither are we given any clear formula to follow under the decisions of the
Supreme Court.
The more recent decisions of the highest court suggest that statutory three-
judge courts should he hesitant in exercising jurisdiction in the absence of state court
action, or at least a reasonable opportunity to secure same.
It is apparent to us that the
Supreme Court has endeavored to grant cautious discretion to district courts in determining
whether jurisdiction should be exercised and the matter considered on its merits, as con
trasted with the acceptance of jurisdiction as such.
Should this court exercise such juris
diction under the facts and circumstances of this case, bearing in mind the importance of
the questions presented?
Me are advised that Virginia is not alone in enacting legislation seriously
impeding the activities of the plaintiff corporations through the passage of similar laws
( t3 7a. L. Rev. 12l*l).
l
As heretofore noted, the problem for determination is essentially
a federal question with no peculiarities of local law. £where the statute is free from am
biguity and there remains no reasonable interpretation which will render it constitutional,
there are compelling reasons to bring about an expedious and final ascertainment of the
constitutionality of these statutes to the end that a multiplicity of similar actions may,
if possible, be avoidedy
CONSTITUTIONALITY OF CHAPTERS 31 and 32
This discussion brings us at last to a consideration of the attack made on the
constitutionality of the statutes in their bearing upon the activities of the plaintiffs.
^The two registration statutes. Chapters 31 and 32, are free from ambiguities which require
a prior interpretation by the courts of the state and hence the obligations to pass on the
question of constitutionality cannot be avoided.^
Chapter 32 is the more sweeping of the two.
Section 1 declares that harmonious
relations between the races are essential to the welfare, health and safety of the people
of Virginia and that it is the duty of the government to exercise all available means to
prevent conditions which impede the peaceful co-existence of all the peoples in the state,
and that therefore it is vital to the public interest that information be obtained with
respect to persons or corporations whose activities may cause interracial tension or
unrest.
-l2i
�8
Section 2 of Chapter 32 requires the registration of any person who in concert
with others engages as one of his principal activities (l) in promoting or opposing in
any manner the passage of legislation by the General Assembly, in behalf of any race or
color, or (2) in advocating racial integration or segregation;
and the statute also re
quires the registration of any person, (3) whose activities cause or tend to cause racial
conflict or violence, or (U) who is engaged in raising or expending funds for the employ
ment of counsel or the payment of costs in connection with racial litigation.
The Association is admittedly engaged in activities (l), (2) and ( i and the
l)
defendants have offered evidence tending to show that these activities, if successful in
bringing about integration, would cause racial conflicts and violence.
The Fund is engaged
in activities (2) and (Ij).
The sort of registration required by Chapter 32 has a definite bearing upon the
validity of the enactment, since a statement of the business of the registrant in much de
tail is prescribed.
The registrant, if a corporation, is required by 53 of the statute to
file a statement showing amongst other things the business address of all of its offices,
the purpose for which it was formed, a copy of its charter, the names of its principal
officers, and the names and addresses of all of the persons through whom it carries on its
"52. Every person, firm, partnership, corporation or association, whether by or through
its agents, servants, employees, officers, or voluntary workers or associates, who or
which engages as one of its principal functions or activities in the promoting or oppo
sing in any manner the passage of legislation by the General Assembly in behalf of any
race or color, or who or which has as one of its principal functions or activities the
advocating or racial integration or segregation or whose activities cause or tend to
cause racial conflicts or violence, or who or which is engaged or engages in raising or
expending funds for the employment of counsel or payment of costs in connection with
litigation in behalf of any race or color, in this State, shall, within sixty days after
the effective date of this act and annually within sixty days following the first of
each year thereafter, cause his or its name to be registered with the clerk of the State
Corporation Commission, as hereinafter provided; provided that in the case of any person,
firm, partnership, corporation, association or organization, whose activities have not
been of such nature as to require it to register under this act, such person, firm,
partnership, corporation, association or organization, within sixty days following the
date on which he or it engages in any activity making registration under this act ap
plicable, shall cause his or its name to be registered with the clerk of the State Cor
poration Commission, as hereinafter provided; and provided, further, that nothing herein
shall apply to the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the govern
ment for a redress of grievances, or to an individual freely speaking or publishing
on his own behalf in the expression of his opinion and engaging in no other activity
subject to the provisions hereof and not acting in concert with other persons."
-25-
�activities in the state, a list of its members and their addresses, a financial statement
of assets and liabilities, an itemized list of its contributions and other income during
the preceding year, and a list of its expenditures in detail.
Section 3 provides that, at the time of registration, information as to the pre
ceding year -shall -be furnished under oath as to the source of any funds received or expended
for the purposes set forth in J 2 including the name and address of each contributor and
f,
an itemized statement of expenditures, and also, if the registrant is a corporation, a list
of its members in the state and their addresses and a financial statement showing the assets
and liabilities, the source of its income, itemizing contributions and the sources thereof,
and a list of expenditures in detail.
Section 5 makes it a misdemeanor for any person to engage in the activities des
cribed in }2 without registration, punishable, in the case of a corporation, by a fine not
exceeding $10,000.00, each day's failure to register constituting a separate offense and
punishable .as such.
Section 6 provides that any person failing to comply with the Act may be en
joined from continuing its activities by any court of competent jurisdiction.
Section 9 excepts from the Act newspapers, periodicals, magazines or other like
means admitted as second class matter in the United States Post Office, as well as radio,
television, facsimile broadcast or wire service operations.
Also excepted are persons or
associations in a political election campaign or persons acting together because of acti
vities connected with political campaigns.
:Undoubtedly the burden
of supplying these statements imposed upon persons who
engage in activities (l) and (2) constitutes a restriction upon the right of free speech
which, as we have seen, the Association is entitled to exercise^/ Hence the question arises
whether the statute is within the police powers which, in the past, have been properly
9
exercised in -many fields. The defendants point out that the promoting or opposing passage
of legislation covered by clause (l) may involve lobbying, which has long been recognized
9 Among the authorities cited by the defendants were cases upholding regulation by regis
tration applicable to vocational activities (United States v. Harriss.lh? U.S. 612 (195>U)
and United States v. Slaughter. 89 F. Supp. 205 (1950) on lobbyists: Viereck v. United
States. 318 U.S. 236 (19U3) and United States v. Peace Information Center. 97 F. Supp.
254 (1951) on foreign agents), subversion (Communist Party v. Subversive Activities
Control Board. D.C. Cir., 223 F.2d 531 (195U) and Albertson 7. Millard, 106 F. Supp.
635 (1952y and presidential election activities (Burroughs v. United States. 290 U.S.
53lt (193ll). Cases involving Congressional control of the second class mailing privilege
(Lewis Publishing Co. y. Morgan, 229 U.S. 288 (1913)), and state control over fratemities in state schools' (Waugh v. Mississippi University. 237 U.S. 589 (1915) and Webb v.
State University of Mew York. 125 F. Supp. 910 (195U))are also cited.
-
26 -
�as a proper subject of regulations by the state and federal governments.
Thus it was de
cided in United States v. Harriss. 3U7 U.S. 612, by a divided court, that the registration
provisions of the Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act did not violate freedom of speech,
provided the scope of the Act was limited to persons who had solicited or received contri
butions to influence or defeat the passage of legislation and who intended to accomplish
this purpose through direct communication with members of Congress.
The plain implication
of the decision, as appears clearly from the dissenting opinions, is that unless the Act
were so limited it would be an unwarranted interference with the right of free speech.
The
lobbying statute of the State of Virginia, 5 5 33-20 to 30-28, is likewise limited to those
who employ a person to promote or oppose the passage
and to a person accepting such employment..
of an act of the General Assembly
Such a person is required to register his name
upon a legislative docket.
The terms of clause (l) of 52 of the Act contain no such limitation.
They apply
to any person whose principal activities include "the promoting or opposing in any manner
the passage of legislation b y the General Assembly," excepting however, by 59 of the Act,
newspapers and similar publications, communications by radio and television, and persons
engaged in a political election campaign, jlfence the duty to register is imposed upon
anyone who in concert with others merely speaks or writes on the subject, even if he has
had no contact of any kind with the legislative body and has neither received nor spent any
money to further his purpose.
The discriminating and oppressive character of the provision
is emphasized b y the exemption of persons engaged in a political election campaign who are
free to speak without registration, whereas, persons having no direct interest in elections
as such and concerned only with securing equal rights for all persons are covered by the
"V.
statute.
Manifestly so broad a restriction cannot be held valid under the rulingfof
United States v. Harriss. supra.
The terms of clause (2) impinge directly upon the field of free speech for they
apply to anyone, with the same exceptions, whose present activities include "the advocacy
of racial integration or segregation," and so the same problem of the extent of regula
tory power is presented.
It must be borne in mind in considering the question that the
prohibition against laws abridging the freedom of speech, press and assembly contained
in the First Amendment is not absolute, for, as was said in Communications Assn, v. Douds.
339 U.S. 382, 39U, "it has long been established that these freedoms themselves are depen
dent upon the power of constitutional government to survive."
Consequently in that case
the non-Communist affidavits required by the Labor Management Relations Act were upheld
even though the situation did not meet the clear and present danger test laid down in
-27-
�Schenck v. United States. 2lj9 U.S. Ii7; and in Dennis v. United States. 3II U.S.
4
b9h,
the clear and present danger test was applied in upholding a conviction under the Smith
Act, which made it a crime to organize a group which knowingly and wilfully advocates the
violent overthrow of the Government of the United States.
The defendants insist that Chapter 32 was enacted for the commendable purpose
of protecting the public welfare and safety and therefore should be upheld.
They point to
the declaration of the policy in the preamble of the statute to eliminate all conditions
which impede the peaceful co-existence of all persons in the state and which, according
to the testimony of law enforcement officers, it threatened by the effort to establish in
tegration of the races in the public schools.
Great dependence is placed upon the decision
of the Supreme Court in Bryant v. Zimmerman. 278 U.S. 63 (1928), which is described as the
leading case in this field most pertinent to the matter now before the court.
The Supreme
Court upheld a New York statute, aimed at the activities of the Ku Klux Klan, which re
quired associations having an oath-bound membership to file lists of their members and officers
with a State officer and made it a crime for members to attend meetings knowing that the
registration requirement had not been complied with.
It was held that the statute as ap
plied to a member of the Ku Klux Klan would not violate the due process clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment since the state, for its own protection, was entitled to the disclo
sure as a deterrent to violations of the law; and also that there was no denial of equal
protection in excepting labor unions, Nasons and other fraternal bodies from the statutes,
since there was a tendency on the part of the Ku Klux Klan to shroud its acts in secrecy
and engage in conduct inimical to the public welfare.
We do not think that these decisions justify the restriction upon public dis
cussion which Chapter 32 imposes upon the plaintiffs in this case. [^Obviously the purpose
and effect of a regulatory act must be examined in each case in light of the existing
situation.
In the present instance the executive and legislative officers of the state
have publicly and forcibly announced their determination to impede and, if possible, to
prevent the integration of the races by all lawful means; and the statutes passed at the
Extra Session were clearly designed to cripple the agencies that have had the greatest
success in promoting the rights of colored persons to equality of treatment in the past,
and are possessed of sufficient resources to make an effort at this time to secure the en
forcement of the Supreme Court's decree.
The statute is not aimed, as the act considered
in Bryant v. Zimmerman, at curbing the activities of an association likely to engage in
violation of the law, but at bodies who are endeavoring to abide by and enforce the law and
-28-
�have not themselves engaged in acts of violence or disturbance of the public peace.~7
The Act is not saved, in so far as the plaintiffs are concerned, by making it
applicable to advocates of both sides of the dispute so that it requires a disclosure of
the names of persons wiio may be led to acts of violence by reason of their hostility to
integration.
Such a provision does not lead to equality of treatment under the circum
stances known by the legislature to prevail.? Registration of persons engaged in a popular
cause imposes no hardship while, as the evidence in this case shows, registration of names
of persons who resist the popular will would lead net only to expressions of ill will and
hostility but to the loss of members by the plaintiff's Association/?
Nor can the statute be sustained on the ground that breaches of peace may occur
if integration in the public schools is enforced.
The same contention was made in Buchanan
v. Warley, 2 * > U.S. 60, where the court struck down an ordinance of the City of Louisville
l5
which forbade colored persons to occupy houses In blocks occupied for the most part by
white persons.
The court rejected the contention that the prohibition should be sustained
on the ground that it served to diminish miscegenation and to promote the public peace by
averting race hostility.
See pages 73~7h»
"This drastic measure is sought to be justified under the
authority of the State in the exercise of the police poifer. It is
said such legislation tends to promote the public peace by preventing
racial conflicts; that it tends to maintain racial purity; that it
prevents the deterioration of property owned and occupied by white
people, which deterioration, it is contended, is sure to follow the
occupancy of adjacent premises by persons of color.
"The authority of the State to pass laws in the exercise
of the police power, having for their ohject the promotion of the
public health, safety and welfare is very broad as has been affirmed
in numerousiand recent decisions of this court. Furthermore, the
exercise of this power, embracing nearly all legislation of a local
character, is net to be interfered with by the courts where it is
within the scope of legislative authority and the means adopted
reasonably tend to accomplish a lawful, purpose. ujut it is equally
well established that the police power, broad as it is, cannot
justify the pa sage of a law or ordinance which runs counter to the
limitations of the Federal Const!tutionj^that principle has been so
frequently affirmed in this court that we need not stop to cite the
cases."
[This comment strikes home with peculiar force to the situation in Virginia
where the attitude of the public authorities oper
ages opposition to the law of
the land, which may easily find expression in oh turbances of the public peace.j’That
which was said in Gros.lv an v. American Press C o , . 297 U.S. 233, 23>0, in respect to a
state license tax imposed on the owners of newspapers is pertinent here;
" ***• the tax here involved is bad not because it takes money
from the pockets of the appellees. If that were all, a wholly different
question would be presented. It is bad because, in the light of its
�f
i
history and of its present setting, it is seen to be a deliberate and
calculated device in the guise of a tax to limit the circulation of
information to which the public is entitled in virtue of the consti
tutional guaranties. A free press stands as one of the great inter
preters between the government and the people. To allow it to be
fettered is to fetter ourselves."
For our purpose it is of special significance that in Thomas v. Collins. 323
U.S. 5l6, the Supreme Court held invalid a statute which required a union organizer
merely to register and secure an organizer's card from a state officer before soliciting
membership in a labor union in a public speech.
It was said "that as a matter of principle
a requirement of registration in order to make a public speech would seem generally in
compatible with the exercise of free speech and free assembly".
The greater burden of
the registration statutes in suit is manifest.
/Title terms of clause (3) of j ? of the statute requiring registration of anyone
j
whose activities cause or tend to cause racial conflicts or violence require little dis
cussion.
They are so vague and indefinite that the clause taken by itself does not satisfy
the constitutional requirement that a criminal statute must give to a person of ordinary
intelligence fair notice of the kind of conduct that constitutes the crime. United States
v. Harriss. 3il7 U.S. 6l2.
Clause ( • of Chapter 32 requires the registration of anyone who engages in
!)
raising or expending funds for the employment of counsel or the payment of costs in con
nection with litigation on behalf of any race or color.
In connection with other provisions
contained in Chapters 31, 33, 35 and 36 relating to litigation, it constitutes an important
part, perhaps the most important part, of the plan devised by the state authorities tc
impede or to prevent the integration of the races in the schools of the state; and it
subjects the participant to all of the details of registration above described.
In its broad coverage the statute applies to any individual who employs and
pays a lawyer to act for him in a law suit involving a racial question.
It also covers
the plaintiff corporations in their effort to raise the money which in the past has beer
(
used to assist the colored people in the prosecution of suits to secure their constitutional
-30-
�/
/ '
rights both before and after the decision in Brown v. Board of Education.
10
(jThe right of access to the courts is one of the great safeguards of the liberties
of the people and its denial or undue restriction is a violation of the due process clauses
of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments.
That the restriction is onerous in this instance
cannot be denied, for it is not confined to identification
of the collectors of the funds
but requires the disclosure of every contributor and of every member of the Association
whose annual dues may have been used in part to pay the expenses of
Undoubtedly a state may protect its citizens from fraudulent solicitation of
funds by requiring a collector to establish his identity and his authority to act; and
the state may also regulate the time and manner of the solicitation in the interest of
public safety and convenience.
Collins. 323 U.S. 5l6, 5 . 0
I|.
Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S, 296, 306; Thomas v.
Corrupt Practices Acts which seek to preserve the purity of
elections by requiring the disclosure of the identity of those who strive to influence
the choice of public officials are also a proper subject of legislative regulation,
Burroughs v. United States. 290 U.S,
very different case.
$3k-
The statute before us, however, presents a
It requires not merely the identity of the collector of the funds
but the disclosure of the name of every contributor.
10
In effect, as applied to this case.
The reported oases from both federal and state courts in this Circuit in which the
Association or the Fund has taken an active part include: Dawson v. Mayor and City
Council of Baltimore City and Lonesome v. Maxwell. 220 F.2d 386, aff'd mem. 350 U.S.
877, and Department of Conservation and Development v. Tate, 231 F .2d 6l5, cert,
denied 35)2 U.S. 838, dealing with segregation at Maryland public beaches and Virginia
public parks; Korean v. Commonwealth. 181: Fa. 2k, rev'd 328 TJ.S. 373, and Flemming
v. South Carolina Elec. & Gas C o . . 22li F. 2d 752 and 239 F.2d 277, concerning segre
gation in bus transportation; Alston v. School Board of City of Norfolk. 112 F. 2d
992, cert, denied 311 TJ.S. 693, dealing with discriminatory fixing of school teachers'
salaries; University of Maryland v. Hurray, 169 Kd. 1:78 and Kerr v. Enoch Pratt Free
Library of Baltimore City. Iu9 F. 2d 212, cert, denied 326 U.S. 721, concerning
racial discrimination in professional school admissions; Briggs v. Elliott. 103 F.
Supp. 920, rev'd 3l*7 U.S.' 1(83, remanded 31:9 U.S. 29k, decree entered 132 F. Supp.
776; Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County. 103 F. Supp. 337, rev'd
3h7 U.S. l|83, remanded 3k9 U.S. 29li, decree entered sub nom; Allen v. County School
Board of Prince Edward County. Iit9 F. Supp, 1*31, r e v ' d _________F. 2d__________ .5
Hood v. Board of Trustees of Sumter County, 232 F,2d 626: School Board of the City
of Charlottesville. Fa. v. Allen and County School Board of Arlington County, Fa,
v. Thompson, 2lj0 F.2d 59; School Board of the City of Newport News. Fa. v. Atkins
and School Board of the City of Norfolk. Va. v- Beckett. 2J|6 F.2d 325, cert, den.
355 U.S.
, and Slade v. Board of Education of Harford County. M d . . 152 F.
Supp. llh, relating to segregation in the public schools.
-31-
�it requires every person who desires to become a member of the Association and to exercise
with it the rights of*free speech and free assembly to be registered, and the size of his
contribution to be shown.
This seems to us far more onerous than the requirement of a
license to speak, which was struck down as unconstitutional in Thomas v. Collins, supra,
especially as in this instance the disclosure is prescribed as part of /a deliberate plan
to impede the contributors in the assertion of their constitutional rights. ' In our
opinion all four clauses of 52 as applied to the plaintiffs in this case are unconstitu
tional.
In reaching this conclusion we may fairly consider not only the rights of the
plaintiff corporations but also the rights of the individuals for whom they speak, parti
cularly the rights of the members of the Association and generally the members of the
colored race in whose interests the plaintiffs carry on their work.
The rights that the
plaintiffs assert take their color and substance from the rights of their constituents}
and it is now held that where there is need to protect fundamental constitutional rights
the rule of practice is relaxed, which confines a party to the assertion of his own rights
as distinguished from the rights of others.
See Barrows v. Jackson. 3lj6 U.S.
2h9,
257.
This rule was applied in Brewer v. Hoxie School District.8 Cir., 238 F.2d 91, lOii, where
the school board in an Arkansas county brought suit to restrain certain organizations from
obstructing the board in its efforts to secure the equal protection of the laws to all
persons in the operation of the public schools in the district.
The court said:
"The school board having the duty to afford the children the equal protection of the law
has the correlative right, as has been pointed out, to protection in performance of its
function. Its right is thus intimately identified with the right of the children them
selves. The right does not arise solely from the interest of the parties concerned, but
from the necessity of the government itself. * * * * * Though, generally speaking, the
right to equal protection is a personal right of individuals, this is 'only a rule of
practice', * « ■ * * * which will not be followed where the identity of interest between
the party asserting the right and the party in whose favor the right directly exists is
sufficiently close."
-32-
�For like reasons Chapter 31, which covers much the same ground as clause
of 52 of Chapter 32, must also be held invalid.
(h)
The introductory paragraph of 52 is as
follows:
"Ho person shall engage in the solicitation of funds from the
public or any segment thereof when such funds will be used in whole or
in part to commence or to prosecute further any original proceedings,
unless such person is a party or unless he has a pecuniary right or
liability therein, nor shall any person expend funds from whatever source
received to commence or to prosecute further any original proceedings,
unless such person is a party or has a pecuniary right or liability
therein until any person shall firsts"— and then follows
Section 2(l) which requires the corporation to file annually a copy of its
charter, a certified list of its officers and directors and members, a statement showing
the source of each contribution or other item of revenue received during the preceding year
and, if required by the State Corporation Commission, the name and address of each contri
butor;
also a statement showing in detail the expenditures during the preceding year and
any other information required by the State Corporation Commission.
Section 3 makes a violation of the Act a misdemeanor punishable by fine of not
more than $10,000 and the denial of admission to do business in the state.
Violations of
the Act may be enjoined in any court of record having civil jurisdiction.
Every director
and officer of the corporation and every person responsible for the management of its
affairs is personally liable for the payment of the fine.
Further consideration of the re-strietions imposed upon litigation on behalf of
the colored race by the Virginia plan will be found in the following discussion in respect
to Chapters 33, 35 and 36 also passed at the Extra Session of 1956.
CHAPTER 35
Chapters 33, 35 and 36 all relate to the improper practice of law.
They are
of prime importance since they furnish the basis for the contention of the prosecuting
officers of the state that the plaintiff corporations are unlawfully engaged in the prac
tice of law in Virginia and hence are not entitled to maintain these suits,
Chapters 35
and 36, and the amendment of the sections of the Virginia Code relating to the illegal
practice of law contained in Chapter 33, are new in the statute law of the state and Lare
essential parts of the plan which deprives the colored people of the state of the assis
tance of the Association and the Fund in the assertion of their constitutional rights.^/
To this end each of the statutes contains provisions which would bar the Association and
the fund from continuing to give the kind of assistance to colored plaintiffs in racial
litigation which they have rendered for many years in the past.
-
33-
�We consider first Chapter 35 since it contains a carefully phrased definition
of the crime of barratry and is free from ambiguity.
up litigation;
Barratry is defined in jl as stirring
a barrator is one who stirs up litigation;
instigating a person to institute a suit at law or equity.
and stirring up litigation means
The terms "instigating,"
"justified" and "direct interest" are defined in 5$l(d), (e) and (f) as follows!
"(d) 'Instigating' means bringing it about that all or part of
the expenses of the litigation are paid by the barrator or by a person or
persons (other than the plaintiffs) acting in concert with the barrator,
unless the instigation is justified.
"(e) 'Justified' means that the instigator is related by blood
or marriage to the plaintiff whom he instigates, or that the instigator
is entitled by law to share with the plaintiff in money or property that
is the subject of the litigation or that the instigator has a direct in
terest in the subject matter of the litigation or occupies a position
of trust in relation to the plaintiff; or that the instigator is acting
on behalf of a duly constituted legal aid society approved by the Virginia
State Bar which offers advice or assistance in all kinds of legal matters
to all members of the public who come to it for advice or assistance and
are unable because of poverty to pay legal fees,
"(f) 'Direct interest' means a personal right or a pecuniary
right or liability."
The Legislature was careful to make exception of certain special situations and
class suits in the following language:
"This act shall not be applicable to attorneys who are parties to
contingent fee contracts with their clients where the attorney does not protect
the client from payment of the costs and expense of litigation, nor shall this
act apply to any matter involving annexation, zoning, bond issues, or the hol
ding or results of any election or referendum, nor shall this act apply to
suits pertaining to or affecting possession of or title to real or personal
property, regardless of ownership, nor shall this act apply to suits involving
the legality of assessment or collection of taxes or the rates thereof, nor
shall this act apply to suits involving rates or charges or services by com
mon carriers or public utilities, nor shall this act apply to criminal pro
secutions, nor to the payment of attorneys by legal aid societies approved
by the Virginia State Bar, nor to proceedings to abate nuisances. Nothing
herein shall be construed to be in derogation of the constitutional rights
of real parties in interest to employ counsel or to prosecute any available
legal remedy under the laws of this State."
The reference to the Virginia State Bar 581(e) and (f) is explained by the
terms of Chapter 1)7, also passed at the Extra Session, which authorized the State Bar
through its governing body to promulgate rules and regulations governing the functions
and operation of legal aid societies, and empowered the Attorney General to enforce such
rules and regulations if authorized to do so by the State Bar.
The record in this case
does not show whether the State Bar has taken action under the statute, but for present
purposes this is not important since }l(e) of Chapter 35 limits the regulatory power of
the State Bar to legal aid societies which offer advice or assistance in all kinds of
legal matters to all members of the public who come to it for advice and assistance and
-3U-
�are unable because of poverty to pay legal fees.
Organizations such as the Association and
the Fund, which offer advice and assistance to a limited class of persons only, could not
claim that they were "justified", even if they should have been approved by the State Bar.
Sections 2 and 3 make it a misdemeanor to engage in barratry punishable, if
the barrator is a foreign corporation, by a fine of not more than $10,000 and the revoca
tion of its certificate of authority to do business in the state} and 56 declares that an
attorney at law who violates the Act is guilty of unprofessional conduct and that his
license to practice law shall be revoked after hearing (under 551t-7h of the Code) for such
period as the court may determine.
Obviously the plaintiff corporations will be amenable to these penalties if
they continue to pay any part of the expenses of racial litigation in Virginia since they
would not be "justified" within the terms of 5l(e) of the Act} and attorneys at law con
nected with the plaintiff corporations who prosecute suits for colored persons, when
authorized b y them to do so, would also be liable to punishment if they assist, as they
have done in the past, in bringing it about that any part of the expenses of litigation
are paid by the Association or by the Fund.
The broad question is therefore raised as to whether it is within the power of
the state to make it a crime for any corporation other than a general legal aid society
to pay in whole or in part the expenses of litigation if it has only a general philan
thropic or charitable interest in the litigation and does not have the kind of special
interest described in the statute. Specifically, as applied to the facts of this ease,
the question is whether Virginia may make it a crime for organizations interested in the
preservation of civil rights to contribute money for the prosecution of law suits insti
tuted to promote this c a u s e / ^
The right of the state to require high standards of qualification for those
who desire to practice law within its borders and to revoke or suspend the license to prac
tice law of attorneys who have been guilty of unethical conduct is unquestioned.
3chware
v. Board of Bar Examiners. 353 C.S. 232} Hichmond Assn, of Credit Men v. Bar Association.
167 Va. 327} Campbell v. Third Hist. Committee. 179 Va. 2 i i
il.
Solicitation of business by
an attorney is regarded as unethical conduct and a proper subject of disciplinary action}
and it has been held that the state may prohibit a layman engaged in the business of col
lecting accounts from soliciting employment for this purpose, since a regulation which
aims to bring the conduct of the business in harmony with the ethical practices of the
legal profession is reasonable.
McCloskey v. Tobin. 252 U.S. 107.
Independent of statute,
�it is contrary to public policy for a corporation to practice law, directly or indirectly,
since the relationship of attorney and client is one involving the highest trust and con
fidence and cannot exist between an attorney employed by the corporation and a client of
the corporation;
and so in Bichmond Assn, of Credit Men v. Bar Association, supra, it was
held that a credit association was engaged in the unlawful practice of law when, acting
with the authority of creditors, it selected and paid the lawyers who were employed to make
the collection by suit or otherwise.
The standards of the legal profession in these respects are carefully set forth
in Canon 28 of the Canons of Professional Ethics of the American Bar Association, which con
demns the stirring up of strife and litigation and declares it unprofessional for a lawyer
to volunteer advice to bring a law suit except in cases where ties of blood, relationship
or trust make it his duty to do so.
It is declared to be disreputable to engage in such
acts as hunting up defects in titles or seeking claims for personal injuries, or employing
agents or runners for like purposes.
A l t is manifest, however, that the activities of the plaintiff corporations are
not undertaken for profit or for the promotion of ordinary business purposes but, rather,
for the securing of the rights of citizens without any possibility of financial gainT/ Its
activities are not covered by Canon 28 but rather by Canon 35 entitled Intermediaries.
which relates inter alia to the aid rendered to indigent litigants b y charitable societies
and provides in part as follows:
"The professional services of a lawyer should not he controlled
or exploited by any lay agency, personal or corporate, which intervenes
between client and lawyer. A lawyer's responsibilities and qualifications
are individual. He should avoid all relations which direct the performance
of his duties b y or in the interest of such intermediary. A lawyer's re
lation to his client should be personal, and the responsibility should be
direct to the client. Charitable societies rendering aid to the indigents
arc not deemed such intermediaries."
Canon 35 was cited with approval in Bichmond Assn, of Credit Men v. Bar Associa
tion. 167 Va. at 33lw
Indeed the exclusion of lawyers when acting for benevolent purposes
and charitable societies, as distinguished from business corporations, from the restrictions
imposed by the canons of Professional Ethics has long been recognized in the approval given
by the courts to services voluntarily offered by members of the bar to persons in need,
even when the attorneys have been selected by corporations organized to serve a cause in a
controversial field.
See the historic incidents listed in the opinion In re Ades. D. C.-Hd.
6 F, Supp. I , 1j75; and see also Gunnells v. Atlanta Bar Assn.. 191 Ga. 366, 12 S.E. 2d
167
602, where the Supreme Court of Georgia refused an injunction to restrain the bar associa
tion and its members from offering their services to borrowers of money at usurious rates
-36-
�in defense of suits that might be brought against them.
The Court said at page 382s
"It is not wrongful to induce a repudiation of an illegal contract.
* # * Nor was the defendant's offer to represent free of charge persons caught
in the toils of the usurious money-lender in defending against such illegal
exactions, and to represent them in bringing actions to recover amounts il
legally paid under loan contract, a violation of the Code, * * * in reference
to the solicitation of legal employment and the offense of barratry. We do
not believe that it is true, as contended by counsel for the plaintiff, that
the enforcement of the usury laws of this State is a matter solely for the
law-enforcement officers and of those from whom usury is being exacted, and
that it is illegal and unethical for lawyers to publicly critize an alleged
widespread violation of such laws and to seek to eradicate the evil by the
means here shown. Much could be said as to why their position in the commu
nity makes it entirely appropriate that they undertake such a movement and
assume such responsibilities in reference to the general welfare of the pub
lic. We see no reason why the judgment of the learned judge should be dis
turbed."
Chapter 35, in failing to recognize this settled rule, violates well-established
constitutional principles in its bearing upon the plaintiff corporations.
"A State cannot
exclude a person from the practice of law or from any other occupation in a manner or for
reasons that contravene the Due Process of Equal protection Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment", Schware v. Board of Bar Examiners. 353 U.S. 232, 238.
In the first place, the
statute obviously violates the equal protection clause, for it forbids the plaintiffs to
defray the expenses of racial litigation, while at the same time it legalizes the activities
of legal aid societies that serve all needy persons in all sorts of litigation.
ment has been offered to the court to sustain this discrimination.
No argu
Moreover, Chapter 35
violates the due process clause, for it is designed to put the plaintiff corporations out
of business b y forbidding them to encourage and assist colored persons to assert rights
established b y the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States.
!®ie activities
of the plaintiffs as they appear in these cases do not amount to a solicitation of busi
ness or a stirring up of litigation of the sort condemned by the ethical standards of the
legal profession.
They comprise in substance public instruction of the colored people as
to the extent of their rights, recommendation that appeals be made to the courts for re
lief, offer of assistance in prosecuting the cases when assistance is asked, and the payment
of legal expenses for people unable to defend themselvesj
and the attorneys who have done
the work have done so only when authorized by the plaintiffs?
The evidence is uncontradicted
that the initial steps which have led to the institution and prosecution of racial suits
in Virginia with the assistance of the Association and the Fund have not been taken until
the prospective plaintiffs made application to one or the other of the corporations for
help.
In our opinion the right of the plaintiff corporations to render this assistance
cannot be denied.^/
-37-
�No doubt, the State of Virginia has the right reasonably to regulate the prac
tice of law, but, where that regulation prohibits otherwise lawful activities without
showing any rational connection between the prohibition and some permissible end of legis
lative accomplishment, the regulation fails to satisfy the requirements of due process of
law.
Here, under the guise of regulating unauthorized law practice, the General Assembly
has forbidden plaintiffs to continue their legal operations.
Chapters 33 and 36 are also phrased so as to interfere with the activities of
the plaintiffs.
This is done in Chapter 33 by amending 885ii-?li, Sit-78 and
5U-79
of Article
7 of the Code relating to mal-practice and to the improper solicitation of legal business
for an attorney by a "runner" or "capper", so as to include within the definition of these
terms a person who employs an attorney in connection with any judicial proceeding in which
the person has no pecuniary right or liability.
The language of the statute, especially
11
portions of 8Sli-7l’(6) and }Sli-78(l),
is obscure and difficult to understand, but the
general peirpose seems to be to hit any organization which participates in a law suit in
which it has no financial interest and also to fasten the charge of mal-practice upon any
lawyer who accepts employment from such an organization.
If the statute should be so inter
preted as to forbid a continuance of the activities of the plaintiff corporations in respect
to litigation as described in this opinion, it would in large measure destroy their effec
tiveness .
Chapter 36, Sl(a), is aimed at anyone not having a direct interest in the pro
ceeding, who gives, receives or solicits anything of value as an inducement to any person
to commence a proceeding in any court or before any administrative agency of the state or
in any United States court in Virginia against the Commonwealth of Virginia, or any depart
ment or subdivision thereof, or any person acting as an officer or employee of any of the
foregoing.
Section 1(b) makes it unlawful for anyone who has no direct interest in the
subject matter of the proceeding to advise or otherwise instigate the bringing of a suit
or action against any of the defendants above described.
Here again the language is
ambiguous, and doubts have arisen as to whether the giving of advice to persons as to their
12
constitutional rights amounts to the "instigation"
of a suit or whether the giving of
money to needy litigants amounts to an "inducement" to bring a suit.
If so construed as
to restrict the activities of the plaintiff corporations disclosed b y the evidence in these
See Footnotes 11 and 12
-
38-
�Footnote 11
H9i-7h.
(6) 'Any malpractice, or any unlawful or dishonest or unworthy
or corrupt or unprofessional conduct', as used in this section, shall be
construed to include the improper solicitation of any legal or professional
business or employment, either directly or indirectly, or the acceptance of
employment, retainer, compensation or costs from any person, partnership.
corporation, organization or association with icnowledge that such person.
partnership, corporation, organization or association has violated any pro
vision of Article 7 of this chapter ..."
"85U-78. As used in this article:
(l)
A 'runner' or 'capper' is any person, corporation, part
ship or association acting in any manner or in any capacity as an agent for
an attorney at law within this State or for any person, partnership, corpora
tion, organization or association which employs, retains or compensates any
attorney at law in connection with-any judicial proceeding in which such per
son. partnership, corporation, organization or association is not a party and
in which it has no pecuniary right or liability, in the solicitation or pro
curement of business for such attorney at law* or for such person, partnership,
corporation, organization or association in connection with any judicial pro
ceedings for which such attorney or such person, partnership, corporation,
organization or association is employed, retained or compensated.
"The fact that any person, partnership, corporation, organization
or association is a party to any .judicial proceeding shall not authorize any
runner or capper to solicit or procure business for such person, partnership,
corporation, organization or association or any attorney at law employed,
retained or compensated by such person, partnership, corporation, organiza
tion or association.
"(2) An 'agent' is one who represents another in dealing with a
third person or persons."
Footnote 12
In Chapter 35 the verb "to instigate" is given a very precise
definition, but in Chapter 36 it is given no definition at all.
-39-
�\ ]
oases, their effectiveness would be in large measure destroyed.
Since Chapters 33 and 36
are vague and ambiguous we do not pass upon their constitutionality.
Lyle have come perforce to these final conclusions since the contrary position
cannot be justly entertained.
If the Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia should be
held to outlaw the activities of the plaintiff corporations, the Commonwealth would be free
to use all of its resources in its search for lawful methods to postpone and, if possible,
defeat the established constitutional rights of a body of its citizens, while the colored
people of the state would be deprived of the resources needed to resist the attack in the
state and federal courts.
The duty of this court to avoid such a situation, if possible,
is manifest,J?
Accordingly, an injunction will be granted restraining the defendants from pro
ceeding against the plaintiffs under Chapters 31, 32 and 35 because of the activities of
the plaintiffs in the past on behalf of the colored people in Virginia as disclosed in the
evidence in these cases or because of the continuance of like activities in the future.
As to Chapters 33 and 36, the complaints will be retained for a reasonable time
pending the determination of such proceedings in the state courts as the plaintiffs may
see fit to bring to secure an interpretation of these statutes;
and in the meantime, the
court will assume that the defendants will continue to co-operate, as they have in the past,
in withholding action under the authority of the statutes until a final decision is reached;
and the plaintiffs may petition the court for further action if at any time they deem it
their interest to do so.
Hoffman, District Judge, concurs.
'/
-Ho-
�
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RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
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"In the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division, Civil Actions Nos. 2435 and 2436", no date. 40 pages.
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Extensive legal discussion of the joint cases concerning civil rights statutes and NAACP Legal Defense Fund, defendants and Attorney General and Commonwealth Attorneys for the State of Virginia, plaintiffs.
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18_1_7_1_1
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KENMORE INTERMEDIATE SCHOOL
845-7979
ARLINGTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS
200 SOUTH CARLIN SPRINGS ROAD, ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA 22204
Kenmore Students W Are Affected By The Boundary Changes
ho
Incoming 7th Graders:
Moore, Rosie - Swanson (Abingdon)
Clark, Kevin - Thcmas Jefferson (Oakridge)
Epps, Andrea "
"
Laws, Zeporia "
"
White, Karsha Stewart, Clayton "
"
Present 7th Graders:
Barbee, Rashida - Williamsburg
Davis, Keisha - Thcmas Jefferson
Moore, Earl "
Scmers, Shawnitte - Swanson
Present 8th Graders:
Aldrich, S h elita - Washington-Lee
Allen, Rowena "
Butler, Marcus "
Harris, Sonja "
Hubbard, Cynthia "
Syphax, Delino "
W illis, Horace "
�
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RG 69, Arlington County Public Schools: Desegregation Materials
Description
An account of the resource
RG69 contains information related to the integration of Arlington County Public Schools including the history, redistricting, pupil distribution, and boundary maps. The collection was donated by Lisa Farberstein, Director of Community Service and Public Information for the Arlington County Public Schools
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Listing by grade, name and school.
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1980s
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69_3_1_11_174
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1b86ec40b3cead56278ddb20f6d2e841
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Text
Little Rock:
The Battle
B y R A Y F O R D W . L O G A N ’17
MK
u, w
V
Logan ’17
T
HE nation faces one of its most citizen, white or black, of South
dangerous domestic crises since Carolina would be equal before the
state and Federal laws and Constitu
the bitter aftermath of the 1876 elec
tion. Then, as now, professional tions. By the end of the century
Southrons threatened the President Negroes throughout the South had
with civil war in order to compel him descended to what one historian has
to accept their way of life — third- called the“ N adir.”
Governor Faubus has provoked a
class citizenship then, second-class
now, for Negroes. President Hayes, miniature civil war. He has inter
a former general, abhorred war as posed the “ sovereign” state of Arkan
does President Eisenhower. Hayes sas against a decision of the Supreme
Court and against the President. The
in September, 1877, had clearly re
Governor insists that peace can be
vealed his desire for peace and har
mony in the South when he stated: restored only if the Negro students
“ That one word [war] solved in my are withdrawn from Central High
mind the problem of the South.” School. His trump card is sex;
After thus leading from weakness, he knowing the South’s obsession with
made a “ good-will” tour of the South sex because of its guilt complex,
in order to obtain assurance from Faubus has been issuing communi
governors, legislatures, the press and ques worthy of publication in C o n
the people that they would observe f i d e n t i a l.
faithfully the Thirteenth, Fourteenth
and Fifteenth Amendments.
hese “ vulgar” actions of Gover
Governor W ade Hampton, whose nor Faubus and his two attempts to
Red Shirts had overthrown the Re outsmart President Eisenhower may
construction government in South help to swing the weight of public
Carolina, had already warned the opinion in favor of the President.
President: “ While he performs his Essentially, the Battle of Little Rock
Constitutional duty, I think it is our is a struggle for the minds of men.
duty to say to him that we will sus M r. David Lawrence has mounted
tain his policy, w hether he be Demo his white charger to prove that the
cratic or Republican.” Hampton President does not have the legal
then preceded Hayes to Louisville authority to use Federal troops to
and gave him another warning. The “ enforce” desegregation. But, so
people of South Carolina had ex far as I know, he has not advocated
ercised restraint, Hampton declared, impeachment of the President. Three
because “ they knew, they felt, that deans of law schools in Virginia,
bloodshed in South Carolina meant among many others, assert that the
civil war in America.” Since South President does have the legal right
Carolina was at last free, “ she in
as well as constitutional authority to
tends honestly, truly, bravely, and, use force. The picture of Elizabeth
in the best acceptation of the term, Eckford obeying the order of the
loyally, to fulfill all her duties to the Arkansas National Guard not to
laws and constitution of the country.” enter Central High School, the
Sharing the platform with Hayes scenes revealing the hate-mad mobs,
at Bowling Green, Ky., Hampton the poise of Dorothy Counts of
gave this veiled assurance: “ We can Charlotte, N. C., in her television
pledge him that we will do all in our interview have won supporters who,
power to hold up his hands while he
is sustaining the Constitution of the
D r . L o g a n i s P ro fe sso r o f H i s United States.” In brief, so long as
lo ry a t H o w a r d U n iv e rsity . H e h a s
Hayes accepted H ampton’s interpre
a u th o r e d a n e w b ook , The Negro in
tation of the Constitution, there
the U nited States, a n A n v i l O r i g i
would be no new civil war. Hamp
n a l p u b l i s h e d b y V a n N o s tr a n d .
ton’s q u id p r o quo promised that every
November 1957
however grudgingly, believe in the
supremacy of law. The abusive at
tacks on the Supreme Court be
cause of the desegregation decisions,
the Watkins, Jencks and Nelson de
cisions, have provoked the indigna
tion of Conservatives.
Big Busi
ness, represented in Arkansas par
ticularly by Mr. Winthrop Rocke
feller, are taking a second look be
fore they relocate Northern industry
in the South.
Ministers of churches in Little
Rock and elsewhere are praying to
find out where God stands. Senator
Fulbright, conveniently abroad, is
silent. Senator Byrd, who is the pro
genitor of “ massive resistance,” has
recently introduced the argument
that it costs $22,000 a day to protect
each of the nine colored students at
Central High School. Byrd further
asserts that “ this whole business is
simply to get the Negro votes up
North.”
O f course, both political parties
are striving to derive the maximum
benefit from the Battle of Little Rock.
But it is somewhat amusing to hear
Senator Byrd and others prate about
the Negro vote in the North. Lynch
ing, segregation, disfranchisement,
low wages and insults to the dignity
of the individual as a human being,
and rosy dreams of life in the Prom
ised Land of the North, drove about
a million Negroes out of the South
during and after World W ar I.
Lynching had largely disappeared
by World War II, but the other
forces of push and pull drove perhaps
another million Negroes into the
North during and after World War
11. Even before the Battle of Little
Rock, a new “ invasion” of the North
had begun. It has now gained mo
mentum. Carl Rowan, in his article
in the S a tu r d a y E v e n in g P o s t. October
12, 1957, stated that a new Negro
reaches Chicago every fifteen min
utes. Many of the disillusioned
move on to Los Angeles. Thus, the
virtual reign of terror in some parts
of the South has been a prime factor
in making the Northern Negro the
�Little Rock:
balance of power in many local and
state elections and even in the elec
tion of the President of the United
States. My faith in Divine Retribu
tion has been restored.
The North is reaping a fitting re
quital for its naive belief in the “ New
South.” After Hampton’s threat of
renewed Civil War in 1877 rein
forced the “ hands-off” policy of the
North, presidents, the Supreme Court,
Congress, the Church, Northern
newspapers and magazines “ bought”
the New South. God is now punish
ing us Damnyankces. We did not
believe that there existed in the
United States the half-literate, un
couth Negroes and whites who have
now invaded our cities. This back
wash of the vestiges of slavery and of
Northern indifference or naivete
may, however, in the long run prove
beneficial, for the “ Negro problem”
is now a national problem. Mean
while, what about desegregation in
Little Rock and in the South?
Prosegregationists are delighted
that the showdown is taking place in
a state where gradual desegregation
had begun, rather than in such
“ They - Shall - Not - Pass” states as
South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi
and Virginia. If the prosegregationists should win in Arkansas, the Deep
South would be strengthened in its
determination to say “ Never.” De
segregation in Border states would be
retarded. At best, the North Caro
lina plan of student placement by
local boards for reasons other than
race would be widely accepted, even
though some desegregationists assert
that this plan constitutes “ massive
evasion.”
Perhaps the most hopeful aspect
of the crisis is the fact that President
Eisenhower seems now convinced
that the Executive must take de
cisive steps to support the decisions
of the Supreme Court. He must now
realize that it does make a difference
whether he endorses a decision of the
Court. He perhaps understands
that, as he outsmarted the Nazis
who thought that he was going to
land at Calais, he must not allow
Faubus, Byrd, Ervin, Griffin, Talmadge and Eastland to outmaneuver
him. If he holds firm and thus helps
to win the battle for the minds of
men, he may yet emerge victorious.
He may find that, once having
broken the back of the mob, there is
a thin shell of resistance, at least in
parts of the South, as there was when
he and General Patton broke through
the Nazi lines in France. His great
est victory may thus be not in World
War II but in “ Civil War” II. If he
should fail, the South would gain an
even greater victory than it did after
the First Reconstruction.
The London Economist has defined
Faubian tactics as “ the techniques of
fighting a losing battle in such a way
as to cause the greatest loss to all
concerned.” It is not certain that he
will lose the battle or that, even if he
loses it, he will not win the war. But
hope that he may lose both the battle
and the war is strengthened by Wil
liam Faulkner’s letter in the N e w
York Times, October 13, 1957. The
last paragraph reads as follows:
“We, because of the good luck of our
still unspent and yet unexhausted
past, may have to be the rallying
point- for all men, no matter what
color they are or what tongue they
speak, willing to federate into a com
munity dedicated to the proposition
that a community of individual free
men not merely must endure, but
can endure.”
The Meaning . . .
T
HE next big fight on segrega grate, but the integration has been
tion will be in Virginia after postponed until after election time.
It
Christmas, according to Benjamin (the integration order) probably
Fine, education editor of the N e w will be ready after Christmas when
we will have the next battleground.
York Times, who spent 38 days cover
ing the Little Rock story. Sponsored And more’s the pity, because every
by the Williams Lecture Committee, time we have such an issue, it will
Dr. Fine addressed an audience of hurt the nation.”
Asked what effect such segrega
800 in Chapin Hall on October 18.
“ Virginia has taken the most tion battles will have on the U.S., Dr.
backward stand on integration and Fine said, “ We will weather it as
will not permit its communities to individuals and as the U.S., but are
integrate if they want to,” the speak we strong enough to weather it in
er explained. “ Four counties in India, Asia and East Berlin? Even
Virginia have been ordered to inte- our friends are wondering.”
4
Benjam in Fine
In Dr. Fine’s opinion, the scien
tific defeat the U.S. suffered when
Russia launched the satellite cannot
compare with the moral defeat we
have experienced in integration which
is “ stronger, more dangerous and
more harmful. Without spiritual
leadership we are a hollow shell — a
second-rate spiritual power in a
world that needs first-rate leader
ship.
“ What we need is better educa
tion,” Dr. Fine argued. “ Most of
the Little Rock mob had a third- or
fourth-rate education. We must be
careful because our liberal arts and
humanities program may suffer at
the expense of scientific training.
For too long education has been con
sidered a ‘ marginal luxury,’ and the
results have shown up in Little
Rock.”
Dr. Fine insisted that in Little
Rock, “ The troops were called out
for political reasons, because no
Arkansas governor has had a third
term.
Dr. Fine attributed much of “ the
cancerous situation” in Little Rock
to the political ambitions of Gover
nor Orval Faubus, who hopes to be
elected to an unprecedented third
term as governor.
In the queslion-and-answer period
which followed the lecture, Dr. Fine
was asked what effect the Faubus
maneuvering will have on his third
term aspirations. “ As of now,
Faubus is in by a landslide because
of support from the segregationists,
states’ rights people and bigots. I
hope it will change by next July, and
it will if the good people do some
thing about it.”
On the political hopes of Faubus,
Dr. Fine added, “The Governor of
Georgia was a houseguest of Faubus.
I firmly believe that there was some
WILLIAM S ALUMNI REVIEW
�L ittle Rock:
kind of — not plot, but understand
ing, to which Governor Faubus lent
himself.” Dr. Fine elaborated this
view following a question about a
third party movement in the South:
“ My guess is that Governor Faubus
has been told, ‘You become our
great white hope and you can name
your own place on our third-party
ticket.’ Probably he will become
vice president — a candidate, I
mean.”
Other points Dr. Fine made were:
The South’s attitude toward inte
gration — 85 to 90 per cent are
against integration, but they will ac
cept it if it comes.
The national picture— “ We are
not out of the woods yet — we have
our problems in the North, too. It
doesn’t happen only in Little Rock.
I spent three hours this afternoon
trying to find out why New York
City is dragging its heels on desegre
gation.”
Senator J. William Fulbright —
he represents the majority view in
Arkansas, “ and I think that’s why
he’s a coward. I am convinced that
if Fulbright and (Senator John B.)
McLcllan had taken a stand Faubus
would have cracked within a week.”
Administration policy during the
crisis— “ I think we need better
leadership in Washington, frankly
. . . Little Rock was a victory for a
segregationist governor, but it was
also a victory for the U.S. I won’t
say for the first time, or the last, but
President Eisenhower did take a
firm stand . . . Between innings —
no, that isn’t what you call them —
— between the eighth and ninth
holes at Newport a doctrine was es
tablished. Three weeks too late, but
he finally came to grips with the
problem.”
More Mark and Less Log
During a pre-lecture party be
fore his talk here, Dr. Fine de
livered a pair of aphorisms on the
subject of expensive schools and
inexpensive teachers.
When told the cost of the new
Williams School in nearby Pitts
field was pegged at $72,000 a
classroom, he said that instead of
building such expensive schools,
communities ought to raise their
teachers 50 per cent.
“ Kids aren’t taught by bricks
and mortar,” he declared, “ they’re
taught by teachers. I ’d rather
have a first-class teacher in a
wooden building than a wooden
teacher in a first-class building.”
Asked what he would set as the
requisites of a good teacher he
added: Emotional stability; a good
sense of humor and a good per
sonality; a love of children; ideal
ism and a love of the job, not just
the need for a job; scholarship —
a knowledge of the subject and a
knowledge of how to teach it.
A Christian Interpretation . . .
By WILLIAM S. COFFIN,
A
College Chaplain
NY Northerner discussing a son in the room, who best recognizes
southern segregation problem how stuffy the room has become.
had better recognize the truth of theAnd, finally, by way of introduc
southern claim that the North, with tory remarks, there is no point in
far less excuse, has not put its own glorifying the negro. The guilt of a
house in order.
sensitive white man only becomes
Wherever negroes live in one part bearable with the recognition that
of town, and whites in another, there negroes in a similar position might
is an unsolved integration problem. do the same thing. Segregation is
In communities where there arc no not a problem of white men or gen
negroes there is likewise an integra tiles alone but of all men. If the line
tion problem, for anyone acquainted is not drawn at color then it will be
with Harlem housing knows that elsewhere. Sad proof of this is the
negroes would quickly move to a discrimination in Israel by formerly
community that was ready to wel persecuted European Jews against
come them. In other words, there is their darker skinned and less well
no community in the North without educated Yemenite brethren.
a segregation problem.
The second paragraph of the
It is right for Northerners to heed Declaration of Independence begins:
Southerners, and vice versa, for it is “ We hold these truths to be selfgenerally the outsider, not the per evident, that all men are created
November 1957
equal: that they are endowed by
their Creator with certain unalien
able rights; that among these are
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happi
ness.”
Historically these truths have been
anything but self-evident. How selfevident were they to the signers
themselves, many of whom were
slave holders? To determine equali
ty or inequality, one needs a stand
ard of measurement, and standards
have differed sharply from culture to
culture, from religion to religion.
For a Jew or Christian the stand
ard was given long ago in the com
mandment to love one’s neighbor as
oneself. That the commandment
has not yet been obeyed, or even uni
versally accepted, proves, perhaps,
that no commandment is more diffi
cult.
When the Bible says “ love your
neighbor” it never assumes the
neighbor is loveable; in fact quite the
opposite. With its customary shrewd
ness, the Bible also recognizes that
there is little merit anyhow in loving
the loveable, for if he is loveable he
is loveable to me, he entertains me,
he shares m y interests, he is loyal to
me.
Most of all, perhaps, he is
loveable because he loves me.
The criterion of loveability is my
own self-interest, and when one really
thinks about it, perferring any man
to another is a self-interested choice.
Recognizing this, the Bible insists
that real love begins with the love of
the unloveable: hence, in the Old
Testament the injunction to love the
stranger within the gates, and in the
New Testament the injunction to
love one’s enemies.
Love of the unloveable is, of
course, illustrated in Jesus’ love for
the prostitutes, the hated tax collec
tors — the lost sheep, the marginal
cases, the ones the rest of the world
put little stock in. Jesus’ criterion
was not how men looked in other
men’s eyes, but how they looked in
God's eyes, and he was uncompro
mising in his insistence that, however
unequal in other respects, all men
were equally loved by God and thus
were of equal value.
Equal value in God's eyes means
each man's right to full self-develop
ment as a child of God. No re
striction of freedom, then, is ever
morally justified at the expense of
personal self-fulfillment.
It is at this point that Southern
paternalism is in error. “ We take
good care of our negroes” does not
mean “we allow them to develop
themselves fully through participa-
�Little R ock:
tion in the community on an equal
basis.” This “ good care” is an
alogous to the care of the mother
who keeps her grown son tied to her
apron strings. If she really loves
him, let her love him enough to
grant him his right to his own selfdevelopment.
To those who feel the negro in
herently has a more limited self to de
velop one can only say there is no
objective evidence for this, least of
all in the field of education. Army
tests in World War II showed a
higher IQ among Northern negroes
than among Southern whites. Does
this mean that Southern whites are
inherently less intelligent than North
ern negroes?
“ Negroes don’t want to be equal”
is a justified claim except, perhaps,
in respect to the numbers who don’t.
But what does this mean.? Isn’t the
acceptance of an inferior status the
most pathetic symbol of human de
gradation? Many Roman slaves,
and in 1861, many Russian serfs, did
not want the responsibility of inde
pendence. Neither do many grown
children today. But isn’t the point
to encourage them to assume re
sponsibility for their independence,
to encourage them to participate in
the community on an equal basis?
For without responsibility there is no
real participation, and without par
ticipation there is no full self-realiza
tion. How contradictory is that
position which at one and the same
time accuses the negro of being in
ferior and denies him the possibility
of becoming an equal!
Policies of desegregation, rapid or
slow, which grades first, are far less
the concern of the Northerner. The
people in the stuffy room know bet
ter where the windows are and how
much fresh air can be let in without
everybody catching cold. Also, where
policies depend on technical deci
sions, the judgment of a Christian is
no more reliable than that of a nonChristian.
However, in weighing various
policies Christians should bear two
things in mind. First, there will be
no happy solution, for Christian
realism recognizes that self-interest
so affects our views, our pride-swol
len faces, so closes our eyes, that
many of us will not sec our prejudices,
much less give them up. Reform as
always will be resisted most by those
who will profit by it the least.
Hence, right always needs a cer
tain amount of might. Although it
may be an agonizing sight to see,
children escorted to school between
rows of fixed bayonets, the alterna
tive may be far worse, for it appears
that without some force on the part
of the majority, the minority might
succeed in keeping the children out
indefinitely. In other words we are
not going to have the luxury of
choosing between good and evil, but
the necessity of choosing between
greater and lesser evils.
The second consideration is this:
Whatever else the meaning of Sput-
Tax-Saving Contributions
Thomas E. Jenks ’31 has com
piled a 12-page pamphlet on how
alumni can utilize tax saving in
contributions to Williams. The
Alumni Office will be happy to
send a copy to interested persons.
Among the tax-saving methods
considered are: appreciated prop
erty, gifts of income, gifts of prop
erty with income retained, and
gifts subject to indebtedness. If
you should like a copy, it will be
sent promptly on receipt of your
request.
nick's “ beep, beep,” it means that
the world is shrinking rapidly, that
either we learn to love one another
or we shall surely destroy one an
other. Love of neighbor no longer
means the man next door, nor even
in the next state or country. Gover
nor Faubus has yet to take in the fact
that he has as neighbors to be loved
the majority of the world’s popula
tion which does not share his skin
color. We are kidding ourselves
when we think the events at Little
Rock arc local. The world press is
showing how badly we Americans
have let down our colored neighbors
the globe around. Isn’t it time we
had another long look at Paul’s
statement that “ there is neither
Greek nor Jew; there is neither male
nor female; there is neither slave nor
free; foryou are all one in Christ Jesus.”
T he W atch a n d th e I v y — By ROBERT ADOLPH *57 a l Class Day
Flower o f Fairfield! and Westchester’s boast!
Salt o f Shaker Heights! Grosse Pointe’s toast!
Regard, students from college tossed,
The world before us and this Paradise Lost.
Watch this watch from our Gothic embattlement
H url headlong toward th’ unyielding cement:
Cogs, screws, gears, stem, strap, and the other guts
Lie shattered among our discarded butts.
Look downward, Senior, and tremble with fear
A t the ruins o f time deposited here —
Our past on the pavement, four years o f heaven,
W hat have we done with them, fifty-seven?
Though this be a day of wistful reflection
Upon time lost and our future direction.
This day of love I shall not focus
Upon the fraternal hocus-pocus.
M y function now is to end our mood
Of sober pompous platitude;
Therefore I hail, as class confessor,
Every underpaid professor.
Laud with lute and saxophone
6
Each new Ford Foundation loan,
A n d may we never finish praising
Phinney Baxter’s money-raising.
0 whomp the gleaming glockenspiel
For J . Clay H unt and Jack O’Neill.
Bang the tinkling silver bell
For next month’s crop from Tel and Tel;
Belt the drum, and blast the bugle
For Earle O. Brown and Foehl the frugal.
Smash the cymbal, ah, what is rarer
Than lunch at the Union with Lahiguera?
Ere with time and fate we grapple
Inside Thompson Memorial Chapel,
We praise alumni, teachers, dean
A n d turn from the watch to the Ivy Green.
Oh, ivy, ivy, on the wall,
What’s the meaning of it all?
W ith grief we see our eldest Eph
Plant this symbol o f our belief
That the world’s great age begins anew
When all God's chillun, like us, are shoe.
WILLIAM S ALUMNI REVIEW
�
Dublin Core
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Title
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RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics.
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Title
A name given to the resource
"Little Rock: The Battle", Rayford W. Logan, Williams Alumni Review, November, 1957. 4 pages.
Description
An account of the resource
Historical perspective and current analysis of Little Rock, desegregation and status of Negros.
Format
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pdf
Source
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RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Williams Alumni Review, Rayford W. Logan
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1957-11
Coverage
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1950s
Rights
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This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
19_6_1_2_18
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https://projectdaps.org/files/original/7a081de47bb776fff2b60929b8e64b6c.pdf
6db04fa1534c0005e6cc0e21d7a2be86
PDF Text
Text
�F RWR
OE OD
The boys and g ir ls of Matthew F. Maury
School wrote the poems and did the art
work in th is book. The Student Council
selected, arranged and assembled the
poems.
Dana Dyer, President
Student Council
Arlington, Virginia
1962
��RAINING
Raining, raining, raining
I guess there’l l be a flood.
Hope I don't drown
Blub I Blub L Blub I
Danny Kidwe11
CK
A ES
I lik e best the cakes my mother makes
Yellow smoothy icin g
That ta stes lik e sugar lemons.
They smell d elicio u s I Good L
Melinda Lawson
M CT
Y A
M cat got h it by a big truck
y
I took i t out and buried i t in the woods
Under a big walnut tre e.
I went back the next day
It was gone
I think i t went to Heaven.
Benny Graves
SM
ELLS
I lik e the smell of gravy cooking
Roast beef I lik e the best.
In the cooking pot i t looks brown and creamy
It ta ste s d eliciou s to the tongue.
Danny Kidwell
A FRIEND
Lace is pretty
And so are you
With your
Pretty l i t t l e sm ile.
Ju lie Robinson
�PINKY
M k itty c a t;s name is Pinky
y
He tried to scratch my eyes.
He climbed the tree and he got stuck
M brother got him down for me.
y
H has a pink nose
e
And four pinky paws
He's three years old
His name is ?inkyc
W celebrate mine
e
And Pinkys birthday
I make him a l i t t l e cake
M m makes m a big one.
om ie
e
Laurie Murchie
M DG
Y O
W got a l i t t l e dog
e
He1s four years old
His name i s Penny
He's a mongrel
A ll white and black and brown.
His back's got lo ts of hair.
One ,eye is black a l l round
The other eye is white a l l round.
H only eats bones and hamburger meat.
e
W i t rains, he smells lik e rain.
hen
Steve Henderson
C A C KES
RB a
I lik e crab cakes
They smell warm and good
Outside they're white meat
They ta ste real good
They're my favorite food.
M mother always makes them on sp ecial occasions - for guests
y
Other times for father and me.
Mark Eldridge
�N DG
Y O
M dog died a long time ago
y
H died when I was at Aunt K ittys.
e
I f e lt awful sad
I cried because he died and l e f t me.
Judy Olson
ABY
O
A boy tried to get k illed
He ran up and down the road
Until a taxi ran over him.
W
hy?
Because his mother fussed at him.
Benny Graves
LA BO ES
ZY N
The rain
Falls to the ground
And the cat
Sleeps a ll day.
Lynn James
H
URTING
It doesn't hurt no place when I'm sad
I just know I'm sad.
Benny Graves
RCES
OKT
Rockets go up and up
O so high
h
Rockets go higher
Over Jupiter
Then land on the moon.
Mark Eldridge
�SPRING
Easter is over now
And tu lip s are pretty
And grass is green.
Judy Olson
EEYA
VRDY
Everyday in spring
The flowers grow.
W
hen I touch them
I think
They fe e l lik e pussy willows
As so ft as bunny rabbits.
As soft as pussy ca ts.
As soft as night.
They look lik e
Good sticky candyj
They make me think
Of raindrops.
Or snowflakes.
When I see b u tte r flie s
They look lik e pretty flower p eta ls.
W
hen I see b u tte r flie s
They look lik e pretty flower p eta ls.
W
hen I see flowers
They make me think of going to bed.
They're as so ft and smooth
As my sheets and pillow .
Group Poem
WT R
AE
Water smells lik e nothing at a l l
Water smells lik e water
Water smells fresh lik e a clean street
Water smells lik e air
You can't see a ir - i t smells cold.
Group Poem
�SK N S
UK
W have a real liv e skunk
e
Out on our back porch
He1s been odorized
He doesn't seem to have much sm ell.
He has a l i t t l e , not too much.
He’s black and white
With a white stripe across his back.
I ’l l bet he fe e ls soft and smooth and f lu f f y .
W can never pet our skunk
e
Because he nips our fingers.
Lynn James
WA H R
ETE
W have a weather man
e
W have a weather lady
e
They look to see the weather
Whether
It is
Rainy
Foggy
or sunny.
Group Poem
��M SLES
EA
Measles are not fun
Red spots a l l over m
e
In bed I have to stay.
M legs are s t i l l
y
M threat i s sore
y
'•No food," m Mother says.
y
Oh measles go away from me*
Randy Brown
TH EASTER LILYS
E
The l il y s are white
As white as snow.
Lilys are lo v ely .
There are yellow l i l y s too,
I love to see the l i l y s bloom.
W no one is around
hen
The l i l y s come out and dance.
W people come out
hen
They hurry and hide.
Mary E, Langert
JOE
M dog's name's Joe
y
His t a il i s rather waggley;
He eats a y shoes
And lie s on the bed.
Steven Slone
HTDG
O O
I have a l i t t l e dog
W c a ll him Hot Dog.
e
H is so long.
e
W
hen I c a ll he jumps into my arms.
He is so long
He doesn't f i t h is dog house.
H has real short feet
e
And a long long t a i l .
Stoney Parr
�M
EASLES
Measles are not fun
Red spots a ll over m
e
In bed I have to stay.
M legs are s t i l l
y
M threat is sore
y
"No food," ny Mother says.
Oh measles go away from me.
Randy Brown
T E EASTER LILYS
H
The l i l y s are white
As white as snow.
Lilys are lovely.
There are yellow l i l y s to o .
I love to see the l i l y s bloom.
W no one is around
hen
The l i l y s come out and dance.
W
hen people come out
They hurry and hide.
Mary E. Langert
JOE
M dog's name's Joe
y
His t a i l is rather waggley;
He eats m shoes
y
And l i e s on the bed.
Steven Slone
HTDG
O O
I have a l i t t l e dog
W c a ll him Hot Dog.
e
He is so long.
W
hen I c a ll he jumps in to my arms.
He is so long
He doesn't f i t his dog house.
He has real short fe e t
And a long long t a i l .
Stoney Parr
�M SLES
EA
Measles are not fun
Red spots a l l over m
e
In bed I have to stay.
M legs are s t i l l
y
M throat i s sore
y
"No food," my Mother says.
Oh measles go away from me*
Randy Brown
T E EASTER LILYS
H
The l i l y s are white
As white as snow,
Lilys are lo v ely .
There are yellow l il y s to o ,
I love to see the l i l y s bloom.
W no one is around
hen
The l i l y s come out and dance,'
W people come out
hen
They hurry and hide.
Mary E, Langert
JOE
My dog's name's Joe
His t a i l i s rather waggley;
He eats my shoes
And l i e s on the bed.
Steven Slone
HTDG
O O
I have a l i t t l e dog
W c a ll him Hot Dog,
e
He is so long.
W
hen I c a ll he jumps into my arms.
He i s so long
He doesn't f i t his dog house.
He has real short feet
And a long long t a i l .
Stoney Parr
�M
EASLES
Measles are not fun
Red spots a ll over m
e
In bed I have to sta y .
M legs are s t i l l
y
M threat is sore
y
"No food," cy Mother says.
Oh measles go away from me.
Randy Brown
TH EaSTER LILYS
E
The l i l y s are white
As white as snow.
L ilys are lovely.
There are yellow l i l y s too.
I love to see the l i l y s bloom.
W
hen no one is around
The l i l y s come out and dance.
W
hen people come out
They hurry and hide.
Mary E. Langert
JOE
M dog's name's Joe
y
His t a i l is rather waggley;
He eats a y shoes
And l ie s on the bed.
Steven Slone
HTDG
O O
I have a l i t t l e dog
W c a ll him Hot Dog.
e
He is so long.
W
hen I c a ll he jumps into m arms.
y
He is so long
He doesn't f i t his dog house.
He has real short fe e t
And a long long t a i l .
Stoney Parr
�K
/
A
I
t ^ \ c \ V\\T\ S s ^XS.
\
�T. V
I can’t wait to see.
The brand new T. V.,
W w ill look up so high,
e
And see the man go up in the sky.
H e'll travel by rocket.
W can turn to channel fiv e ,
e
And see a bee who lo s t a hive.
I better not l e t Mrs. Bernhardt see
M thinking about the brand new T. V.
e
Grace Washburn
SILLY W
ILLY
S illy Willy
S illy Willy
S illy Willy
Now there's
was a worm.
used to squirm,
was too s i l ly .
no more S illy W illy,
Jane Brown
KITTY
I have a l i t t l e k itty her coat i s almost gray.
She has great green eyes and she lev es to play and play,
Dorothy Spillman
TH PU W W
E SSY ILLO
Soft and cuddly i s the pussywillow
I t ' s the thing I love the best
I t ' s softer than the velvet on my dress
I wish I had one for my own
Because i t ' s so very so ft.
Elaine Dean
COD
LU
Clouds are lik e heaps of ice cream.
Warren Cardwell
�M MT E
Y OHR
M Mother i s warm and gentle
y
And loves m so.
e
Mother tr ie s to please me.
Mother hugs me.
And never le t s m go.
e
Mother makes m happy.
e
More than my brother or papy.
Gloria Sorge
RO
SES
Roses grow in a l l colors,
Red yellow pink and white.
M lovely colors,
any
All gay and bright.
At night the moon,
So silvery white.
Shines on the roses.
They smell good enough -to b ite .
Grace Washburn
FU T BE A D G
N O
O
I think i t would be fun to be a dog.
I could eat Gravy Train for breakfast.
Children would come to see me.
I f I were a dog I could sleep on a rug.
Play with a b a ll.
Chew on a bone.
Do you know what kind of a dog I would lik e to be?
A Dalmation I
I wish my name was chipper.
Jane Brown
SPRING IS H E
ER
The flowers popped up,
The sun is high.
I t ' s a ll blue in the sky.
Chris Bovee
�IN SPACE
I want to be a planet so I can see the sta r s.
I can talk to Mars and Saturn.
I w ill ask Saturn how her ring i s .
I w ill ask Pluto i f she wants a blanket for sleep ,
I w ill go see Milky W
ay
Buy some three musketeer candy bars.
I w ill go see Neptune and her twin s is t e r Uranus.
I w ill go to the moon
And play hide and seek with the goons.
I w ill hide in the craters,
If I can f i t , that i s .
Grace Washburn
SPRING
I lik e spring.
Spring is fun.
Spring is warm
There's a gentle breeze.
Then spring i s gone
And summer comes.
Wayne Wright
M K STO
IN
LE
M Mother's friend has a mink s to le .
y
M Mother can't have one.
y
But she s t i l l has pretty things.
Like her rosey red lip s .
And her pretty necklace that swings.
Chris Bovee
SW M G
IM IN
I lik e to swim,
I lik e to flo a t,
I lik e to go on a motor boat,
I lik e a so ft rabbit,
I lik e l» ts of fun.
But best of a l l I lik e to swim and swim and swim.
Jane Brown
�M KITTY A D I
Y
N
M k itty and I are happy.
y
W play with each other each day.
e
I treat m cat very gently,
y
He seems to lik e fish in a way.
M k itty i s not ordinary
y
He can do any trick .
Just watch my cunning k itty
She catches a mouse with a lic k .
Elaine Dean
ELEPH N
A TS
I wish I had an elephant
I would ride him a l l the time
In summer I would get the hose
And squirt him and m
e
But I couldn't have an elephant
So I'd better keep wishing.
Grace Washburn
M CT
Y A
M cat i s always sleeping,
y
But sometimes she wakes up,
Then she starts her leaping,
And breaks our beautiful cups.
M Mother gets angry.
y
And the whole family i s rea lly sad.
Chris Bovee
SPRING
Spring is everywhere.
Spring - the n icest time of year.
Gary Carpenter
�MR O S
A IG LD
Marigolds bend.
They touch the ground.
As though they were doing exercises.
I wish I could bo them.
Marigolds are yellow
W
hen the winds blow
Their heads nod up and down.
Elaine Dean
DEM
RA S
When I go to sleep,
I dream of a ll sorts of thin gs,
I might dream of purple swings,
Or great big balls of strin g .
Or i t could be just anything.
Chris Bovee
ROSES
L ittle red roses
Almost dancing in the earth
Dancing with no sound.
Linda Dean
TH SK
E Y
The sky is lik e a sheet of paper.
Blue with white lik e sp ots.
Occasionally a sparkle of silv e r .
W
hen planes go fly in g by,
I wish that I,
Could go flyin g high
Away up in the sky.
Warren Cardwell
�RAIN
I lik e to hear rain
Listening to i t p itte r pat
Makes m fe e l cozy*
e
Mandy Herndon
ORCT
U A
I come home from school.
And pick up our cat,
Haw very soft he i s ,
At night he huddles in a b a ll,
And soon is fa st asleep,
In the morning he jumps down,
From m s is te r 's bed.
y
And hurrys to the door.
He mews and mews,
M Mother comes and opens the door.
y
Grace Washburn
DY
A
I think day i s better than night.
For day has the cheerful sound of birds and bees.
Yes, day has i t s q u a lities
And so does night.
But day is what I lik e .
Warren Cardwell
RAINING a N SN W G
D O IN
W i t is raining
hen
It sounds lik e singing b e lls
O our tin roof,
n
I wish the rain was chocolate milk.
W i t snows
hen
I wish i t was ice cream.
Then we could catch ice cream or chocolate milk in cups.
Chris Bovee
�TH G A
E R SS
The grass seems to dance.
I t seems to walk,
It seems to ta lk ,
I t seems to lik e to .
Have you walk on i t .
And play with i t too,
It seems to be stronger than you or I .
Warren Cardwell
M R IN
ON G
In the morning, I wake up,
I go downstairs, get something to eat,
I might down some cheerioes.
Or maybe some shredded wheat.
Chris Bovee
M PET
Y
One day I went to the wood.
And there I ju st stood.
I just didn't know what to do,
I wanted a pet,
But could not get a lo t of money.
In fact I didn't have any
W along came a deer, a friendly deer.
hen
And she is m pet from now on.
y
Elaine Dean
RAIN
Tinkly tankly rain.
Everything i s quiet then
Just a p itter patter.
Nancy Powell
�FU TH S
N ING
Swings are fun things,
I w ill swing over a wall.
Up sc high in the a ir ,
1 111 look back down so low.
And see a make-believe town.
I lock down on roofs,
and look up so high.
To say h ell-o to a morning dove.
Then Mother w ill c a ll.
I ' l l jump cut of the swing,
Down to the ground,
iind run to see Mother.
I w ill put on my pajamas
Kiss my Mother good night,
And go o ff to dream land.
Where m dreams w ill come true.
y
Grace Washburn
MY D Y
a
a
Mayday is a wonderful play day,
You can play games and sing,
and do lo ts of things,
For th is is Mayday the wonderful play day I
Jane Brown
MO MN
ON A
It tw irls around and round
It has a lo t of things on i t .
And stu ff that I c a ll ground.
I've never seen a person,
I think i t has two heads.
It sleeps in stu ffy things,
I think they c a ll i t beds.
Warren Cardwell
�W
HISK
ERS
I lik e to fe e l my fa th e r's whiskers.
They fe e l so very funny when I try to k is s him,
But when he shaves i t does not tic k le ,
But s t i l l I worder what my Mother does.
Jane Brown
TRIP T T E M O
O H ON
John’s going to the moon.
He’s going very soon.
He' s going in a rocket ship.
It* s going to be a long, long tr ip .
W he gets there
hen
He might have a scare.
W
hen getting home
He cannot be l e f t alone.
The others want to hear about his tr ip
O the big lonely rocket ship.
n
Elaine Dean
I H
ATE PliiNO
I hate piano I
I t gets worse and worse each day
When the r e c ita l comes
I t ' s the worst day of a l l .
Robin Crawford
a BIRD
I wonder how i t f e e ls to f ly lik e a bird
and to be a bird
k bird i s so pretty
I t liv e s in a nest so high.
Warren Cardwell
SPRING
I love to see the trees
With lo ts and lo t s of leaves
Douglas Lair
�I
*
\
\
T l r r d / , f l f r / 'h
�SiiNTA AND RUDOLPH
One day Santa said to Rudolph,
"Your nose is as red as fire,"
Then Rudolph said to Santa,
"Your boots are black as a tir e ,"
Santa said to Rudolph,
"You're good at pulling my sleigh ,"
Rudolph snad to Santa,
"W don't you pull me for one day I"
hy
John Boles
CHRISTMAS T H E
Christmas I
A time to buy g if t s and play
To skate when ico covers the bay.
To liste n as the caroler sings
To thank the Lord for a l l good th in g s,
Adrian DeWolfe
THANKSGIVING TIM
E
Now is the time when grass turns brown
Now is the time when turkeys frown.
Now is the time when we say thank you
To God,
Marilyn Martin
WHEN CHRISTMAS COMES
This
W
hen
W
hen
Yes,
is the week when Christmas comes.
stockings burst with sugar plums.
you get toys lik e d o lls and drums—
th is is the week when Christmas comes.
Shirley Davis
�HLO EN
A L WE
Over by the grave yard
Skeletons ere coiriog oufr0
You can hear the children
Start to y e ll a:id. shout»
W Halloween i s over
hen
There is candy galore.
There are many tummies
Very fu ll and sore.
Becky S orrells
T E SC R R W
H
A E-C O
I'm just an old scare-crow,
Scaring the crows away.
But the pumpkin doesn't have to .
W do I?
hy
and the witch doesn't have to ,
W do I?
hy
Then a voice said, "Whooo,
Crows aren't afraid of pumpkins and witches?
They're afraid of Y U I"
O
Beth Sipes
WO
H
W cut the cherry tree?
ho
W was that person?
ho
W was he?
ho
W crossed the Delaware?
ho
Not on a horse I
Not on a mare I
W spent the winter at Valley Forge?
ho
You know who
I t was George I
Linda Tate
�TH ROBIN
E
The robin sat in a willow tree,
The robin slept in a willow tree,
A fa iry tiptoed c lo s e ly by,
"W
ake up, you sleepy robin.
Watch the big bird f l y .
A big bird f l i e s way up ahead.
With a big beak
/aid long, long wings.
Look and see,
There he goes
Far over the sea."
Dinah Powell
PA A ER A BUILDING
N M IC N
O the trip I took
n
Boy, did I ever look
At things I never saw before.
And think, we went through a revolving door.
I liked the garden the very b est.
And in a tree I saw a bird's n est.
I liked the reflec tin g pool
I touched the water, i t was co o l.
W went through a tunnel and had to turn back
e
The end of the tunnel is what we lack.
Linda Tate
CH
RISTM HME
AS
Snowy sidewalks, lighted trees.
Happy people busy as bees,
Decorations big and small,
Christmas time i s the best of all*
In a tiny stable on a cold, cold morn,
A l i t t l e baby boy was born.
People came from a far place
To see the l i t t l e Savior's face.
Natalie McKenry
�T E FISH
H
One day in M
ay
I bought a l i t t l e fis h .
H was happy as could be
e
'Cause a l l he did was swish.
H didn't cost much,
e
Neither did the bowl,
But the food cost more
Than a big mink stole '.
John Boles
TH CH
E RISTM STO Y
AS
R
O th is day in Bethlehem
n
blessed babe was bom,
The Shepherds l e f t th eir sheep agrazing
Wise men l e f t th eir books alaying
To bring Him g if ts of grateful p ra ise.
h
Timmy Kidwe11
Ja N a R
U Y
January's lo ts of fun
W children play and run.
hen
They sing and dance in g lee.
And they prance around merrily.
Marilyn Martin
THANKSG
IVING HUNTING
Hunting on Thanksgiving Day i s fun.
You leave at sun up with your gun.
The woods so dark, with snow p iled high.
The sky i s grey as birds f l y by.
Dead is a turkey and hare.
Now s i t down and say a prayer.
David Morgan
�ADDITION T JO A A BING
O N TH N
Poor old Jonathan Bing
Went up to London to v i s i t the queen
He made very sure that his hat was clean.
The soldier said, "Hoy B as he went by,
'
"You're half asleep - go open your eye t"
Jonathan Bing went straight back home
And washed his eye with mercurochrome.
Back to the palace he came next day
To take the queen for a trip on the bay.
The queen f e l l in and lo st her crown,
She floated up with an angry frown.
"Over you go," she cried with a shout,
And she pushed him into the mouth of a trout I
This was the end of Jonathan Bing.
He N V R again saw the queen or king.
EE
Group Poem
SPRING CLEidJING
M mother says we have to clean.
y
W
hen she says that I think sh e's mean.
Today's a day to have some fun.
But m mother says there1s work to be done.
y
I clean m room.
y
Boy what a mes3 I
I have games a l l over
And on the chest.
I'd rather go out today to play.
But there's work to be done
That w ill take the day.
Gwen Goff
M PE
Y OM
"Thanksgiving i s f u ll of joy,"
Said a l i t t l e boy.
"Thanksgiving i s a time of prayer
And a time to care.
Thanksgiving is f u ll of fun."
Paul Bovee
�REPLY T N N Y H S' QUESTION
O A C ANK
Yes, Nancy Hanks, we know he grew t a l l ,
As high as a six -fo o t horse’s s t a l l .
He learned to write and he hearned to read.
The rebel’s slaves he truly freed.
H rode to town in a carriage fin e .
e
Forty-three years after he was nine.
He had some sorrows and some fun.
And he put his enemies on the run.
He wrote the famous Gettysburg address.
Thoughts of war and freedom he did express.
Do we know your son? Yes, we know h is name,
The whole world knows Abe Lincoln’s fame.
Did he get on? Yes, Nancy Hanks,
For th is kind of President we give thanks.
Group Poem
N H
IG T
Day is done
and night i s come
And I am in my bed.
Looking at the stars so bright
So very, very bright.
The moon i s shining lik e the sta r s,
So very, very bright.
But the shadows,
Well,
Most are gone.
But one has stayed under my window.
Holly Lawson
JANUARY'S H E
ER
January now i s h ere.
Everyone i s f u l l o f ch eer.
iJLl th e ch ild ren play in snow.
Mothers c h it t e r chat and sew.
Children laugh and run around,
animals are sleep in g under-ground.
Linda Susan Mengering
�CO FER ES
N ENC
Our teacher gets a l i t t l e bored
Jind she has to have good vocal cords.
She has to talk for almost a week
Then i t does get rather hard to speak.
She knows now what bothers a mother
And she thinks to h erself. O Brother I
h
Becky Sorrells
SNAKES
I see l i t t l e snakes,
And big ones to o .
They are hated.
I f they saw me,
I wonder what they would do.
They would hssssssss and p ssssssss
And jump at m
e
But they would miss
And go away from me.
Bruce Reed
LITTLE H USE
O
Night is done
And day i s come
And I am out of bed.
Looking, looking, I do see
Very many thin gs.
Pretty trees and flowers too.
But one thing I see a l l alone
Is that pretty l i t t l e house.
No one there,
No, no one there.
No one there at a l l .
But s t i l l I think i t is
The nicest place of a l l .
Holly Lawson
��"H
E"
With excitement and waiting
The days slowly passed by.
Until the fin a l day He
Made his way toward the sky.
Controlling the capsule, talking to men.
For hours there He did stay.
For there's a big difference in rockets of old
And spacecrafts of today.
W H descended, ships came to the rescue.
hen e
And H told what happened in f lig h t .
e
And how the earth looked from the other side
While changing from day into n igh t.
H went to New York City
e
Where a parade was due.
And H rode down a street
e
Called Astrounauts Avenue.
With a ll th is explaining, you must know
The H is John H. Glenn.
e
H is the one who from the firin g launch
e
Started th is orbiting trend.
Because of th is feat on February 20, 1962
A famous day i s recognized once more.
Where there were three notable calendar days.
The month of February now celebrates four.
Dorothy C. Rich
M R LUTIO
Y ESO
N
New Year's Day is a time for fun.
Because the New Year has begun I
Now you think of good deeds to do,
Like washing clothes and ironing too 1
But one resolution I'd keep i f I could.
That is my promise to be very good.
Linda B ell
�APRIL A A
LPH BET
A is for April
B is for Bunny,
C i s fo r Gruacus,
A ll yellow and sunny.
D is for
E is for
F is for
O green
n
Daffodil
Eggs,
Flowers,
spandley le g s ,
G is for Goodness,
H is for Heart
I is for Instant
Let chorus music sta r t.
J is for Jesus
K is for King
L is for Love
H did a ll of us bring.
e
M is for Morning
N is for Nest,
0 is for Organ,
The crescendo, the r est.
P is
Q is
R is
This
for Peace
for Quest
for Religion
season has blessed.
S i s for Savior
T i s for Triumph
U is for Under
Father and Son’s a llia n ce,
V is for Victory
Wis for World
X is without Him
Evils unfurled.
Y is for Youth
Z is the End
Thank you Lord Jesus
Our Savior and Friend.
Mary E. Turner
�SPRING
The birds have come back for the season
They've come to build their summer n e sts.
They have come to a land of warmth and r a in fa ll.
The time of the year they love the b est.
The grass is a healthy green
Instead of the wintery brown.
This color comes from spring's fresh rain s.
The fresh rains of spring that come down.
The flowers are blooming
By the sunshine *s own pure lig h t .
They come up in much variety
With their colors so gay and so bright.
Sometimes I wonder about these th in gs.
And about the blue of the sky.
But I knew the answer, really I do
I t ’s spring th a t's the reason why.
Dottie Rich
TH C M G ST R
E O IN
OM
Beware I warn of the coming storm
The rain starts trick lin g ,
Then starts sprinkling.
Thunder crashes.
The water lashes on rocks
And seems to ta lk ,
I was warned of the coming storm
But some did not know.
Soon i t calmed down from
That awful sound.
The sun broke through the clouds
And shone again on that dreadful day.
Ricky Light
�my dancing clothes
I went to hang up my clo th es0
Some wind came I suppose
Every shirt X stuck with pin.
I hear something O I here comes the wind.
h
Knocking and rocking as he was playing around.
Huffing and puffing with an awful sound
Hugging and tugging at the clothes on the lin e .
I said to myself, "He'll go away some time,"
Linda wkre
FEBRUARY HOLIDAYS
February
In which
i.nd i t ' s
That has
is a beautiful month
clearly you see the sun's rays
the only month I know
le ss than th irty days.
F irst comes Ground Hog Day
And i t is told
That i t t e l l s
W weather the future w ill hold.
hat
Next comes the birthday of Lincoln
For you see
It was a long time ago
He made the slaves free.
Then comes Valentine1s Day
With a l l the cards and th eir hearts
With candy and cookies
And ice cream with ta r ts.
Last Cumes Washington's birthday
H worked for the government
e
j> d a thing to be proud of
.n
The fir s t president.
The men and the valentines
And Ground Hog's Day too
M a month f u l l of holidays
ake
For m and for you.
e
Dottie Rich
�M ID O T E V LLEY
A EN F H A
In the valley.
Stands a madden.
With many flowers.
Heavily laden.
From May's bower
She w ill 8ayy,
For her name is
L ily of the Valley,
•
Mary E llen Turner
THANKSGIVING PR Y
A ER
Thanksgiving Day i s a day
For happiness to f i l l the
To thank the Giver of the
For the joy that has come
for prayer,
air..
day.
my way,
Gordon Munden
PREPARING FO CH
R RISTM
AS
Christmas w ill soon be hero,
For I hear the reindeer say,
"Santa’s busy getting toys
Ready for that joyful day,"
G ifts are being brightly wrapped.
Reindeer munch thed.r yellow hay,
Santa smokes his corncob pipe.
Dreaming of the bright green sle ig h .
M
ake out your present l i s t ,
But i f you don’t, be good,
Santa might change his mind.
You know he rea lly couldi
Joan Gilbert
�TH B L R O D N E
E ALOM A C
The stores are crowded with people
Buying costumes for th is night,
For people w ill come from far and near
To dance by candlelight*
With men in th eir long t a i l su its,
And women in th eir flowing gowns,
They slide and glid e along the flo o r
as they dance around and ’round.
As the people in perfect form
Make many graceful lin e s ,
They dance around the pretty room
As upon them the sp otligh t shines.
There’s one thing sure, that every year
They'll skip around and prance.
For i t ' s the dream o f everyone
To be at the ballroom dance.
D ottie Rich
MR. WIND TO BLfiME
Looking at the cloth eslin e one bright March day Father's sh irts were flapping and snapping in the breeze.
A ll of a sudden they bunched The next thing, I thought I saw a punch.
Shirts were whirling and tw irling around each other.
The fight was on Soon I was naming the figh ters, one Red and the other Check.
Red was punching Check I shouted to Check to "Punch him back."
Check raised his am to punch It was too la te - Poor Check f e l l from the lin e .
I heard Mr. Wind,
He was laughing of the thing he had done.
I picked up Check and hung him on the lin e He started another fig h t.
This time I picked up m basket and payed no mind.
y
When I turned around Mr. Wind had l e f t my lin e .
Marilene McCaffrey
�H MW R
O E OK
I wish I had homework.
Like Betty, Judy and Sue*
They have a page of sp ellin g.
And a page of math to do*
M friends have a l l the luck,
y
I really mean i t too i
But here am I stuck.
With nothin' I don't want to do.
I could co llect specimens of rocks.
Reference materials, and such*
And these assignments I would enjoy.
But homework, you should hate to touch*
M mother says she wishes,
y
I'd get some homework too.
Because she says that homework.
Is the one thing Daddy loves to do.
Dad always assures me.
That two and two make four.
And I'd better do i t his way.
Or h e 'll put me out the door.
M brother has more than enough.
y
He's in Junior High, you see.
He'd be more than glad, I know.
To share i t a l l with me.
I really think i t ' s lovely,
To have time to be a g ir l.
To join m busy mother.
y
In the flury and the whirl.
To seam some, to dream some,
To cook, to look,
To play, be gay,
To really have time to liv e my day.
Mary E. Turner
�SPRING IS H R
EE
Spring is here
Flowers are dancing
Showers are g listen in g
Birds are singing
Trees are swaying
The brook is tin k lin g .
The winter has passed
Summer is here
The flowers are waking
What a wonderful world th is i s .
Teddy Grogg
HOMEWORK
Instead of doing homework
after school, I lik e to play.
I don't lik e to stay inside
And do homework every day.
I fe e l I'm pretty lucky
I don't study hard each night.
I'm not sure why i t ' s that way.
But I think my teacher's righ t.
For I have time to work in c la ss.
To read, and to study hard too.
W
hen school's out, the day's my own,
And I don't have homework to do.
I lik e m time to play outside
y
Or stay at home and watch T. V,
But I've never liked that homework.
And I never w ill, you see.
D ottie Rich
�THANKSGIVING TIM IS NEiiR
E
Thanksgiving time i s near
For I hear the turkeys say,
"The farmers are coming soon
For our heads to chop away,"
People W in golden fie ld s
ork
Harvesting the wheat and corn
Preparing for a special fe a st,
•ns the Pilgrims did one morn#
Children play in house and yard.
Their laughter you can hear.
And a l l are very thankful
That Thanksgiving time i s near.
Duttie Rich
T E FL~G aND T E W D
H
H IN
The flag is a beautiful sigh t,
The wind comes along with a l l i t s might,
It gives the fla g a push and a punch,
Then i t waps i t in a bunch,
It is blowing a l l about
One day i t stood straight out.
The flag i s angry with the twitch and tw ir ls .
The wind is happy giving sw irls.
Then a nice spring day,
The wind had no time to play.
The fla g liked the wind and was happy to say
Come again another March day.
Claudia Reid
ma k ing a v a l e n t in e
I f you're going to send a valentine,
F irst you think up a design.
Then you must cut out some hearts,
and put together a l l the parts.
Then paste cn a l i t t l e dove.
And send i t to the one you love.
Joan Gilbert
�PAN AM
W went to the Pan American Building
e
O Iferch the twenty second.
n
There were birds and trees on the patio.
To make i t seem lik e home I reckon.
The ballroom and patio
Were beautiful sig h ts.
And you could almost see
The dancers in th eir merry flig h ts .
There was a room
Where the men f ir s t met.
I f you close your eyes
You can see them y et.
With a table and chairs
Made a l l of one tree.
It seems to m
e
A ll th a t would take th r e e .
From what I've heard
This room was too small
To hold men and te le v is io n
Cameras and a l l.
So they moved the whole
Thing away down sta ir s
With some more tables
id a bunch of new chairs.
Mary E llen Turner
C N Y U GUESS?
h
O
What month is th is , can you guess?
I t ' s the start of spring
Flowers i t does bring.
Wearing of the green
O the seventeenth i s seen.
n
See the flying k ites
Oh, what windy sig h ts.
March is your answer, oh yes.
Nancy Bradford
�M N W YEAH*3 RESOLUTIONS
Y E
The new year is here,
And in i t 1*11 make
These resolutions
A step I must take.
I resolve not to figh t
With my brothers or be bad.
I am sure the things I do
Will make Mother glad.
I ’l l feed the pets
Including my own,
And I ’l l be polite
W
hen I answer the phone.
I ’l l try not to figh t
Over T. V. shows.
And le t m brothers watch
y
While I iron the clo th es.
But one thing I hope
For sure, you see.
Is that m brothers’
y
Resolutions favor me.
For I don't lik e
To iron clothes
While the boys watch
T. V. shows.
I don’t mind being
P olite on the phone.
But I hate feeding others pets
W
hen I have one of my own.
Dottie Rich
T E La ST D
H
AYS O CAPTAIN C O
F
OK
There once was a captain.
His name was Cook.
H sailed the P a cific,
e
and into a nook.
He found beautiful islands
And volcanoes were there.
What a wonderful sig h t.
Nothing could compare.
The natives came out.
iind made him a god.
And then they k ille d him.
Now wasn't that odd?
Bruce White
�T E BIRDS, T E FISH a N TH FLO.ffiR
H
H
D E
’
The birdie the fish and the flower
A ll liv e around a tower.
'the birdie the fish and the flower
A ll lik e an April shower.
The b ird ie1s a red breast Robin
He!s always bobbin?and bobbin1.
The fish is a fr.i sky l i t t l e goldfish
and plants are his dish.
The flower is a d a ffo d ill he's yellow
a s a yellow duck' s b i l l „
Alvin R. Coleman
LO ELY SPRING
V
Noises, noises in the spring
What do a ll these noises bring?
Spring, Spring, Spring.
Sprinkling, sprinkling goes the rain
Tapping on cur window pane
Spring, Spring, Spring.
Chirping, chirping goes the bird
Trying hard to say the word
Spring, Spring, Spring.
Rita Brenner
CH
RISTM
AS
Christmas tine i s here.
And we a ll would lik e to say;
Have a Merry Christmas,
For i t ' s a very sp ecial day.
iv day when a ll the houses display
Their trees that shine so bright,
i\ni through the windows you can see
The glowing candle lig h t .
W bring Christmas greetings.
e
Full of happiness and cheer;
Wishing you a Merry Christmas
To la s t throughout the year.
Group Poem
�SPORTS A O N T E C O K
RUD H LC
In
M
y
He
He
the well-known game of footb all
favorite player i s Paul
is the main person in the act
is eallea a quarterback.
The most well-known sport i s baseball
I lik e i t most cf a l l
Once I saw the Bum play
s
Boy was that a day,
A very good sport i s fish in g
A ll the time you are wishing
That a big fish w ill come
So you can have sume.
M friends name is Tod
y
He ran a new hotrod
And crashed into Ted
Now they're both in bed.
B ill Sparks
SIGNS O SPRING
F
The
A ll
The
And
season of spring ha3 come.
the flowers have started to sprout.
birds are fly in g back
th eir eggs w ill soon hatch out.
A ll of the earth i s warming,
A ll the grass is turning green,
The sky is f ille d with white clouds.
Colorful k ites in the a ir are seen.
A ll
You
a ll
are
the children come out to play,
can hear them shout and sing,
these things I have lis te d
the earth's sir^is of spring.
Joan Gilbert
�PRaYING
Trees bow upon th e ir knees
W the wind comes along.
hen
Charles Arsientrout
DINOSiiURS
This is what happened long ago.
I f you were there you'd say, "No V
The Brontosaurus cannot hide or climb a tr e e .
The most fierce i s Tyranasaurus
W do you think h e ' ll k i l l next?
ho
a k ille r too is Triceritops
In k illin g Mr. Rex, he's tops
Heaviest of a l l i s Brachicusaurus
He's match for Altosaurus,
This is what happened long ago
Now I ’m sure y o u 'll say, "No I"
Charles Serge
HLO EN
A L WE
O the la st of October
n
Late at night
Strange l i t t l e creatures
Come into sig h t.
There are ghosts and goblins
Spooks that say "Boo I"
Witches on broomsticks
Just for you.
They come to your door
And say "Trick or Treat I"
Expecting some candy
For them to eat.
Halloween is the best
Time of year
Free candy galore with
Stomaches near.
J e ff Marvel
�ODM. W D
L R IN
A windy March day
I s i t in my house
A ll snug in my room
Like a liu t le old mouse.
I look out the window
At the clothes on the line
They are touching th eir toes
They are touching th eir nose
They are dancing a jo lly old jig
They are prancing and dancing
A jo lly old Jig.
Naomi Dawson
E a STER
Da Y
Easter is here once more.
People wearin • bright colors galore.
Everyone is gay,
In work and in play,
Easter bonnets, dresses too,
and dcn't forget the lo v ely shoes.
Today G seems very near.
od
So that we have nothing to fear.
Janice Parr
T E O D MA MNH O M C
H L E N O T F itR H
The wind blows clap clap clap
And makes everything go slap slap.
The wind blows,
The dogs are cold.
The sailboats s a i l .
The men carry mail
The skirts do the jig a j ig .
While the socks just stand s t i l l .
iUin Testerman
�THiiNKSGIVING
I t» s
With
I t's
What
time fo r Thanksgiving1,
;
laughter and fun,
time for n o ticin g
God has done.
God gave us food and cloth es
He gave us l i f e and beauty,
Gocl gave us water and the s o i l .
He f e l t i t was h is duty.
During t h is Thanksgiving
W are thankful and pray.
e
For peace and understanding.
On th is and every day.
Janice Parr
SPRING
Spring i s here.
Summer i s near*
Spring i s a happy
Time o f the year.
Trees blossom.
Birds sin g .
ik l i t t l e children* s
nu
Voices rin g .
J a ck ie Kalapos
SPRING
The Eastern breeze i s springing up.
The ships are in the bay.
And s p r in g b r in g s a happy change
JlS w in te r m e lts away.
C h a rles arm entrout
�FEBRUARY
In February when trees are bare
Most of the animals are shedding th e ir hair.
Washington, Lincoln, and St. Valentine, too.
Play a very large part in th is month for you.
Jeff Marvel
PETE TH PxJuKEET
E
M bird's name i s Pete
y
And he's rea lly very cute,
and m how he loves to eat.
y
Pete is a s i l l y bird
He chirps a l l day.
But can't speak a word.
He has a very small head
He's turquoise blue,
I'm glad he's not red.
He sleeps a l l day
And plays a l l night.
He's very very gay,
Shirley French
SO
NW
In the month of January
W
hen snow is coming down,
I t covers the housetops
ind blankets the ground,
a l l the children dance and play
and sing good songs of cheer.
They run about and laugh and shout.
Because the snow i s here.
Wanda Bruce
�CLOTHESLINE D*NCE
The clothes were on the clo th eslin e.
The wind was out at play.
The clothes began to sway.
Sway, sway.
Sway, sway,
The pants were doing the rubber le g s .
The sk irts were doing the b a lle t.
The socks were doing the rock and r o ll.
The others were doing the sway.
Sway, sway.
Sway, sway.
Debbie Barnes
THE WIND
The wind blow's hair in the a ir .
The wind is very funny.
Sometimes i t huffs and puffs.
Sometimes itJs quiet.
Once i t blew o ff my hat
I chased i t for a block or two
What a scene was that
I found i t on Second Avenue.
B ill Sparks
THANKSGIVING ACTIVITIES
I t ' s time to fatten the duck.
I t ’ s time to shoot a buck.
You can hear the blare
Of the hunting horn
A ll of the trees are bare.
The corn's stacked up by the haymow
Thanksgiving's the time to be happy.
With everybody v is itin g
(including grandpappy).
David McCumber
�SK
Y
The sky is such a lo v ely thing.
I t holds the clouds lig h tly .
The sky t e l l s us many things.
Rockets go through our sky.
The sky changes the clouds around.
I love the sky.
Do you?
Marilyn McCaffrey
ITrS SEVEN O’C O K
LC
I t ’s 7:00 o’clock
I t 1s time to dock
For us to have some tea .
W can go to bed
e
at nine instead
But I must have some
Can't you see?
Claudia Reid
THUNDER
W
hen i t thunders we have lightening to o .
But I hope that doesn't scare you*
I f that scares you, you shouldn’t cry.
You don't want our crops to d ie .
W must have food for the world.
e
To strengthen every boy and g ir l.
Bobby Swarthout
THERE WAS A LITTLE BftiR
There was a l i t t l e bear.
W got in m hair.
ho
y
There was a l i t t l e bear.
W sat in m chair.
ho
y
There was a l i t t l e bear.
W went to the fa ir .
ho
There was a l i t t l e bear.
And now he’s not there.
Joe Morin
�ORW DM
U IN ILL
W have a wind
e
W c a ll i t Old
e
Wind makes the
Where goes the
To the cow you
m ill back on the h illo
Gusty, i t ' s named after B ill.
water have a place to go.
water?
know.
Danny Pierce
I'D LIKE T
O
I'd lik e to be an Easter Bunny,
With a pink nose so very funny.
I'd lik e to have whiskers
That twitch a l l the time,
A bunny th a t brings eggs.
At Easter tim e.
Jean Gilbert
TH W D
E IN
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
wind
wind
wind
wind
wind
wind
wind
is strong
is brave
is bad
is good
has taken
has given
does not play a real bad game.
Ricky Light
DOING T E TW
H
IST
O that no-goed wind.
h
W he - he's whisking
hy
M clothes away.
y
Dancing the jig with my sheet.
M shirt is doing the tw ist
y
With my pajamas.
Oh, dear - dear m
e
He's whisking my cloth es away.
Rita Brenner
��CHRISTMAS GLOW
M Mother lik e s to know
y
That in my heart there's Christmas glow
And I think th a t' s why she lik e s me so
That's what my Mother lik e s to know.
B ill Eckert
FUIJNY STxxFF
I sometimes wonder what would happen
I f horses ruled the world.
The president would probably be a thoroughbred Arabian
^11 s t i f f wearing a stovepipe hat
A su it with eyeglasses that match.
He'd s i t on a hard backed chair
With a pen in his hoof
Writing out laws.
The secretary would be an old horse
With a face that would make you turn,
A backward somersault and land on your head,
B illy Weaver
T E SEa
H
The sea is blue and clear
You can never trust i t s waters.
W waves come beating against my boat
hen
M heart starts pounding gravely
y
I think of a l l the men
And ships that l i e in th eir lon ely graves
M heart shrinks down
y
I fe e l alone in the sea and i t s angry waters.
Alan Macrae
SNOW
The glistening snow f e l l from the heavens above
Covering the earth with a so ft white blanket
And m a k i n g the trees seem to dazzle with lig h t
It makes the whole world seem at peace with i t s e l f .
Nancy Manning
�L N SLEEP
OG
W
hen I die I thinks
1*11 think at f i r s t o f brightness.
Red lin e s , blue lin e s , yellow lin e s ,
Bright cir cles
Spots a l l dashing, speeding
S p littin g across my mind.
Pushing, pushing m back over a ledge of doom.
e
Down, fa llin g , fa llin g
Into a p it of cold black endless darkness.
Everything goes in c ir c le s .
I t ' s hot but i t ' s cold
And then I stop,
I stop on a rock,
A rock as cold as ic e .
But I fe e l that everything keeps going.
Going forever,
I fe e l at home.
I sleep forever
But everything ju st keeps going and going and going.
David Short
NUMBERS iiND LETTERS
The numbers and le tt e r s on the board.
What do they think they are?
Always te llin g me what to do.
O how they make me mad at school.
h
Spelling, Social Studies, arithmetic too.
They're always t e llin g m what to do.
e
W to sing and when to play.
hen
How would they lik e to be pushed a l l day?
Pushed in the morning, pushed in the noon.
I think I'm going to burst pretty soon.
I don't lik e to y e l l .
I don't lik e to scream.
But I'm so mad at the board th a t1s green.
Goodbye forever more
I just burst open
From that old green board.
Michael Cook
�TH FIRST CH
E
RISTM
AS
Mary and Joseph,
Rode into Bethlehem town
On a donkey small and brown.
There was no room at the inn.
So they stayed in a stable rude.
A wonderful thing happened on that night
a holy child was bom .
To teach us a l l what is right
So we w ill have eternal l i f e .
O a h i l l where the shepherds were
n
An angel of the Lord came down
To t e l l of th is wonderous thing which happened
The shepherds were frightened
But not for long, for the angel said,
"Be not afraid for I bring good tid in gs
For unto you th is day a Blessed Babe i s born."
So the shepherds went into Bethlehem
The Blessed Babe to find.
They found him in a manger
Wrapped in swaddling cloth es.
In the East three Wise M saw a star
en
For twelve long nights and days they followed
Where the star stood high in the sky over Bethlehem
Near a stable rude and dark.
The three Wise M gave
en
G ifts of Frankinsens insense and myrr.
and so on th is night the f ir s t Christmas came.
Nancy Manning
a SNAIL’S D Ea M
R
A sn ail who had a way,
I t seems of dreaming very curious dreams.
Once dreamed he was - y o u 'll never guess
The Lightning Express.
Bruce Hinman
�WU D
OL
The
The
The
The
mountains are so high.
c l i f f s are so steep
canyon i s so hollow,
waters are so deep.
Hoy Welch
W D IS A BR
IN
EEZE
The wind that goes through the trees
Is almost the same on the seas.
I t whistles and blows
And as i t goes
It sweeps over and around.
I t sings a lullaby
You can sometimes hear i t cry
And sometimes i t sinks ships.
Dana Dyer
C RISTM
H
AS
I t is three days before Christmas
W a l l through the house
hen
Everyone i s busy even the l i t t l e mouse.
The house is decorated
With i t s glowing colors in array
With silv er and gold so sparkling and gay.
The children are dancing
The golden wrappings look d e lig h tfu l and cheery
I t makes the whole house gala and merry.
Carlotta Parr
M
aPS
A map i s not very t a l l on the w all.
I t may be fat and wide from side to sid e .
But a map i s not very t a l l on the w all.
Michael B leier
�TH FO R SEASONS
E U
Spring i s lik e something that f l i e s very f a s t .
F irst i t is and then i t i s past0
Clouds float in the sky sweet and so ft
Fluffy and high and lig h t as a sigh.
Summer is just lik e the spring,
I t goes by with a flin g .
I t ' s there then i t ' s not
I t ' s moist and sweet, but i t ' s very hot.
F all is ch illy and brisk.
I t throws a l i t t l e k is s .
The kiss is made of wind.
Out of i t s cooling breath.
Winter is lik e a snowflake.
Falling in the cold skyj
I t comes with the cold and wind
and then the seasons start over again.
Dana Dyer
TH SN W
E O
W lik e snow, so l e t i t blow.
e
I t makes the ground white,
When ligh ts shine on i t , i t glimmers lik e gold.
Oh, what a lovely sigh t to behold.
It f a lls in winter and i t makes children gay.
They a l l go outside and play a l l day.
They dress up warmly with hat and coat,
The snow makes them happy without a doubt.
George S tap les,
TAKYU
HN O
I thank the Heaven and the earth
For giving m my b irth .
e
Thank you
For pleasant l i t t l e bees a humming
Trees gracefully flowing with the breeze.
Wayne Brewer
�JO N G E N R R S
H L N ETU N
In the year of 1962
A man was launched to space.
This was history to the world we knew
To try and beat the human race.
Around the world th ree tin e s h is f lig h t
His name was Colo John H, Glenn
A fter four and one-half hours in t h is f l ig h t
Time came fo r the t r ip to end,
Down in the ocean the capsule dropped
With Col. John inside
With one big smile out he popped
The Noah he waited to rid e.
Betty Knight
I W U D LIKE T BE
OL
O
I would lik e to be
A monster on T. V.
Or even better yet
A marching cadet
Or even better s t i l l
I think I ' l l stay
Just B ill.
B ill Eckert
DEM
RA
I lik e to be in bed,
And think I'm on a sled
Racing with my l i t t l e s is te r .
I'm going faster and faster
iuid now I am past her.
I'm going f a s te r but so i s she
Across the fin is h lin e we see
a pole, a fla g and a l l our frien d s
To cheer us on to th e end.
Nancy Manning
�CHRISTM N H
AS IG T
On Christmas night everyone i s gay,
The air is .full of m elodies0
The wind whispers to the trees
and they nod their heads in reply.
Darkness f a lls upon the earth
And makes the sky velvety.
The snowflakes f a l l s o ftly from the sky.
Then the joyous b e lls peal out
Their happy message to a l l the earth,
I t ' s Christmas, I t ' s Christmas!
The day of Christ1s birth I
Then again aid. is s ile n t
The birds fly back to th eir nests
To continue their long winter r e st.
The deer go back to the forest
To wait for the coming dawn,
And on the snowy lawns sparkle
The lig h t of the Christmas star.
Linda McClure
T O LITTLS BO S
W
Y
Two l i t t l e boys
Sat on the garden gate
Waiting to hear the frogs awake
The frogs woke with a croak
Croak, croak.
Sharon McCaffrey
bia d t a l k in g
Please l i t t l e worm don't go in your hole
I have a family to feed at home.
I *11 fly away to feed to my young
So l i t t l e l i t t l e worm don't go into your h ole.
Bruce Hinman
�W
RITING a P E
OM
In school i t ' s hard to think,
Of any sort of rhyme*
But i f you just s it down and think,
Y ou'll make one everytime.
Won't you just take my advice.
Though I'm net a pro —
I made a nice poem
a s I walked through the snow.
There are many things in th is old world,
So I'm sure you can write
Any sort of poem
So write one th is very night.
Thomas Foster
M M TH
Y O ER'S B O O RULES
OK F
M Mother has a book of rules
y
It seems to rule the house.
She throws them at us l e f t and right
Until we have no peace.
Sharon McCaffrey
SPRINGTIM
E
As I look out the window
I see branches of trees swaying in the breeze
I see grass so so ft and green
I see the coulds go very flu ffy against the lig h t blue sky.
Jane Tomlinson
a
CH
RISTM S TR
a
EE
M Christmas tree sh a ll be
y
As shimmery and sparkly
As the heavenly stars under which I sleep .
B illy Weaver
�SPACE POEM
One day the Russians were in a race.
I t was the race for space.
The Americans were a lso in th is race.
They kept up a steady pace.
Beth launched s a tta lite s
Before there were human flig h ts .
Gogaren, Shepard and Grissom, th a t's three
Tetov, everyone but me.
I f I don't go up there too
This space poem w ill never get through.
Shepard, Grissom and maybe Glenn
I'm going up so th is poem w ill end.
John Gardiner
TH M U T IN
E ONA
I dream of the day when I can climb a mountain,
I dream of the day when I can touch i t s peaks.
I t s rough and rocky edges
I ts • t a l l and slender trees
The plain grassy meadows and snow topped crown.
Yes, I dream of the day when I can climb a mountain.
Alan Macrae
W D
IN
I t ' s up and i t ' s down
I t f l i e s a ll around
It sweeps and i t f l i e s
It blows and i t c r ie s .
The
The
The
And
wind is over
storm is gone
ships s a il away
we go along.
Dana Dyer
�Wa T E
E HR
The weather is very funny and peculiar.
Sometimes i t ' s hot, sometimes i t ' s cold .
Some days i t !s sunny and some days i t ' s cloudy.
The sunny days are the kind I lik e the b est,
I can run and play outside
And then come in and r est.
O cloudy days I f e e l lik e sleeping,
n
Then I wake up
To a car's horn beeping.
In summer when i t ' s re-"Hy hot,
I fe e l lik e burning up.
Every night I dream of a swimming pool or a cool clean riv er.
Carlotta Parr
HOW TO WRITE i POEM
t
I f you want to write a poem
Just a-take a l i t t l e pen,
And-a take a piece of paper,
nnd you start to work right in .
You can get ideas from anything.
From everything and more,
and you might get i t from a book of
Injun crafts and lo r e .
Now you write i t down on paper.
But you must have lo t s of time.
And also i f you want to
You can even make i t rhyme.
I f you think that i t ' s a good one,
Knd you don't think i t ' s a mess.
You can send i t to a friend.
Or enter in a good C ontest,
Phil Murehie
�W E SPHING C M S B C
HN
O E AK
When spring comes back the birds arrive
The bees buzz bu sily around the hive.
The sweet spring flowers beg to bloom
And the moth unfolds from his cocoon,
Linda McClure
CHitlSTM TIM
AS
E
Shimmering gold stars shine at night
F illin g the earth with shining lig h t
Melodies soft as snow
F i l l the a ir.
People fe e l and see
The fragrance of the evergreen tr e e .
Michael Digges
COD
LUS
Have clouds ever meant anything to you?
Have you ever seen l i t t l e Bo-Peeprs sheep?
Look hard and you w ill see.
There: I know you saw them.
Gloria Lee
SU
N
O how the sun does shine with i t s f i r s t gleam
h
I f only there was a beam I could climb right on
I would be on the sun th is very day.
Joyce Keyes
SECuETS
The wind in the trees
Seem to be t e llin g secrets
To the leaves.
Nancy Manning
�Jesus was bom upon th is morn
In a manner poor and lowly
The shepherds were there th is morn
To see Jesus most holy.
The wise men three had followed th is star
To see Jesus so fa ir .
They travelled over mountain and fa r .
As they reached Bethlehem bright,
They knelt down to pray,
To Jesus were given rubies on th is night,
Betty Knight
IT IS COLD, COLD, C L
OD
Dress warmly now
Snow is on the ground
Time for Mr, Snow Plow
To plow the snow around.
Barbara idcre
PICNICS
I lik e to picnic in the park.
W the trees are green.
hen
I lik e to climb the big, big rocks.
And get many burrs in my socks.
I lik e to be in trees that sway.
Cause i t looks lik e I ’ve come a long way.
Michael Dunn
TH B O K
E RO
The bubbling brook rushes over the pebbles.
And comes to some rocks
Jutting out in the water,
To make a water f a l l white with foam.
For a l l of God's children to come and se e .
Nancy Manning
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics.
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Title
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"Maury's Secrets", 1962. 64 pages.
Description
An account of the resource
"Maury's Secrets" , a booklet of poems and artwork that the Student Council selected and arranged. 64 pages
Format
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pdf
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell
Creator
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Arlington County Public Schools, Maury Elementary School
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1960s
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited.
Identifier
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19_2_2_1_16
-
https://projectdaps.org/files/original/7f19075c68ca1538b456b35776ea5e30.pdf
4f6c3f0c6813ebdcc3977cfbc6bf44c8
PDF Text
Text
April 15,1961.
M E M O ON L O C A L P L A C E M E N T IB N O R T H E R N V I K G I H I A
V j V'Cs&'T-e A
One a n a
fo u r (1 0 4 )
next September.
Negro
c h i l d r e n \jAll be t r a n s f e r r e d to w h i t e
Under the Pupil Placement
N e g r o e s l i v i n g in a t t e n d a n c e a r e a s o f w h i t e
transfer to white
schools without
ordinance,
schools
a d o p t e d M a r c h 25th,
schools are p e r m i t t e d to
c o u r t o r d e r.
About
150
were eligible
to transfer.
T he l a r g e s t a r e a a f f e c t e d is H a l l s H ill in n o r t h A r l i n g t o n .
t h e 31 s i x t h g r a d e r s in the L a n g s t o n S c h o o l
o ne e l e c t e d to t r a n s f e r t o w h i t e
Of
in H a l l s H i l l all e x c e p t
j u n i o r h i g h s c hools.
Twenty Halls
H i l l s t u d e n t s n o w a t t e n d i n g 7 t h a n d 8 t h g r a a e s at N e g r o H o f f m a n - B o s ton
ju n i o r - s e n i o r hi g h school app l i e d f o r t r a n s f e r t o o w a n s o n and
Stratforu
juni o r highs and 13 fo r tr a n s f e r f o r t r a n s f e r to W a s h i n g t o n
and Lee High S c h o o l .
N e g r o s t u d e n t s a s s i g n e d as foll o w s :
W a s h i n g t o n a nd L e e H i g h s c h o o l ..................................
S w a n s o n j u n i o r h i g h ................................................
S t r a t f o r d j u n i o r h i g h ..........................
Jefferson junior
h i g h ............................................
G u n s t o n j u n i o r h i g h ................................................
H e n r y E l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l ........................
Clay
e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l ...........................................
Page
e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l ...........................................
E d i s o n (school f o r h a n d i c a p p e d ) .................................
.’ l a n t s
s
26
36
32
16
4
26
2
1
1
of N e g r o c h i l d r e n n o w a t t e n d i n g w h i t e s c h o o l s h e l d n e i g h
bor hood meetings
in H a l l s
Hill and
Central Arlington,
at w h i c h y o u n g
s t e r s t o l d of t h e i r h a p p y e x p e r i e n c e a t w h i t e s c h o o l s a n a t he a d v a n
tages
o f de-segre,gated e d u c a t i o n .
in H a l l s H i l l
A l e t t e r w as s ent to t he pa r e n t s
by t h e c h a i r m a n o f t he P a r e n t ' s
C o m m i t t e e ther e ,
t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f t r a n s f e r a n d o f f e r i n g a i d in f i l l i n g out
stressing
forms.
Both
m i n i s t e r s in t he a r e a u r g e d t h e i r c o n g r e g a t i o n s t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f
t h e i r r i g h t to tra n s f e r .
�Memorandum
continued
The claim made in FePu al Court by school board attorney Gimmons that
Arlington Negroes preferred segregated schools is refuted by the appli
cation of two-thirds of those Negroes eligible to transfer to white
schools.
The fact that academic achievement was not a criterion for
transfer greatly increased the number of applications,
Gince 1957 the
Arlington school board has rejected many Negro applicants to white schools
because of academic achievement.
This screening was successfully attack
ed in Federal Court by NAACP attorneys and was knocked out by Judge Bryan
in several rulings.
Next year one hundred and four t y - four(144) Negro
children are expected to attend nine f>'c«-'wiously all-white schools in
Arlington
Under the^ J a ^ r f a x school board ordinance the school board has approved
76 of 86 applications. Approximately 700 Negro students were eligible for
tr ansfer in Fairfax.
The Mt.Vernon,J.E.B.Stuart high schools, and the P a r k l a w n ,J oodbury,
Whitman, Freedom Hill, Floris, Thoreau,
Chesterbrook and Oakton elemen
tary and t ; e Longfellow intermediate school will be de-segregatea for the
.
first time.
Negro students were also assigned to the presently de-segreand Madison high schools;
gated Orovston, Glasgow, Lanier,Cedar Lane schools.
Approximately 103
are expected to attend 16 previously all-white schools in Fairfax.
Falls Church schools were de-segregateu for the first time. Two
jtutent's applied for transfer to George Mason junior-senior high school
a nd one to
the Madison elementary school. Falls Church has previously
sending some 30 Negro children to Fairfax Negro schools.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
"Memo on Local Placement in Northern Virginia," 1961
Description
An account of the resource
"Memo on Local Placement in Northern Virginia," April 15, 1961. Gives brief history of African American student placement and attendance in Arlington public schools. Gives shorter updates on Fairfax County and Falls Church. Two pages.
Format
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pdf
Source
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RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
unknown
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1961-04-15
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1960s
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
18_1_1_8_58
-
https://projectdaps.org/files/original/b4027e75d3e8a1ccbff16edb7a56262d.pdf
4168ea6f6a79055ef4d0556605b00ad5
PDF Text
Text
April 15,1961.
MEMO ON LOCAL PLACEMENT IN NORTHERN VIRGINIA
One and four(104) Negro children qill be transferred to white schools
next September.
Under the Pupil Placement ordinance, adopted March 25th,
Negroes living in attendance areas of white schools are permitted to
transfer to white schools without court order.
About 150 were eligible
to transfer.
The largest area affected is Halls Hill in north Arlington. Of
the 31 sixth graders in the Langston School in Halls Hill all except
one elected to transfer to white junior high schools.
Twenty Halls
Hill students now attending 7th and 8th grades at Negro Hoffman-Boston junior-senior high school applied for transfer to owanson and
Stratforu junior highs and 13 for transfer for transfer to Washington
and Lee High School.
Negro students assigned as follows:
Washington and Lee high School............................
Swanson junior high.......................................
Stratford junior high.....................................
Jefferson junior high....................................
Gunston junior high.....
Henry Elementary school...................................
Clay elementary school...................................
Page elementary school...................................
Edison (school for handicapped)..........................
26
36
32
16
4
26
2
1
1
Parents of Negro children now attending white schools held neigh
bor hood meetings in Halls Hill and Central Arlington, at which young
sters told of their happy experience at white schools ana the advan
tages of de-segregated education.
A letter was sent to the parents
in Halls Hill by the chairman of the Parent's Committee there, stressing
the advantages of transfer and offering aid in filling out forms. Both
ministers in the area urged their congregations to take advantage of
their right to transfer.
�Memorandum
continued
The claim made in Federal Court by school board attorney Gimmons that
Arlington Negroes preferred segregated schools is refuted by the appli
cation of two-thirds of those Negroes eligible to transfer to white
schools.
The fact that academic achievement was not a criterion for
transfer greatly increased the number of applications.
Since 1957 the
Arlington school board has rejected many Negro applicants to white schools
because of academic achievement.
This screening was successfully attack
ed in Federal Court by NAACP attorneys and was knocked out by Judge Bryan
in several rulings.
Next year one hundred and Coarty- four(144) Negro
children are expected to attend nine previously all-white schools in
Arlington
Under the Fairfax school board ordinance the school board has approved
76 of 86 applications. Approximately 700 Negro students were eligible {<0
transfer in Fairfax.
The Mt.Vernon,J.E.B.Stuart high schools, and the Parklawn,Woodbury,
Whitman, Freedom Hill, Floris, Thoreau, Chesterbrook and Oakton elemen
tary and tue Longfellow intermediate school will be de-segregatea for the
first time. Negro students were also assigned to the presently de-segreand Madison high schools;
gated Oroveton, Glasgow, Lanier,Cedar Lane schools. Approximately 103
are expected to attend 16 previously all-white schools in Fairfax.
Falls Church schools were de-segregatea for the first time. Two
students applied for transfer to George Mason junior-senior high school
and one to the Madison elementary school. Falls Church has previously
been sending some 30 Negro children to Fairfax Negro schools.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
"Memo On Local Placement In Northern Virginia", April 15, 1961.
Description
An account of the resource
Memo on the success of the Pupil Placement ordinance that allows Negro students to request attending "white schools" in their areas, 2 pages.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
pdf
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
unknown
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1961-04-15
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1960s
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
18_2_1_6_23
-
https://projectdaps.org/files/original/51a61b22229b04a5aeba20573afa170d.pdf
748c77aa1a4e03dd7bd17229c6ebabc6
PDF Text
Text
September 4, 1962
LL
i
Monthly Report of the Washington Bureau NAACP
School Desegregation Move
The Department of Justice and the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare are processing complaints filed by the Bureau on behalf
of military personnel stationed at Fort Lee and Fort Belvoir in
Virginia and Sheppard Air Force Base, Texas. At the time this
report is written it appears that the developments in the Fort Lee
case will be the most significant. That is why we are presenting
it in some detail.
The Bureau's interest in the Fort Lee school problem goes back
several years.
Matters reached a climax in i960 when we asked the
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to rule that the word
"suitable" in the appropriate statutes affecting education of
children of military personnel would be interpreted to mean
"desegregated" in addition to other requirements. At that time the
Department declined to agree with us. On March 30, 1962,
Secretary Ribicoff of HEW reversed the previous position of HEW, but
held that the new ruling would not be effective until the Fall of
1963.
(This year the problem came into focus again when the commanding
1general at Fort Lee issued a bulletin advising that white children
1would be educated in the schools of Fairfax county and colored
children would be educated in the schools of Petersburg, Virginia.
IW. Lester Banks, executive secretary of the Virginia State Conference
Iof NAACP Branches, brought this to the attention of the Bureau. The
Bureau in turn discussed this case and others with the Department of
Defense, the Department of Justice and the Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare.
Colored parents at Fort Lee attempted to enroll their children in
the Fairfax county elementary and high schools in August.
Although
the Department of Justice and HEW have declined to make public (as
of this date, September 4) just what will be done at Fort Lee, two
moves are possible. They are:
(1)
The Justice Department could take legal action which
would establish an important precedent of direct
government intervention to accomplish school
desegregation.
(2)
The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
could speed up school desegregation in so-called
impacted areas by insisting upon getting reports
on what action is being taken to prepare for the
September, 1 9 6 3 , deadline set by Secretary Ribicoff.
It is very possible that this would prod some
local school authorities into admitting colored
children before the deadline.
�2
Judge Thurgood Marshall Nomination
As of September 4 when this report is being written, the nomination
of Judge Thurgood Marshall is in the full Senate Judiciary Committee.
To say that the status at this time is incredible would be an
understatement.
In capsule form, this is how the nomination got to
where it is as of September 4.
The judiciary sub-committee headed by Senator Olin Johnston (D.,S.C.)
concluded hearings on August 24, This is eleven months after the
President named Judge Marshall and eight months after his nomi
nation was submitted to the 87th Congress. The other two members
of the sub-committee are Senators Roman L. Hruska (R.,Neb.) and
John McClellan (D.,Ark.). Senator Hruska has publicly stated that
he supports the nomination of Judge Marshall. Senator McClellan is
supposed to be studying the hearing record.
On Thursday, August 30, Senators Philip Hart (D.,Mich.) and
Kenneth Keating (R.,N.Y.) attempted to get approval of motions to
report the nomination favorably from the full committee.
Under a
committee rule any member can ask a weeks delay before a vote is
taken on a nomination.
Senator Johnston asked for this delay and
his request was granted. The week will be up on September 6.
Meeting with Attorney General on Albany, Georgia
The Executive Secretary asked the Bureau Director to join him in a
meeting with Attorney General Robert Kennedy on August 2, 1 9 6 2 .
Others present at the meeting were: Assistant Attorney General Burke
Marshall (head of the Civil Rights Division), Bishop Smallwood
Williams and the Reverend Walter Fauntroy of the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference, William Kunstler, Attorney at Law, Melvin
Wulf, American Civil Liberties Union and Richard Haley, Congress
of Racial Equality.
Although there was no opportunity to determine whether all present
at the meeting agreed with its contents, the following memorandum
was submitted to the Attorney General and discussed at length:
"As we meet here today, the current problem in Albany,
Georgia, is but a part of the total practice of racial
discrimination in the South.
Even if it is resolved,
the possibility for similar outbreaks in other
communities is great.
"For example, we could just as easily consider how
the constitutional rights of colored people should
be protected in Terrell County, Georgia, Spartanburg,
South Carolina, and throughout the states of Alabama,
Louisiana, and Mississippi.
Each of these is a
potential powder keg.
It just happens that Albany
is now making the headlines and the television programs.
The time has come to stop dousing individual blazes
and begin a program of total fire prevention. The
following are suggestions:
�3
1.
A great part of the trouble In Albany and elsewhere arises
because law enforcement officials have unmitigated contempt
for the constitutional rights of colored citizens.
Most
of the complaints in this field are not prosecuted and those
that are usually get swallowed up in the secrecy of the
Grand Jury room. Few indictments are returned. The
Department can do much to awaken the public conscience and
possibly increase the number of convictions, by filing in
formations and by-passing grand juries in cases where law
enforcment officers wantonly attack colored victims solely
because of race.
It is suggested the Department institute this kind of
action against Sheriff D. C. Campbell in Albany,
immediately. He has publicly boasted of his brutal
assault on Mr. C. B. King, a colored attorney, repre
senting defendants in Albany.
2.
Private suits have been filed on behalf of some of those
who are the victims of Albany injustice.
It is suggested
that the Department join in these suits and aid in
pressing them to final and successful conclusion.
3.
There is some support for a theory that the executive
branch of the Federal Government can institute civil
suits to protect constitutional rights of colored
citizens. This, in general, is what Part III of the
1957 Civil Rights Act would have established by statute.
It is suggested that the Department begin immediately
the formulation of plans for testing how far executive
powers may be used to:
a.
desegregate the schools, libraries, waiting
rooms, and other public facilities in Albany.
b. oaccomplish the release from jail and the
halting of state prosecution of the Albany
victims who have been arrested.
c.
4.
prevent the police department from arresting
those colored persons who seek service in
restaurants or other places of public accomo
dation,
If it is the Department's conclusion that it cannot accomplish
any or all of the suggestions under item three, it is sugj gested that the Attorney General inform the President of the
I need for additional law. It is urged that the President
inform the' HatTonT'of the need for new law in a special nation
wide television and radio broadcast. It is urged that the
Administration begin now a drive for congressional support
of such legislation and continue to work diligently for its
passage.
�4
"The City of Albany derives great economic advantage from
two federal installations. These are Turner Air Force
Base and the Marine Corps Supply Center.
Racial discri
mination in the city of Albany necessarily is a source
of embarrassment, disadvantage, and personal risk to
service personnel and employees engaged in the performance
of duties required by the Government of the United States.
"It is suggested that the President inform the city officials
of Albany that unless they institute corrective measures,
these facilities will be withdrawn and located in more
favorable areas of the country.
It is further suggested
that a policy be announced that similar steps will be
taken with regard to facilities of the Federal Government
in other areas of acute racial discrimination, unless
local officials take corrective action."
Cloture Vote
Although much has been said about the fact that the Senate imposed
cloture during the debate on the Communications Satellite bill, the
vote on August lU was merely a formalized record of arrangements of
the kind that Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson made informally when
he was majority leader in the Senate. This formula was used by
Mr. Johnson in 1957 and i960 when the Senate approved civil rights
bills.
Under the agreement, debate was limited by informal arrange
ments and there were firm commitments to table any amendments that
were not included in the package that most senators were willing to
approve.
On page 15398 of the Congressional Record for August l4, one can see
how certain absent senators would have voted had they been present.
Those who would have voted for cloture were Anderson (D.,N.Mex.)
and Moss (D.,Utah). Those who would have voted against cloture were
Bible (D.,Nev.), Byrd (D.,Va.), Fulbright (D.,Ark.), Hayden (D.,Ariz.)
Jordan (D.,N.C.), McClellan (D.,Ark.), and Robertson (D.,Va.).
Cloture was imposed by a vote of 63 to 27. If the absentees had
voted (including Senator McGee who withheld his vote against cloture
because he had a pair with Senators Anderson and Moss) the result
would have been 65 to 35 and the vote would have fallen short of
the necessary two-thirds of those present and voting.
In addition,
the likelihood of getting' some senators to vote for cloture under
normal circumstances (e.g., when a civil rights bill is under
consideration) is very remote. These senators are Republicans,
Hiekenlooper (Iowa), Mundt (S. Dak.), Williams (Del.) and
Ifoung (N. Dak.). All of these voted for cloture on August 14.
�5
The purpose of including the foregoing information is to make it
clear that by no stretch of the imagination can anyone conclude
that the August 14 vote showed that the present cloture rule is
reasonable.
It is clear that even when the conservatives of the
Senate wish to shut off debate by liberals they cannot do so without
three elements which are as follows:
(1)
A substantial number of liberals must vote for cloture.
(2)
There must be support from a generous sprinkling of
cloture foes who switch positions and vote for it.
(3)
A substantial number of unreconstructed filibuster
supporters must be absent.
Poll Tax Amendment
By a vote of 294 to 86 the House on August 27 approved S.J. Res. 29,
proposing an amendment to the U. S. Constitution outlawing payment
of a poll tax as a qualification for voting in Federal elections.
It is well known that the NAACP has always favored ending the poll
tax by legislation.
However, the resolution was brought to the
floor under suspension of the House rules.
It had to be voted up
or down without amendment after forty minutes of debate. There was
no opportunity to offer a proposed statute as a substitute.
The
proposed amendment, which must be ratified within seven years, is
as follows:
"Section 1. The right of citizens of the United
States to vote in any primary or other election for President
or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice Presi
dent, or for Senator or Representative in Congress shall not
be denied or abridged by the United States or any state by
reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.
"Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate legislation."
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
For further information and/or additional copies,
WRITE:
Washington Bureau, NAACP
100 Massachusetts Avenue, N. W.
Washington 1, D. C.
�
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Title
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RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
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"Monthly Report of the Washington Bureau NAACP, September 4, 1962. 5 pages.
Description
An account of the resource
Review of the issues facing the NAACP concerning Fort Lee in Fairfax County where colored children are not allowed to enroll in Fairfax Schools, comments on nomination of Thurgood Marshall to Supreme Court, meeting with Attorney General Robert Kennedy on situation in Albany, Georgia, cloture vote in Congress and Poll Tax Amendment.
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pdf
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RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
Creator
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NAACP
Date
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1962-09-04
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1960s
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This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited.
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18_1_1_9_15
-
https://projectdaps.org/files/original/4811ed41dc0e3dcc03153020e6d82ad1.pdf
ff257642ca729d5a856157e6505cd655
PDF Text
Text
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOE THE ADVANCEM
ENT OF COLORED PEOPLE
A rlington Branch
Reverend Chester H. Murray, P resid en t, 1315 South Queen S tr e e t, A rlin gton, V irgin ia
N E WS
FLASH
The A rlington Council on Human R elation s m i l p resen t a
Panel on Housing i n A rlington County
To inform us o f the housing s itu a tio n i n Arrington w ith
s p e c ia l a tte n tio n on th e problems faced by over ifcs»o c it i z e n s
At the Calloway ifeth od ist Church
5000 Lee Highway
Tuesday, November 28, l ? 6 l , a t 8:00 p.m.
Members o f Panel
Moderator:
Rev. Edward H. Redman
U nitarian Church o f A rlington, V irgin ia
Robert L. Groom
Vice P resid en t, Northern V irg in ia Real E state Board
P resid en t, Groom Company, I n c ., R ealtors
Former Chairman o f ABC
Former Chairman o f A rlington Republican Central Committee
Edward B. Hincks
R esident o f A rlington sin c e e a r ly 19l*0's
Member o f C itiz e n s Committee on Minimum Housing
Standard Ordinance
Advisory Member o f A rlington County C ivic Federation
Former Member o f Planning Commission
Mrs. W illiam T. Syphax
Wife and bu sin ess partner o f prominent Negro r e a l e s ta te
salesman and broker e sta b lish e d in A rlington County
sin c e 19U8.
For th e p a st 8 years, a sso cia te d w ith the b u ild in g
con tractin g bu sin ess i n A rlington
YOU ARE URGED TO ATTEND THIS MEETING - C M AND BRING A FRIEND.'
O E
�
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Title
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RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
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Title
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"NAACP Arlington Branch Newsflash," 1961
Description
An account of the resource
Flyer for the Arlington Branch, NAACP, event on November 28, 1961. The Arlington Council on Human Relations presents a panel on housing in Arlington County. Speakers include Robert Groom, Edward B. Hincks, and Mrs. William [Evelyn] Syphax.
Format
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pdf
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RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
Creator
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Arlington Branch, NAACP
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
11/28/61
Coverage
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1960s
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This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited.
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18_1_4_2_19
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https://projectdaps.org/files/original/832722d371c34a47847fd44d914ab9c5.pdf
63ecbda114e6a04c82cba32f6223a4f9
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Text
NA TIO N A L A S S O C IA T IO N FO R THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PE O PL E
ARLINGTON BRANCH
Rev. C h e s te r H. M urray, P r e s i d e n t ,
1315 S o u th Queen S t r e e t , A r lin g to n , V i r g i n ia
NEWSLETTER
A p ril, 1 9 6 3
V o l. X
No. 3
NEXT MEETING - T h u rsd a y , A p r il 2 5 th - 8 :0 0 P.M.
The n e x t m e e tin g f o r members and f r i e n d s w i l l b e h e ld a t S t . J o h n 's B a p t i s t C hurch,
C olum bia p ik e and S o u th S c o t t S t r e e t . Come and h e a r o u r s p e a k e r . C o l. M arion
Jo h n so n , Chairm an o f t h e A le x a n d r ia A l l C i t i z e n s R e g i s t r a t i o n C om m ittee. C o l.
Jo h n so n w i l l sp e a k t o u s on:
VOTER REGISTRATION AND CITIZEN RESPONSIBILITY
CAN YOU VOTE IN
1 9 6 3
?
YES, IF YOU PAY YOUR POLL TAX BY M
AY
kth.
p e r s o n s who d id n o t p ay t h e i r 1 9 6 2 p o l l t a x b e f o r e December 5 th , 1 9 6 2 , m ust pay
t h e i r p o l l t a x b e f o r e May b t h i n o r d e r t o b e a b le t o v o te i n 1 9 6 3 . T h is i s an im
p o r t a n t e l e c t i o n y e a r . We w i l l e l e c t : 2 County B oard m embers, 3 D e le g a te s t o th e
V i r g i n ia G e n e ra l A ssem bly and 1 S t a t e S e n a to r . Pay y o u r p o l l t a x a t t h e T r e a s u r e r 's
o f f i c e i n t h e C o u rt H ouse.
MEMBERSHIP DRIVE GOES IN HIGH GEAR
*
*
*
*
*
We u rg e you t o renew y o u r m em bership now. Roy W ilk in s r e c e n t l y spoke on
t h e " im p a tie n t 1 0 th w. Negro c i t i z e n s have good re a s o n t o b e i m p a tie n t.
To s e c u r e d e m o c ra tic r i g h t s t h e N/.'CP n eed s y o u r m em bership and s u p p o r t.
We a s k you t o a s s i s t o u r m em bership com m ittee b y se n d in g i n y o u r d u es o r
c a l l i n g t o have th em p ic k e d u p , so t h a t o u r w o rk ers a r e f r e e d t o go and
s o l i c i t new m em bers. We would l i k e t o d o u b le l a s t y e a r 's m em bership.
Send y o u r d u es t o : Mr. W a lte r H ig h to w er, 2900 S o u th l 8 t h S t r e e t , phone
671-81+79; M rs. E s t h e r C ooper, 500 S . V e itc h S t . , phone JA 2-6 0 1 5 ; Mr.
B. A ls to n , 2106 N. E d iso n S t . , phone JA 7 -5 1 1 0 ; o r M rs. P a u lin e F e r g u so n , 2055 S . G lebe Road, phone 6 7 1 - 8 8 5 2 .
*
*
*
*
*
P le a s e n o t e : I f y o u r n e w s l e t t e r i s hand a d d r e s s e d r a t h e r th a n ty p e d ,
y ou a r e one o f o u r 1 9 6 1 members who n e g le c te d t o pay d u es i n 1 9 6 2 ..
W o n 't you p l e a s e j o i n us t h i s y e a r? We have m isse d y o u .
GOCD NEWS O SCHOOL DESEGREGATION
N
S p u rre d b y t h e m e e tin g we c a l l e d on March 2l+th a t Lomax C hurch, 79 a p p l i c a t i o n s
f o r t r a n s f e r fro m s e g r e g a te d s c h o o ls w ere r e c e iv e d b y t h e S ch o o l A d m in is tr a tio n .
T h is d o es n o t in c lu d e c h i l d r e n fro m L an g sto n 6 t h g ra d e who were a s s ig n e d d i r e c t l y
t o Swanson and S t r a t f o r d w ith o u t h a v in g t o f i l e p la c e m e n t fo rm s , a s th e y d id in
1 9 6 1
and ' 6 2 .
OPPORTUNITIES FOR YOUTH IN THE PEACE CORPS
T h is w i l l b e t h e s u b j e c t o f a t a l k b y R ic h a rd Ware t o t h e CCSP on Sunday, A p r il
2 8 th , a t 7 :3 0 p .m . a t th e U n i t a r i a n C hurch, kbbk A r lin g to n B o u le v a rd .
�Mrs. Barbara Marx
6897 N. Washington Blvd
nd Arlington 13, Va
�
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RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
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Title
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"NAACP Arlington Branch Newsletter, April 1963"
Description
An account of the resource
April 1963 newsletter for the Arlington Branch, NAACP. Previews next meeting, reminds readers to pay poll taxes, gives news on membership drive and school desegregation. Verso has stamp, postmark, and Barbara Marx address. Two pages.
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pdf
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RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
Creator
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Arlington Branch, NAACP
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1963-04
Coverage
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1960s
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited.
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18_1_4_2_30
-
https://projectdaps.org/files/original/76b4dea15bf94b016b694c53b3f192e0.pdf
4fcd433f24eff6e25fbe03ffb4c1bc09
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Text
A r lin g to n County B ranch
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE
Rev. C h e s te r H. M urray, P r e s i d e n t , 1315 S . QuiW-n S t r e e t , A r lin g to n , V i r g i n ia
NEWSLETTER
V o l. X I
A p r i l 1964
No. 2
COME TO OUR FAMILY DINNER - FRIDAY, M 15, 196*+ - 6 :3 0 P.M.
AY
a t th e U n i t a r i a n C hurch o f A r lin g to n — URAL A r lin g to n B lv d .
The A r lin g to n B ran ch i n v i t e s you t o come t o o u r F am ily D in n e r t o c e l e b r a t e t h e
1 0 th A n n iv e rs a ry o f t h e Supreme C o u rt D e c is io n on S ch o o l D e s e g re g a tio n .
A d d ress b y :
ALFRED BAKER LEWIS, N a tio n a l T r e a s u r e r o f t h e NAACP,
Member o f t h e B oard f o r 25 y e a r s .
REPORT ON SCHOOL DESEGREGATION IN ARLINGTON BY CUR STUDENTS.
Our y o u th g ro u p w i l l l e a d us i n s in g in g Freedom so n g s .
T ic k e t s :
$ 1 .5 0 f o r a d u l t s , $ 0 .7 5 f o r c h i l d r e n u n d e r 12. Get y o u rs
from members o f o u r y o u th g ro u p , M rs. B e a t r i c e R i t c h i e JA 2 -3 1 7 2 , M rs. G e r a ld in e D av is - KE 6 -8 9 5 7 , M rs. B a rb a ra
Marx - 6 7 1 - 9 1 5 7 , M rs. Ruth M urray - JA 7 -3 6 9 7 , M rs. Mabel
A ls to n - JA 7 -5 1 1 0 , M rs. M artha B u t l e r - JA 2 -0 2 5 2 .
YOUTH GROUP GROTS
Cur Youth Group h as b lo sso m ed f o r t h a g a in u n d e r t h e a b l e s p o n s o r s h ip o f M rs. Ann
W alker and M iss S h i r l e y C o rb in . The f o llo w in g o f f i c e r s h ave b e e n e l e c t e d :
P re s id e n t:
V ice P r e s i d e n t :
S e c re ta ry :
I s a a c B rooks
Rose C a rm ic h a e l
Renee R obinson
C o rre sp o n d in g S e c ty :
T re a su re r:
Je a n Lohman
Yvonne H i l l
We a r e p ro u d o f o u r young p e o p le and w ish them a s u c c e s s f u l y e a r .
MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE DRIVE
The f o llo w in g members a r e a s s i s t i n g Mr. W a lte r H ightow er i n t h e M em bership D riv e :
Mr. B i r d i e A ls to n - - - Mr. P r e s to n B a ltim o re M iss K ath ry n
C ooper - M rs. P a u lin e
F e rg u so n M iss M ild re d
G reen - -
- JA 7-5 1 1 0
- - 6 7 1 -1 6 6 5
- - JA 2-6015
- - 6 7 1 -8 8 5 2
- - 6 7 1 -8 6 8 2
M rs. J e s s i e Syphax
Mr. P a t H a ll - - - - M rs. Ruth M urray - - M iss E s t h e r P o l l a r d M rs. M arie P once - - M rs. B e a t r i c e R i t c h i e
- - - JA 8-1+249
- - - - - -
6 7 1 - 8 A3 7
JA 7-3 6 9 7
JA 8 - 7 8 2 0
67 1 - 6 9 5 9
JA 2-3172
In a d d i t i o n , t h e young p e o p le w i l l h e lp s o l i c i t m em bers. T h is y e a r we w i l l aw ard
C e r t i f i c a t e s o f M e rit t o t h e w o rk ers who b r i n g i n th e m ost m em b ersh ip s.
POLL TAX MUST BE PAID BY M 2ND, t o v o te November 3 rd .
AY
W h ile you may v o te i n F e d e r a l E le c t io n s w ith o u t p a y in g P o l l Tax by f i l i n g a c e r
t i f i c a t e o f r e s i d e n c e , we u rg e you t o pay y o u r P o l l Tax so you may v o te i n S t a t e
an a L o c a l E l e c t i o n s . F o r a d d i t i o n a l in f o rm a tio n c a l l t h e R e g i s t r a r a t JA 7 -4 8 0 0 .
��
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Title
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RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
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Title
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"NAACP Arlington Branch Newsletter, April 1964"
Description
An account of the resource
April 1964 newsletter for the Arlington Branch, NAACP. Promotes branch dinner on May 15, lists new officers in youth group and members of branch membership committee, reminds readers of poll tax payment. Verso has stamp, postmark, and Barbara Marx address. Two pages.
Format
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pdf
Source
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RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Arlington Branch, NAACP
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1964-04
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1960s
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited.
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18_1_4_2_33
-
https://projectdaps.org/files/original/8d8a58206c658fdcadcefe52bf171e9d.pdf
cab9877e1c8d68f496151e1f77f8a095
PDF Text
Text
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE
ARLINGTON BRANCH
Rev. C h e s te r H. M urray, 1315 S. Queen S t r e e t
A r lin g to n , V i r g i n ia
NEWSLETTER
V o l. IX
A ugust
1962
No.
h
WRITE TO THE WHITE HOUSE
A n a tio n w id e cam paign w hich w i l l c a u s e P r e s i d e n t Kennedy t o i s s u e a n ex e c u
t i v e o r d e r p r o h i b i t i n g d i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n a l l f e d e r a l l y a s s i s t e d h o u sin g i s t h e
m o st im p o rta n t t a s k now c o n f r o n tin g l o c a l NAACP b r a n c h e s a c r o s s t h e c o u n tr y .
We a r e u r g in g you t o w r i t e p e r s o n a l l e t t e r s t o th e P r e s i d e n t a s k in g him t o
i s s u e an e x e c u tiv e o r d e r p r o h i b i t i n g d i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n a l l h o u sin g f a c i l i t i e s
and s e r v i c e s a id e d d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y b y th e F e d e r a l G overnm ent, i n c lu d in g
b a n k s and le n d in g i n s t i t u t i o n s .
The P r e s i d e n t s h o u ld b e u rg e d t o i s s u e a n e x e c u tiv e o r d e r w hich w i l l b e
b ro a d enough i n c o v e ra g e t o in c lu d e a l l e x i s t i n g d w e llin g u n i t s and p rogram s
u n d e r ta k e n o r m a in ta in e d w ith f e d e r a l f u n d s .
T h is i s s u e i s so im p o rta n t t h a t th e W hite House s h o u ld b e f lo o d e d w ith m a il
fro m th o u sa n d s o f NAACP members a c r o s s th e c o u n tr y .
Take p a r t i n t h i s cam paign and w r i t e y o u r l e t t e r t o d a y .
THE ALBANY STORY
We can do so m e th in g a b o u t A lbany, G e o rg ia . The r i g h t s t h a t a r e b e in g fo u g h t
f o r i n A lbany a r e (a ) th e r i g h t o f p e a c e f u l asse m b ly and p r o t e s t , and (b) t h e
r i g h t t o p e t i t i o n t h e c i t y governm ent on t h e g r ie v a n c e s o f t h e N egro com m unity.
The a r r e s t o f t h e Rev. D r. M a rtin L u th e r King and h i s a s s o c i a t e s i s an a t
te m p t t o s u p p r e s s a l l p r o t e s t s and t o keep c o n d i t i o n s a s th e y have b e e n f o r a
h u n d red y e a r s . T h e re f o r e t h e i s s u e i s more th a n one b etw e e n D r. King o r th e
NAACP on t h e one hand and t h e c i t y o f A lbany, G e o rg ia , on t h e o t h e r .
The b e s t way t o b a c k up D r. King i s t o n o t i f y t h e c a n d id a te s and t h e p a r t i e s
t h a t we in te n d t o a c t a t th e b a l l o t b o x n e x t November i n f a v o r o f t h e f r i e n d s o f
free d o m r e g a r d l e s s o f p a r t y . The q u e s t io n t o c a n d id a te s i s a sim p le one: Are
you and y o u r p a r t y f o r A m erican freed o m s o r a r e you f o r j a i l i n g men and women
an d c h i l d r e n who s e e k t o p r o t e s t i n j u s t i c e ?
BECOME A REGISTERED VOTER - BE AN INFORMED VOTER - VOTE IN NOVEMBER
FRIDAY, OCTOBER 19TH - VERY IMPORTANT DATE
The A r lin g to n B ran ch i s g o in g a l l o u t and s p o n s o r in g THE s o c i a l e v e n t o f t h e
s e a s o n : Freedom Fund E x tra v a g a n z a a t th e K n ig h ts o f Columbus H a l l , 5115 N.
L i t t l e F a l l s Road i n A r l i n g to n , 10 p .m . - 1 a .m . T ic k e ts a r e $ 2 .5 0 p e r p e r s o n .
M usic w i l l b e b y F r a n c is R o b e r ts o n 's O r c h e s tr a .
G et y o u r t i c k e t s from :
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Mr. B. A ls to n , 2106 N. E d is o n S t .
M rs. G a m e tta S p r ig g s , 2205 S . N elso n S t .
| , M rs. R o b e rt A le x a n d e r, 2 9 1 6 S . 2 3 rd S t .
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M rs. B e a t r i c e R i t c h i e , 1^6 S. B a rto n S t
M rs. C h e s te r M urray, 1315 S . Queen S t .
M iss K a th e rin e C ooper, 500 S , V e itc h S t
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Be e x t r a v a g a n t - come t o t h e E x tra v a g a n z a
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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"NAACP Arlington Branch Newsletter, August 1962"
Description
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August 1962 newsletter for the Arlington Branch, NAACP. Encourages letter-writing campaign to President Kennedy to end housing discrimination and to support Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., upon his arrest in Albany, Georgia. Promotes Freedom Fund Extravaganza, with food, dancing, and music.
Format
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pdf
Source
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RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx
Creator
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Arlington Branch, NAACP
Date
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1962-08
Coverage
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1960s
Rights
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This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited.
Identifier
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18_1_4_2_24