3 20 235 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/55b5c1053a6f3aba7eac20763b8b078c.pdf e87b7b14d64bab711c212ee04f1113f2 PDF Text Text I A more or less open letter to Former "Non-Partisan" * Ch. Arl. County Board , from Jack Rathbone Daniel A Dugan "The Old Squire" 1021 North Jefferson St Arlington, Va. Dear Dan: I wish so much you had called me for an explanation before you went off the deep end, via the letters to the editor columns of the Northern Virginia Sun. Your letter was.generally good and presented the arguments one would expect from a person opposed to the "Massive Resistance" and other road blocks, erected by the best minds ** in our State, for use while the Supreme Court is on its "legislative binge," to prevent the for ced integration of the White and Negro public school pupils by Federal Bureaucrats or turncoat public school officials. It is regretable that you saw fit to inject the personal religion of our mutual good friend. Commonwealth Attorney, William J. Hassan, as I feel our personal religious practices and beliefs have no place in the sociological battle now being fought by the "One World" - "One Race" "One Religion" or is it no religion adherents under the command of tax exempt New York Corporations: N.A.A.C.P., Anti-Defamation league of B ’ni B'rith, UNESCO, NEA and every known communist and communist front organ ization conjured up by determined evil minds. When I philosophize thru the columns of the press on the wisdom of racially segregated public schools, I fully intend to stand up for my share of bricks and old dead cats hurled my way by the proponents of race mixing, but you should not drag innocent people or organizations into the act by your self assumed role of ’Protector of the Faith; Maligned Public Officials & Squirrely Race Mixing Barristers.’ I did not, as you (Dugan) so stated, imply, intimate or say"William J. Hassan is afraid to state his convictions relative to the questions of school integration" or make any reference to the private religious schools, operated by the Catholic Diocese of Virginia of which I am well aware of the fine education coming out of these schools and of the tax burden these and other private schools remove from the shoulders of Virginia Taxpayers by providing private education for a substantial num ber of Virginia pupils, at no cost to the Commonwealth. Mr Hassans "convictions" were not discussed in the press interview the old squire had with Mrs. Frances Lanahan, of the Sun, as they are a personal matter between Hassan and His Maker and not subject to audit or exploitation by Dugan et al. Bill Hassen does not need "Protector" Dugan to testify as to his dedication to the duties incumbent upon the Attorney for the Commonwealth or to the o&th of office to which Hassan freely subscribed and I would further point out to "Protector" Dan, that while Deep-Freezes, Pastel Minks, Vic^una Coats and Oriental Rugs are still being used by those wishing to conduct business with the Federal Establishment, under the eagle eye of Commonwealth Attorney Bill Hassan, it is not necessary to traffic in gold cuff links, 100 proof bourban, Television Sets, PinBall machines, 22 rifles or bare back mules as a prior consideration before doing business with the County of Arlington. �And Danny, when you start dishing out medals for Honor and courage, the old,squire would admonish you to re-cork the ju£ and start at the top of the list of Virginia Patriots, and your supply of medals will be well exhausted before you ever reach the name of Boothcor Campbell. When the old squire thinks of "Campbell", he thinks of beans and their by-products, but when the name "Boothtfcbobs up, I think of the great Continent of Africa, and how a "Booth® of 1865 denied Africa the glories of the repatriation of 10,000 emancipated American Negroes, as planned by Abraham Lincoln before Boothts bullet sent Honest Abe to his grave and left the South saddled with the care and education of these African decendents. These vociferous race mixers surely belong on some list, and so future generations might never forget Booth or Campbell, I have placed them in the #1 and #2 spots on the White Southerners - . --- list, where they are constantly in danger of being displaced by such courageous race mixers as Oliver Hill, Spottswood Robinson, Clarence Mitchel, Faith Bissel and Ross Allen Weston. Danny, old boy, next time you feel disposed to chide the old squire (or old square, as the Sun’s linotyper prefers) please get down off that horse as his gallop seems to be mixing your participles with your adjec tives and I really can’t tell -if you is or if you aint ’Ter us white folks. When >®ew M o d e m Socialological Authorities" under the spur of the N.A.A.C.P. can bomboozle and confuse the "great" minds of our Supreme? Court, its not unexpected that this "Confusion" could seize others, including yourself, so until the Supreme Court works itself out from under its "legislative spell" and the "Law of the Land" is again firmly reposed in our great Constitution, we’ll just have to bide our time, Danny boy, so let’s not lose our sence of humor or powers of preception and when the squirrly elements of the 10th District are chanting "Save our Schools" and "Preserve Our Schools" just sit back and have a good belly laugh, knowing full well, that in the jargon of the race mixers "Save" means Integrate and "Preserve" means Mongeralize and the white mothers and fathers of Virginia are well equipt, under glorious dedi cated leaders, to effectively repulse this wanton intrusion into the lives of our white sons and daughters. So shine up your cuff links, Danny boy, and chide away at the old squire to your hearts content. We’re receiving your signals, but cant make out what you are trying to say. Dictated from the back 40 by lour friend, p k s -tr-y f c_ "Squire" Jack Rathbon^* ** Non-Partisan: Now masqueraded as A.B.C.’s Best minds: Byrd, Stanley, Almond, Harrison, (no Bootb£.or Campbell) Glorious dedicated leaders: Our general assembly and state officials (’scusin many in the 10th District) P.S. Oh! I nearly forgot. About that invitation to tea. Congressman Powell advises "Chitterlings will be served on the patio at 3 P.M." Can you make it? J.R, � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter, Jack Rathbone to Daniel Dugan, 2 pages. Description An account of the resource Criticism Desegregation groups, Massive Resistance, Commonwealth Attorney William Hassan, private schools. Booth, Campbell Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jack Rathbone Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No date Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_6_1_6 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/efcc8d0e60d5bf5901f7ed78a2c40164.pdf f4713966a048d9e32430096740d275a4 PDF Text Text AMERICAN COUNCIL OF CHRISTIAN CHURCHES The following resolution was unanimously adopted by delegates o f th e American C o u n c i l of Chr i s t i a n Churches a t t e n d i n g its s i x t e e n t h S p r i n g C o n v e n t i o n A p r i l 2 9 - M a y 2, G r e e n v i l l e , S . C . RACIAL SEGREGATION T h e American Council of Christian Churches in emphas i z i n g that Christian principles should govern the conduct of all believers, regard less of their race or color, declares that so-called liberal Christianity t o d a y a n d t h e p r o g r a m o f th e N a t i o n a l C o u n c i l of C h u r c h e s , c a l l i n g fo r a n o n - s e g r e g a t e d church a n d a non-se g r e g a t e d world, does v i o l e n c e to the true g o s p e l of Jesus Christ. Segre g a t i o n w i t h i n the church on racial, linguistic, a n d national l i n e s is n o t u n c h r i s t i a n n o r contrary to t h e specific c o m m a n d s of the Bible. A n avalanche of propaganda sponsored by modernist church leaders n o w i n c o n t r o l of e c c l e s i a s t i c a l m a c h i n e r y is b e i n g d e l i b e r a t e l y d i r e c t ed against the South. Th e religious s h i b o l e t h the i n t e g r a t i o n i s t s us e is n o t e v e n found in the Bible. T h e s o - c a l l e d u n i v e r s a l F a t h e r h o o d o f God a n d b r o t h e r h o o d of man w a s repudiated by Christ and has b e e n rejected by h i s t o r i c Christianity which m a k e s the clearest distinction between the saved a n d t h e lost, the children of the devil a n d the children of God and m a i n t a i n s t h a t m a n must b e b o r n a g a i n in o r d e r to b e c o m e a son of God. At stake in the present conflict is true Christian doctrine as opposed to a false Christianity being subtly substituted. To m a k e integration t h e standard of Christian conduct a nd to hurl the charge "unchristian" against conscientious, God-fearing m e n o f both races wh o d e s i r e to m a i n t a i n a s o c i a l p a t t e r n i n t h e i r churches a n d communities in k e e p i n g w i t h th e p r i n c i p l e s of s t a t e s r i g h t s a n d t h e i r c o n v i c t i o n s and faith, stimulates bitterness and strife and denies the l i b e r t y that every be l i e v e r h a s in Christ. The National Council's propaganda for integration will destroy not only our races, but Christianity itself. On l y the Chris t i a n f a i t h w h i c h g e n e r a t e s r e a l l o v e a m o n g m e n can give m u t u a l r e s p e c t and p r o p e r relations b e t w e e n the races a s each carries o n its work for Christ a c c o r d i n g to its convictions. T h e a t t e m p t o f c h u r c h b o d i e s to t e l l l o c a l c o n g r e g a t i o n s a n d i n d i v i d u a l C h r i s t i a n s that t h e y ca n n o t us e t h e i r l ocal prop e r t i e s f o r priv a t e or religious schools is s i m p l y an expression of the growing authorita r i a n i s m d e v e l o p i n g in American P r o t e s t a n t i s m a n d w h i c h denies t o t h e individual Christian his rights in Christ. which It is t i m e fo r is attempting ultimately their C h r i s t i a n people to r e p u d i a t e this f a l s e Christ i a n i t y to t a k e f r o m them t h e i r churches, t h e i r liberty and Christ. �P a u t ±JJcirv i . : ej Giveaway Bosses Em ploy Trickery The administration, determined to perpetuate massive spending for foreign aid, is using every device to silence your objections. They say “all is fair in love and war and politics.” Then it is within their liberal ground rules to call the politicians, the publishers and the preach ers to the White House and flatter them by telling them how important they are, sell them on how “necessary” foreign aid is and enlist their efforts toward convincing you. It is not difficult to sell the foreign aid theory to a man of God. There are many quotations from from Scripture which clearly define the Christian’s responsibility to those less fortunate. EXPLOI T CLERGY Thus, the administration has secured impressive support from behind the pulpit. Thus,generous, well-meaning Americans are led to allow the spenders a blank check— with no further questions. A lifetime of unwavering respect for the clergy obligates me to offer certain evidence; I offer it in a spirit of humility and genuine anxiety. Foreign aid “in theory,” and as practiced, are not the same things. Foreign aid in theory is helping our brothers in the Christ-like concept of unselfishness. Foreign aid in practice is not so humanitarian. Former Ambassador Spruille Braden (who has seen foreign aid administered in foreign hands) has referred to it as “treasonous,” for it so often is used to strengthen the godless Communist enemies of all religions. Reverend, are you sure you want to submit another billion dollars to the Red dictator of Yugo slavia who locks the church doors? Are you sure you want to send more money to the French who use some of it to bomb and kill civilians in Tunisia? If you do, that is your choice. But know what you are doing! party,” it is an armed attempt to overthrow God! Communism is not a “political Don’ t let an invitation to the White House flatter and fluster you so that you throw your influence into a controversy which you have not thoroughly examined. Is it in the best interests of mankind for you to urge more money for Indonesia where, Secretary Dulles admits, “all-out Communist despotism is taking over" and bombing anti-Communists? Are you certain you want, in Poland, to pay tithe to Communism? That is where some of your foreign aid is going. I do not believe you intend our moral obligation to include strengthening God’s enemies. CHARI TY BEGI NS AT HOME Thus I have dared to ask that you withhold endorsement of “foreign aid,” per se, however the politicians seek to flatter your ego and brainwash your intellect and propagandize your pulpit. You men of God do not have to pay that high a price for an invitation to the White House. You will be here— and that for which you stand will prevail— long after the politicians ace dead and forgotten. They can afford to be wrong. You dare not. And if it is charity that you would have us administer, it is not unselfish to think'first of our own people. Indeed, I Timothy admonishes, “But if any provide not for his own,specially for those of his own house, he hath denied the faith and is worse than an infidel.” D IS T R IB U T E D BY DEFENDERS OF STATE SOVEREIGNTY AND INDIVIDUAL LIBERTIES 405— EAST FRANKLIN STREET A RICHMOND, VIRGINIA � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Typewritten copy, Resolution, American Council of Churches, 4/29 -5/2[??], and Defenders of State Sovereignty reproduction of Paul Harvey comments, n.d. 2 pages Description An account of the resource First page: Resolution of American Council of Churches, Greenvile S.C. 4/29-5/2[??] , Opposition to National Council of Churches call for a non-segregated church in a non-segregated world. Second page: Defenders of State Sovereignty, Paul Harvey comments on clergy Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown and Defenders of State Sovereignty Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No date Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_6_1_5 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/e21378042ab902d7d7675d7ae095862e.pdf 87033e6faf7e04dfd31e4e1ecd22551b PDF Text Text FOR STATE SOVEREIGNTY AND INDIVIDUAL LIBERTIES: THE DEFENDERS Last year, shortly after the contro versial Supreme Court decision of May 17, a group of disturbed Virginians in the Fourth Congressional District got together. Individually, each had al ready been concerned over the Federal Government’s increasing encroachment on state sovereignty. But the M ay 17 edict was the proverbial last straw and they swung into action. On October 26, as a result of this, the Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties was incorporated. Stressing their stand on state sover eignty, the charter members also em phasized that, far from holding any hatred for the Negro, they would work for the benefit of both races and that they were by no means advocating the abolition of education. Their creed is expressed in a brochure which was prepared towards their goal of a local chapter in every county and city. WE BELIEVE T h a t, the C onstitution establishing a R epublic of the S everal S tates of A m erica g av e certain enum erated pow ers to the F ederal G overnm ent an d expressly reserved the re m a in d er of the pow ers to the several s tates; T h a t, the clauses delegating auth o rity to the F ed eral Governm ent should be strictly construed, and alw ays ag a in st the extension of F ed eral pow ers, and in favor of the states w hich compose this U nion; T h a t, each state can best protect th e rig h ts and provide for the w ell-being of the citizens within its ju risd ictio n ; T h a t, governm ent of one or sev e ral of the individual states by the w hole is co n tra to the letter and s p irit of the C onstitution of the U nited S tates of A m eric a; T h a t, p riv a te enterprise by free in d iv id u als is the cornerstone o f o u r R epublic; T h a t, concentration of pow er is one of the g re a te s t internal dangers fa c in g this natio n today; T h a t, the pow ers and auth o rity o f the F ed eral G overnm ent should be strictly separated, and th at dom estic legislation by decree, judicial deci sion, trea ty , executive fiat, o r a d m in is tra tiv e order is foreign to the C onstitution and an encroachm ent on the inalienable pow ers and a u th o rity of the several states and the C ongress of the U nited States of A m eric a; T h a t, attem pts to change the law fu l m anner, m ores, and traditions o f any state of these U nited States of A m er ica by any branch of the F ed eral G overnm ent is an infringem ent of the sovereignty of the states com posing this U nion; T h a t, the rig h t to determ ine s e g re g a tion o f the races is a pow er reserved to the states; T h a t, those citizens, com posing this nation, w ho believe in the principles cited above, are duty bound in good conscience to em ploy every law ful means to defend and perpetuate them, to the end th a t th is Republic may continue and prosper. doubt that, in case of necessity, state and local monies could be used to pay the tuition and school expenses in private schools of children in local ities (such as Prince Edward) where closing public schools was necessary. C O M PU LSO R Y ( Dem enti Studio) ROBERT B. CRAWFORD The Defenders were not surprised at the implementing decision handed down by the Supreme Court, but they were amazed by the assurances of some of their own citizenry that there was all the time in the world to chart Virginia’s course. The “extreme” emergency, they believed, called for “extreme” action and, after time had further revealed the attitudes on both sides, they presented to the people of the Commonwealth A PLAN FOR VIRGINIA. Essentially, with their expressed fear of racial integration, their goal had been, from the beginning to edu cate the people of Virginia, white and colored, in the fundamental principles of the Federal government and the ultimate end of the Court’s edict. Now, they- set forth a constructive guide for their state. First of all, they recommended that the governor call a special session of the General Assembly before the middle of July so that amendments to the state constitution could be dealt with in the 1956 General Assembly. The emergency existed because after August 1, the constitution could not be amended by the procedure which gives the people a right to vote until 1958. Obviously, this means a delay of three school sessions. They called on the General As sembly to initiate procedures to amend Section 129 of the constitution to give itself expressly the power to adopt laws necessary for the welfare of the people in relation to the schools. They suggested an amendment to Sections 134 and 141 of Chapter IX of the constitution to remove any ED U CA TIO N O U T Recommending that all mention of compulsory education be taken out of our law, they also recommended that the General Assembly enact laws to prevent the expenditure of public monies, state and local, in support and maintenance of racially mixed public schools. The Defenders called upon public servants and aspirants to public serv ice to state their views openly and also to meet the responsibilities of leadership by giving advice to Vir ginians. They feel that the “Common wealth of Virginia has a right now to expect of every one of her sons and daughters who may have any proposal to make by which we can preserve our way of life, that he speak.” Their own proposals, the Defenders believe, do not mean death to the public schools. On the contrary, the only hope for public schools lies in their adoption. But the public school system, as we have known it, cannot be preserved. Only one of two public school systems can exist: an integrated public school system, which the people of Virginia will not accept, or a segregated public school system. This would not be segregated by law and state compulsion but by the good sense of the white and colored of the state. To attempt to compromise between the segregated school and the inte grated school is not to compromise. It is to accept the integrated school and no system of public schools not ap proved of by the people can exist. “If it be said that the NAACP will not consent to the maintenance of the separate school, but will excite some ill-advised Negroes to apply for ad mission to the white schools, and thereby cause the school to be closed, or that one of that . . . little group of white persons who fraternize with the NAACP will sacrifice his child by seeking his admission to the Negro school and thereby cause the school to lose, we admit that possibility. \ irginians do not choose, however, to be ruled by such elements. If that happens those schools will close. They will regret that the Negroes for whom they have done much will no longer receive their help, but that will Reprinted from August 1955 VIRGINIA RECORD �be at the wish of their leaders. We will care for our own and they will care as best they can for theirs, each assisted by the same help from public funds to the extent that help is sought and within the limits of available (Foster Studio) WILLIAM E. MAXEY, JR. funds. W e do not believe many schools will close before our Negro citizens, fine as most of them are, will see to it that their people throw off the leadership of these radicals who have done so much to destroy good race relations, and together we can put our educational system on a firm and lasting basis. If our belief in that respect be not sustained we will put other schools for our chil dren on a firm and lasting basis and let the Negroes do with theirs as they will.” W ith their goal of a local chapter for every city and county in the state, the Defenders now have 27 chapters. In 52 counties and cities, the mem bership is from six to eight thousand. The Defenders are proud of their leadership. Original directors are Valentine Southall, Amelia Court House; Charles T . Moses, Appomat tox; Thomas B. Hall, Jr., Bucking ham; William E. Daniel, Jr., Keysvillc; Reuben S. Johns, Cumberland; Frank E. Jones, Dinwiddie; R. Maclin Smith, Kenbridge; R. L. Millirons, South H ill; Ben T . Kensey, Jr., Petersburg; R. B. Crawford, Farmville; Raymond H. Boelt, Powhatan, and W . B. Cocke, Jr., Sussex. Officers are M r. Crawford, presi dent; C. I). Jones, La Crosse, vicepresident; M r. Cocke, secretary, and E. Floyd Yates, Powhatan, treasurer. William E. Maxey, Richmond, is executive director with offices in the Travelers Building. Collins Denny, Jr. is counsel. ROBERT B. CRAW FORD A native of Augusta County, Mr. Crawford attended Augusta Military Academy and Virginia Polytechnic In stitute and is a veteran of World W ar I. In community affairs he has served machinery store and is a wholesale as president of the Farmville Rotary distributor for gasoline and oil. He Club, chairman of the school board, was a member of the Virginia State president of the School Trustee As Legislature for 12 years and president sociation of Virginia and president of of many civic and community organi the Southside Community Hospital. zations, such as Red Cross, PTA, and He is presently a member of the Vir ginia Division of the American Cancer Society and has been, since 1944, a member of the board of directors of the Automobile Club of Virginia. He is a member of the board of directors of the Piedmont Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America and holds the highest Scout leadership award, the Silver Beaver. Widely recognized in his field of business as owner and operator of the Kilkare Laundry in Farmville, he has served as past president of the Virginia Laundry and Dry Cleaners Associa tion and of the Tri-State Laundryowners Association. He has been De partment Commander and national committeeman and is currently chair man of the American Legion Legisla (Rose S tu d io ! tive Committee. WILLIAM B. COCKE, JR. William E. Maxey resigned as commissioner of revenue in Powhatan County to become executive director others. He has been a member of County Board of Supervisors, a sub of the Defenders. A native of Pow hatan County, he was educated in the stitute trial justice, a district governor public schools there. During World of Ruritan and is now a member of W ar II he served three years in the the Board of Directors of the Bank Army, two of them in the European of Powhatan and state president of the Virginia W ildlife Federation. Theater. Collins Denny, Jr., counsel for the He is president of the Powhatan Parent-Teachers Association, county Defenders -was born in Nashville in chairman of the American Red Cross, 1889, the son of Collins Denny who and past master of Powhatan Lodge became later Bishop of the Methodist No. 295, AF&AM. He also is a 32nd Episcopal Church. South. He attended degree Scottish Rite Mason and a Chamberlayne School. Richmond, and Mercersburg Academy, Mercersburg, Shriner. He is a member of the Pow hatan Ruritan Club and a gunnery Pa. He received his B.A. Degree from Princeton in 1921 and his LL.B. from officer in a heavy mortar company in a National Guard unit. Maxey is the University of Richmond in 1924, married and has two children, a boy, in which year he began the practice of law. seven, and a girl, four. Clifton Davis Jones, the viceHe is a member of Phi Beta Kappa president, was born in October, 1907, and Phi Delta Phi fraternities, a mem in La Crosse and has lived in Mecklen ber of the Richmond, state and Amer burg County all his life. He finished ican Bar Associations. He served as high school at La Lrosse in I9^b and 2nd Lieutenant in the army during attended Smitluleal Business College. the first W orld W ar. In December, 1927, he went to work He married Rebecca Smith Miller, for Cleaton Hardware Co., and in of Culpeper, in 1932, and has two 1932 went into the general mer sons, one a senior at Princeton and chandise business for himself. He has served on the Mecklenburg County- the other studying at Woodberry School Board for eight years, and on Forest. From 1930 to 1934, Mr. the Town Council for three terms. Denny was assistant attorney general He is now serving as a member of the of Virginia. Mecklenburg County Electoral School He is a member of the Common Board. wealth Club and the Country' Club W . B. Cocke, Jr. was born in Sus and lives at Monocan Farm, Mid sex County in 1910, educated in lothian. county public schools, Fork Union Presenting what is believed to be M ilitary Academy, University of Richmond and Stetson University. He the only constructive plan, the De fenders “pledge to His Excellency the is a farmer, a Democrat and at present serves as clerk of the Circuit Court of Governor, to the General Assembly and to the people of Virginia our Sussex County. support of this program, or, if some E. Floyd Yates was born in Charles one can advance a better, which will City County and moved to Powhatan also preserve education in Virginia and County in 1927. He operates a Ford which will prevent the mixing of the Automobile dealership, a Ford farm races, we will give our support to it.” � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Reprint from Virginia Record, 8/1955 Description An account of the resource Defenders of State Sovereignty, Robert Crawford, William Maxey Jr. William Cocke Jr. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Virginia Record Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-08 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_6_1_4 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/ee6a522ea094b7c31b65d9ff2848cc93.pdf 6ba6ba58832d1e79754edffd291d338a PDF Text Text W om en A re A ear BimvK A t $c*liool Arlington's explosive school sit uation broke out again yesterday I over the school administration’s approval of speakers at a Wachin-'ton-Lee High .School assembly "ho once belonged to left wing groups and then dropped out of ' the orgahizations. The flareup was highlighted by two women nearly coming to blows, official protests of the talks, approval by the S c h o o l Board chairman and a board mem1 ber who said she will seek a more thorough check on school speakers, j The speakers were Harry and : Bonaro Overstreet, now residing I in Falls Church. The Overstreets j admitted giving “help” to groups ; with Communist connections but say they did not know of Red connections and when they found out dropped the organizations. Board member Mrs. Helen S. Lane said she felt it was wrong for School Board Chairman L. Clark Keating to “pass off” the protest of the speakers. In an swer to .a protest early yester day Keatfhg called it “irresponsi ble.” She said she would discuss the issue of school speakers with other members of the board and if necessary will bring it up at a | public meeting. She suggested an I administration employe making some kind of check on future i speakers. The initial complaint was made j by the Parents Educational Re ; search Organization. Mrs. Richard Young. PERO president, said that i she learned the Overstreets were j to sneak at the Friday, morning | assembly on Thursday afternoon. ; The protest was lodged' Friday morning before the assembly. Mr. Keating and the Overstreets were critical of the protest coming at the last minute, both saying that there had been plenty of advance notice. Mrs. Young simply said i she hadn’t learned of the talks until late Thursday afternoon. The protest was: “PERO strong| ly protests Harry A. Overstreet as a speaker at Washington-Lee : High School. U. S. Government records show that Overstreet has been connected with organization's led by the Attorney Gen eral as subversive. Since this man has seemingly demonstrated mark ed affinity for affiliation with and s u p p o r t of organization* known to promote the Soviet con spiracy, it is detrimental to sub ject immature minds to his phi losophy.” A former head of the philoso phy and psychology department at City College of New York. Mr. Overstreet said he had signed petitions for supposedly worthy causes sponsored by groups later listed as subversive. He stated that he signed the petitions un knowingly. In 1953 the Overstreets declared they had found out that their names were listed in the files of the House committee on un-Amer ican activities. They said they voluntarily went to the commit tee and presented a lengthy state ment on his connections, adding that they would also give the ! information at a public hearing j if necessary. | Mrs. Young said that before : she released any information to ! the press she had talked with ! Jerry G e r i c h, Washington-Lee j principal, who declined to stop : the Overstreets’ lecture on “Learn ing to Live With Ourselves.” She said that an attempt was made to roach School Superintendent T. Edward Rutter but that she under stood he was ill. Mrs. Overstreet called the inci dent an "old story" and that “some people just don’t like what we stand for.” Asked what some of those things were and she re plied that she and her husband are for United Nations and Fed eral aid for education. Asked if she believed in "one-world” gov ernment and she answered no. She said they belonged to the “World Federalists" but that that organization was not a “oneworld” group. The lecture by the Overstreets went off as planned yesterday morning. But after the studentj (See WOMEN, Page 10) �BJdgTj ____ Walter E. Phelps, pastor. Sund: school, 10 a.m.; services, 11 and 7:30 p.m. BON AIR, 800 N. Illinois St., tl Rev. Thomas H. Christie, paste Sunday school, 9:45 a.m.; service 11 a.m., 7:30 p.m. BOULEVARD, Arlington Blv and Wescott St., Falls Church, ti Rev. Coit R. Troutman Jr., pas to Sunday school, 9:45 a.m.; service 8:30 and 11 a.m., 7:45 p.m.; Unio 7:45 p.m. 1 CALVARY, Claremont Schoo 4700 S. Chesterfield Ra., the Re William F. McLean, minister. Sui day school, 9:30 a.m.; services, a.m. CHERRYDALE, Quebec and 21st Sts., the Rev. A. W. Jacksoi minister. Sunday school, 9:30 a.m services, 11 a.m., 8 p.m. FAIR-PARK, N. Quaker Lane Crestwood Dr., Fairlington, thj Rev. David P. Small, Jr., pasto] Sunday achool for all ages,, 04 i« i : e a.m.; morning worship, 11 a.m| training union for all ages, 7 p.m1 evening worship, 8 p.m.' anl Wednesday evening prayer servied 8 p.m. I FIRST, Wilson Blvd. and fl Highland St., Dr. M. Jackson Whit< pastor. Bible school, 9:30 a.m| services, 11 a.m., 8 p.m.; Unior 6:45 p.m. GLEBE, 3012 S. Glebe Rd., th Rev. L. L. McGee, pastor. Sunda school, 9:45 a.m.: services, 8:30 an) 11 a m., ‘‘Why Be Anxious”; 7:3 p.m., “Set Apart.” GREENBRIER, 540* S. 7th Rd the Rev. Paul S. Carter, pastol Sunday school, 9:30 a.m.; service 11 a.m., 7:45 p.m.; Union, 6:30 p.n MEMORIAL, 3445 N. Glebe R <j the Rev. Paul J. Harrell, paste Sunday school, 9:45 a.m.; service| 8:45 and 11 a.m. MT. VERNON, 23rd and I Joyce Sts., the Rev. Willard 1 Pierce, pastor. Sunday School, 9:4 a.m., services, 11 a.m., 7:30 p.ml Training Union, 8:30 p.m. MT OLIVE, 14th and S. Pienj Sts., the Rev. Aaron Hackle] minister. Sunday school, 0:30 a.n services, 11 a.m., 8 p.m.; Tut days,1 8 p.m. OPEN DOOR CHAPEL, 1504 Rolfe St., Jim Pitts, pastor. Sund: school. 9:45 a.m.; services, 11 a.n 7:30 p.m.; Youth, 6:15 p.m. TRINITY, 1815 N. Quincy S the Rev. John K. Harris, ministe Sunday school, 9:45 a.m.; service 11 a.m.; Union, 7 p.m. WESTOVER, 1125 N. Patrit Henry Dr., the Rev. W. Barkt Hardison, minister. Church schoc 0:45 a.m.; services, 9 and 11: a.m.; 8 p.m.; Union, 6:45 p.m. CATHOLIC OUR LADY OF LOURDES, 23; and S. Hayes Sts., the Rev. Chari Comasky, pastor. Masses 7, 8, 9, 1 11 a.m. and 12 noon. ST. AGNES, N. 21«t and Ra dolpb St*., the Rev. Robert E. Ha non, paator. Masses 7:30, 9, 11 a.m., and 12 noon. ST. ANN’S, Fairfax Dr. and 10th St., the Rw. R. Dixon Beatt pastor. Masses 7:30, 9, 10, 11 ai 12 noon. 8T. CHARLES, 3304 N. Waster ton Blvd., the Rev. L. J. Kost< pastor. Masses 7:30, 9, 10, 11 ai 12 noon; ST. THOMAS MORE, N. Thom St. just off Arlington Blvd., t Rev. F. Taylor, pastor. Masses 6:3 7.30, 8:45, 10, 11:15 and 12:30. CHRISTIAN SCIENCE FIRST CHURCH, 6843 Litt Falls Rd. Sunday school, 9:30 an 11 a.m.; services, 9:30 and 11 a.n SECOND. Arlington Blvd. and f Highland S t Sunday school, 9:3 and 11 a.m.; sendees, 11 a.m. CHRISTIAN FIRST OF ALEXANDRIA. 272 King Street, Alexandria. Rev. Wi bur S. Hogevoll, minister. Sunday School, 9:45 a.m.; Mori ing sermon and Communion, 10:1 a.m., Nursery and junior churc| 10:55 a.m., Chi Rho and CYF, 5:1 p.m. Evening service, 7:30 p.m. FIRST OF FALLS CHURCH, l: Leesburg Pike, Falls Church. V, the Rev. James Clayton Pippi minister. Church school, 9:45 a.. services, 10:50 a.m. PERSHING DRIVE, at N. Hig| land St., the Rev G. Davj Shreeves, minister. Sunday schod 9:45 a.m.; services, 10:55 a.m. WILSON BOULEVARD, Wilsu Blvd. and N. Piedmont St., the Re Glendale Burton, minister. Bib school. 9:45 a.m.: services. 11 a.n CHURCH OF CHRIST ARLINGTON. 10 N. Irving S« the Rev. Virgil Bentley. Bibl! school. 9:45 a.m.; services. 11 a.m l 7:45 p.m.; Youth, 6:45 p.m. I �Women (Continued from Page 1) had left the auditorium both Mrs. Elizaheth P. Campbell, former chairman of the School Board, and Queenie C. Brookshire of PERO, made for the speakers rostrum to t a l k to the Overstreets. Mrs. Brookshire wanted an an swer as to the organizations to which the speakers had been con nected and Mrs. Campbell waved a letter at Mrs. Brookshire from the House subcommittee. Mrs. Brookshire said she had seen the letter. Finally after much el bowing and crowding at the speak ers stand Mrs. Brookshire left. The committee reply stated that a hearing on the Overstreets’ con nections was not necessary and that the- statement turned in by1 Mr. Overstreet was satisfactory. �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource News clipping, Women are Near Blows at School, n.d., 4 pages, 2 pages are verso on newspaper Description An account of the resource Washington-Lee High School, Speakers Harry and Bonaro Overstreet were former Communists Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No date Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_6_1_2 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/aa74323fe8ebe9ca2fab49b2f6461380.pdf 938e33eca963d557e4a3f75cea3cbae1 PDF Text Text mrc eia Wsi ahn WASHINGTON, D.C., AUGUST 4. 1956 A« b y ArH O -A M K R IC A N C O , f o r •!! m ate ria l p rtrn e d in ih e c u rre n t N at o r u l f d itio n . CAPITAL EDITION i ays Alabama Can't Collect $10l M ILLION F Vosecuted For Love Baby' 1715 law reaches out for blonde > 0 k for i TIPS A >HOTOS you can 5 a week for news events, id a week for ?phs of news j totoes to City you have a ; call and say: lews tip.” •at these jibers -00 08 jt- 0 1 08 it 3082 103 48 ''07 ,-33 HISTORIC CASE—Plaintiffs and oFicials of the NAACP gather on the courthouse steps following a hearing in the historic Arlington, Va., school case in which 11 white parents have joined 11 colored parents in petitioning for integrated schools. From left to right are John Finner, 14, and his mother, Mrs. Margaret Finner of Ar­ lington; Dr. E. B. Henderson, presi­ dent of tire State Branches of NAACP; Mrs. Esther Cooper, first president of the Alexandria NAACP; Mrs. Barbara Marx, vice-president of the branch, and Mrs. Ethel Thompson, whose daughter, Clarissa, is an original plaintiff in the suit. finds Judge outlaws segregation in Arlington (Va.) schools “M y claim fv . fo p y r a­ e in ti d T nsit ra i T ts ha we b ek ; n y for . e real e 1 s. d fe d e n * Jo, w Fx h i n t to . o !. B LT O A IM RE I legal c T C n a p rso b co v a e n e n icte ! o he » d n ! a ancient M n aryla nd la tha w $13.0UG. t w s established 6 y a b foM Y a 0 e rs e rer. A erica claim m ed her in p In ­ d * de e for o d Te a u sd y e c fro ne m England’ T his is the q e u stio to b ! n n e anam ­ ing sw re s o b the B e d on y altim re o Frank j WMht-'Crim inal C u o rts. T ha cast in lves a 2 | Compai vo 0 y a ld attractive b n e N W ; e r-o lo d , j M iss Shirloy H w rd 5 8 N R om * o a , 0 . | C dingto S w o a in n Varm o: o n t., h s fa t 1 daughter w s fa a thered b e Ke y R. co red m n J h M s s b oth r< lo e , on oe , Billy, 5 0 b ck N C p l S M l S 0 lo . ha e t. O W d e a , the G nw n e n sd y ra d ho w Jury returned a info alpureho n rm I charge a inst the girl b s clnres ga ae d to renc , o a 2 1y a ld la . n 4 e r-o w I i T he sta te w tu , hich w s w Investr. a ritspecifiei 1te o the M n n aryland la b o s w ok in 1 1 ( e A erica R v lu This | 7 5 th m n e o|O. Roy |tionary W r w s1 7 ) ta s a a in 5 te : 7 s CTC. TJ j “A y w n hite w m n w o shall o a h ! suffer or perm herself to b it e g t w child b a co re m n o ith y lo d a o m r ulatto u o co victio TH* , pn n n thereof in the co rt havingFOX. TT u M crim inal jurisdiction, either in a r c h the city or co n w e su u ty h re ch child w a b g tte , or w re a eo n he which the sa e w s b rn shall b m a o , e to se te ce to th penitentiary bt* n n d e for n t le tha 1 m n s nor o ss n 8 o th tia tlc m re tha five y a o n e rs." j fiv m e « a on mu t • • « tw — • A C R IN T S te A <H4 C O D G O ta ’s t­ V a — D is- w uld a o sk the G enera A m the co l sse unty’s scho l facilities.e . A se o to y rn n lm S d ro w o oa . h trict C urt J d e A o ug lbert V.lbly to a utho rize Ihe w ithholding Figures estim ating th t authorised Ihe c se to e b fo a a o e re R rvan ARLINGTON. R e p rin te d and d i s t r i b u t e d As a b u b l i e S e r v i c e b y : Arlington (fliaptrr “Sefrnbera of tytatr S’ourrrigntg at ni Jniiiuibuul IGiberttrs” � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource News clipping, Washington Afro-American, 8/24/1956 Description An account of the resource Headline: Judge outlaws segregation in Arlington (VA) schools Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Washington Afro-American Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 8/24/56 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_6_1_1 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/3d270fa44819780849c38fc6ba1c009f.pdf eb5144e22ff52b71f472486d18dbe1e4 PDF Text Text AN APPEAL FOR COMMON SENSE Mrs. Agnes E. Meyer Address before the American Association of University Women Arlington Branch at the Thomas Jefferson Junior High School Arlington, Virginia Tuesday, April 14th 8 p.m. It is a great relief these days to get away from the tensions of the Nation's Capital and to look at our many problems from the sane vantage point of life in a local community. It is especially heartening to discuss some of these problems in a county which is justly famous throughout the land as an independent, courageous community singularly competent to turn its ideals into a wo?:king reality. I am grateful to the American Association of University Women for inviting me and giving me this opportunity to remind you of the last ing contributions you have made to the preservation of some of our noblest traditions. I am all the happier to do this because the shrill voices which have been getting the head-lines of late have disturbed the even tenor of our ways and tempted us to answer the violent people with equal violence. Yet the natural fears and conflicts of an endangered society can only be assuaged by the application of self-control, intelligence and native American common sense which characterize the highly literate population of Arlington and Americans as a whole. This American common sense is derived from the daily necessity of solving dilemmas, annoyances and defeats which teaches us to accept difficulties without too much fear or anxiety. If we are more than usually disturbed today, it is because in the past we have taken our heritage of freedom too much for granted. It seemed safely enshrined not only in our daily lives but in the Bill of Rights. Now we have suddenly awakened to the fact that freedom much be re captured by every generation and that it will endure only as long as we stand ready to defend it at any cost, however high. Thus the cooperative endeavors you have made here toward social progress are of especial importance today. For the freedoms we all cherish will be lost or preserved not in Washington nor in our State governments, but in the local communities where people live and strive, succeed or fail, as the case may be. But though very definite threats to the freedoms we have always taken for granted, do exist today, let us not exaggerate the danger. We tend to forget momentarily the enormous leap toward the extension of human freedom we have taken during the last generation in ways almost too numerous to mention. We have under pinned old age, destitution and needy families with social security; improvements in the fields of health and education has been amazing; and the Negro with whose disadvantages Europe is always reproaching us, has possibly made greater progress toward equal rights than ever before in our history. If we remember the vitality our democracy has shown under the stress of wars both hot and cold, it will strengthen our faith in ourselves and help us to see the real dangers that confront our society not so much as a menace but as another challenge which must be met with the same fortitude and the same calm and constructive attitude. We must trust ourselves and each other as never before and thus strengthen the faith of the country as a whole in its principles, its hopes and beliefs. We must speak our minds fearlessly, for in so doing we discover that there are in ourselves and others human resources upon which we have never yet drawn. Nothing is more contagious, more inspiring than courage. -1 (over) �- 2- At the same time I do not wish to minimize the real dangers to our democracy. And. I shall select one of them for discussion today which interests you and me the most, the sinister attacks upon our public school system. For I think it is a clearly established fact that there has developed throughout our country in recent years . from Scarsdaie, New York to Pasadena, California — a nation-wide, more or less organized conspiracy to undermine the faith of the American people in our public school system. When I use the word conspiracy X mean a planned, concerted effort on the part,1of various individuals and organizations, the source of whose ample funds is unknown, to attack public education with identical, monotonously repeated accusations that have just enough truth to make their falsehood seem plausible. These enemies of our schools have obviously borrowed the tactics of the communists and fascists that if only a lie is Repeated often enough with sufficient impudence, many people will finally believe it. It should not surprise us that subversive elements who wish to hurt democracy, should single out our unique public school system as their deadliest enemy. For public education is the heart-beat of our nation that daily renews and purifies the blood-stream of the democratic body politic. It has helped to make our nation great, tolerant and hopeful, because it has released human talents and rapacities in our country to a greater extent than has happened anywhere else in the whole course of human history. Thus if our public education is successfully weakened or destroyed, so is democracy itself. That there may be a few master minds behind this campaign, is indicated as I have said, by the constant repetition of the same propaganda using almost identical arguments, language and slogans, distributed often in vicious literature originating from a single source: 1. The schools do not teach the 3 R ’s. 2. The teachers and the textbooks are communistic or at best socialistic. 3. Progressive education breeds undisciplined children if not delinquents and criminals. 4. The schools are godless. That is the whole gamut of these accusations. They have been answered again and again with irrefutable proof to the contrary. But the answers are ignored. For the type of mentality with which we are dealing in this battle to defend democratic insitutions, is impervious to reasonable persuasion and moral principles. One of the most regrettable results of these unjust criticisms is that the friends of the public school system have been jockeyed into a defensive position. They scarcely dare to make constructive criticisms themselves, lest they give aid and comfort to the enemy. Thereupon the enemies shout: "Oh, so you think the public schools are perfect!" Thus do the falsehoods multiply one upon the other, and time and energies that should be used to improve our public schools, is wasted because the honest critics of our educational system are forced into a state of siege mentality. To be sure, our colleges and universities have also recently come under attack from members of Congress. But these Congressional persecutions of our educators would never have taken place, if the witch hunts on the local level had not been so successful in sowing mutual distrust and thereby destroying peace and. orderly progress. In other words we would not now have so many Hitlers in �-3Congress if it were not for the fact that we have a flock of little Hitlers in almost every locality. The situation reminds me of a little-known Calvin Coolidge story. A man complained to President Coolidge that a certain Senator was a scoundrel. "Well" replied Coolidge calmly, "there are a lot of scoundrels in the country and they are entitled to some representation.” Thus the whole crux of our strategy to protect the educational system, is to meet the attacks in our local communities. The Congressional Hitlers must be criticized.,, opposed and ridiculed, since ridicule is one of the strongest weapons. How can we remain silent while these members of the Senate and House maltreat honest American citizens, disrupt the work of Congress and challenge the executive powers of the Administration? And no less serious, why should we allow these anti-democratic members of Congress to defame our country and ruin the prestige of our nation in every foreign land? ”How long will America stand for this?" asks the British journalist Francis Williams in the "News Chronicle." He says of our Congressional lunatic-fringe: "The moral attitudes they depend upon and exploit matter not only to America but to the whole free world. And those of us who hold as our strongest article of international faith the need for'the closest bonds of fidelity between Britain, the Commonwealth and he United States have an obligation to tell, our friends in America just how much damage those attitudes are doing to the cause of freedom everywhere." I mention these national and international repercussions merely to point out the full seriousness of the situation we face. But I come back to my theme by stating as my belief that these destructive members of Congress are not going to change their evil tactics until they hear from the grass-roots. Not even the leaders of the new Administration will be able to cope with them success fully, for no truly democratic statesman can afford to resort to punitive action. Yet force is the only thing the authoritarian mentality respects. Only the voters who elected these incipient dictators can use power - the democratic power of the ballot - to bring them to their senses and persuade them to renounce their present tactics. To oppose this terroristic underground successfully on a local basis, we must understand the psychology of the people who compose it, for we are contending with deep psychopathic factors. They are mostly people who because of their own emotional difficulties have never been able to relate themselves to the community and are now revenging themselves upon a society which they feel has'rejected them. They are people filled with hatred because they feel insecure, lonely and slighted, and they satisfy this hatred by the systematic destruction of situations and confidence and mutual trust in order to benefit by the general confusion to acquire power for themselves. These Americans who see themselves as the insulted and injured are not of any particular economic or social level. There are among them some of our rootless intellectuals, many of whom found refuge in "America First," and now feel more adrift then ever since the majority of Americans have learned that our nation must defend human freedom not only here at home but throughout the world. The only satisfaction of these disgruntled elements is in destruction of the community solidarity of which they could not make themselves a part. They are incapable of loyalty to any group - not even to the political party which elects them to office. And their anti-communism is nothing but a screen for their hatred of the sound, honest, stable members of society. Therefore, the conservatives make a deadly mistake when they think that these people are a bulwark against communism. The German industrialists made the same miscalculation concerning Hitler. The real hatred of our professional anti communists is precisely for the conservatives themselves whom they envy their respectability and the fact that society looks up to them. That is why they attack such patriotic, honorable and successful men as General Marshall, Secretary Dulles, lover) �•4 Senator Knowland, Charles Bohlen, Bishop Oxnam and others on the Federal level and on the local leyel that emblem of all that is sound and good and essentially conservative, the public schools. It is a desperate contest the nation faces in coping with these elements, for either they must break down through self-defeat, or they will break down every body else. They are “dead-end kids" with whom every social worker and teacher is familiar, adolescents who are getting square with a world which they feel has never been fair to them. That is also why they use the childish device of namecalling whenever they are criticized. In dealing with these maladjusted members of our society, we are baffled and handicapped, by a bad conscience. For they are the result of the weaknesses in our society, of its extreme competitiveness, of its intense striving for social and economic status, and of its total neglect in the past of children who could not stand these pressures. Our worship of success creates bitterness in the unsuccessful. And these embittered monstrosities, without faith in love and kindliness, without respect for human beings or for any of the values that we cherish, these men who seek success whatever the cost, are a reproach to us be cause they are the prototypes of our American vices. Furthermore, even the legitimate demands of democracy are a strain upon the weak, for it calls for self-discipline, and the sacrifice of the will to power for the common good and for the establishment of a high group civil ization, Thus it is not surprising that in times of danger that call for even greater sacrifices, many self-centered individuals seek to destroy a society that demands too much of them. Therefore it is a mistake to characterize these elements as types of American fascism. They are a modern version of vigilantism, a role that had dignity in our frontier days because the early vigilantes were filling a real need before law and order had been established. But they have no place and no legitimate function in our present society. What these modern vigilantes want is to establish their own law and domination for the law and the cooperative behavior of an orderly democracy. Thus we only make martyrs of these psychopathic characters if we gang up on them as disturbers of the peace. The role of the martyr would only be used as another asset and as justification of all that they are doing. We only hurt ourselves and our objectives if we suppress these anti-democratic forces with hostile methods. The most useful lesson we can give these vigilantes whether in Congress or in the local communities, is that true Americans refuse to use coercive power in the war of ideas. The best weapon we have lies in strengthening of community solidarity through improvement of our school-community relationships which keeps open the free communication between all citizens and prevents exactly what the vigilantes want, the fragmentation of our society. That is also the reason why the communists take great delight in the activities of the vigilantes. For the more they confuse us with attacks on the schools and the more we allow ourselves to be driven into a merely defense attitude, the better the communists can fish in these troubled waters. You can readily see from this analysis of the vigilante mentality, why it was a delight to me to get reacquainted during the past weeks with the steady progress toward closer school-community cooperation that has been made here in Arlington. It has been said of Americans that we lack philosophic and political theories which can be used as a battle cry against the totalitarian �-5ideologies. But this assuredly does not apply to the field of education. It has been accepted in all of our school systems that democracy, as we know it, is the highest form of government because it seeks to develop the latent potentialities of all of its citizens. We do not regard democracy as just another form of government, but as a continually expanding method of living together. Thus our educational system is an institution which has grown out of the historical soil in which it was rooted and became indistinguishable from democracy itself. This philosophy of our democratic schools is implemented differently by different educators since they themselves necessarily vary in intelligence, imagination and administrative skill. But I can say without exaggeration that your Arlington school system, given the handicaps with which you began six years ago, is one of the finest examples in the country of the application of our American principles of education. And you have made this astonishing progress in so short a time because the citizens of Arlington, the Board of Education they elected, the school administrators and the teachers have all pulled their weight in the boat and have done it in unison. The increasing mutual confidence between all of these elements was an important factor in the actual, accomplishments. It would be a needless task to outline even the major improvements for an audience which has done the actual work to achieve them. But to an observer like myself the superior quality of your Board of Education has been of value far beyond anything the county as a whole as yet realizes. I have a fairly large acquaintance with such boards and I know of none that exceeds your own in the technical education, the varied professions represented and the experiences in administration that are to be found among the five members of the Arlington School Board. The devotion which the Board has shown to its onerous duties and the respect which it has earned have never been more important to the schools than at present when almost all of them, sooner or later, are confronted with criticism and the crudest of attacks. Equally important in the rapid progress of what used to be a neglected educational system, was the appointment of first rate school administrators and supervisors who improved the whole situation by able leadership. Together with the specialists and assistant teachers who were selected with great care, this battery of experts have pulled together a school program which was limited to the 3 R's until it has developed a curriculum that is comparable to the highest standards. Furthermore the system became one of even quality, a matter of greater justice to all the children of a county whose schools used to vary from good to bad. Of especial value has been the program of in-service training which I attended three weeks ago, where small and large groups of teachers were enthusiastic about this opportunity to grow in their profession under expert guidance. It was an education for me to see the various groups and their leaders arrive at new ideas in vocational guidance, music, mathematics, physical education and other branches of your rich curriculum. It was like a poem an American poem of mutual confidence, mutual respect and the resultant h a m o n y of fine minds work ing together toward common goals. The flow of ideas back and forth, the discussions that took place at these workshops constitute a truly democratic school system in which the learning process is continuous for the pupils, their teachers and administrators. No wonder the morale of your teachers has been transformed since last I made a study of your schools, and morale of the teaching staff is as important today as adequate salaries for holding your teachers and for recruiting new ones. Every human being is attracted to an organization where his work is appreciated and where he has the opportunity to rise in his profession through increasing competence. Nothing could be a greater asset at this period of (over) �a c u te te a c h e r s h o rta g e . To be sure, i . has taken an increased budget to provide this expert t leadership and the workshops, but it was on the whole the most economical way of achieving quickly an excellent and varied curriculum, taught by people who were daily achieving greater professional skill. These remarkable innovations have aroused interest and favorable comment far beyond the reaches of your county in various professional publications. But in these comments there has never been sufficient, appreciation of the fact that the Board of Education and the school authorities were successful in these experiments because they took the parents,, and the general public with them every step of the way. And if I were to single out only one feature of the Arlington schools for commendation it would be the broad area of citizen participation that they have been able to achieve through numerous committees, councils and advisory groups who have assisted in the formulation of the curriculum, the selections of textbooks and other contributions to individual schools. For the local P.T.A.'s the usual speeches which have no relationship to immediate school problems, have become obsolete. Fathers attend the meetings as well as mothers to discuss educational issues and to study the problems constantly arising in a dynamic school program. It has become a generally accepted theory throughout our country that we should have community-centered schools, but seldom have I encountered that democratic .ideal so thoroughly implemented as it is in Arlington. And the results have been all the more constructive because your county is fortunate in having amongst its citizens probably a higher percentage of skilled, professional talents than most other counties in our nation. For example, the whole battle concerning "progressive education” was headed off by the active cooperation on curriculum and textbooks of a unique organization called "The Parents Council on Instruction." When parents meet, regularly to discuss with the associate-superintendent what kind, of education they want for their children, what philosophy the school should follow, and what textbooks should be used, the whole community feels involved in its school program and is ready to defend it, however progressive or modern, against the criticisms of people who yearn "for the good old days” and the little school house which unfortunately was red. The ironical thing is that these people who see the present educational methods as hopelessly unregenerate are by no means a good advertisement for the old-fashioned kind of education they now idealize But Arlington County is to be congratulated for the way in which it has taken most of them tactfully into camp and gone serenely on its way. The parents and citizens who have achieved this truly democratic victory have given a useful lesson to many less alert communities in political action of the wisest kind. They also learned that democratic action is far more effective than that of the rival ideologies of the left or right with which it has to contend. Your schools have been transformed into a second home for your children because both work and play have been shared by the parents, themselves, and by that larger family, the community as a whole. The learning process has a serious content and meaning because it is replete with life, with the real life of the county, the nation and the world. In such a happy setting the child retains the courage to be himself as he feels his abilities expanding. And he rejoices the more in his own progress because it is shared by his class-mates and his family. It is all the more to be regretted that a superior school system such as yours should now have to contend with another attempt at sabotage. For that is the only way to describe the reactivation of an obsolete law dating back to 1787 which bans Federal employees from holding local office in Virginia. This �-7- ancient law was amended in 1928 for the express purpose of permitting citizens of Arlington working in the Federal Departments to serve as school trustees in the State. This amendment was dismissed in the courts as "special legislation." The absurdity of this piece of shenanigans is all the more apparent when we consider that the law of 1787 was passed only to prevent people from drawing two salaries, and therefore should not apply to purely honorary positions such as membership on the school board. The absurdity becomes grotesque if we remember that Virginia did not even have a public school system until almost a century later, after this law was enacted. Furthermore, in the County of Arlington the law excludes about 30% of the county's most capable adult population from having anything to say about their own government or that of their schools. This is a monstrous injustice. Who is to blame? No mere visitor to your County has the right to name specific individuals or groups. But it is clear that you are contending once more with the same reactionary forces that you have defeated again and again in your County, the kind of people who Adlai Stevenson correctly described when hp said that they could only be dragged, kicking and screaming, into the twentieth century. Unfortunately it always seems easier for these birds of ill omen to flock together than for the good and virtuous members of our individualistic society. Yet if the Court of Appeals the day after tomorrow upholds the phantastic decision of the lower court, the result will be disastrous. Three of your excellent School Board members will be tossed out in November, and as the term of another member expires in December, there will be four vacancies to be filled simultaneously. Also the sale of $4,780,000 of school construction bonds, which are sorely needed to complete building projects already under way and to begin others, will be held up until the case is finally settled. Well, it’s not for me to tell so experienced a group of citizens how to fight this example of knavery. You have won many a battle with the crackpots that create trouble in most of our communities and you will win this one too. Democracy is above all things a trial of character, especially of human patience. And your progress in this County has been so steady that its very blessings became a challenge to the powers of darkness. It may be small comfort to you to say that the curve of progress never has been and never will be steadily upward. But, brave people, and you have demonstrated that you are brave people, do not despair when the inevitable period of reaction sets in. That is my quarrel with the pessimists who now dismiss the idea of progress as a vain delusion, because the atomic bomb and the communist peril threaten our democracy, our freedom and our very existence. It is a time when we Americans will learn what stuff we are made of and the answer will not come from the higher echelons of government. It will come from the American people, from counties such as yours where new mechanisms are being devised by which human association is made satisfactory, enriching and stimulating. You have, doubtless, discovered that we need not only new mechanisms of association to meet new needs. We must also breathe the new life of the day into the forms that have long been familiar to us. Let us feel our duties to our country and to our fellow-men everywhere, as the most beautiful and joyous heritage which our heroic forefathers have bequeathed us. Henceforth we must speak not merely for a political party, nor for a church, nor for any other faction We must defend the honor of America which our psychopathic reactionaries, especially in the Congress, have sullied at home and abroad. (over) �-eAs long as there are shameful practices to which we submit, these will be emphasized abroad by our enemies and even by our friends. On the other hand, every blow for freedom, however local, brings reassurance and inspiration to countless millions. We talk often of the American way of life as if it were something finished and perfected. It is a way because it beckons us onward to ever greater heights of achievement. And the way that each local community finds of triumphing over the wave of reaction with which it is now afflicted will decide what the world thinks of us, and whether we are fit to hold aloft the banners of democracy. Let that thought give you strength in your present difficulties. For your eventual victory will be a matter of importance not only to you and your children and your children's children. It will be a victory whose echoes will resound through the country and be carried to the ends of the earth. This is another era when we should say of ourselves what Emerson said of the American people over a hundred years ago: "We are not minors and invalids in a protected corner, not cowards fleeing before a revolution, but guides, redeemers, and benefactors, obeying the Almighty effort and advancing on Chaos and the Dark." � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "An Appeal For Common Sense", Address before the American Association of University women, Arlington Branch, by Mrs. Agnes E. Meyer, April 14, ?. 8 pages. Description An account of the resource Speech encouraging individuals to not give into fear and anxiety but to "speak our minds fearlessly" against those trying to subvert people's trust in the public educational system. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agnes E. Meyer Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No date Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_6_1_3_8 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/e0c8da16cc4fd9b445a8945416ff1d77.pdf 3d527673c735a1588edfd7bb2efb8ba3 PDF Text Text CHART ON "ELEMENTARY SCHOOL EDUCATION" - On the last page of the Washington Evening Star for March 2, 1954, appeared a full page advertisement entitled "Elementary School Education". The page consisted of a chart with "Up-to-date Traditional Education" itemized on the left hand side of the page and "Education for Socialism" itemized on the right hand side. Beneath the chart the following appeared: "Published in the Public Interest by Miller Welding Supply Company — B. M. B. M. ' ’ Red* Miller, owner, Arlington, Va." ’R e d 1 Miller is one of a group of Arlington citizens who have frequently voiced destructive criticism of the Arlington schools during recent years. He has distributed Allen Zoll’s propaganda pamphlets and has publicly admitted to being a member of Zoll’s National Council for American Education. The question arises, "Did Mr. Miller prepare the chart himself?" and the answer is "No". Then where did he get it? Since he has been a member of an Arlington committee criticizing textbooks, he was un doubtedly familiar with Lucille Crain’s Educational Reviewer. On the last page (P. 8) of the October, 1953, issue of that publication, the following statement appeared: The Home-School Associations of Tenafly, New Jersey, could not have known the consequences of their sponsoring one Kitty Jones' attendance at the Columbia University Public Relations Workshop which held monthly sessions from October, 1952, to March, 1953. These consequences are now eloquently re corded in three publications by Mrs. Jones, which can be obtained from her (97 Windsor Road, Tenafly, N. J. ) for a total cost of 75 cents. The first •9 0 �is the "Report to Stillman Home School Association and Mackay Home-School Association on the Columbia Public Relations Workshop." The second is entitled "What Do We Want for Our Children?" The third con sists of a two-page flier, one sheet called "Facts from a 'Grass Root' Citizen" and the other "Elementary School Education." The author of "Elementary School Education", Mrs. Theodore A. Jones, is associated with Frederick G. Cartwright and his Englewood Anti-Communist League.* Cartwright, a member of Zoll’s Rational Council for American Education, attracted attention two years ago in Englewood when he charged local teachers with following the Communist line. Prior to that time he had attacked UNESCO and other reliable individuals and organizations. He claimed that America was "speeding 100 miles per hour down the road to Communism." For several years Cartwright and his col leagues have engaged in censorship activities. Mrs. Jones ran for the School Board in Tenafly early in 1953 but was unsuccessful. Following her ’ defeat she took her children out of the public schools and enrolled them in parochial schools. A more recent product of her pen is "Superintendent Approves Communist Works for School Use" which criticizes the Tenafly superin tendent because the High School library retains The Ration on its shelves. Defense Commission, REA March 4, 1954 See Arthur Morse "Who's Trying to Ruin Our Schools? McCall's Magazinej September, 1951. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Chart on Elementary School Education", National Education Association, Defense Commission, March 4, 1954. 2 pages. Description An account of the resource Copy of article explaining the origin of an advertisement taken out in the Washington Evening Star on March 2, 1954 by B.M. "Red" Miller of Arlington in which a chart is presented with "Up-to-date Traditional Education" on one side and "Education for Socialism" on the other. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Education Association, Defense Commission Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 3/4/54 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_6_1_3_7 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/efacb92a92af277fe38e95f3d998bde4.pdf ea48577491dd07b997adc148997e87c6 PDF Text Text A . ' THE CHURCH1 BOLE IN EDUCATIONAL CONTBOVERSY S v ( S p e e c h to h e d e l i v e r e d b y B i n d l e y J. St i l e s , De a n , S c h o o l of Education, U n i v e r s i t y o f V i rginia, to A r l i n g t o n M i n i s terial A s s o c i a t i o n , C l a r e n d o n B a p t i s t C h u r c h , N o r t h H i g h l a n d Street, A r l i n g t o n , E.D.S.T.) T h ursday, A p r i l 25, 1 9 5 ^ - -O s J O A„M„ In a n y p e r i o d o f cris i s the A m e r i c a n p e o p l e b e c o m e m o r e c r i t i c a l o f the w o r k o f t h e i r p u b l i c institutions. a t mospher e o f c o n fusion, It is to h e expected, rea c t i o n , therefor e , that i n the c u r r e n t a n d doubt, m a n y w o u l d c r i t i c i z e o u r p u b l i c s c h o o l s . Since W o r l d W a r II, c r i t i c i s m s a n d o u t r i g h t a t t a c k s u p o n p u b l i c s c h o o l s h a v e b e e n m a d e w i t h s u c h a b u n d a n c e an d o f t e n w i t h s u c h r e c k l e s s a b a n d o n that c o n f i d e n c e i n p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n is b e i n g se r i o u s l y shaken. e s t a b l i s h e d n a t i o n a l groups, Criticisms have come f rom individuals, long a n d al s o f r o m n e w l y f o r m u l a t e d o r g a n i z a t i o n s w h o s e m a j o r ob j e c t i v e is to p r e s s a t t a c k s a g a i n s t p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n . These l a t t e r groups, h e a d e d b y p r o f e s s i o n a l s s k i l l e d at m a r s h a l l i n g the forces of r e a c t i o n - a n d also o f the d i s c o n t e n t e d h a v e f l o o d e d the c o u n t r y w i t h l i t e r a t u r e c o n t a i n i n g s w e epi ng, d r a m a t i c a l l y e m o t i o n a l i z e d , c h a rges a g a i n s t p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n . T h e i r e f f o r t s are c a l c u l a t e d to a p p e a l to a m a s s aud i e n c e a n d to inci t e c o m m u n i t y d i s t r u s t a n d r e b ellion. A n y o n e w h o w a n t s to c r i t i c i z e the p u b l i c s c h o o l s i n his c o m m u n i t y in an i r r e s p o n s i b l e m a n n e r c a n o b t a i n h e l p f r o m s u c h national organizations which wi l l provide materials and plans for "tailor-made attacks" ag a i n s t schools. These g r o u p s and thei r s u p p o r t e r s , f o r g e t t i n g E d m u n d B u r k e ' s i n s i g h t f u l o b s e r v a t i o n , "I d o not k n o w the m e t h o d o f d r a w i n g u p an i n d i c t m e n t a g a i n s t a w h o l e p e o p l e " , ar e a p p a r e n t l y s e e k i n g to d i s c r e d i t g e n e r a l l y p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n a n d those m o s t c l o s e l y a l l i e d w i t h it. T h e y str i v e to set e d u c a t i o n a l gr o u p a g a i n s t group, administrator a g ainst tea cher, t e a c h e r a g a i n s t o f f i c i a l s i n State D e p a r t m e n t s o f E d u cation, a gai n s t p r o f e s s o r of education, liberal arts p r o f e s s o r p r i v a t e school, a g a i n s t p u b l i c school, and, al s o , th e c h u r c h w i t h i t s v a s t m e m b e r s h i p a n d o t h e r c i t i z e n s a g a i n s t the schools. O p p o s i n g the attacks o n s c h o o l s have b e e n v i g o r o u s e f f o r t s b y t e a c h e r s p r o f e s s i o n a l asso c i a t i ons, citizens' g r o u p s a n d others. T h e y s e e k to c o u n t e r a c t t h e n e g a t i v e i m p a c t of school criticisms, b o t h i n i n d i v i d u a l c o m m u n i t i e s a n d o n the n a t i o n a l level,, �So varied, h a v e t h e c r i t i c i s m s b e e n t h a t almost n o a s p e c t o f h a s b e e n missed. the e d u c a t i o n a l p r o g r a m The res u l t i s t h a t it i s n o w al m o s t i n p o s s i b l e i n m a n y c o m m u n i t i e s f o r c i t i z e n s to d i s c u s s t h e i r s c h o o l s w i t h o u t b e i n g c l a s s e d as e i t h e r f o r o r a g a i n s t p u b l i c edu c a t i o n . Th o s e w h o d e f e n d the s c h o o l s , as w e l l a s those w h s cri t i c i z e , have been and ar e b e i n g s u b j e c t e d to p e r s o n a l a b u s e a n d mal i g p m e n t i n the d a i l y p r e s s , o n the air, in popular magazines. T h e e d u c a t i o n a l a t m o s p h e r e is s u c h th a t honest, o f the s t r e n g t h a n d w e a k n e s s e s of p u b l i c m i d d l e ground. We objective analysis s c h o o l s is p r a c t i c a l l y imp o s s i b l e . T h e r e i s no s e e m to h a v e l o s t f a i t h i n M r. J e f f e r s o n ' s w i s d o m that w h e n r e a s o n a n d expe r i m e n t h a v e b e e n in d u l g e d , e r r o r w i l l fl e e b e f o r e them. Many — k n o w that T h o m a s P a y n e w a s r i g h t - s e e m d e t e r m i n e d n o t to p e r m i t "truth" i rr e s t i b l e natu r e , and who no doubt to e x e r t i t s f o r t h e y n e i t h e r s e e k it n o r d o t h e y e x t e n d to t r u t h th e l i b e r t y o f a p p e aring. So m a n y i n d i v i d u a l s a n d g r o u p s ar e c r i t icizing, c h a nnels. t h r o u g h s u c h a m u l t i p l i c i t y of A l l t y p e s of e d u c a t i o n a l p r a c t i c e s a n d s e r v i c e s ar e b e i n g c ha l l e n g e d . And such a v a r i e t y o f c o n t r a d i c t o r y p r o p o s a l s f o r sc h o o l s are b e i n g a d v a n c e d that m o s t p e o p l e to d a y are t h o r o u g h l y confused. M a n y r e a d i l y b e l i e v e th e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t t h e i r p u b l i c s c h o o l s r e g a r d l e s s o f w h e t h e r t h e y a p p l y to p a r t i c u l a r c o m m u n i t i e s , o f s u b s t a n t i a l evi d e n c e . paired. A s a c o nsequence, a n d in sp i t e o f ty p i c a l l a c k the w o r k of the p u b l i c s c h o o l s is b e i n g i m S e r i o u s e d u c a t i o n a l d a m a g e i s b e i n g do n e at a t i m e w h e n the A m e r i c a n p e o p l e f a c e the g i g a n t i c t a s k o f p r o v i d i n g b u i l d i n g s a n d tea c h e r s f o r g r e a t l y e x p a n d i n g s c h o o l e n r o l l ments. If ou r p u b l i c sc h o o l s are to p e r f o r m a d e q u a t e l y a n d e f f i c i e n t l y t h e i r f u n c t i o n , t he schools are to remain r e s p o n s i v e to the w i l l o f a l l o u r p eople, c h a n n e l s f o r c r i t i c i s m a n d s u g g e s t i o n b e k e p t open. c i s m is the o b l i g a t i o n of e v e r y citizen. if it is i m p e r a t i v e t h a t The offering of constructive criti A n eq u a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y r e s t s u p o n m e m b e r s of sch o o l b o a r d s a n d school o f f i c i a l s to b e s e n s i t i v e a n d r e c e p t i v e to c r i t i c i s m s o f f e r e d b y re s p o n s i b l e citizens. Where criticisms of school are solicited and given, an obligation rests with all �-3- citizens and their school authorities to separate destructive attacks from constructive proposals for the improvement of schools. Religious leaders are called upon to help the American people to reestablish in our communities an atmosphere which permits the sincere , objective examination of educational problems. The leadership of the church is vital in helping us return to the fundamental and traditionally American rules of "fair play'* in our criticism of public schools. To furnish this leadership, the church must, first of all, disqualify itself as one of the participants in the controversy about the public schools. It must see clearly that by following the doctrine of "separation of church and state" laid down by our founding fathers, we do not pit the church and state against each other. Secondly, organized religious groups of all faiths must stand firmly for what is right, honest and decent; they must protect those who consciously, in good faith with and while being loyal to, the purposes of education in our nation, offer sincere criticism or support to our public schools. With equal vigor all religious groups must oppose those who bear false witness against public education in the United States. And finally, the church should stimulate citizens to appraise continuously the extent to which public schools are enabled, both by financial support and community endorsement, to perform adequately their educational task. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Church's Role in Educational Controversy", Speech to be delivered by Lindley J. Stiles, Dean, School of Education, University of Virginia, to Arlington Ministerial Association, Clarendon Baptist Church, April 29, 1954. 3 pages. Description An account of the resource Speech commenting on the attacks on public education and the need for religious leaders to help to reestablish an atmosphere which permits an objective examination of educational problems. To do so, churches must remove themselves from being participants in the controversies. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Virginia, Lindley J. Stiles Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 4/29/54 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_6_1_3_4 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/c9e1ee3d594213af24cd3a7d9f39b7ac.pdf 7317215a065b4f6799f5d3617a505529 PDF Text Text STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM HEARINGS BEFORE TH E , SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE i ADMINISTRATION OE THE INTERNAL SECURITY ACT AND OTHER INTERNAL SECURITY LAWS OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY UNITED STATES SENATE EIGHTY-THIRD CONGRESS S C N S S IO E O D E S N ON S R T G A D T C IC O T A E Y N A T S F W R D C M U IS O L O MN M JU E 1, 1 , A D 1 , 15 N 0 5 N 7 94 / P rinted fo tlie u e o th C m itte o th J r s f e o m e n e udicia ry \ U N IT E D S T A T E S G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G O F F IC E 47760 W A S H IN G T O N : 1954 �C M IT E O T E JU IC RY O M TE N H D IA W IL L IA M L A N G ER , N o rth D a k o ta . C h a irm a n A L E X A N D E R W IL E Y , W isconsin P A T M cCA RRA N , N ev a d a W IL L IA M E . JE N N E R , I n d ia n a H A R LEY M. K IL G O R E , W e s t V irg in ia A R T H U R V. W A T K IN S , U ta h JA M E S O. E A ST L A N D , M ississip p i R O B E R T C. H E N D R IC K S O N , N ew Je rse y E S T E S K E FA U V E R , T en n essee O LIN D. JO H N ST O N , S o u th C a ro lin a E V E R E T T M C K IN LEY D IR K S E N , Illin o is THOM AS C. H E N N IN G S , J r ., M isso u ri H E R M A N W E L K E R , Id a h o JO H N L. M CCLELLAN, A rk an sas J O H N M A R S H A L L B U T L E R , M a ry la n d CONTENTS T s o y o— e tim n f C ld e J h C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a w ll, o n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ M rc s J A th n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a u, . n o y________________ Wd m y r, G n A e C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ e e e e e . lb rt _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ hi Su b c o m m it t e e T o I n v e s t ig a t e Ac t a n d Ot Ad t h e h e r I m in is t r a t io n n t er n a l Se c of u r it y t h e La In t er n a l Se c u r it y w s W IL L IA M E . JE N N E R , In d ia n a , C h airm an P A T M cC A R R A N , N ev ad a JA M E S O. E A ST L A N D , M ississippi O L IN D. JO H N S T O N , S o u th C a ro lin a J O H N L. M CCLELLA N , A rk a n sa s A R T H U R V. W A T K IN S , U ta h R O B E R T C. H E N D R IC K S O N , N ew J e rs e y H E R M A N W E L K E R , Id a h o JO H N M A R S H A L L B U T L E R , M a ry la n d T a s k F o r c e I n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e S t r a t e g y a n d T a c t i c s o f W o r l d C o m m u n is m W IL L IA M E . JE N N E R , In d ia n a , C h airm an H E R M A N W E L K E R , Id a h o II P A T M cC A R R A N , N ev ad a R ic h a b d A k e n s , S p e c ia l Counsel P ag e 95 11 2 77 �STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM T U S A , JU E 1 , 1 5 H R D Y N 0 94 U n it e d S t a t e s S e n a t e , S u b c o m m it t e e To I n v e s t ig a t e t h e A d m in is t r a t io n o f t h e I n t e r n a l S e c u r it y A c t a n d O t h e r I n t e r n a l S e c u r it y L a w s , o f t h e C o m m it t e e o n t h e J u d ic ia r y , Washington, D. C. The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10:30 a. m., in room 157, Senate Office Building, Hon. William E'. Jenner (chairman of the subcommittee) presiding. Present: Senators Jenner and Welker. Also present: Richard Arens, staff director, and Frank W. Schroeder and Edward R. Duffy, professional staff members. The C h a ir m a n . General Wedemeyer, will you be sworn and testify ? Do you swear the testimony you will give in this hearing will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God ? General W e d e m e y e r . I do, sir. The C h a i r m a n . The hearing today is a continuation of a series of hearings which are being conducted by a task force of the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Senate on the strategy and tactics of world communism. As I stated in announcing this series of hearings the Communist conspiracy in the United States is only one tentacle of a worldwide octopus which has as its principal target the United States of America. It is therefore essential that we keep abreast of the strategy and tech niques of world communism if we are to appraise adequately the operation of this conspiracy in our Nation. The witness who will testify today is a distinguished American whose deeds will be fully recorded in the history of our country which he has served so well. We are confident that from the wealth of experience and wisdom which are his, Gen. Albert Wedemeyer will have significant contribu tions to make to our committee. TESTIMONY OF GEN. ALBERT C. WEDEMEYER The C h a ir m a n . Y o u may proceed, Mr. Arens, with questioning General Wedemeyer. Mr. A r e n s . General, for the purpose of our record, would you kindly give us a brief resume of the various Army commands which you have held and your experience in various theaters of operation in the world ? 7 7 i �78 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM General W e d e m e y e r . I presume, gentlemen, that you do not want me to go back beyond the time that I began to attain a little rank and responsibility, which would mean about 1940; is that correct? Mr. A r e n s . Yes, sir. General W e d e m e y e r . Prior to that time 1940 for background, I did serve in China and in the Philippines; I served in Germany, where I was a student of the War College for 2 years and was assigned to German troop units during the maneuver period in the summers. During my 2 years (1936-38) in. Germany, I traveled all over Europe. Immediately prior to the war (1940), I was assigned to the Strategy and Policy Group of the General Staff in Washington and had some responsibilities in the area of strategic planning for World War II. During the war I attended world conferences at London, Quebec, Washington, Casablanca, and Cairo, as a member of General Mar shall’s staff. In 1943 I was sent to India to serve as Deputy Chief of Staff to Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten in the Southeast Asia Command. The headquarters of this command was in New Delhi, India. After 1 year in that position I was sent September 1944 to China to assume command of the China theater, relieving Gen. Joseph Stilwell. I remained in command of that theater for the duration of the war and until it was disbanded in May 1946. I returned to the United States and awaited orders to return to China where I was scheduled to serve as Ambassador at the request of President Truman. There were developments that caused the cancellation of that ap pointment, and in September 1946 I was given command of the Second Army, with headquarters in Baltimore. This Army area com prised seven Eastern States of our country. Then I returned to the Pentagon and served as Deputy Chief of Staff to General Eisenhower, again in charge of strategic or global planning. In 19471 was sent to the Far East on a Presidential mission to make a survey of the political, economic, psychological, and military condi tions in China and Korea. I was required, on that mission, to analyze the developments in that important area and to submit recommenda tions to the President in connection with continued United States policy in that area. In 1949 I was assigned to command the Sixth Army, comprising the eight Western States of our country. While on that assignment I requested retirement July 1951 from the Army. At that time the law permitted an officer to voluntarily retire at the conclusion of 30 years*service, and I took advantage of that law. I am presently connected with industry, as vice president and a di rector of Avco Manufacturing Corp. Mr. A r e n s . General, on the basis of your background and experi ence, would you care to express to the committee what you feel are the principal elements of the Communist global tactics? General W e d e m e y e r . Gentlemen, in my judgment there are four general areas which we must consider when evaluating or analyzing the Communist movement. Those areas comprise the political, eco nomic, psychological, and military. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 79 Mr. A r e n s . Could you kindly illustrate from your experience each of these four elements and how they operate? General W e d e m e y e r . I will try to do so, sir. In the political area, the Communists have endeavored to under mine confidence of peoples in their respective governments. They have resorted to the distortion of facts regarding nistorical developments, to lies, to chicanery, even to murder. In fact to any tactics that might permit them to extend gradually the control of peoples and nations. They have successfully oriented toward the Kremling millions of peo ple and many nations through those tactics, and in such manner as to permit their unequivocal control. While science has been improving weapons which permit the more effective destruction of human lives and the works of man, science .has concurrently improved the means whereby unscrupulous leaders can gain and maintain physical control over various areas geograph ically and mental or spiritual control over huge numbers of people. In the latter case, I refer, of course, to the radio, the motion picture, and flying columns, when they are required to employ the intimidation of force, and the various gadgets that have been introduced by science to facilitate thought control or brain washing as well as physical control of peoples. M r. A r e n s . D o y o u h a v e a c o m m e n t to m a k e w ith re fe re n c e to th e econom ic e le m e n t ? General W e d e m e y e r . Within the economic area, the Soviet un scrupulously, in the closing days of the war and immediately there after, misrepresented the assistance given to people in warstricken areas. I can give you a direct example in connection with the lend-lease that was sent in postwar years to China by American taxpayers. The Com munists, Soviet agents, changed the labels on boxes and indicated that the supplies that were abundantly sent to help rehabilitate the area, those supplies, according to the changed labels on the boxes, emanated in the Soviet Union. Of course we know that the United States con tributed approximately 78 percent of the world lend-lease program. They resorted freely to economic pressures. As soon as they gained control of peoples or areas, they immediately oriented the economy of such areas toward the Kremlin, denying to the people indigent to the areas the fruits of their labor. They imposed rigid collectivization and regimentation of labor, all industrial and farming activities. Even today I could give you a quick example. There are abundant oil resources in Rumania, the Ploesti oil fields, which would be ade quate for the requirements of that country. In addition the Ru manians would still have surpluses to export and thus help their econ omy by increasing revenues. However, the price of gasoline in Ru mania today is $2.40 a gallon, prohibitive in cost, of course, to the people. The bulk of the gasoline is taken over by the Soviet repre sentatives. They direct it to their selfish interest, for their military or for purposes connected with Soviet trade with oil-thirsty countries. These are a few of the many examples that one might give to indi cate the economic pressures to which the Soviet subject peoples once they gain control of their governments. Mr. A r e n s . D o you have a comment to make with reference to the psychological element of the Communist global tactics? �80 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM General W e d e m e y e r . In the psychological field, the rulers in the Kremlin have been most successful. After so many years of war, with attendant disruptions and dislocations, with many people disillusioned concerning their own previous ideas and ideologies that had proved unsuccessful in that world struggle, there was everywhere fertile soil for the distortions of facts, the lies, and false promises of the Soviet leaders. Thought control and brain washing were included in the Communist tactics in these various war-torn areas. Even here in our own country, being a trusting people, many of us were deceived by the Soviet tactics. We had just won a great war. The Soviet Union had been one of our principal allies. We Americans felt that now we could enjoy an era of peace and prosperity. Some of us seemed to hope, certain of our leaders and some gullible American people hoped that we now could, evolve an international modus operandi whereby peace and prosperity could be facilitated. The United Nations Charter epitomized the spirit of the times, and if carried out with sincerity of purpose, of course, it would have been a wonderful approach to world peace, a civilized and realistic approach to good will toward all men—to vic tors and vanquished alike. But unfortunately, and definitely, the Soviet had no intention of keeping their promises of abiding by the terms of the United Nations Charter. They had broken faith before and it was indeed most unfortunate that our responsible leaders of the Government had not provided safeguards which would definitely protect the military victory for which we had sacrificed so much. Even back in 1933 the Soviet broke faith with us. They promised when we recognized them diplomatically, when we exchanged diplo matic amenities, that they would not, under any circumstances, finance, support, or initiate activities and organizations that had for their pur pose, interfering in any way with our Government, social structure, political, and economic structures. Everyone knows now in this country that the Soviet Union and satellites have continuously made and are even now making every effort to undermine confidence in American leaders, both military and civilian. They are making every effort to create cleavages between social classes, between management and labor, between races, white, black, brown, and between religions, Catholics, Jews, and Protestants. They have had marked success in the field of propaganda in the “cold war.” I attribute this primarily to the fact that we are a gullible and trusting people. These are traditional characteristics of Americans. Mr. A r e n s . And now your final element here, as a word of back ground, if you please, sir, the military element of the Communist global strategy; what is your comment on that, if you please? General W e d e m e y e r . Yes, sir. Immediately after World War II, the Soviet did not decrease mate rially their military strength. In that same atmosphere of trust and naivete, we emasculated our military forces, and so did our other allies, our friendly allies. Consequently the military posture of the free nations, vis-a-vis the Soviet Union and satellites, was such that the Communist nations en joyed a great preponderance of military strength. Their military forces were not directly employed in their program of aggressions, 81 but their immediate availability, their very existence was utilized as a weapon of intimidation. Furthermore, they continued to create and maintain potential powder kegs around their periphery, any one of which could be ignited at times and under conditions of their choosing. Invariably they implemented their aggressions and military operations with satellite troops, involving only a few of their own people as technical advisers, arch conspirators, and propaganda artists. Korea, China, presently Indochina, are irrefutable evidence that they have carried on their program of world conspiracy and aggres sion with military involvement in the manner just described. In my judgment, the Soviet Union will resist assiduously the direct use of their own military forces. Mr. A r e n s . General, how late is it on the timetable of the Soviets for world conquest, in your judgment? General W e d e m e y e r . A s a private American citizen, completely unemotionally I say to you, sir, that it is now very late; I am not completely a pessimist, but it is very, very late. 'Obviously, immediately after the war we should have been realistic in evaluating the world situation. Past experiences with the Com munists—realism demanded that we take the steps necessary to protect the victories for which the American people made such great sacrifices, both human and material. But I am confident that, if our political and military leaders will realistically appraise the current situation and utilize intelligently and in an integrated manner those four major instruments of national policy, political, economic, psychological, and military, we still can emerge victorious, in protecting and preserving our national interests. Mr. A r e n s . General, do you believe it is in the best interests of the United States of America and the free nations of the world to break off diplomatic relations with the Iron Curtain countries? General W e d e m e y e r . I definitely do. I would have recommended, had I been asked, several years ago that we not exchange diplomatic amenities with the Soviet Union and satellites. I base this on the experience that we have had and other countries have had in the field of international relations with Communist domi nated countries. I base that statement on my knowledge of the doc trine of Karl Marx, which I have read carefully, both in English and German, the two volumes of Das Kapital and the Communist Mani festo, which spell out very clearly the aims and the objectives of the Soviet conspiracy. We all should have very vivid recollection of Mein Kampf, which was promulgated by Adolph Hitler, and in which the objectives of the Nazis were clearly spelled out but unfortunately disregarded by most Americans and Allies. The C h a i r m a n . General, you have made an expression that you think it would be proper for the best interests of this country to break off diplomatic relations with the Iron Curtain countries, and I believe that you went back in your earlier statement stating that they have broken their word since they were brought into the family of nations in 1933, that they immediately set out to destroy, to harass and to set up fifth columns in this country, by subversion, by sabotage, and by espionage. And the record is clear on that. Just within the last 47769— 54— p t. 2------- 2 �82 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 2 days, I think, General Franco of Spain made a statement that re ceived wide publication in this country, that we also, if we are intent on fighting this cold war, should break off trade relations, and our allies should break off trade relations and isolate the Soviet. What is your opinion on that, if you have one on that, this morning? General W e d e m e y e r . I defintely have an opinion about that, sir. There are advantages and disadvantages in breaking off trade rela tions with any country, but it is my conviction that more advantages would accrue to the United States and other free nation^, who have objectives compatible with our own, to break off trade relations with the Soviet Union and satellites. We should not attempt any of the accepted and traditional contacts or relations with Communist coun tries unless and until they give irrefutable evidence, tangible evidence, of their sincerity of purpose in connection with world peace, honest dealings, equity, and justice among all peoples. The C h a i r m a n . General, if we did break off diplomatic relations with the Soviet, what effect would the severance ot these diplomatic relations have upon the procurement of intelligence information, for example, by our Government? General W e d e m e y e r . Proponents of continued diplomatic relations with the Communist countries have often stated that if we were to break off diplomatic relations with them, that we would close windows through which they can observe developments in countries behind the Iron Curtain. When we send diplomatic representatives to any coun try, we do so in keeping ethical arrangements, whereby our representa tives are honor bound to respect the laws, the customs, and the tradi tions of the country in which they are serving. Our foreign repre sentatives behind the Iron Curtain have experienced, and continue to experience insults, humiliations, harassments, and restrictions which unquestionably preclude the effective performance of their duties. Furthermore, the United States has been greatly restricted, unreason ably so, with regard to the number of representatives we are permitted to maintain in our embassies, legations, or official agencies behind the Iron Curtain. Exorbitant rents are charged and degrading treatment of our representatives add to the mockery and sham of diplomatic amenities and common decency is unknown in contacts with officials of the Communist countries. Conversely, and stupidly, we permit the Reds to maintain their embassies, legations, and agencies within our borders, extending naively every facility and courtesy in conso nance with the traditional diplomatic code of ethics and international law. We must recognize that every representative of a Communist country, enjoying our hospitality and the usual diplomatic immunities within our borders, is a provacateur, saboteur, propaganda agent, spy, and potential murderer, for he is thoroughly indoctrinated and fanat ically believes that the end justifies the means. The C h a ir m a n . And yet we extend to their diplomatic corps the courtesies that are denied to us ? General W e d e m e y e r . Exactly, sir. The Communists always maintain a disproportionate number of representatives in any area, while prescribing rigidly a limited num ber of representatives from other countries. The C h a ir m a n . And when you multiply the satellite nations, we are getting very little representation and they are getting a great deal; is that not correct ? General W e d e m e y e r . I agree with that. Yes, sir. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Chairman. The C h a ir m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . May I divert just a moment on the subject matter that you brought up ? General Wedemeyer, it is certainly a great honor to have a great American like you before our committee. I want to thank you for coming here on behalf of, I am sure, all of us. I want to ask you whether or not you are familiar with the hear ing Senator Jenner’s task force held in New York a couple of weeks ago, at which I had the honor to be the chairman, wherein we held a hearing down at the Customs House and we found millions of pieces of Communist propaganda filling a room to the ceiling easily twice the size of this and perhaps three times the size of this room. This propa ganda had been brought in by boat, airplanes, and other modes of transportation and intercepted by our very loyal customs officials there. And I might say we only have four in the huge port of New York. I will ask you if it is not a fact, by virtue of the diplomatic rela tions we have with Russia today, that that permits the influx of this huge volume of illegal propaganda that is coming into this country as of now, sir? General W e d e m e y e r . Senator Welker, in my judgment, it does. I am familiar with the incident or the case that you related. Our pres ent diplomatic status with Communist countries does definitely facili tate the propagandizing of our people, the illicit and clandestine oper ations of Red conspirators, including the entrance of subversive printed matter, which unquestionably is designed to undermine con fidence in our way of life, confidence in our Constitution and Bill of Rights and confidence in our leaders. I would like to relate an experience, Senator, if I may, along the same line. When I was in command of the Sixth Army on the west coast, Mrs. Wedemeyer and I attended in 1950, a local motion-picture show in San Francisco. We were astounded to see an obviously Communistinspired film being shown. When Stalin’s picture was flashed on the screen, which was frequent, the audience applauded. There were nuances and inuendoes, if one analyzed the theme of the picture ob jectively, that definitely glorified the Soviet and depreciated our free enterprise economic system, respect for the dignity of the individual. Similar un-American or anti-American ideas were threaded through this film. Concurrently, Senator Welker, in Korea, American boys were dying to protect American principles of liberty—the freedoms which have made our country great. Accordingly, I protested to the State Department. I wrote a com munication immediately, spelling out this personal experience that I had had in an American motion-picture show, just outside the gates of the Presidio at San Francisco about 2 or 8 years ago. I hope sin- 83 �84 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM cerely that appropriate steps have been taken by our Government to evaluate all foreign films and printed matter entering this country. Senator W e l k e r . I have one more thing, Mr. Chairman. The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . I think Senator Jenner’s committee—and I helped him on the matter—was the first congressional committee to discover the first motion picture in the English version to come to our shores which tried to influence the American people, had it been shown and had it not been intercepted, that our loyal Army was guilty of the in famous germ warfare that they propagandized so heavily throughout this country. And that, I think you will agree with me, General, was by virtue of the fact of our silly diplomatic relations with a country that is determined to destroy ours. General W e d e m e y e r . I agree with you 100 percent, sir. Senator W e l k e r . Thank you, sir. Mr. A r e n s . General, what would be the effect of severance of diplo matic relations on the economy of our Nation? General W e d e m e y e r . Mr. Arens, I think we would have to extend that question a bit to include the economic implications, if we severed trade relations along with diplomatic relations, right? Mr. A r e n s . Yes; i f y o u please, sir. General W e d e m e y e r . American industry is very complex and highly integrated. We do at present go to farflung places for raw materials that are important factors in our expanding productive capacity and its concomitant, our high standard of living. For example, we get manganese, chrome, and tungsten, and we do obtain diverse kinds and quantities of raw materials from remote areas, many of them from countries located behind the Iron Curtain. But I am mindful of the ingenuity and the resourcefulness of the German people when, during both World War I and II, they were denied access to raw materials from remote areas. Yet they carried on a stupendous war effort for a long period of time. I have confi dence in the ingenuity and the resourcefulness of American industry to resort to substitutes and to exploit resources more readily available in lieu of sources behind the Iron Curtain. It would affect our economy but definitely would not be dangerous to our economy; nor would it seriously impair our security if those raw materials from behind the Iron Curtain were denied to us. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Chairman, right on that line----The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . General, you are certainly informed of the f a c t that, while we are doing business with Communist-dominated coun tries, some o f our own local mines, producing lead, copper, zinc, and especially antimony, are shut down, and people are going out of work by virtue of the fact that we are doing busines with these countries? General W e d e m e y e r . Yes, sir; I am aware of that, sir. Senator W e l k e r . And that is a tragic situation for America, I think you will agree with me. General W e d e m e y e r . Yes, sir. I would like to qualify my concurrence somewhat, Senator Welker. I strongly believe in the development of our own resources. Fur ther, I agree with any program designed to keep our American people gainfully employed. However, I am sure you will agree that inter- STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 85 national trade is desirable when it can be carried on advantageously to our own country, whose interest we always must place first. Comity requires that advantage should accrue to the countries with whom we are trading. I would like to conserve our natural resources to a com mensurate degree and thus insure, if an emergency develops, that we would not be dependent upon remote areas, sir. It is my judgment—and I have given considerable thought and study to this problem—that we are not dependent upon outside re sources for a healthy economy in this country if we do as you suggested, namely, utilize our own resources to an appropriate degree and prepare for their immediate utilization in the event of an emergency. Furthermore, sir, I would like to state that there are excellent sources of imported raw materials that have not as yet been developed north of us, m Canada and Alaska, and south of us throughout the Latin-American countries. While paying so much attention to the Far East and to Western Europe and Middle East developments, in my judgment, gentle men, we have neglected to assist in the development of the natural resources of Latin America. Also we have failed to create the good will and mutual confidence that are so essential to cooperation and collaboration through the Latin American countries. The C h a i r m a n . General Wedemeyer, there is a great discussion going on saying that, no, we should not trade with the Soviet and her satellites in strategic materials, but certainly it is all right for us and our allies to trade with the Soviet and her satellites in nonstrategic materials. You, as a great military man, could you help this committee in dis tinguishing between strategic and nonstrategic materials, when it comes to the standpoint of trade ? General W e d e m e y e r . Yes, sir. Strategic materials are those which contribute positively to the political, the economic, the psychological, and military strength of a country. The C h a i r m a n . Where d o y o u draw the line, General ? General W e d e m e y e r . I was coming to that, sir. In my judgment, a country that receives any product from beyond its borders profits thereby and is strengthened in a political, economic, and military sense. Some of our friends, presently carrying on trade with Communist countries justify this by claiming that the products involved could not be interpreted as strategic material. Let us con sider cotton as an example. I f we were to deny cotton to Red China, this would severely hurt the economy of that country and would con tribute to the problems of the Chinese Communist leaders and thus retard or preclude the consolidation of Communist gains in that country. I f the people of a country are not employed, if they cannot obtain the necessities of life, they invariably attribute their difficulties or un employment situation to their political leaders. If they are gain fully employed and can obtain the necessities of life, they also as sociate their more favorable plight to their leaders. In other words, economic stability is a concomitant of political stability. I personally feel that we should not trade with any country that has for its proven objective the destruction of everything we stand for, �86 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM or is scheming and plotting to destroy us. Certainly there can be no justification for trade of any kind or description with countries with whom we are at war or with whom our proven friends are at war. If my firm conviction to the effect that any product imported into a country irrefutably helps the economy—the industry and hence the war effort of that country, is sound and defensible, how can our allies possibly justify trade with such a country. The C h a i r m a n . General, to change the subject a little here, would you help this committee in this respect: What bearing does the Com munist military aggression in the Far East have on the security of the United States ? General W e d e m e y e r . Sir, about half the population of the world, 1,200,000,000 people, live generally throughout the Far East. Only a fringe, only a veneer of those people have an education. Approxi mately 80 percent cannot read or write. They want basically food, shelter, and the opportunity to improve their lot and to live in peace. About 400 years ago many Western nations initiated what might be termed the gunboat policy. They compelled those people to trade with them, utilizing the intimidation of force. The orientals have heard stories about this gunboat policy. They have been handed down by word of mouth and have been exaggerated, of course, with the retelling. Furthermore, and concurrently over the past few centuries, western powers colonized and planted their flags in various parts of the Far East. They demanded and received preferential treatment. Economic exploitation and colonization by western powers are two developments m the Far East that the orien tals are really determined to eliminate. It is not communism, nor is it democracy, that they understand or fear. A strong nationalism is running rife in the area, and Commu nist propaganda has skillfully given impetus to this.^ Militarily, to return specifically to your question—if you will retain the information I have just given as background—militarily the teem ing millions of people, if oriented toward the Kremlin, would provide the Soviet Union with a vast reservoir of manpower which they could and would undoubtedly use to implement their sinister plans. The people in the Far East, the soldiers when fed, led, trained and equipped properly, make valiant fighting men, excellent soldiers. Therefore, manpowerwise, if the Far East were to fall under the aegis of the Soviet, a great advantage would accrue to the Soviet as against the free nations. I f the Communists capture all of Asia, southeast Asia, our own military security would be somewhat jeopardized. However, assum ing that we retained control of the bastion along the littoral, extend ing from the Aleutians down through the Japanese Islands, Okinawa, the Ryukyus, the Philippines, and then on down through the Micronesian and Melanesian Islands, the Reds could be blocked off effec tively if they attempted military operations to the east and south. I must emphasize that our security, if we retain that bastion, would not be seriously jeopardized. I personally do not believe, gentlemen, in utilizing American boys in ground fighting in any of the military operations on the Asiatic mainland. The free people indigenous to that area, if they want their freedom, if they want to oppose those oriental people who are unfortunate tools STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 87 of the Kremlin, should sacrifice and fight. I would suggest that we make available to them the military equipment and the technical know-how to use it, but I would not involve American manhood in that caldron of Asia. I am opposed to sending American ground forces there for that and many other reasons, sir. The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker? Senator W e l k e r . I assume, General Wedemeyer, from that state ment that you do not believe that the American armed services should attempt to fight another Korea wherein they are denied the right to win? General W e d e m e y e r . Definitely not, sir. I mentioned earlier, Senator Welker, that there are four major instruments—if you will pardon the repetition—four major instru ments of national policy available to any country; namely, political, economic, psychological, and military. The intelligent and tiinety use of the first three of these instru ments should preclude the use of the fourth—the military. When the first three fail in providing the security for our country, in the final analysis we must resort to the military, of course, still utilizing the other three instruments of foreign policy, too. Once we resort to military forces, we should give the military com mander clear-cut instructions to win a victory. We should give him the means to win that victory, whatever that might involve. We should provide him with the benefits of American ingenuity and in dustrial might, and instruct him to win in the American tradition, honorably but definitely. We should give him our loyal support in the process. We should not tell him to go to the 50-yard line and not even attempt to kick a field goal from that position and then expect victory. The C h a i r m a n . In other words, General, am I correct in this assumption that we as a nation must be morally responsible for our own commitments on peace and security for this Nation? General W e d e m e y e r . Completely, sir. The C h a i r m a n . And that we dare not commingle troops, commingle command, and so forth, where we morally cannot be responsible for the decision which we once make? General W e d e m e y e r . I agree with that completely, sir. Senator, in my 11 years in the Orient—if this would help you and members of the committee to evaluate the situation there more objec tively, may I add—I do not believe that the Koreans or the Chinese who observe a white man, an American soldier, killing orientals, even though those orientals, for the present at least as I stated earlier, are tools of the Kremlin, that such Koreans or Chinese approve deep in their hearts and minds. Actually they resent the killing of their people by our people, and they don’t comprehend our humanitarian motives. Military force is not the primary answer to the problem in the Far East. I think, again, that the people themselves, if they really want their liberty, should fight for it as our forefathers fought for their freedom here in this country. It will mean more to them, and furthermore we will not be adding fuel to the Soviet propaganda that we are imperialistic in our designs and that we want to reestablish colonies or impose a preferential trade position. �88 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM The C h a i r m a n . In other words, you think that, if they have the heart and will to fight for liberty, the primary responsibility should be Asians fighting for Asia. General W e d e m e y e r . Definitely; I certainly do, sir. Mr. A r e n s . General, the encroachments of communism are grad ually denying areas in the Far East and even in Europe to us. I f not successfully blocked we may be driven back practically to our own shores. What would the strategic implication of such a situation be to our military security and to our economy ? General W e d e m e y e r . Sir, I am not an isolationist. I believe in cooperating and in collaborating with other nations that have objec tives compatible with our own. I want to make it clear, sir, that I am not an isolationist and that I would encourage and welcome mutually beneficial relations and cooperation with any nation that gives irrefu table evidence, tangible evidence, that it has objectives compatible with our own and will make a proportionate contribution toward the accom plishment of these objectives. I do not suggest that other nations should change their form of government, their economic philosophy, their customs, and their tradi tions—not an iota. I do maintain that I would be willing only to cooperate with those nations when they give evidence of sincerity of purpose and determination and willingness to cooperate with us realis tically, to make necessary sacrifices, and to adhere faithfully to estab lished principles of decency, loyalty, and honor. Now, then, the hypothetical situation that you embodied in your question; namely, a situation whereby we might be driven back to our own shores, both east and west. In my judgment we still could success fully defend our country if, as suggested earlier by Senator Welker, we recognize now that such a situation is a possibility, however remote, and if we create conditions economically wherein we would be inde pendent of sources of raw materials remote from our own country and wherein we would develop the raw materials available through the Latin American countries and also to the north of us in Canada. Economically I believe that we could evolve and maintain a sound economy in this country even though we were restricted to the Western Hemisphere. In some respects we would have to make adjustments. Our standard of living would be affected, but it would be better to tighten our belts and remain free. Militarily, again I believe that we could successfully defend our country and those areas contiguous to our country, either north or south, if such a situation were to develop. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Chairman, may I inquire on a statement made by the distinguished general ? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . General Wedemeyer, I have noted twice in your statement that you have advocated—as I think this entire committee and most all of America do—that we cultivate the Latin American countries, I would like to ask you a very simple question with respect to this. Should we cooperate to the extent that we should send, say, a steel strip mill to a South American country which is under a dictatorship, which has trade agreements with not only Russia but every satellite of Russia, including Guatemala, and accept their word that they 89 should not use this, or they never would use this to hurt the United States of America? This has been a problem in our minds, and I would like your advice upon this because I am informed that, if they do send out from this country a production mill, with which they cannot only produce steel but I believe aluminum, copper, and other strategic metals, the only thing America has to rely on in the event of a breach is that they broke their agreement. Now that is not going to help us very much militarily. I would like your observation with respect to that matter. Let me further say that I read in the press that boatloads of arms and munitions are being sent to some of our neighboring countries in the Latin American area. I wonder if you could help us on that matter, sir? General W e d e m e y e r . I will, sir, express m y views. In the first place, I believe—and I am saying this in a constructively critical manner—that we have not facilitated good relations with the Latin Americans. I think we should have made the effort many years ago. It is unfortunate that we did not do so, and some of the unfor tunate developments in that area can be attributed to the fact that we have not been realistic in building up good relations there. Specifically, with reference to the steel mill in the South American country to which you alluded, I would not put the steel mill there unless I had assurance, irrefutable evidence, that advantage would accrue to my own country. That would be the test, sir, of any aid or assistance that I gave to any country, in any part of the world. That is international realism. Senator W e l k e r . General, if I may interrupt: You are mindful of the fact that at this very moment the Communist conspiracy, Russia, has trade missions not only in Guatemala but in all of our South American and Latin American countries as of this time. That strikes me as being rather dangerous, sir. General W e d e m e y e r . I f the evaluation on the part of our repre sentatives in this Congress, if the evaluation of information along that line indicates clearly that advantages would accrue to the Com munists, our avowed enemies, then I certainly would not collaborate or cooperate with those people. Senator W e l k e r . Then going back to your statement a moment ago, that maybe our economy would be a little bit depressed by virtue of the fundamental law of nature, to wit, the law of self-defense— they might call it isolationism, or whatever they might do—in the event we are forced to our own shores, it might well be that those of us in America trying to support our armed services could well use that strip mill instead of having it overseas; would you not agree? General W e d e m e y e r . Yes, sir. That should be brought out in the careful evaluation of all the implications as I mentioned, sir. I would like to mention one point. As I listened to the questions and as I reflect upon my replies, it might be that we are mentally con juring up a colossus that is overwhelming, that is irresistible and will inevitably destroy us. I am sure you gentlemen are mindful of the fact that behind the Iron Curtain there are defections, dissentions, and many serious problems confronting the Communist leaders, and as these people extend their control, their difficulties mount. They 477 6 9 — 54— p t. 2-------3 �90 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM are having many economic difficulties, far-reaching psychological and political difficulties. I am not optimistic about the future, but I am encouraged when men like yourselves, our representatives in the senior legislative body of the land, are investigating communism and all of its implications, so that you can recommend appropriate steps to responsible leaders and to the American people. The C h a i r m a n . General, on that point: What would be, in your judgment, the psychological impact on the minds of the people of the Iron Curtain countries of a severance of diplomatic relations with the Iron Curtain countries ? General W e d e m e y e r . Senator Jenner, I have never been behind the Iron Curtain. Presently I am chairman of the board of the Tol stoy Foundation. That foundation facilitates the processing of Rus sians who have been persecuted and enslaved behind the Iron Curtain and who have successfully breached the curtain and are now in proc essing stations in Europe or are en route to new lands. Some of them are brought to this country. I have talked to many in this category and obtained interesting information that might assist in answering your question. These stories and, of course, reports emanating from various sources abroad would indicate that the people behind the Iron Curtain, the majority of them, are disillusioned? unhappy, and would welcome the op portunity to overthrow their present leaders. The interpretation that these people to whom I talked would put on such a step—namely, severance of diplomatic relations—would be in my opinion, substantially as follows: That at long last, realism is dictating American foreign policy. The Americans at long last recognize that they cannot carry on the traditional diplomatic exchange of amenities and that now they are going to make it difficult for the Soviet to propagandize their people about the weakness of America or about United States friendship as symbolized by diplo matic representation. Tacit in our present situation, is undoubtedly the belief by the Rus sian people that we are getting along with the Soviet leaders and that they are doing all right, maybe that we even respect them. I am sure the vast majority of the people behind the Iron Curtain want to believe that we do not admire or respect their unscrupulous leaders, that we are sincere in our sympathetic understanding of their terrible predicament. Senator W e l k e r . May I have a question, Mr. Chairman? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . General Wedemeyer, I do not like to take too much of your valuable time, but let me ask this question: Based upon your vast experience in China, I would like you briefly to put in the record some of your experience while you were in China that resulted from the fifth column of the Soviets coming in and under mining the thinking of the people of China. I have had some information with respect to Earl Browder. While you were out there, it seems to me that he had something to do there. Can you relate anything about that? Maybe I am in error. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 91 General W e d e m e y e r . In the first place, for many, many years the Soviet has been training Chinese and other nationals for future use in their world conspiracy. The propitious time arrived in the closing days of World War II. They trained Koreans, Japanese, and Chinese, indoctrinating them thoroughly so that they became fanatical fol lowers of the Marxist doctrine. Each of these well-trained fanatic believers was returned to his native land and became a potential cell or nucleus around which communism was expanded in the familiar pattern of deceit, propaganda, and subversion. Supplemented by propaganda that emanated from Moscow, Yanan, and Vladivostok—propaganda that I, as commander of the Chinese theater, was monitoring, analyzing, and evaluating, these Communist leaders in the Far East, particularly in China, were able to under mine the confidence of the people in the Generalissimo and his government. Furthermore, propaganda was directed against the Allies, for ex ample, the Americans, the British, French, and so forth, to the effect that we all were there as symbols of imperialism and exploitation or colonization. After 8 years of war, with attendant dislocations, disruptions, and so forth, the Chinese people were confused, dismayed, and completely exhausted. They were fertile soil in which to plant seeds of discontent, defection, and subversion. Then the fact that the Truman administration renounced, more or less, the Nationalist Gov ernment of China added to the complete breakdown of Chinese resist ance to the Communist aggressions which were supported by Moscow. To address myself more specifically to your question, Senator Welker, I did know that Browder, also a woman named Smedley, and man}' others----Mr. A r e n s . Is that Agnes Smedley ? General W e d e m e y e r . Yes, sir; and many others visited China while I was there. These alleged Communists were reported to me as being in contact with the Chinese Reds, including Mao Tse-tung and Chou En-lai. I might relate that the Red propaganda against the United States was scurrilous—a pack of lies. I mentioned the fact that my head quarters monitored all radio and press reports throughout the area. Every morning a compilation was on my desk. I contacted the senior American diplomatic official in Shanghai and suggested that he go to the senior Soviet diplomatic representative and demand that this propaganda against Americans be stopped at once. He asked me to accompany him and we presented firmly our protest against such obviously unfriendly acts. The Soviet representative disavowed any connection with the propaganda and assured us that there was a mis take. I showed him a sheaf of reports from the radio and the press all emanating in sources controlled by the Soviets and Chinese Com munists. Actually we lodged this protest, the violent attacks against us stopped for about a week or 10 days, and then resumed with even greater violence. That is only one example of many that I could give you. China actually was primarily conquered by the Communists through skillful propaganda which caused the complete demoralization and broke the will of the people to resist. Senator W e l k e r . I have one more question, Mr. Chairman. �94 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM The C h a i r m a n . General, I want to thank you for taking your valuable time to appear before this committee. We appreciate the testimony you have given us here this morning, and I am sure I speak for the entire committee in that matter. Thank you very much. We will be in recess, to reconvene subject to call of the Chair. (Whereupon, at 11:45 a. m. Thursday, June 10, 1954, the hearing was recessed subject to call of the Chair.) STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM T E D Y JU E 1 , 1 5 US A , N 5 94 U n it e d S t a t e s S e n a t e , S u b c o m m i t t e e To I n v e s t ig a t e t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e I n t e r n a l S e c u r it y A c t a n d O t h e r I n t e r n a l S e c u r it y L a w s , o f t h e C o m m it t e e o n t h e J u d ic ia r y , Washington,D. C. The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10:35 a. m. in room 457, Senate Office Building, Senator William E. Jenner (chairman of the subcommittee) presiding. Present: Senators Jenner, Welker, and Johnston. Also present: Richard Arens, special counsel; and Frank W. Schroeder, Edward R. Duffy, and W. E. Lowell, professional staff members. The C h a i r m a n . The committee w ill come to order. Mr. Caldwell, will you stand and be sworn ? Do you swear that the testimony that you will give in this hearing will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I do. TESTIMONY OF JOHN C. CALDWELL, NASHVILLE. TENN. The C h a i r m a n . Will you state your full name for our record? Mr. C a l d w e l l . John C. Caldwell. The C h a i r m a n . Where d o y o u reside, Mr. Caldwell? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Nashville, Tenn. The C h a i r m a n . What is your business or profession ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . A writer and lecturer. The C h a i r m a n . All right. Proceed. Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Caldwell, you were formerly Director of the United States Information Service in China. Is that correct? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir. That is right. Mr. A r e n s . A t what period of time did you occupy that post? Mr. C a l d w e l l . In 1946 and 1947. Mr. A r e n s . Would you kindly tell us what has been your experience or activity since you relinquished that post? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I was sent to Korea nrst, in the army of occupation, Deputy Director of the Information Services; when the occupation ended I became Deputy Director of the United States Information Service, State Department, and was in Korea in 1950 when the war broke. I returned to this country and have been writing ever since. The C h a i r m a n . H o w lo n g were y o u in China? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I was born there. 9 5 �96 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM The C h a i r m a n . H o w long were you the head of the Information Service in China ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I was head of the China Branch for about a year and a half; the whole China program in China for about 9 months; head of all the Far East operations for about 9 months. Mr. A r e n s . During the course of your experience in the Far East, did you have occasion to acquire experience with the Communist tech niques, Communist propaganda, Communist strategy for the takeover of the Far East? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir, very much so. Beginning in 1946 I made a study of Chinese-Communist methods. Since that time in Korea I made similar studies, and since I left Government service, as a writer and lecturer, I have returned twice within the last 9 months to the Far East and have been very much interested, of course, in the whole subject. The C h a i r m a n . What parts in the Far East did you visit during the last 9 months? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I went to Korea, Japan, China, and Formosa in September and August, last, returned to Formosa and the China coast with the Nationalist guerrillas last December and returned here in January, 6 months ago. Mr. A r e n s . Y o u have been in consultation with the staff of the com mittee with reference to your experiences and have prepared a state ment for insertion in this record, is that correct? Mr. C a l d w e l l . That is correct. Mr. A r e n s . I respectfully request, Mr. Chairman, that this state ment at this point be incorporated in the record and that Mr. Caldwell proceed to highlight the information contained in this statement. The C h a ir m a n . The statement of Mr. Caldwell will go into the record and become a part of the record. (Statement referred to follows:) St a t emen t of Jo h n C. Ca l dw el l , Na s h v il l e , Te n n . A e a s w re s o k d b th g rm w rfa c a e m d b th C m m ric n e hce y e e a re h rg s a e y e o m n ts b th fa t th t e e p o le in e lig te e G a Britain b lie e th s u is , y e c a v n e p n h n d re t e v d ee in d le c a e a a s A e a s Y t th g rm w rfa th m d e n t cre ib h rg s g in t m ric n . e e e a re e e o s o c n titu a y n w p tte o a ti- m ric n a o s te n o a rn f n A e a ctivity o th p rt o th C m n e a f e o m n ts N a 8 y a a o I ta d to a A e a w m n w o h d re e tly u is . e rly e rs g lke n m ric n o a h a cn re rn d fro th s - a d lib ra d a a o C in — e p rtio s o n rth a d tu e m e o c lle e te re s f h a th o n f o n n rth e t. C in th n he b th C m u is . M c n e a n a re o d o ws h a e ld y e o m n ts y o v rs tio , s p rte to th D p rtm n o S te in lu e this s te e t: “S e tells m tha th e e a e t f ta , c d d ta m n h e t e a ti- m ric n c m a n th re h s b e v o u , w lurid p s rs d p tin n A e a a p ig e a e n ig ro s ith o te e ic g GI ra e m rd r, a d ro b ry in d z n o fo s p, u e n be o e s f rm .” T e re o fro w ic tha s n n e w s ta e w s p rt o a 6 - a e s d h p rt m h h t e te c a kn a a f 4p g tu y o C m u is te h iq e a d p p g n a lin s m d w f o mn t c n u s n ro a a d e , a e hile I w s A tin a c g D c r, U ite S te In rm tio S rv e in C in . T e re o w s re a e ire to n d ta s fo a n e ic , h a h p rt a le s d b fly th n re a d o th t b s th t it w u c u e “friction b tw e th rie , e c lle n a a is a o ld a s e en e U ite S te a d th U S S R n d ta s n e . . . .” T e g rm w rfa c a e o la y a a m re a c n u tio o a C m h e a re h rg s f st e r re e ly o tin a n f o m n t p tte w ich w s re e le in th F r E st n a 1 y a a o T e u is a rn h a va d e a a e rly 0 e rs g . h b s p tte s e s n v r to h v b e re o n e , h s n v r b e a e u te a ic a rn e m e e a e e n c g iz d a e e e n d q a ly c u te c d It is m o in n b s d u o y a o re id n e in C a a d o n ra te . y p io , a e p n e rs f s e c hin n K re , th t th C m u is p tte in e s rn A ia h s s u h to im le e t o a a e o m n t a rn a te s a ogt p mn tw b s o je tiv s o a ic b c e : ( ) T c a in A tic th id a th t A e a s ld rs s ilo , a e , a d 1 o re te sia s e e a m ric n o ie , a rs irm n n m rin s a b ta c rru t, im o l. a e re ru l, o p m ra ( ) Utilizing A e a c n e ts o d m c c to d v lo a o g A e a s 2 m ric n o c p f e o ra y e e p m n m ric n th id a th t o r lo ica allies in A ia i. e, th C ia g a d th R e s a e e a u g l s , . e h ns n e h e , re STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 97 h p le s c rru t, d o e s ly o p ictato l, w u ability to c m a d th re p c o their ria itho t o mn e set f p o le . ep s T e c v rn s o th C m u is te h iq e is in ic te b th fa t th t, h le e e s f e o m n t c n u d a d y e c a w e e e p s ib , A e a s h v b e u e in th tra s is io b lts fo th h n v r o s le m ric n a e e n s d e nms n e r e s re d g o th s tw id a . A e a s h v b e u e to d p a in f ee o e s m ric n a e e n s d iscre fe w dit llo A e a s A e a s h v b e u e to d m ric n ; m ric n a e e n s d iscre o r allies in A ia T e p t dit u s . h a te h sp rs te fo n a ad c d . It w s u e to d s y C ia g K i- h k rn a e is d r e rly eae a sd e tro h n a s e ’s in e c o th m in n ; it is still u e a a s him o F rm s . It h s b e flu n e n e a la d s d g in t n o oa a en v o u ly u e a a s S n m n R ig ro s s d g in t y g a liee s c 14. It is p b b th t th s m in e 06 ro a le a e a e te h iq e a u e to m g ify th failings o th F n h c lo ia a m istra c n u s re s d an e f e re c o n l d in tio in In o h a It is m o in n th t th s m p tte will s o e e e n d c in . y p io a e a e a rn o n m rg a a s P sid n M g a s y o th P g in t re e t a s y a f e hilip in p es. B fo g in in deta o h wth s te h iq e h v b e d v lo e I w u e re o g to ils n o ee c n u s a e en e e pd o ld like to p in o t th t th C m u is p tte re e ls d e - e te fe rs o th o t u a e o m n t a rn v a e p s a d a n e p rt o th e e y A e a s a d c d d e p c lly A e a fig tin a f e n m. m ric n re is re ite , s e ia m ric n h g m n b c u e o th fe r th t s b g te p o le will rally to th aid o A e e , eas f e a a u ju a d e p s e f mr ic n ( s th y did in Norlli K re ) w e A e a m as a e o a h n m ric n ilitary fo e c n n rc s o fro t C m u is m o m n t ilitary fo e . T e fe r o A e a in rv n n e e o A e rc s h a f m ric n te e tio , v n f m r ic n s p o is s g a th t th C in s C m u is a e e n win n a g a u p rt, o re t a e h e e o m n ts re v n o u d tin th C in c a t a a w s e ia a ti- m ric n A y le fle . A fe m n s e h a o s re ith p c l n A e a rm a ts w o th a ow g hile visiting a N tio a a n list guerrilla island b s o th C in c a t I w s a e ff e h a o s a a le to s c re s v ra a ti- m ric n le fle ( a d a ro s in tiny b mo b eu ee l n A e a a ts flo te c s a bo tu e ) a d a a c in o e p o s t o a typica le fle to this s te e t bs n m tta h g n h to ta f l a t ta m n in th h p th t it m h b o in re t to th c m itte . T e n e to discre it e oe a ig t e f te s e o m e h ed d A e a s is a o in ic te b th p g m o vilification, im ris n e t, a d m ric n ls d a d y e ro ra f p o mn n w rs , d c d a a s A e a m s n rie . In e d th A e a m s n o e ire te g in t m ric n is io a s d e , e m ric n is io a a d th A e a G s a to h n rs in th C m u is vilification p ra e ry n e m ric n I h re p o o e o mn t a d, a d it is n t difficult to u d rs n w y T e m s n ry h s built fo A e a n o n e ta d h . h is io a a r m ric a d A e a s a tre e d u re e o o g o will, h s laid a fo n a n th t n m ric n m n o s s rv ir f o d a u d tio a c m u is h s n t y t b e a le to d s y A d th A e a GI re re e ts o mn m a o e e n b e tro . n e m ric n p sn still, to th u a d o h p fu A ia s p s ib liberatio a d a n wlife. o s n s f o e l s tic , o s le n n e I sh u like n w to m n n s m le o th C m u is p tte in a tio . o ld o e tio a p s f e o m n t a rn c n In 1 4 - 7I w s a c e to th U ite S te E b s y in C in . D 9 64 a tta h d e n d ta s m a s h a uring th t a p rio U ite S te M rin s w re s tio e in n rth C in . T e p s n e o e d n d ta s a e e ta n d o h n h re e c f th M rin s w s o c u e v o u ly d n u c d b th C m u is . A s rie e a e a f o rs ig ro s e o n e y e o m n ts e s o s rie b g n to a p a in th leftist p s detailing a c s c m itte b f to s e a per e re s tro itie o m d y th M rin s S e ific lly it w s re o d th t M rin s w re u in C in s e a e. pc a a p rte a a e e s g h ee fa e fo ta e p c e T e im o n p in to this s ry is n t th t th rm rs r rg t ra tic . h p rta t o t to o a e C in s p s ca h e e re s rried th s ry b t th t A e a s in S a g a a d in N n in e to , u a m ric n hnhi n ak g w re e u lly g ilty It w s in o c iv b to m th t A e a m rin s o e qa u . a c n e a le e a m ric n a e r so ie w u u e h m n b in s fo ta e p c e I m d a trip to n rth ld rs o ld s u a e g r rg t ra tic . ae o C in in e rly 14 a d p rs n lly in e tig te th situ tio . I fo n th t o e h a a 97 n e o a vs a d e a n ud a n C in s fa e h d b e w u d d b a s y bullet fire fro a M rin ta e h e e rm r a e n o n e y tra d m a e rg t ra g . F m this s n e th a , th s ry h d b e w v n in a firs c s ne ro le d r re d e to a en oe to t- la s s a d l, p s e o b C m u is in p d C in s n w p p rs b A e a c n a a s d n y o m n t- s ire h e e e s a e , y m ric n d p s le b a fe A e a s w o k e e a tly w a th y w re d in . ue d y w m ric n h n w x c ht e e o g T e te h iq e is still b in u e . L st y a a m g z e o n tio a circu tio h cn u e g sd a er a a in f a n l la n p b e a s ry a o t th v s n m e o illegitim u lish d to bu e at u b r f ate GI b b s in J p n a ie aa. I d n t re e b r th e a t n m e g e , b t I b lie e it w s in e c s o o o m m e e x c u b r iv n u e v a xes f 10 0. T e s ry w s o c u e w e c rrie in th J p n s p s . T e 0, 0 h to 0 a , f o rs , id ly a d e a a e e re s h im plication w s clear:A e a so ie a im o l b a ts It w s o ly la a m ric n ld rs re m ra e s . a n st fall th t th truth finally a p a d T e J p n s G v rn e t itself m d a a e p e re . h a a e e o e mn ae c m le s rv y c m g u w th a to ish g fig re o lo s th n 4 0 k o n o p te u e , o in p ith e s n in u f s a ,0 0 n w GI b b s in J p n A r y a o o c p tio , a r th p s a e o te s o a ie aa. fte e rs f c u a n fte e as g f n f th u a d o tro p toa d fro th K re n b ttle n th t is a re o o w ic os ns f os n m e o a a fro t, a c rd f h h w c n b p u . B t fo m n A tic th d m g h s a a y b e d n . e a e ro d u r a y sia s e a a e a lre d e n o e I b lie e it is p s ib e e to p p in th b g n g o this particular C m e v o s le v n in o t e e in in f o m n lin . It firs b g n to a p a in 14. A U ite S te m u ist e t, e a per 96 n d ta s ilitary p lic o e d ta h e t w s s tio e in S a g a a tha tim . B m - 9 6 I n te a e c m n a ta n d hnhi t t e y id 1 4 o d n in re s g n m e o s rie re a in th brutality o A e a M ’s T e c a in u b r f to s g rd g e f m ric n P . h s rie c n u d all th u h 14. In D c m e o tha y a I m d a d ta d to s o tin e ro g 96 ee br f t er ae e ile re o to th D p rtm n o S te q o g n m ro s s rie th t a p a d p rt e e a e t f ta , u tin u e u to s a p e re either in th C in s leftist p s o o e th R s ia - p ra d ra io s tio . e h ee re s r v r e u s n o e te d ta n It is p s ib to tra e th s m te h iq e u e a a s A e a tro p o s le c e a e c n u , s d g in t m ric n os during th o c p tio o K re . T e is a a s a b s u o w ich th e cua n f o a h re lw y a is p n h e s rie c n b built a d m g ifie . T e a a a s in id n w e v r to s a e n an d h re re lw y c e ts h re e 477 6 9 — 54— p t. 2------- i �98 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM la e n m e o tro p a s tio e . T e tra e y is th t th C m u is rg u b rs f o s re ta n d h gd a e o mn t e rt h s s o n re e e a le a s ts fro A e a s a d tha n re l e rt ffo a o fte c iv d b s is m m ric n n t o a ffo h s b e m d to c m a this v io s lin . E ce n c u te ro a a d is a en ae o bt ic u e x lle t o n rp p g n a a a b . It c u b u e b o r o n A e F rc s b o r o n w rs a d v ila le o ld e s d y u w rm d o e , y u w rite n n w p p rm n b th V ic o A e a a d its a e s a e e , y e o e f m ric n ffilia d in rm tio s rv e . te fo a n e ic s I s b it w this s te e t a n w p p r c lu n I w te re e tly c n e in um ith ta m n e sae o m ro cn o c rn g th o ts n in g o d n b A e a s rv e e in K re . T e First C rp e u ta d g o d o e y m ric n e ic m n o a h o s a p te p je t in K re is o e o m n p je ts w ich s o ld b d s rib d m u e ro c o a n f a y ro c h hu e ec e to th w rld It is a s ry w ic m ht h v e tre e fa o b re u in e o . to h h ig a e x m ly v ra le s lts India a d th o e neu list n tio s In K re a n A e a G h v n e th r tra a n. o a lo e m ric n I's a e g e m iv n illions o do rs to a v te s ffe g to rebuild h sp ls a d o h n f lla lle ia u rin , o ita n rp a a e , to reha gs bilita a s ffe g la d O ia fig re ( n th s d n t in te u rin n. ffic l u s a d ee o o c d h n re s o th u a d o do rs s e t o g e w o t o ia k o le g ) lu e u d d f o s n s f lla p n r iv n ith u ffic l n w d e s o th t th m n o th 8 A y in K re la y a c n u d $, 9 , 0 hw a e e f e th rm o a st e r o trib te 1 0 0 2 0 to v rio s c u e in K re . I d n t think th t it. w u b o t o p c t a u ass o a o o a o ld e u f la e o s te th t this re o o giving b A e a s ld rs is b tte th n th re o ta a c rd f y m ric n o ie e r a e c rd o m s o th m m e o th U ite N tio s w o p d e fu d fo th re f o t f e e b rs f e n d a n h le g d n s r e habilitation o S u K re a d w o n wd g their fe t o th fulfillm f o th o a n h o ra e n e ent o f th s p d e . o e le g s A far a I k o this m g ific n s ry o A e a g n ro ity h s n v r s s nw a n e t to f m ric n e e s a ee b e to b o r in rm tio s rv e . It is to in fra m n rv fo e n ld y u fo a n e ic s ld g e ta rm b o r y u n w p p r re o rs in th Far E s e sae p rte e a t. It is a s ry th t c n e d p a d to a a 'b u lic te w e v r A e a mn a s tio e . It is a re d - a e a s e to th h re e m ric n e re ta n d a y md n wr e d c d o vilification d c d a a s A e a fig eae f ire te g in t m ric n htin m n b th e e y g e y e n m. W yd w n t u eth w a o sw p s e s h o e o s e e p n e os s ? T e C m u is h v b e e tre e s c e s l in their s c n b s o h o m n ts a e e n x m ly u c s fu e o d a ic b je tiv , th vilification o A ’s a ti- o m n t le d rs T c e e f sia n C m u is a e . his c m itte h s o m e a b e in tru e ta in u c v rin th o e tio s o th Institute o P c en s mn l n o e g e p ra n f e f a ific R e la n in its e rt to u d rm e th N tio a tio s ffo n e in e a n list G v rn e t. I w u like t o e mn o ld o c n e m s te e t to th a o fin y ta m n e ctivities o o e A e a s fo th m s p rt in f th r m ric n , r e o t a n c n p y rs in th C m u is g m , b t w o ea o e t la e e o m n t a e u h s ctivitie e e n wc n u s v n o o trib te toth s c e so c m u is in th Far E s e u c s f o mn m e a t. L t m c a o c rre c o 3w e s a o to s o h w th c u e o th fre e e ite n c u n e f ek g hw o e as f e e w rldin A iais s b ta e b A e a s o s a o g d y m ric n . T e h s b e c n id ra le C m u is a h re a e n o s e b o m n t ctivity a n th C in c a t d rin lo g e h a o s u g th p s m n . O M y 2, 15, th U ite P s re o d in deta th e a t o th n a 0 94 e n d re s p rte il e C m u is th a to th T c e Isla d . It w s re o d tha all civilians o m n t re t e ahn ns a p rte t w re b in e a u te , w ic w s u tru . T e T c e Isla d w re d s rib d e e g vca d h h a n e h ahn ns e ec e in th U s ry a th “c s ic in a io b g to F rm s .” N s te e t e P to s e la s v s n rid e o oa o ta m n c u b m re fa e T e isla d h v n v r b e a in a n b g to o ld e o ls . h n s a e e e e n n v sio rid e a y p c . B th im licatio is c a th N tio a n la e ut e p n le r: e a n lists a a o t to lo e re b u s their m s im o n C a c a t h ld g ; th d fe s o F rm s is th a o t p rta t hin o s o in s e e ne f o oa re t ee. nd T e U h s p s n d th C in s R d w atre e d u p p g n a v to h P a re e te e h e e e s ith m n o s ro a a d ic ry th u h its in c u te re o g T e T c e Isla d a th le s h a ily ro g a c ra p rtin . h ahn n s re e a t e v d fe d d isla d a n th C in c a t. In e d th d c io to e e a m t a e ne n s lo g e h a o s d e , e e is n v n tte p bu ildup w s n t m d until la D c m e T e to l a a o all 3 isla d in a o ae st e e b r. h ta re f 0 ns th g u is 3. s u re k m te . T e to l p p la n o all th isla d is e ro p 0 qa 7 ilo e rs h ta o u tio f e ns 1, 0. M s o th isla d a n t e e p p la d o g rris n d their d fe s 8 0 5 ot f e n s re o v n o u te r a o e , e ne is e tre e difficult b c u e o th d ta c fro F rm s n a x m ly e a s f e is n e m o o a irfie lds a d ro n rp x im to C m u is air a d n v l b s s T e isla d a o s c rela ity o mn t n a a ae. h n s re f u h tive u n im o n e th t w e I v p rta c a hn isite th guerrilla o tp s a fe m n s a o I did d e u o ts w o th g n t in d th min m itin ry. H wis it p s ib th t th s isla d s d e ly o clu e e y era o o s le a e e ns udn b c m s vitally im o n eo e o p rta t? T e c n b ta e ; b t if th C m u is d hy a e kn u e o m n ts o d c e to in a e w a sh u b a u im o n skirm e id v d , h t o ld e n n p rta t ish a o g th n v r mn e e ee d g sk is e a n th C a c a t will b c m a v to o tre e d u n in irm h s lo g e hin o s eo e ic ry f mn o s im o n e all b c u e o in c u te A e a re o g p rta c , e a s f a c ra m ric n p rtin . A e a a tio in th Far E st h s b e h m e d fo a d c d b c u e th m ric n c n e a a e n a p re r eae eas e C m u is h v b e s p m ly s c e s l in p is n g th m d o A e a s o m n ts a e e n u re e u c s fu o o in e in s f m ric n a a s th v ry le d rs in A w o h v h d th c u g to fig t c m u is . g in t e e ae sia h a e a e o ra e h o mn m A d A e a s h v h d ala e p rt in th c m a n A e a w rs c rre n m ric n a e a rg a e a p ig : m ric n rite , o s o d n , e e a fe m s n rie . p n e ts v n w is io a s I b lie e th t 7 p rc n o th e ito — e s a e a d m g z e in A e a e v a 5 e e t f e d rs n w p p r n a a in — m ric a s p ju ic d a a s C ia g K i- h k a d S n m n R e a individuals re o re d e g in t h n a se n yg a he s th t h n s c v ra eo F e A ia is a o t im o s le a o e t o e g f re s lm s p s ib . S c la A g s I h v m d tw trips to F rm s a d h v h d a o p r in e st u u t ae ae o o oa n a e a n p o tu ity to s d th N tio a rural re o s c n p g mo tha isla d It n tu y e a n list c n tru tio ro ra n t n. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 99 is a m g ific n e rt; it m ht w ll b a blue a n e t ffo ig e e prin for A ’s s lv tio . T e t sia a a n h JC R p g m a it is c lle , is a joint S o A e a o e tio . U to 9 R ro ra , s a d in - m ric n p ra n p 0 p rc n o th fu d u e o th h n re s o p je ts is lo a mn y L s e e t f e n s s d n e u d d f ro c c l oe. es th n $4m a 1 illion in a p p te A e a do rs h s b e u e in a p g m p ro ria d m ric n lla a en sd ro ra th t h s b u h rea la d re rm to th p o le a d h s re o tio iz d rural a a ro g t l n fo e ep n a v lu n e life o F rm s . A e a p rs n e to l just 1 e p rts H re to m m d n o oa m ric n c o u l ta 3 xe . e y in is fo ig aid a its b s its s c e s b s d u o c o e tio a d lo l initiative re n t e t, u c s a e p n o p ra n n ca ra e th nu o v s h n o ts th r a p n a t a d u . W e I re rn d to this c u try I ta e to a n m e o e ito a o t th hn tu e on lk d u b r f d rs b u e F rm s s ry O e e ito im e ia ly c u te d w a p s e s te e t: o o a to . n d r m d te o n re ith o itiv ta m n “B e e b d k o s all th F rm s n h te C ia g T e w s eit : U re ut v ry o y n w e o oas a h n .” h re e e n a s n d p ju ic , a blind re sa toe e listen to th truth— n th o ts n in o e re d e fu l vn e a d e u ta d g C m u is s c e sin th Far E s o mn t uc s e a t. T e C m u is p g m to d h o m n t ro ra iscredit th C ia g a d th R e h s b e e h us n e lie s a e n e tre e s c e s l; it h s h m tru g A e a p lic in A ia T e p g m x m ly u c s fu a a s n m ric n o y s . h ro ra lias b e diabolically c n e e , its s c e s d e to C m u is ex lo tio o th en o c iv d ucs u o m n t p ita n f e v ry prin e ciples w ic w b lie e in W ta e fo g n d th t o r fre d m h h e e v . e k r ra te a u eo s sh u b a d c n b a p d all o e th w rld W dislike c rru tio , c a s o ld e n a e p lie vr e o . e o p n h o. B w a s m n n iv A e a s a ro d fo th first tim , c n o u d r ut h t o a y a e m ric n , b a r e e ant ne s n is th t A is e e in fro m d v lis . H w c n w h n s b m ta d a sia m rg g m e ie a m o a e o e tly la e N tio a a n list C in fo s m o its ills, if w realistically a p is th h a r o e f e p ra e e p b m o th t la d th la k o c m u ic tio , illiteracy, s p rstitio , y a ro le s f a n , e c f o m n a n ue n e rs o civil a d fo ig w rs H wc n w h n s e p c K re to e e e o e f n re n a ? o a e o e tly x e t o a m rg v r n ight a a m d l d m c c — fte 4 y a o J p n s d m a n in w ic s o e e o ra y a r 0 e rs f a a e e o in tio h h e e v s e o K re n le d rsh w s d s y d o d e in e ile H wc n v ry e tig f o a a e ip a e tro e r riv n to x ? o a w e p c S u K re , fa e w a m n m n C m u is A y w th u e x e t o th o a c d ith illio - a o m n t rm , ith o s n s o guerrillas a d s b te rs w ad f n ao u ithin its v ry b rd rs to h v to a all o e o e , ae dy f th fre d m w A e a s h v d v lo e during 15y a ? e e o s e m ric n a e e e p d 7 e rs T e C m u is h v m d u e o A e a n iv te to s p is n th m d h o m n ts a e a e s f m ric n a e o o o e in s o e ito , w rs, a d p b e a d F re n S rv e p rs n e th t it is f d rs rite n u lish rs n o ig e ic e o n l a difficult to m k a h n s d c io to a o e a e n o e t e is n d y n ithe N tio a r a n list C in o K re . h a r o a T e D p rtm n o S te like o r c u , o e te o a b d o p c d n h e a e t f ta , u o rts p ra s n o y f re e e t. W e it is n c s a to dra a c b o in hn e e s ry ft a le f stru tio s, a o e g e in th c n n ffic r o s to e file to s e w a h s b e d n , w a h s b e re o d a d a v e p v u ly s e h t a e n o e h t a e n p rte n d is d i'e io s . T e file a s c e to a w h s re ta k d d y ith a ti- liia g a ti-N tio a n C n, n a n list m te l. T e a ria h s m situ tio p v ils w a e a n re a ith re p c to S n m n R e . Until s v ra y a set yg a he e e l e rs h v pse d a e a s d uring w ich w h v o je tiv , a ti- o m n t re o g it will b h e a e b c e n C m u is p rtin e difficult to e p c d c io s a d a tio s fa o b too r frien s in A ia x e t e is n n c n v ra le u d s . N w p p rs m g z e , a d b o p b h rs s ffe in a sim e s a e , a a in s n o k u lis e u r ilar m n e F r a n r. o y a E g r S o w s a p m e t e ito o th S tu a E e in P s His e rs d a n w a ro in n d r f e a rd y v n g o t. p - h e e C m u is b s is w ll k o n B w a h s n t b e re o n e ro C in s o m n t ia e n w. ut h t a o e n c g iz d is th in e c h left b h d T e “b d o p c d n h b q e th d h s e flu n e e e in . h o y f re e e t” e e u a e a u d u te ly h d a p fo n e c u o th P s s le tio o a le . A fa nob d a ro u d ffe t p n e o t’s e c n f rtic s s r a I k o th reh s n v r b e ab s selling o e e m d ra ly w ll selling h o s nw e a e e en et r v n o e te e ok o th Far E st b sica fa o b to o r lo ic l a s. T e e h v b e n e a a lly v ra le u g a llie h i- a e e n n m ro s b o s o th o e s e T e e titles h v b e v o u ly p m te u e u o k n e th r id . h s a e e n ig ro s ro o d a d h v s ld w ll. T n ae o e his h s b e th p tte s c T u d r O t o C a e n e a rn in e h n e u f hina b y W hite a d J c b b c m a b s se r a d a B o - f- e M n C b s le tio n aoy ea e e t lle n o k o th - o tli lu e c n in 14 until th m s re e t e rt to s e r C ia g b o w e a p a d in th 95 e o t c n ffo m a h n o k is p e re e fo rm o a b o titled “A Pail o O s rs b V rn S e e P b f ok f y te ” y e n id r. u lishe la fall, d st this th ro g ly d h n s b o re e e ra e re ie s In th S tu a R v wo o u h is o e t o k c iv d v v w. e a rd y e ie f Literature it w s re ie e b o e P t Fra w o s te th t th b o c s “a a v wd y n a nk h ta d a e o k a t bright light thrust in th in c d p rito e m o F rm s * * * it is a tru to e fe te e n u f o oa e light.” M Fra r. nk s y th t th N tio a as a e a n lists a rightly d s rib d a “s in ” re ec e s w e a d c n lu e his re ie w th s te e t th t a y n w o re d A Pail o n oc ds v w ith e ta m n a n o e h as f O s rs will u d rs n “w y all o o r m n y a d all o r mn c n p t C ia g y te n e ta d h f u oe n u e a ’t u h n K i- h k to e e a a .” A o p b h d la fall, F rm s B a h e d b a se g th r g in ls u lis e st o oa e c h a y G ra in F e ld e itch is afa tu l, h n s a c u t o th tre e d u p g s m d o c a o e t c o n f e m n o s ro re s a e n F rm s , o th p m e this p g s h ld fo th m in n o C in . M . o o a f e ro is ro re s o s r e a la d f h a rs Fitch’s b o h s b e ig o d b th re ie e , h s s ld le s th n 3 0 c p s o k a e n n re y e v w rs a o s a . 0 o ie . 0 T e p ju ic e te d in p rc a e o b o s n t o ly fo U ite S te h re d e x n s to u h s s f o k , o n r n d ta s in rm tio libraries, b t fo libraries in this c u try T e Library J u a fo a n u r on . h o rn l is am g z e d v te ton w o library d v lo m n in A e a w acircula a a in e o d e s f e e p e ts m ric ith tio la e lim n rg ly ited to libra ns. E c is u d v te c n id ra le s a e to ria ah s e eo s os e b pc e a a n o re e t b o s E c e a a n g n ra e d w a s te e t v lu tio s f c n o k . a h v lu tio e e lly n s ith ta m n re o m n e o n t r c m e d d A s d o this m g z e re e ls s m c m e d d r o e o mn e . tu y f a a in va o e �100 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM sta rtlin fa ts a o t w a b o s a b in re o m n e to libra g c b u h t o k re e g c m e d d ries. F r in o s n e D J m s B rn a ’sT eWb o S b e io , w ich d a in c n id ra le ta c , r. a e u h m h e f u v rs n h e ls os e b p rt w th w rk o this c m itte w s n t re o m n e . A b o b L u a ith e o f o m e a o cm edd o k y o is B m ld w ic d n u c s o r p s fo ig p lic , o r s e d gp g ma ro d ro fie h h e o n e u a t re n o y u p n in ro ra b a, o r n g c o A ia w s n t re o m n e . O v u ly F rm s B a h e d w s u e le t f s , a o c m e d d b io s o oa e c h a a n t c n id re a g o b o fo o r libraries;fo a far a I h v b e a le to o os e d od ok r u r s s ae en b a c rta it w s n t e e liste . A s d o th p s y a is u s o this o e s e in a o vn d tu y f e a t e r’s s e f n m g z e re e ls th e te t to w ich s mo e h s g n in in e c g th a a in va e x n h o e n a o e to flu n in e s le tio o b o s fo A e a libra e c n f ok r m ric n ries. A im o n a b o s ig o d o n t s p rta t s o k n re r o re o m n e is th list o th s w ich a r c m e d d T e in d m s cm edd e f oe h re e o m n e . h y clu e o t b o s w ic m k a p a fo re o n n o R d C a o th b s o reality, ok h h ae le r c g itio f e hin n e a is f o a v e u th t w m s n t o n M N h o India, C e te B w s b o , r d is s a e u t o ffe d r. e ru f h s r o le ’ o k th w rk o N rm n C u in , o J s e W e o s f o a o s s f u tic illiam O D u la a all re o . o g s re cm m n e . M T e d re W ite n w b o Fire in th A h s ( g in s le te edd r. h o o h ’s e ok e se aa e c d b th B o - f- e M n C b a d a b o w ic a v e , a o g o e th g y e o k o th - o th lu ) n o k h h d is s m n th r in s, a p a e e t o th C m u is is heartily r c m e d d A a p rt o th p e s m n f e o m n ts e o mn e . s a f e g n ra p tte , E er D v b o B W W reB rn F e is a o re o m n e . e e l a rn lm a is’ o k ut e e o re ls cm edd T e s p truth is tha to a it is w ll n h im o s le fo th truth to b to h im le t dy e ig p s ib r e e ld a o t th Far E s bu e a t. O ly a ha n ndfu o p b h rs a e e w l f u lis e re v n illing to a m t tte p publishin a b o h n s , o je tiv ly fa o b to o r a s. V ry fe m g g o k o e ly b c e v ra le u llie e w aa z e o n tio a circu tio will ca sim in s f a n l la n rry ilar a le . T e situ tio is b c m rtic s h a n eo ing s m w a b tte w n w p p rs b t th d c is still s c e a a s th o e h t e r ith e s a e , u e ek ta k d g in t e N tio a a n lists— n a a s a realistic A e a fo ig p lic . a d g in t m ric n re n o y I d n t m a tois u ab n e d n n ia n o all wow o o en se la k t e u c tio f h rite o th Far E s n e a t. R p rtin o this p rt o th w rld is d u eo g n a f e o iffic lt. A o g o e p b m th re a m n th r ro le s e re th s o la g a e T e C m u is th m e e h v m d e c lle t u e o th oe f n u g. h o m n ts e s lv s a e a e x e n s f e s a n h v m v d in brilliantly a d to a h v their a e ts a o g th itu tio , a e o e n dy ae gn mn e in lle a w w o A e a w rs a m s likely to c m in c n c te ctu ls ith h m m ric n rite re o t o e o ta t. F r y a th C m u is h v h d m n a d w mn w o s e k flu n English o e rs e o m n ts a e a e n o e h pa et a a b to h lp p n fa o b n w a o g A e a w rs O e o their v ila le e la t v ra le e s m n m ric n rite . n f m s p fic n a e ts o e M s K n P n , w s s tio e in C u g in d o t ro ie t g n , n is u g e g a ta n d h n k g urin g th d y o th M rsha m s n S e w s a c e v a io s a a s w e as f e a ll is io . h a ttra tiv , iv c u , lw y illing to he a A e a re o r g t “fa ts lp n m ric n p rte e c .” S e w s c n id re s im o n a h a o s e d o p rta t c n c th t w e I w s s n to C a o a brief in p c n trip b th D p rt o ta t a h n a et hin n s e tio y e ea m n o S te in 14 I w s ru h d fro th p n in C u g in d e t f ta 96 a se m e la e h n k g irectly to h r e h m s th t I c u h v dinn w h r a d c u g t th “fa ts s ig t. o e o a o ld a e er ith e n o ld e e c ” tra h Incidentally th d er e g g m n w s m d w u m k o le g , b m m e inn n a e e t a a e itho t y n w d e y e b rs o th U ite S te E b s y s ff. O th s m trip I s e t 4d y in e f e n d ta s m a s ta n e a e pn as P ip g T e m in e g g m n a n e fo m th re ( y E b s y o ia ) e in . h a n a e e t rra g d r e e b m a s ffic ls w s fo ad n r w H a g H a a o e s o th C m u is o e to H a g a r in e ith u n u , n th r m o o m n t p ra r. un s e k E glish, is s a e a d p lish d a d h d p fo n in e c o e m n pas n uv n o e n a ro u d flu n e v r a y A e a s T e im o n e o b th K n P n a d H a g H a is in ic te b m ric n . h p rta c f o u g eg n un u d a d y th s fa ts H a g a p a d a P n u jo a a v ry im o n C m u is e e c : u n p e re t a m n m s e p rta t o m n t n g tia r:b th H n n a d H n P n a n win G n v , in c a e o C m e o to o uag n u g e g re o eea h rg f o mn p u ist ublic re tio s Y t during a cru l p rio in th Far E st th s 2 la n . e cia e d e a ee p o le in e c d 9 p rc n o th E b s y s ff, fe n w to 9 p rc n o th ep flu n e 0 e e t f e m a s ta d e s 0 e et f e p s crs re s op . T d y th p tte c n o b d v lo e s o e ly T e C m u is p c their oa e a rn a n t e e e p d o p n . h o m n ts la e o e to a o g th C in s , K re n In o h e e n w p p r m n a d w mn p ra rs m n e h e e o a , d c in s e s a e e n o e w w o o r w rs c m in c n c th y infiltrate th U ite S te Infor ith h m u rite o e o ta t; e e n d ta s m tio S rv e w ic o n h s th fu c n o a s a n e ic h h fte a e n tio f s istin fo ig w rs g re n rite . W hile I d n t is u a b n e d n n ia n o all o r n w g th re , I think o o se la k t e u c tio f u e s a e rs it w u b e c e in ly n iv to b lie e th re a n C m u is a o gp s n o ld e x e d g a e e v e re o o m n ts m n re e t A e a w rs a tiv in th Far E s m ric n rite c e e a t. O e re e t e a p is th c s o n c n x m le e ae f W illiam P w ll, fo e O I o ia in C in , la o e rm r W ffic l h a ter e ito o th C in R v w d r f e h a e ie , w o s y d o in C a a r th C m u is to k o e a d u e his p p r to h ta e n hin fte e o m n ts o v r n s d ae a c his o n c u try a n typica C m u is lin s I h v s e o e is u o tta k w on lo g l o mn t e . ae en n s e f th C in R v w d v te a o t en e h a e ie e o d lm s tirely to A e a a c s, w p tu s m ric n tro itie ith ic re s o in th m s g v s o th u a d o K re n s p o e ly m s a re b h w g e a s ra e f o s n s f o a s u p s d as c d y A e a s ld rs M P w ll a d his w , w o w s a tiv in C m u is m ric n o ie . r. o e n ife h a c e o mn t a ctivitie in C in in 14 a d 14, re rn d to this c u try fro S a g a a s h a 96 n 97 tu e on m hnhi fe m n s a o It m ht b o in re to s te th t I h a a s g e tio m d w o th g . ig e f te st ta a e rd u g s n a e in th Far E st th t th P w ll re rn co c in a it did w th re rn o e a a e o e tu , in id g s ith e tu f A e a P W , w s n t m re b c a c . P rh p th p s n P w ll m ric n O ’s a o e ly y h n e e a s e re e t o e a s n e t is to g id th a s ig m n u e e ctivitie o th s - a d p g s iv s a o g th s f e o c lle ro re s e m n e P W. O ’s I think it im o n to call a n n to a o e m o te h iq e d v lo e p rta t tte tio n th r in r c n u e e p d b th C m u is in A ia T e A e a w o s e k a n tiv la g a e th y e o m n ts s . h m ric n h p a s a e nug— e s n o m s n ry p re ts b rn in C in , for in ta c — a a a s b e th o f is io a a n o h a s n e h s lw y e n e s e ia ta e o th C m u is . T p c l rg t f e o m n ts his h s b e e p c lly tru o A e a s a e n s e ia e f m ric n w o s e k flu n C in s . E e e rt is m d to se s c A e a s o th h pa e t h ee v ry ffo ae ll u h m ric n n e C m u is p in o v w T e p g mb g n d o m n t o t f ie . h ro ra e a uring th w r a d w s d c d e a n a ire te a th s o u e p y d b th D p rtm n o S te o in th O I. I k o fro t o e f s m lo e y e e a e t f ta r e W nw m p rs n l e p rie c tha e e e rt w sm d toin o trin teu fo w w rec n e oa xe ne t v ry ffo a ae d c a s r e e o sid re "C a e p rts a d th s w u , a c rd g to th C m u is , h v w e e d hin x e ” n u o ld c o in e o m n ts a e id in e c in o r G v rn e t a d a o g th A e a p o le It is m o in n flu n e u o e mn n mn e m ric n e p . y p io th t m c o th in o trin tio , m c o th sellin w s th fu c n o th a uh f e d c a n uh f e g, a e n tio f e IPR. A far a I w s p rs n lly c n e e th c m a n e e w n s far a s s a e oa o c rn d e a p ig v n e t o s o utright p p s n to e g g in q e tio a le a tiv s. T ro o itio s nae us nb c itie his te h iq e is cn u still e p y d a a s th A e a E b s y o ia o th U IS e p y e w o m lo e g in t e m ric n m a s ffic l r e S m lo e h s e k K re n o C in s . H w v r, a far a I k o , this d n e h s n v r pas o a r h ee o ee s s nw agr a ee b e re o n e b o r a th ritie e n c g iz d y u u o s. T e C m u is te h iq e w ic I h v m n n d m y s e o v u . u I h o mn t c n u s h h a e e tio e a e m b io s b t d n t b lie e th im o n e o th s te h iq e h s e e b e re o n e . T e o o e v e p rta c f e e c n u s a v r e n c g iz d h C m u is h v b e s s c e s l a to virtually p ra z A e a jx lic in o m n ts a e e n o u c s fu s a ly e m ric n o y A ia O r frien s in A s . u d sia a b c m g m re a d m re c n s d T e h a re e o in o n o o fu e . hy er o r o re e te a n u c m n o v o u a ti- o m n t p lic . T e th y u ft p a d n o n e e ts f ig ro s n C m u is o y hn e d c v r th t n b o in A e a c n b c m a g o se r if it is fa o b to is o e a o ok m ric a e o e o d lle v ra le o r frie d . T e h a u talk o s p in c m u is in A ia th n w n e w y u ns hy er s f to p g o m n m s , e odr h p licy fo id aid to th 10 0 N tio list guerrillas a d re u rs g rriso in o rb s e 5, 0 a na 0 n g la a n g th isla d a n th C m u is h ld C a c a t. T e w n e a th h n s e n s lo g e o m n t- e hin o s h y o d r t e o e ty o A e a re o g w e th le d g n w m g z e in A e a re o o e f m ric n p rtin h n e a in e s a a in m ric p rts n w e tha P sid n S n m n R e h s ru le ek t re e t y g a h e a th ssly s m e o t all o p s n ta p d u p o itio prior to th K re n n tio a e c n th n re d a fe w e s la e o a a n l le tio , e a w ek ter th t th a e o p s n s p o e ly s m e o t, w s s c th t R e c u n t g t th m p o itio , u p s d ta p d u a u h a h e o ld o e e a jority s p o h p a fo T e c n o u d rs n h w a A e a c lu u p rt e le d r. h y a n t n e ta d o n m ric n o m nist c n c m to F e C in fo 3d y , m k g n a m t to e e visit th a o e re h a r as a in o tte p vn e guerrilla h ld isla d a d c n th n re o to m e n s, n a e p rt illions o A e a s th t th re f m ric n a e a n N tio a re o a n list guerrillas. It is particularly p z lin fo th fre p o le uz g r e e ep s o A to n te A e a p o c p tio w P e M ister N h , to re liz f sia o m ric n re c u a n ith rim in e ru a e tha th g a bu o w t e re t lk f riting o A ia is fa o b to a m n w o h s d n little n s v ra le a h a oe in th w y o re rmfo his o nc u try a d h s b d d him e a f fo r w on n a lin e self toth rea e lities o c m u is . It is a o t im o s le to u d rs n w y a g a s c e s n f o mn m lm s p s ib n e ta d h re t u c s io o b o sa d a f o k n rticle p isin C m u is la d re rmin C a a e g rly re d s ra g o m n t n fo hin re a e a a d a c p dw n c e te hile th re l la d re rmp g m o F rm s a d S u K re e a n fo ro ra s f o o a n o th o a a ig o d A o e all it is im o s le to u d rs n h w th U ite S te re n re . bv p s ib n e ta d o e n d ta s c n p m te a v s a n in A ia a d n t in d th F e C in s a d th a ro o a t llia ce s n o clu e e re h ee n e S u K re n , th o ly e c e a ti- o m n t fig o th o a s e n ffe tiv n C m u is htin fo e in th Far g rc s e Es a t. H w c n this situ tio in th Far E st b re e ie ? I b lie e th e d g o a a n e a e md d e v e n in o d lo a re tio s w C m u is n tio s w u b th lo ica first se . f ip m tic la n ith o m n t a n o ld e e g l tp W m s s m h wle rn th tota e ut o eo a e lity o C m u is p n , m s re liz th t w a f o m n t la s u t a e a e re a a y e g g d in a d a s g le tha c n u d a h re c to d lo a lre d n a e e th tru g , t o tin e d e n e ip m tic fo a d n e is s n e s . rm n ic ty e s le s I b lie e th g a n w p p rs n w s rv e , m g z e a d p b e o e v e re t e s a e , e s e ic s a a in s n u lish rs f this c u try h v a d ty to s t their h u e in o e m s b m d to re o n e on ae u e oss rd r, u t e a e c g iz th p rt th y h v un ittin e a e ae w gly p y d in C m u is s c e s s la e o m n t uc s e. W m s h v b tte training a d o n tio a o gall w os rv u o es a . e ut ae e r n rie ta n m n h e e s vres In 15 w h d n a 2 0 A e a s a c e to o r h g m s n in S u 9 0 e a e rly ,0 0 m ric n tta h d u u h is io o th K re . P o le w re s n to K re w u th slig te training, w o t e e o a ep e et o a itho t e h st ith u v n a re o c n e tio o th fo e a w rk in A ia T e is still, e e a r m te o c p n f e rc s t o s . h re v n fte th K re n w r, little realistic o n tio fo th m n a d w mn w o s rv e o a a rie ta n r e e n o e h e e u in c u trie like K re , J p n a d F e C in . T e e is little u d rs n s on s o a a a , n re h a h in e ta d ing o th p rt o o r a th ritie th t a m re cle o s n g p e c n b n e a f u u o s a e rk r te o ra h r a e a p rs n o im e s im o n e c n e e o f m n e p rta c , a ithe m k friends o c n m k e e ie r ae r a ae nms for u , c n un ittin s a w gly b c m a link in th c a o C m u is c n p c . eo e e h in f o m n t o s ira y T e is little re liza n o th m n e in w ich th C m u is s iz u o h re a tio f e a n r h e o m n ts e e p n a y d re u b A e a a tio to build their p p g n a line tha A e a s n is p ta le m ric n c n ro a a d t m ric n a a b ta c rru t, a d m n y m d p o le T e is fo in ta c a g d re ru l, o p n oe- a e p . h re r s n e lle e ly a v s p stitu n ring in o e tio in O in w w 1- a d 1 - e r o girls a t ro tio p ra n k a a ith 5 n 6 y a- ld b u h in O in w fro o ro g t to k a a m utlyin isla d to s i’v e A e a s ld rs It g ns e ic m ric n o ie . h s b e re o d to m tha s m o th A e a A y p rs n e a s p o e a e n p rte e t o e f e m ric n rm e o n l re u p s d 101 �102 103 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM to b in o e in th o e tio o this rin . In e d it w u b im o s le fo e v lv d e p ra n f g de, o ld e p s ib r s c a ring to c n u u le s A e a s a in o e . T uh o tin e n s m ric n re v lv d his is th ty e o e p f a m n n th C m u is n e a d u e to d m u itio e o m n ts e d n s iscredit u ; b t I h v b e s u a e en in rm d th t th tru situ tio is th t th A y h s m d n e rt to s m fo e a e e a n a e rm a a e o ffo ta p o t th p stitu n b s e s in O in w . u e ro tio u in s k a a T e U ite S te m s e e b c re l o th m n e in w ic its o ia h n d ta s u t v n e a fu f e a n r h h ffic ls a d e p y e live, fo high living is grist fo th C m u is m n m lo e s r r e o m n t ill. T e m n h a n r in w ich A e a p rs n e lived in K re in 15— e h u e , fre e h m ric n e o n l o a 90 fre o s s e utilities, c t- te g s lin , fre s rv n for a lo g p rio — a tim a d tim u ra ao e e e a ts n e d ws e n e a a u e b th C m u is to p v their c n n n a o t u . A d a th g in s d y e o m n ts ro e o te tio s b u s n t e risk o s u d g p d , I m h s y tha th h a y drinking, c c ta ty e f o n in ru ish ig t a t e ev o k il p o s c ty e c u g d b th S te D p rtm n a ro d d e n t in a y w y f o ie n o ra e y e ta e a e t b a os o n a he u in o r fig a a s c m u is . lp s u ht g in t o m n m Finally, I b lie e th b s p s ib o n tio fo A e a s w o a to e v e e t o s le rie ta n r m ric n h re s rv in this crisis in th Far E s w e e th y b d lo a , p in 4e p rts e e e a t, h th r e e ip m ts o t xe , o n w p p rm n w u b a re s e c u e in A e a h to . A e a s r e s a e e , o ld e fre h r o rs m ric n is ry m ric n a justifiably p u o th re l d m c c w h v d v lo e . B tha v ry re ro d f e a e o ra y e a e e e p d ut t e p e is u e a a s u b th C m u is . Insidiously th y p in o t th t rid s d g in t s y e o m n ts e o t u a S n m n R e o C ia g K i- h k d e n t a w this o th t. B h wm n y g a h e r h n a s e o s o llo r a ut o ay o u re lize th t o r o n d m c c did n t d v lo o e ig t? T e liberals f s a a u w e o ra y o e e p v rn h h in this c u try o n p in o t th t s m ( e s y m n ) o C ia g K i- h k on fte o t u a o e th y a a y f h n a s e 's g n ra w re d h n s th t q a rm s r s re w re s ld b th g n ra , e e ls e is o e t, a u rte a te to s e o y e e e ls tha th tro p w re s rv d Y t, d t e os e ta e . e uring th Civil W r, th re w re 8, 0 e a e e 9 0 0 d s rtio s fro th F d ra A y o th P to a — e a s th re w re s m n ee n m e e e l rm f e o m c b c u e e e o ay d h n s g n ra w o p c e d th m n y g e th m to p y th tro p a d is o e t e e ls h o k te e o e iv n e a e os n, ra r th n s rv , th tro p d s rte . the a ta e e o s ee d It is n c s a o ly to re d Civil W r histo a a to u d rs n h w im e e s ry n a a ry g in n e ta d o p rfe t w w re ju 7 y a a o M c o th Far E st is e e in still e c e e st 5 e rs g . uh f e a m rg g fro th M m e iddle A e . W c n o e p c c u trie w gs e a n t x e t o n s ith tre e d u p b m n o s ro le s o illiteracy, o c m u ic tio , o s p rstitio , to o e ig t b c m m d l m f f o mn a n f u e n v rn h e o e o e d m c c s A d w all their failings, th g v rn e ts o N tio a e o ra ie . n ith e o e mn f a n list C in h a a d S u K re h v g e their p o le a w y o life a d a g v rn e t im n o th o a a e iv n ep s a f n o e mn m a u b b tte th n a y in o re a y h re b c m u is . e s ra ly e r a n th g ffe d n w e y o mn m It h s b c m fa h n b fo A e a re o rs to b m this in re in a e o e s io a le r m ric n p rte la e te st R ssia a d o r o n p p g n a fa u n u w ro a a d ilure either o S n to J e M C rth o o s n ea r o c a y r n th fa t th t fu d fo S te D p rtm n libraries h v b e c t. T is u r e c a n s r ta ea et a e en u his tte n n e s . S te D p rtm n libraries h v n v r re c e th m s o p o le o s ne ta ea et ae ee ah d e as f e p . T e c o e o b o s a a b h s b e s c a to p v e a u d rs n a le h h ic f o k v ila le a e n u h s ro id n n e ta d b a s e to th a p a o c m u is . n wr e p e l f o mn m T e R s ia s fo in ta c , p rm a y n to tra s te a d m rk t their h us n, r s n e e it n o e n la n a e b o s T e legalistic A e a G v rn e t fro n o a y p b a n n t in ok. h m ric n o e m n w s n n u lic tio o a c rd n e w c p rig t la s Little e rt is m d to p s fo tra sla n co ac ith o y h w . ffo ae uh r n tio s in lo a la g a e . U IS libraries in K re h v n v r ca d b o s in to c l n u g s S o a ae ee rrie ok K re n a d it s e s n v r to h v o c rre to o r G v rn e t tha ro a s in o a n em e e ae cu d u o e mn t y ltie K re n W a w u b u e s either to A e a a th r o p b h r. o a h n o ld e s le s m ric n u o r u lis e It is th n tiv s d n re rn d fro A e a w o m s ea e a e tu e t, tu e m m ric , h ot sily slip in s to A ’s cultural v c u . T sia aum his s d n c ms b c s d e ly to th s u lo o tu e t o e a k u d n e qa r f K re a r living in A e a fo a y a o tw a d e jo in o r s n a o o a fte m ric r e r r o n n y g u ta d rd f living, v w g o r le a p c s e , a d o r fre d m. H fin s it difficult to ie in u g l ro e s s n u eo s e d m k aliving, o ae fttim s im o s le top t his learningin p c e I ta e too e e p s ib u to ra tic . lk d n s c b r, d u h itte isillu ned, drifting s d n H m d a re u s tha w u s o k sio tu e t. e a e qet t o ld h c th D p rtm n o S te “C n y u s n m a h n s histo o A e a ” e e a e t f ta . a ’t o e d e n o e t ry f m ric ? h a k d “I k o th t d m c c did n t d v lo o e ig t. I k o y u e se. n w a e o ra y o e e p v rn h nw o h v h d y u p b m , y u c rru tio , y u civil w r. If w K re n c u a e a o r ro le s o r o p n o r a e o a s o ld re d y u h a o r isto a it a a d v lo e w w u n t e p c m c s h re ry s ctu lly e e p d e o ld o x e t ira le e , w w u b m rep tie t.” e o ld e o a n W e will w A e a s re liz th t d m c c c n o d v lo o e ig t, hn e m ric n a e a e o ra y a n t e e p v rn h e p c lly in c u trie to b s b e io a d w r? W e will w re liz th t s e ia o n s rn y u v rs n n a hn e a e a m s o th w rld d e n t re d E g ? W e will w u d rs n th t w a ot f e o o s o a n lish hn e n e ta d a h t m n A tic n e is n t a b ht, be u lly illustrated s ry o A e a a y sia s e d o rig a tifu to f m ric a its b s b t a h n s s ry o o r s g le b fo w b c m a w a — t e t u n o e t to f u tru g s e re e e a e s e re a d o e tha a m th t w a still far fro p rfe t. n n t d its a e re m e c In te d o b m g J e M C rth a d C n re s it m h b w ll to re e s a f la in o c a y n og s, ig t e e mm b r a o K re n p v rb tha s y : e n ld o a ro e t as “We a m n slip a d falls in th river it is fo lish to b m th riv r.” hn a s n to e o la e e e [P ro m th e T o p e k a ( K a n s .) S ta te J o u rn a l, N ovem ber 20, 1953] D i s i l l u s i o n e d A s ia N e e d s H o n e s t B o o k s ( y J h C ld e B o n a w ll) M C ld e a th r o “T e K re S ry a d “C in C a t r. a w ll, u o f h o a to ” n h a os Fam ily” is a fo e S te D p rtm n o ia H w s b rn o th rm r ta e a e t ffic l. e a o n e C in c a t— o o a m s n ry s e k th C in s d le ts h a os s n f is io a — p a s e h e e ia c s o e o F rm s . H a o s e k K re n His p s n re o p k n n o oa e ls p a s o a . re e t p rts fro th Far E st h v s e ia v lu b c u e h c n c m u ic te m e a a e p c l a e e a s e a o mn a w lo a in their la g a e His C in C a t F m is a m jo ith c ls nug. h a o s a ily a r b o c b s le tio fo D c m e o k lu e c n r e e b r. T o k y o .— h o fo T e ld lks a s wto a r their w y in this part o th w rld re lo lte as f e o . It is a o g th y u g th t o e s e startling c a g , a o t a “b m rry to a mn e on a n es h n e lm s e e dy fo to o w w die” a r m rro e ttitu e T e re s n fo this is th t fo m n th re d. h ao r a r ay e s e sn o t, n p a ein sig t, n fu re w rth w itin o p p rin fo em o u o ec h o tu o a g r re a g r. T e C m u is a q ick to s n e th cultura v c u , q ic to c p liz h o m n ts re u es e l aum u k a ita e o th m ra a d spiritual b a d w . T n e o l n re k o n heir a p a h is d u le b rre d p ro c o b - a le . T e a p a to th o p o le b p in g o t im hy pel e ld e p y o tin u perialistic A e a a th c u e m ric s e a s fo th m ra b a d w o th y u g F r th y u th re is a H o o p p r e o l re k o n f e o n . o e o th e o d f ro a g n a o rin h p fo th h p le s a fu re fo th s n wlo in u c rta ty a d ffe g o e r e o e s , tu r oe o st n e in . N w e th n a o g J p n b o s re c n o e s e b tte h w th C m u o h re a m n a a ’s o k to s a n e e r o e o m n ts a a c d b th v c u . T e C m u is h v o e e their first is re ttra te y e a u m h o m n ts a e p n d le d g library in T k o C m u is b o s b th h rd b c e a d in x e s e n in oy . o mn t o k, o a - akd n e p n iv e itio s a a a b th u h u J p n P e a ta re to fit th p c ed n , re v ila le ro g o t a a . ric s re ilo d e ok t b o ; in a s d n d ok tu e t istric h n s m ly b u d b o s fro R s ia c n b b u h t, a d o e on ok m us a e ogt fo a q a r. T e s m b o m y sell fo 2o 3tim s a m c in a w ll- - o r u rte h a e ok a r r e s uh e to d n ig b rh o . U S N w m g z e re o th t 2b b o s T e W rk o J e ho od . . e s a a in p rts a ig o k h o s f . V S lin a d P b m o L n is , h v s ld 5 ,0 0a d 6 ,0 0c p s re p c . ta , n ro le s f e in m a e o 0 0 n 0 0 o ie se tively a 5 c n p r c p . t 5 e ts e o y [F ro m th e S h a n g h a i E v e n in g P o st, S h a n g h a i, M onday, J a n u a r y 2 7 ,1 9 4 7 ] U. S. S. R H i t . for An t i -U n i t e d St a t es Tr end Her e ( yP B aul H rris n a o) W a s h i n g t o n , J n 26.— u s n p p g n a in th Far E s d c d c ie a. R s ia ro a a d e a t, ire te h fly a a s th U ite S te , is m in re p n ib fo th m u tin a ti- m ric n g in t e n d ta s a ly s o s le r e o n g n A e a fe lin , th S te D p rtm n w s in rm d to a . e g e ta e a e t a fo e dy J h C C ld e U ite S te p b a irs o e in S a g a h s re o n . a w ll, n d ta s u lic ffa ffic r h n h i, a p rte to th S te D p rtm n th t th S v t ra io s tio s n w p p rs a d o d e ta e a e t a e o ie d ta n , e s a e , n b o s a bitterly a c in th U ite S te in C a a w ll a in E s rn o k re tta k g e n d ta s hin s e s a te E ro e u p. C ld e s id th t th R s ia s m in in a ra io s tio in S a g a w ic a w ll a a e us n a ta d ta n hnhi h h a o n e itself a th “V ic o th S v t U io ,” d s ite th C in s G v rn nucs s e o e f e o ie n n ep e h ee oe m n b no fo ig s tio s e t’s a n re n ta n . PROGRAMS SLANDEROUS “I h v liste e to s m o its n w p g m a d th y a v ry s n e u . ae nd o e f e s ro ra s n e re e la d ro s A c sa a s A e a a tta k g in t m ric n ctiv in th U ite N tio s a a s o r o c p tio ity e n d a n , g in t u c u a n p licie in G rm n a d J p n a d in rv n n in C in a c m o ,” C ld o s e ay n aa, n te e tio h a re o m n a w ll d c re . e e la d T e A e a p b a irs o e sa th t h h d re e tly ta d to a h m ric n u lic ffa ffic r id a e a cn lke n A e a w m n w o h d re rn d fro Y n n H said: “S e tells m th t m ric n o a h a tu e m ea. e h e a th a ti- m ric n c m a n th re h s b e v o u , w lurid p s rs d p tin e n A e a a p ig e a e n ig ro s ith o te e ic g GI ra e m rd r, a d ro b ry in d z n o w y .” p, u e n be oes f a s FOR HONGKONG BY S H IP SATURDAY C ld e re o d th t a o g th U ite S te , Britain, F n e a d a w ll p rte a lth u h e n d ta s ra c , n A stra a w ll a R s ia h v in rm tio o e in S a g a th R s ia s u lia s e s u s a e fo a n ffic s h n h i, e u s n a ca in o th m s a tiv p g m re rry g n e o t c e ro ra . �104 105 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM H sa th t th R s ia s a publishin fo r n w p p rs a d th t, in a d n e id a e u s n re g u e sae n a d itio , th re a half a d z n R s ia - w e b o s re a d p b h rs in S a g a e re o e u s n o n d o k to s n u lis e h n h i. Y u c rre p n e t is p b b n t w ll v rs d in p y h lo ic l w rfa . or o sodn ro a ly o e e e s c o g a a re B it w u s e to m th t this s ry th m n o e s rie o GI g n ro ity ut o ld e m e a to , e a y th r to s f ee s m ht w b to in th U ite N tio s m ht v ry w ll b b a c s to th ig ell e ld e n d a n , ig e e e ro d a t e w rld b th V ic o A e a o y e o e f m ric . INTELLECTUAL “ SHOPPING” C ld e sa th t th C in s y u is tre e d u ly in re te in th U ite a w ll id a e h e e o th mn o s te s d e n d S te , b t th y a a o in re te in R s ia a d th y a d in lo o in ta s u e re ls te s d us , n e re o g ts f tellect ual s o p g a u d h p in ro n . C ld e w rn d th t th U ite S te o ia n e b tte te m o b a w ll a e a e n d ta s ffic ls e d e r a w rk e tw e th in rm tio a dth d lo a s rv e . e n e fo a n n e ip m tic e ic s [F ro m th e R o a n o k e (V a .) T im es, D ecem b er 8, 1953] W h o W r it e s f o r Am e r ic a ? B J h C C ld e y o n . a w ll [F ro m th e P o n tia c P re s s , F r id a y , D ecem ber 18, 1953] GI’s H e l p Ca k e for Kor e a ’s Ho mel ess, Ma im e d C h il dr en ( yJ h C C ld e B o n . a w ll) J h C C ld e a th r o T e K re n S ry fo e S te o n . a w ll, u o f h o a to , rm r ta D p rtm n o ia tells h wA e a GI’s a w n g th friend e a e t ffic l, o m ric n re in in e ship o th K re n p o le th u h their aid to childre left h m f e o a ep ro g n o e le s o m im d in th K re n w r. s r a e e o a a S oul . T e A e a GI h s d n m n th g fo w ic h h s n v r e —h m ric n a o e a y in s r h h e a e e re e e c d c iv d re it. H m k s n w o ly w e s m th g b d c n b p n d o h . e ae e s n h n o e in a a e in e n im F r in ta c , h c n h a c s d o c a g K re ’s h g a y o “U N o s n e e a e c u e f re tin o a u e rm f . . m d m s ; h h s fa e d m n a illegitim aa e” e a th re ay n ate child, fo w o th re is r hm e a o a n w p ra e in th Far East: “U N B b ” ; h is n t a a s a g o ls e h s e . . ay e o lw y od a b s a o fo A e a m a s d r r m ric . B th o e d y in S w n s u o S o l, I v ut e th r a u o , o th f e u isite a h sp l, 1o th 4 d o ita f e s rv g a p p la n o o e 2m e in o u tio f v r illion. It w s ’t m c o a h sp l, to b s re an uh f o ita e u . B w a th re w s o it w s in o e tio b c u e th m n o a E g e rin ut h t e a f a p ra n e a s e e f n n in e g S rv e B ttalio n a y h d p s n d th h sp l w a gift o $, 0. e ic a n e rb a re e te e o ita ith f 5 0 3 In th s m city th re is a C e a e e hildren’s N utritional C n r— e te built w a $, 0 ith n 8 0 0 gift fro th m no an a ya a e m e e f e rb irb s . N w e is th re a b tte in o h re e e r dica n o A e a A y g n ro ity N w e tio f m ric n rm e e s . o h re c n b fo n ab tte a s e to C m u is c a e o g rmw rfa . I re r to a e ud e r n wr o m n t h rg s f e a re fe th S v ra c H sp l in S o l. e e e n e o ita eu In this A e a m s n ry ho ita th re is a p je t for th a p te s o m ric n is io a sp l e ro c e mu e f K re . It b g n b c u e o th c m a s n o a A e a g n ra It h s o a e a e a s f e o p s io f n m ric n e e l. a d v lo e b c u e o th g n ro ity o th u a d o A e a s ld rs It is e e p d eas f e e e s f o s n s f m ric n o ie . e ie tly a m is re b A e a n rs s d c rs m s n rie o n m ro s ffic n d in te d y m ric n u e , o to , is io a s f u e u fa iths a d ce d . n r es Gn P e . aul K da c m a d g g n ra o th U ite N tio s I C rp , o e en ll, o m n in e e l f e n d a n o s n d y s w a K re n child, b th a s b w o b a m e H w s d tu e a a o a o rm lo n ff y in . e a is rb d b th sig t, e p c lly s c h k e m n o e h d s ffe d sim y e h s e ia in e e n w a y th rs a u re ilar w u d . ons G n ra K e e l endall s n w rd d w th u h d et o o n ro g ivisio , b tta n a d re im n n a lio , n g et a k g d n tio s to he th child a p te s o his c m a d a a T e re p n e s in o a n lp e mu e f o m n re . h sos w s sta a rtlin ; ato l o $6 0 w s ra e in s o o e g ta f 7, 0 a is d 0 h rt rd r. T d y th $ 6 0 h s g w to $ 1 0 a d is h ld in trust in a N w Y rk oa e 7 , 0 a ro n 0 8, 0 n 0 e e o h n . T e m n y is s e t in K re b a in ak h oe pn o a y n terreligio us h a m d u o o rd a e p f C th lic M th d t, P s y ria , a d S v n - a A v n t m s n rie a d a o , e o is re b te n n e e th D y d e tis is io a s n tw A y o e . A tu l o e tio s a c n re in S v ra c H sp l. o rm ffic rs c a p ra n re e te d e e n e o ita T e children a d a u re e e th s rg ry n c s a b fo artificial le s h re n d lts c iv e u e e e s ry e re g a d h o s c n b fitte . T e th y a tra e in th u e o artificial lim s n ok a e d h n e re in d e s f b. W e this training is c m le d th p tie ts o e o g to w rk a ta g t hn o p te , e a n ld n u h o re u h a tra e in w ic their artificial lim s will n t h n ic p th m d h h b o ad a e . T e a 2, 0 a p te s in K re . T ro g th m g ific n I C rp p je t h re re 2 0 m u e 0 o a h uh e an et o s ro c a d th K re A p te S rv e w w ic it is a n e o a m u e e ic ith h h ffilia d th a p te s o th te , e m u e f e la d will b s a d a life o b g a . n e p re f e g ry I w s s n in in fro t o S v ra c H sp l w P u K g u , y u g a ta d g n f e e n e o ita ith a l in sb ry o n P s y ria m s n ry in c a e o m k g artificial lim s w e a K re n re b te n is io a h rg f a in b, hn o a b y in his te n ro e u o a h e H n b d m u te a d w lk d in o es d p n ik . e im ly is o n d n a e to th b ild g K g u tu e to m a d s id w p e “T e is o e o e u in . in sb ry rn d e n a ith rid , h re n f o r h y . W m d his artificial legs;w ta g t him to u e th legs;w h v u os e ae e uh s e e ae ta g t h to m k a living.” u h im ae M C ld e a th r o th K re S ry a d C a C a t r. a w ll, u o f e o a to n hin os F m is a fo e S te D p rtm n o ia H w s b rn o th a ily, rm r ta e a e t ffic l. e a o n e C a c a t, s n o m s n ry s e k th C in s d le ts s o e hin o s o f is io a , p a s e h e e ia c pkn o F rm s H a o s e k K re n His p s n re o n o oa e ls p a s o a . re e t p rts fro m th Far E st h v s e ia v lu b c u e h c n c m u ic te w e a a e p c l a e e a s e a o mn a ith lo a in their la g a e H C a C a t Fam is a m jo b o c ls nug. is hin os ily a r ok c b s le tio fo D c m e lu e c n r e e b r. K o r e a .— o e S e d w R b rt h rro , riting in th S tu a E e in P s re e tly s te e a rd y v n g o t, c n ta d th t all th Far E st d a e a istru sts A e a m ra m ric n o lity b c u e o o r u e o th eas f u s f e a mb m. T to o b his s te e t ra k right a n w a o e c m o ly s e in ta m n n s lo g ith n th r, o m n e n o r b tte p b a n . It is th s te e t th t A e a p s e h s s f u e r u lic tio s e ta m n a m ric n re tig a u fe d a g a b w b c u e o th a re re t lo e a s f e ctivitie o S n to J e M C rth . s f ea r o c a y S e d m y b s e k g fo M N h b t n t fo th re t o A ia R h rro a e p a in r r. e ru u o r e s f s . e c n I h v ta e to h n re s o p o le in K re a d F rm s in their e tly a e lk d ud d f ep o a n o oa n tiv la g a e , a d a o in J p n O ly o e m n o his o n a c rd b u h a e n u g s n ls aa. n n a, f w c o , ro g t u th s b c o M C rth . T p e u je t f c a y his m n w s bitterly critical. H w s a o a a e a ls s a in o S n m n R e . H p u ly a n u c d th t h w s a n u list. c th g f y g a h e e ro d none a e a e tra T e A e a c rre p n e t w o re o th t th Far E st is s s ic u o h m ric n o s o d n h p rts a e a u p io s f u b c u e o o r u e o th A b m o b c u e o S n to M C rth is sim ly s eas f u s f e -o b r eas f e a r c a y p n t re o g all th fa ts o p rtin e c . T e is in e e c u try a thin la e o in lle a w o m k s c s te h re v ry o n y r f te ctu ls h a e u h ta m n . G n ra th s s m p o le a v c te tra e w R d C in , re o n e ts e e lly e e a e e p doa d ith e h a cgi tio fo th C in s C m u is , a d their s e d s a g in th U ite N tio s n r e h e e o m n ts n p e y e tin e n d a n. M n b lo g to th t b w e d n wg u w o call th m e e n u lis . ay e n a e ild re e ro p h e s lv s e tra ts T e w g o s m A e a c rre p n e ts a b w e g to m n h ritin s f o e m ric n o s o d n re e ild rin ay o n ls A b s d re o r c n u a fin s m fa ts to b ls r his v w . rie ta . ia e p rte a su lly d o e c o te ie s T e a bitter a d d s tis d p o le e e w e . h re re n is a fie e p v ry h re B t to m n o n ls it s e s tha A e a s sh u a m t to g t all th u a y rie ta em t m ric n o ld tte p e e fa ts fro p o le re re e tin all g u s b fo risking g n ra a n . c m ep p sn g ro p e re e e liz tio s I did n t fin a sin le o n l w o h d lo t faith in o r m ra o d g rie ta h a s u o lity b c u e w eas e h v u e o m ht u e th Ab m. In e d I fo n th o p s to b tru . a e s d r ig s e -o b de, u d e p o ite e e P rh p this w s b s e p s e b a e u a d K re n w o s id : “M w a d e as a e t x re s d y n d c te o a h a y ife n I a w o t m c h p . F r o r children th re is h p fo w e p c to g t re ith u u h oe o u e oe r e xet e th mto A e a F r u , m y e 5m re y a , o p rh p 1. T e all will b e m ric . o s a b o e rs r e a s 0 h n e lo u le s y u a willing to u e y u a m s n th u le s y u re liz tha it st n s o re s o r to ic tre g , n s o a e t is s n th a n tha th o e s e u d rs n s tre g lo e t e th r id n e ta d . T e o n ls a re listic, a d in their e e it is n t im o l to u e m x u h rie ta re a n ys o m ra s a im m s n th a a s a e e y F r th m d a b m c in g n o c n e tio a tre g g in t n n m. o e e th y a h e u r ovn nl b m sis e u lly p rm n n A d a o eK re n w rk gin a o h n g w e o b qa e a e t. n s n o a , o in n rp a a e h re 12 children w re b rn d to d a b jellied g s lin b m s ( ro p d fro 5 e u e e th y ao e o b d pe m A e a p n s p in d o t, “th re a d a s m re painful th n d a fro m ric n la e ) o te u e re e th o a e th m a Ab m. A le s th t is in ta ta e u .” n -o b t at a s n nos T e is a tre e d u n e fo h n s re o g fro th Far E s a difficult h re m n o s e d r o e t p rtin m e a t, s a th t is to a c m lis . T e sh llo ju g e ts o m n c rre p n e ts w s s a co p h h a w d mn f ay o sodn a e p s e fo m o e m rn g a b a fa t in th Eighth A y c rre p n e ts x re s d r e n o in t re k s e rm o s o d n ’ billet in S o l. eu A re o r fo o e o A e a la e t n w a e c s h d his s lu n fo all p rte r n f m ric ’s rg s e s g n ie a o tio r o r p b m in th Far E s u ro le s e a t. “W a th Far E st n e s s id m b a fa t c m a io , “is th e g o h a ht e a e d ,” a y re k s o p n n re o d e rt a cks: o efo C ia g K i- h k o efo M e C ia g o efo S n m nR e .” tta n r h n a se, n r in . h n , n r yg a he It is tim w b g n to a s e th q e tio s W o s e k fo A e a Wo e e ea n w r e u s n : h p a s r m ric ? h w s fo A e a rite r m ric ? 47769— 54— p t. 2------- 5 �106 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STBATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM !J8 i* K t» A i-' lt ft K U l# i i ' J « W W ft A *4. S | *Ms j£~ « .h si sfi a w * a a ft # ;pw w sx se * &c 01 m a -1 « « ; * & ; a stj b a w *! »®a» a * a f t # « a wj a m * * » m as,* ?? n m m « - t « » » i » an7 01 t >« si- 7 «. as« w a $ m t w >& « * n # *#m a a •» #1« * » « w » = sa ®a 4 & 5 » ss # « it -e & * t« »hi r 011® m & a f ts s > i i W:-i- & m i « U 17 » S S « j — S i f t H « f t f t Mitt »* — 8* ' a « Si m £ 7 f t S4 > # »H 8 IS ss > ss <? % t& » * jfc 1? •M A tti- ' A il"iJ4 ' A . ® ■a -a t: m* « sb « te jb « a 9 >“ m 69 -in tt is w m » » * a s + u n 1 «t © IW£ «t =h SI «£ » ~ Ji IS 89 12 -i tjf > v-j |‘5 * >- B 1% «$ -T B » ' - i! ± $L s i ¥ 4> « * £ « m w > m s: ffi fj «s >fr=cs at as 'a e » « ' S u m s * & * « # ' l k « i » 5pf5s« ’ sS vW *; A A j'; S & Jit w% u •*. BSWK-A58 i t us « A ;fi JiSt iS A Jill IS « ft'3 Jf$ £',-; i4 , SS fill in JlJt •'52 “ 69 i£ Sf <£• Ss & sA ft « 1 ? .# -* •,ii Hi ift (m fc « '* « » « ;k IT = ri A fe as « ,i v.>1 $ ■ i* Sii fe i" I i* ,? si1v? 7 « © | 5 H5S W ft'gsS fiH A ’ KSiJn-® 1 jitiHsm »± «9i ;+ i~ < tM 7 a m a r m & * * »r «t < jbs ** ;s i t >« f t fr f t a » * 1 f t « ?is sfc /* ® ' a tr a sp t m * « « I HH > 7= w sa * « ■e «s 81# SK ' i M- >69 * ft 7? > tx w w, S A <s ® a ® « a r m s s £ » « » 5 i£ « a A « ¥3 Jft Hi m a X 6 9 f « 69 « ‘ if *8 i t «8 ft f t ’ e s s te a a 8i f t a ». ' t o S3 » w » M 'S m £ X m — a s® & -/p He-**«**& # # n ft jft ® n a m st I t 1 A a « m 0 ' i & t t '( » is R M » K n # » » miro lit ^ w a a i s 0 s s w 99 8 8 # i A » i%a 7 JE IS iif ft •£ I® i t 9 69 lii ' fis ffi, a u m >5 » «« * * « » ' a « Sli'lW« k « '* * « iA « A Fa vti t it 757 W 69 'f i S at S« M * « W I * T « « * « - # . « W -f SI a i UMI t fra f t i t *A 1 a Sr » if M » ffix a ssi/J ' 'sa ^ i ? a* r. » r f t f t « A > » » T S # W f t * ■ ?S ! — ' « « - u s« a * 1 # . * « fj> 3 |c*& #5aiiai5isS ]Qi^i(m^36«3^sdQeoe^99SO(M 5eQoOi&i<9oooooosoe!&R6seeo6dia 107 Mr. A r e n s . Kindly, in an extemporaneous manner, summarize here the high points of this testimony which has now been inserted in the record. Mr. C a l d w e l l . Let me state first, as I did in my statement, that the brain washing, the germ warfare charges, the things that have come up within the last few months, the last year and a half, are not, as many Americans seem to think, new techniques and new strategies. As I have watched the Communist strategy in the Far East, it has become apparent to me that their one aim is paramount, and that is to discredit by every means possible the American soldier. 1 think that is an important thing because it shows a basic underlying fear of American intervention. Now, beginning in 1945 and 1946, this campaign started, directed first against the United States marines in north China, against the military police detachment in Shanghai, accusing Americans of all sorts of brutality, of rape, of robbery; and the germ warfare charges are the outgrowth actually of this whole aim to try to discredit Ameri cans abroad. Now, I think that we often, through our own magazines and news papers, help the Communists a greal deal in that very point. I men tioned in my statement the fact, for instance, that a national magazine last year, I believe it was, had a feature story, claiming that there were over 100,000 illegitimate GI babies in Japan alone. That sort of thing is grist for the Communist mill. It turns out that the Japanese Government itself has been able to locate less than 4,000. So you can see how uninformed reporting can have a bearing, can actually help the Communists in their efforts. Now, the second paramount aim, and one that has been terribly successful, has been the program to discredit the people who must be our allies in Asia. By that I mean the Chiang Kai-sheks and Syngman Rhees. This program has succeeded to such a degree that today there are only a handful of magazines in America that will even think of taking a pro-Chiang or pro-Nationalist story. The prejudice is so tremendous that you find practically all of our cor respondents in the Far East steeped in the prejudice. If they do go to Formosa, if they go to free China, they have no inclination to get at the truth, because they have so much prejudice. The C h a i r m a n . Didn’t the tempo for that propaganda originally come out of our State Department when they tried to sell the fact that the Communists were just agrarian reformers? Mr. C a l d w e l l . That was the beginning. Since then the idea has been to try to make us believe, playing on our own belief in democracy, that the Chiangs and the Rhees are not democrats because they do not have democracy as we see it, not taking into consideration the tremendous economic factors these leaders face, the factors of active internal rebellion going on which we do not have in this country. Now I find the program is beginning to be directed against other countries. I have a copy here of a little magazine that I like. It is a liberal magazine that is normally very good, the New Leader. They have a feature story on corrupt fascism in Thailand. The Thai Gov ernment is raked over the coals. It would be my guesss that we would soon be hearing that President Magsaysay is not a good man. �108 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM It is all part of the program to prejudice the public opinion against the leaders in Asia who have been stanchly anti-Communist. Mr. A r e n s . D o you have any opinion respecting modes by which American officials in the Far East have-been subjected to this slant ing of views by people who are Communists or under Communist discipline? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir; I do. There were two very powerful per sonalities in the early days right after the end of the war, Chinese Communists, one young lady by the name of Rung Peng, another a Chinese gentleman by the name of Huang Hua. Both of these people were attractive. They were intelligent. They spoke good English and they had nice personalities, and they became almost the major sources of news as far as our Government or our correspondents were concerned in 1946. As an example of how important Miss Kung Peng was, I made a trip to the Far East in January of 1946 for the State Department. I arrived in Chungking late in the afternoon. Chungking was still the capital. I was whisked immediately to Miss Kung Peng’p apart ment for a dinner which was attended by various State Department people. The idea seemed to be that she was very important as a source of news and that I should immediately get her side of things. The C h a i r m a n . Let the record show that Senator Welker is in attendance at the hearing. Mr. C a l d w e l l . I mentioned that when I went to Chungking, I was immediately whisked over to Miss Kung Peng’s apartment. Then I went to Pieping on that same trip, Huang Hua was considered of such importance that I had a dinner set up with him by a State De partment local personnel. I think it interesting to note that both of these characters who had so much to do with getting news out to us back in ’45 and ’46 are now at Geneva. Huang Hua was at Panmunjom playing a very important background part in the negotia tions there. The C h a i r m a n . Who was at these dinners, if you will recall? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I don’t recall the Peiping one, but at the Chungking one I recall was Mrs. Wilma Fairbank who was our cultural attache at that time and Mr. John Melby who was our first or second secretary. I forget his title. Senator W e l k e r . You said cultural attache. What duties does that embrace ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . The cultural attache had charge of our libraries, our exchange of student programs, visiting directories for the United States, and things of that kind. T h e C h a i r m a n . D o y o u re c a ll a n y o n e else a t t h a t d in n e r? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Those are the only two I recall. The C h a i r m a n . H o w many other people were in attendance? Mr. C a l d w e l l . There were a couple of other Communist func tionaries; I think, but I am not sure, that Chou En Lai was present. He was often present during those days. Again he was a suave gen tleman, witty and intelligent, and was considered a source of accurate news by some of our own people. Mr. A rens . Is it your testimony that these two Communist agents and others were a source of news and a source of information for the American officials who were in China representing our Government? STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 109 Mr. C a l d w e l l . Very definitely. The C h a i r m a n . And also for news reporters? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Also news reporters. Senator W e l k e r . May I have the question? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Upon what facts do you base that, Mr. Witness, can you tell us? The C h a i r m a n . He gave us the background earlier, Senator. He was with the State Department during this period of time. Senator W e l k e r . Did he see anything of this ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir. Senator W e l k e r . Y o u saw the news releases come out? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir. Mr. A r e n s . Did .you know a man by the name of William Powell, former OWI official in China? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir. I have known him, for I would say, 10,12 years. Mr. A r e n s . What did he do in China and who is he ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . He was the son of a very well-known American newspaperman in Shanghai, a very fine man who was imprisoned by the Japanese, who was the very best type of American. And William Powell’s son went into the OWI in 1943, in charge, I believe, of our news branch. He was transferred to the State Department and in the Executive order at the end of the war, stayed only a short time, and then returned to Shanghai to start his father’s paper, called the China Review. Now, I met him several times since the war. When the Communists took over Shanghai he stayed on, much to my surprise and the sur prise of others who knew him. His magazine immediately became a violently anti-American magazine, a mouthpiece of the Communists, and I have gotten access to a few copies as an illustration of the type of thing that he has done. This particular issue is devoted to American atrocities in Korea, a typical caption, a picture of a mass grave. The caption states that this is a picture of the approximately 10,000 Korean civilians who were murdered at the town of Hawon by American troops during the occupation. Mr. Powell also began in the latter part of 1951 to issue lists of American prisoners in his magazine, with the hometowns, and the magazines, I found as I traveled around the country in the last 2 or 3 years, were mailed to these parents as a method of getting Commu nist propaganda before them. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Chairman, may the record show that the task force that you assigned me to has that information in a record of a prior hearing. The C h a i r m a n . Yes. Go ahead, Mr. Caldwell. Mr. C a l d w e l l . Shall I go on with this ? Senator W e l k e r . I just want to make that observation. Mr. C a l d w e l l . Mr. Powell returned suddenly to this country last August, I believe, and I heard suggestions on my trips to the Far East that his return coincided with the return of our few progressive prisoners, perhaps for a reason, perhaps to guide the activities of those progressives. �STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 110 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Now, Mr. Powell was in Peiping, we know, some time during tlie summer of last year, and it is apparent that he has talked to some of the prisoners in north China. Mr. A rens . While you were in the Far East as Director of the In formation Service, did you have occasion on which the so-called China experts from the State Department were sent to the Far East to indoctrinate you and others in what the line should be ? Mr. C aldwell . I think there was more indoctrination here in Wash ington than there was actually in the Far East. Now, there was a vigorous, of course very vigorous. nnti-Chiang, pro-Communist group in our foreign service in China without question, but there was a great deal of indoctrination which actually started here before the war ended. Mr. A rens. What was the line ? Mr. C aldwell . The line? I remember particularly two cases of two downed American B-29 pilots. You may remember that there was a period when we bombed Japan from a base in western China, and these pilots were brought to the State Department and OWI far eastern meetings to discuss and describe how they were saved by the Communists, by the magnificent resistance work by the Chinese Com munists, and I would say that that indoctrination was done in that way 1o try to show us that the Communists were actually helping more than the other side; that they were fighting more real battles. I re member those two incidents in particular, which I attended. Mr. A rens . Did you have contact with the Institute of Pacific Relations in the Far East, or did you have occasion to observe its operations? Mr. C aldwell . Y ou couldn’t be in the OWI or State Department in that period and not have contact with the IPR. It was imposible. The C h a i r m a n . What do you mean by that, Mr. Caldwell? Mr. C aldwell . T o give you an example of what I mean, in 1943 and 1944, when OWI employees for the Far East, particularly for China, were employed, we were brought here to Washington from the New York overseas office for orientation, and the orientation consisted of your seeing two people. The two people were Mr. Laughlin Currie and Mr. Owen Lattimore, only the two. From those people we were to get our basic philosophy, you might say. I must be fair and say that, I can’t remember that Mr. Lattimore gave me any bad philosophy at the time, but I was very naive, as most of us were. We thought in terms of the war in which we had one enemy which was the Japanese, and were enlisting to fight that enemy and only that enemy. There was another way in which the IPR had a great bearing on most of our work. That was that it completely controlled all Far Eastern activities of the OWI to the State Department, to the branch chiefs, and later officials who were formerly IPR members, and I could list several of those to give you an example. The C h a i r m a n . Would you list them? Mr. C aldwell . The China Radio Branch in San Francisco was headed by an IPR man. The Philippine Branch was headed by an IPR woman. The Indochina Branch was headed by an IPR person. The China Branch was headed by an IPR person. At the time the coordinator for the Far East was an IPR person. The coordinator in the New York office in charge of Security in the 111 New York office for the far eastern branches was an IPR person. Those are things that come to me immediately. Mr. A rens . N o w ,on the basis of your experience in the Far East, Mr. Caldwell, can you help the committee by giving an appraisal of the method of operation which is in vogue now by our Government representatives in the Far East in undertaking to win friends and influence people? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I think there is great improvement in what we are doing in the Far East. There is still, to my mind, much too little coordination, say, between what is happening in Kora and what is happening in China. To give an example of that, in Formosa we have an excellent United States information service at the present time. It puts out some outstanding publications in Chinese. Now, those publications would have been extremely valuable with the Chinese POW’s in Korea, but those publications were never sent to Korea. There was no liaison between what we were doing in free China and what we were trying to do with the Chinese business. 1 think we still rely too much on radio as far as the Chinese on the mainland are concerned. We do too little in exploiting the tremendous possibilities of getting propaganda into the China coast. Mr. A r e n s . N o w , Mr. Caldwell, on the basis of your background and experience, what would your appraisal be of a course of action that this Government should take to sever diplomatic relations with all Communist-controlled governments and to propose a conference of the free nations of the world to destroy the Communist fifth column and to resist Communist aggression ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I feel very strongly that severance of diplomatic relations would be an important step because perhaps then we could make people understand the totality of this conspiracy against us. Mr. A rens . What do you mean by that? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I mean by that that today still too many people cannot understand that we are actually at war, that the final aim of communism is our destruction because we are the only powerful force that stands in their w ay; that as long as we go on in a quasi-peaceful situation, we can’t perhaps correct some of these feelings that I have listed in my statement; that if we could somehow show people that we are in the state of hostility with the Communist world, that normal diplomatic relations are not only injurious but are broken off, then we could gain slowly the realization we need to really gird ourselves for the battle ahead. Mr. A rens . T o what extent did the Communist espionage propa ganda and political subversion center in the diplomatic and/or semidiplomatic establishments throughout the Far East with which you were in contact? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I think the extent of the native infiltration has never been fully realized. By that I mean that every diplomatic establish ment must have a large number of Chinese personnel in China, Koreans if in Korea. It is my belief that the United States Information Serv ice was a particular target, for several reasons, of propagandists. Propaganda is important. Our own propaganda is important to the Communists. Also the U SIS in most places is an organization which helps and guides American correspondents who are visiting. �112 S R T G A D T C IC O W R D C M U IS TAE Y N AT S F OL O MN M Now, to show that I am not trying to blame others alone, I would like to mention one unit of my own in Korea of 18 people that I hired myself, whose employment I approved. I was able to check on all 18 of those. After the war I found that seven had gone over to the other side. Of those 7, I would say, 5 were real Communists and 2 were opportunists or people who couldn’t get out of Seoul in time and did what they did to eat. That is a pretty high percentage. I think one of the things we should have done is to have made a study of all our personnel in Korea. It could have been done, could still perhaps be done, to find out just what the total percentage of actual Communists was. We had a total of between 3,000 and 5,000 Korean employees in our mission in Korea. In that vast number of people there was tremen dous opportunity for infiltration, and you can’t run a security check on a Korean or a Chinese. They have lived in perhaps 40 different places in 5 years. It is a difficult job. I do not blame us for having failed somewhat, but I don’t think we have been careful enough to realize that certain units of our estab lishments are targets for infiltration. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Chairman, could I have a question to clarify something that I may have misunderstood? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Prior to the last answer, did I understand you to say that it would be proper that we let the world know that we were at war with the Communist conspiracy rather than to adopt the at titude of quasi-peace and containment with them? Mr. C a l d w e l l . By war I do not mean that we should declare a war. Senator W e l k e r . Well now, what did you mean ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I mean that we should realize that the continuance of diplomatic relations is an unrealistic attitude at the present time. It gives the Communists a chance at espionage that they would not have otherwise, and I think it also tends to becloud the issues of com munism here at home, that people do not realize, cannot understand that the Communists are. speaking very simply, out after us, that their primary aim is the “defeat of imperialistic America.” Senator W e l k e r . N o w , Mr. Caldwell, this digresses for a moment, but I think it is along the line you have suggested. Do you think it is good psychology for the United States Government to sell a Czecho slovakian steel mill to a dictatorship that has trade alliances, trade agreements with Russia and all her satellites, knowing well that at this moment Russia and the satellites have trade missions in this coun try to which they would propose to ship this steel mill. Do you think tHat is good psychology? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Absolutely not. I think it is ridiculous to think that we can trade in any way with the enemy we face. May I digress there a moment and say that I was able to get through Chinese and American sources an exact count of the number of ships that attempted to enter or did enter Communists ports on the China coast during the month of November. Mr. A r e n s . During what year? The C h a i r m a n . Yes, what year, Mr. Caldwell? S R T G A D T C IC O W R D C M U IS TAE Y N AT S F OL O MN M 113 Mr. C a l d w e l l . This last year. I was there in December. I do not have my notes here, but I believe it was 69. Of those figures 69, all but 4 were British. The four that were not British were Norwegian. Some of those ships carried undoubtedly nonstrategic materials, but one of them that was stopped had over 5,000 tons of antibiotics, strep tomycin, penicillin. I saw part of the cargo of another which had army blankets, blankets cut in the army style, delivered to the coast of China in the dead of winter. The C h a i r m a n . Let the record show that Senator Johnston is in attendance at this hearing. Senator W e l k e r . N o w , Mr. Caldwell, if the chairman will permit me, what were some of these nonstrategic materials in the other boats? Would it be food, or buttons, or what? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Food. Often as prosaic items as soap, a good deal of soap. Consumers goods. Fruit goes in. Normally the Chinese Nationalists do not even attempt to stop a ship unless they have some intelligence to the effect that it does have strategic goods. So often you cannot tell what is in the cargo. They try to check from Hong Kong. Senator W e l k e r . Food would be a little strategic, would it not, if an army were starving? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I think if you are realistic you should say that almost any item that goes into Communist China is strategic. The Chinese Communists are having a desperate time economically right now. Obviously if we cut off everything their situation would be worsened, and to me, it is an important part of the cold war to make that situation as bad as we can. It weakens them and keeps them from getting that final stranglehold which will keep us from ever getting them out. Mr. A r e n s . After you returned to the United States, did you have an opportunity to appraise all the publications in the United States, books and magazines and articles on the Far East? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir. Mr. A r e n s . What is your comment or observation on that? Mr. C a l d w e l l . There is one indication that I think shows- the sit uation, and that is the Library Journal which is, you might say, more or less the organ of American libraries. It is not official. I made a compilation of the recommendations it makes on books on foreign affairs in general and on the Far East in particular. You will find almost invariably that a book favorable to, let’s say, the Nationalists, or the Rhee point of view, is not recommended. Mr. James Burnham’s book, the Web of Subversion, which dealt a good deal with the work of this committee, had a flat statement, “Not recommended.” And you find that pattern runs all through the books that are recommended to American libraries. Mr. A r e n s . That is a kind of bible of books in this country ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . That is a g o o d w ay o f putting it. Mr. A r e n s . It is the Journal which is the authority on which books are good and what books are not good, is that correct, in its simplest form? Mr. C a l d w e l l . That is correct. Mr. A r e n s . And your testimony is that this Journal regularly, habitually recommends books, favorable to the pro-Communist ele47 7 6 0 — 54— p t. 2------- 6 �114 115 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM ment and does not recommend books that are anti-Communist, is that correct? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I wouldn’t go as far as to say that it recommends books that are pro-Communist. I think it is a little more devious than that. It does not recommend books that make an outright attack, as Mr. Burnham did, on the Communist conspiracy. It does not recommend books which, like the book Formosa Beachhead, are favorable to Chiang Kai-shek. That was recently published. It does not even list books like that normally. Mr. A r e n s . Did you have an experience in which you checked on the Communist propaganda respecting the alleged target practice that the Marines were supposed to be engaging in on the Chinese ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes. That is a very interesting story because I think it illustrates two things. It illustrates the Communist technique of trying to degrade our own people, our soldiers, and it illustrates again how Americans can help in that technique. When I was Director of the U SIS in China, I read in the Commu nist paper a story that the United States Marines in north China were using Chinese peasants in target practice. This story was that they were bored and didn’t have much to do so they would go out in the country and get a peasant and start him running and shoot him. It was inconceivable to me that any American military unit—they are not always angels, let us agree—would ever do that kind of thing. I began to be very much disturbed when Americans in our own estab lishment began to pass that story around, passing it around as the truth without checking of any type, and it became a very curt storv all over China, so much so that I went to north China myself to check and I found that the basis of the story was that near the city of Tientsin, near a target, a farmer had been hit by a stray bullet. From that the, story had been exaggerated in the typical Commu nist technique, helped along unfortunately by some Americans to the, effect that we were using peasants as targets as a routine procedure. Senator W e l k e r . Do you know the names of Americans who helped that propaganda along? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I do. T would rather give it just to the committee. The C h a i r m a n . That is the custom. Senator J o h n s t o n . Would you tell the committee whether or not they were giving it in good faith or trying to injure the United States ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I would say both. I would say that undoubtedly when you have a situation like that there may have been one key per son who was possibly a party member and then you have the many naive Americans who get no briefing of any type, to whom we still give no real indoctrination, the hundreds of people we send overseas, and I think that a gossip can do as much harm as a party member, a gossip who will not check on facts, who will not realize that this or that story is harmful to the policy of the United States. The C h a i r m a n . It is the policy of this committee not to reveal any names in public session, but would you be kind enough to give us the names of these people in executive session? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I certainly will. Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Caldwell, I think our record should reflect more clearly the facts with reference to William Powell. Specifically, who is he? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Specifically now, as far as I know, he is unemployed. I know nothing of his whereabouts or his activities. H is correct name is, I believe, J. William Powell. It is on this masthead: John William Powell, editor and publisher of the China Monthly Review. Mr. A r e n s . That China Monthly Review clearly is a Communist publication? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I don’t see how anything could be more so. I think, but I am not sure, that it folded when he left last August. Whether it is still in existence, I do not know. Mr. A r e n s . He was formerly with the Office of War Information in China, is that correct? Mr. C a l d w e l l . That is correct. Mr. A j r e n s . Over what period of time was he with the OWI in China ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . He was employed in 1943 in March. By Executive order on August 31,1945, he was transferred to the State Department. I believe he resigned within 6 months to go back and start up the magazine again. Mr. A r e n s . Over what period of time was he with the magazine? Mr. C a l d w e l l . From 1947, I would say, or possibly 1946 until August of 1953. Mr. A r e n s . Where was he engaged then ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . In Shanghai. Mr. A r e n s . Then he was then editor until 1953 of this China Re view, is that correct? Mr. C a l d w e l l . China Monthly Review. Senator W e l k e r . May I have a question, Mr. Chairman? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Caldwell, do you have an}' information as to whether or not any of these documents, magazines, or pamphlets that you have before you and which you state are Communist propa ganda reach the American shore, reach the United States in the form of propaganda? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir. In Iowa during a lecture the year before the last I heard of two families that had received this publication here. Both of the families had sons, prisoners of the Chinese. I heard of one family in my own town, Nashville. I do not know what the name of that family was. The F BI told me of that family and of another family in Memphis. Those are four cases in which this magazine came through the mails, mailed in Hong Kong, and came to American families. Senator W e l k e r . I have another observation. Senator Jenner had me on a task force, aloitg with Mr. Arens, Mr. Duffy, and Mr. Schroeder, in New York a few weeks ago in which we had millions of pieces of literature similar to that before you that came into our coun try and was freely distributed throughout our land. Now, based upon your experience, sir, what effect would that have in aiding the Com munist conspiracy? �116 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Mr. C a l d w e l l . I think it has this .effect: a family particularly that had a boy who was a prisoner is emotionally upset and worried. One of the main lines of these magazines is that we must have peace, that the Chinese Communists are really trying to have a square deal, and I think it works, that people are likely to write their Senators and Congressmen suggesting that we get out of the war. They are likely to become a little sympathetic to the Communist cause. Mr. A r e n s . N o w , with reference to Mr. Powell again, we had him up to 1953 when he was editor of the China Review and I understood you to say that he resigned and returned to the United States ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . That is correct. Mr. A r e n s . What is the source of your information on the fact that he entered the country ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Time magazine. First I saw him just before I left and then, when I was in Japan last August, I inquired and talked to one correspondent, an American correspondent who had interviewed him on his way out of Hong Kong. Mr. A r e n s . Did he return as an American citizen or had he re nounced his citizenship ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . No, I don’t believe he ever renounced his citizenship. Mr. A r e n s . What information do you have with respect to Ins wife? Mr. C a l d w e l l . His wife was the leader of the pro-Communist American forces in Shanghai all throughout 1946,1947, and 1948. Mr. A r e n s . Did she return with him ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, she did. Mr. A r e n s . I have one further question. With what groups was she identified in Shanghai? Mr. C a l d w e l l . First with Madam Sun Yat-sen’s relief organiza tion. No, I believe she went out originally perhaps with UNRRA. I am not certain of that. She then became associated with Madam Sun Yat-sen’s relief organization and, as you no doubt know Madame Sun has gone over to the Communists and is, I think, at the present time Minister of Cultural Enlightenment in the Communist Government. She was associated with Madam Sun for about 2 years. Mr. A r e n s . What would be your opinion, in your judgment of the rank and file of the people in the Far East as to what psychological impact there would be on their minds by severance of diplomatic relations. Mr. C a l d w e l l . I think it would be extremely helpful as far as nonCommunist Asia is concerned. By that I mean Korea, Philippines, Thailand, Free China. It might also be very helpful as far as Japan is concerned. Now, the Japanese are in a very serious economic situ ation. They have to trade, and the logical trading area for them is Communist China. They have sent within the last year two trade missions to Communist China. But, on the other hand, they must rely on us and I think one effect might be that that desire to trade with Communist China would be lessened if we had no relations whatsoever with the Communist world. The C h a i r m a n . Certainly magazines such as you have referred to hei'9, like the China Review would be stopped as to propaganda and transmissibility if diplomatic relations were severed. S R T G A D T C IC O W R D C M U IS TAE Y N AT S F OL O MN M 117 Mr. C a l d w e l l . They could be barred, I assume, completely. Mr. A r e n s . D o you have information respecting the situation in the Philippines ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Very little. I haven’t been there on recent trips. Mr. A r e n s . We have no further questions, Mr. Chairman. He has covered his testimony at length in his prepared statement. The C h a i r m a n . And that has been incorporated in the record. Do you have any questions, Senator Johnston? Senator J o h n s t o n . I have no questions. The C h a i r m a n . Do you have questions, Senator Welker? Senator W e l k e r . I have only this observation, Mr. Chairman: If Mr. Caldwell would be gracious enough, I would like to see the pam phlets, the Communist propaganda inserted not as a part of the record, but by reference, and included in this record. Is that all right with you? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir. That is fine, Senator. The C h a i r m a n . They may become so incorporated. Mr. A r e n s . The British have recognized both China and Formosa; is that correct? Mr. C a l d w e l l . It is a very curious situation which I think might be without precedent. They recognize Communist China but they keep one foot in the doorway and maintain a consulate in Free China. Mr. A r e n s . D o you have any appraisal to make with reference to the potential strength of Formosa as an ally of the United States ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I have some very strong convictions on that point. I think the American people, as a part of the lack of fair information on free China, have never been told of the tremendous guerrilla forces already within striking distance of the Chinn coast. The Nation alists today hold 50 islands. They are islands all the way from small rocks to the island of Chinmen, which has approximately 75,000 excel lently trained men. They have naval bases all along the coast which, if they were allowed to do so, could completely blockade the China coast. They are able to make raids at the present time almost at will, and I believe of special significance is the fact that on recent raids surrenders of Communist soldiers have run up to 50 percent, even to 90 percent of the Communists engaged in that particular raid. In other words, the people are, I think, very much for them on the coast of China. They are not unrealistic enough to say that they can conquer China right now. They do believe they can take a bridge head and maintain it. Mr. A r e n s . When you were head of the Information Service for our Government in China, what was the line then posed with reference to Chiang Kai-shek? Mr. C a l d w e l l . The general line was that he was a very fine man personally but that his government was so completely corrupt it could only be saved by an infusion of fine, idealistic Communist blood. Mr. A r e n s . What was the official line with reference to Syngman Rhee ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Rather a meandering line, I would say: that he was a necessary evil to be curtailed in every way possible. Senator W e l k e r . May I have one question ? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. �STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM T U S A , JU E 1 , 1 5 H R D Y N 7 94 U n it e d S t a t e s S e n a t e , S u b c o m m it t e e t o I n v e s t ig a t e t h e A d m in is t r a t io n o f t h e I n t e r n a l S e c u r it y A c t a n d O t h e r I n t e r n a l S e c u r it y L a w s , o f t h e C o m m it t e e o n t h e J u d ic ia r y , IFa s h in g to n , D . C. The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10: 30 a. m., in room 457, Senate Office Building, Hon. William E. Jenner (chairman of the subcommittee) presiding. Present: Senators Jenner and Welker. Also present: Richard Arens, professional staff director; Edward R. Duffy and Frank W. Schroeder, professional staff members. The C h a ir m a n . The committee will come to order. Mr. Marcus, would you be sworn to testify ? Do you swear that the testimony given in this hearing will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you, God ? M r. M a r c u s . I do. TESTIMONY OF J. ANTHONY MARCUS, SCARSDALE, N. Y., P R E S I DENT, IN STITU TE OF FOREIGN TRADE The C h a ir m a n . Will you state your full name for our record, please? Mr. M a r c u s . My name is J. Anthony Marcus. The C h a ir m a n . Where do you reside? Mr. M a r c u s . I reside at Scarsdale, N. Y. I am president of the Institute of Foreign Trade, with offices at 60 East 42d Street, New York City. The C h a ir m a n . All right, Mr. Arens, you may proceed. Mr. M a r c u s . Our organization is devoted to the proposition of helping American industrial firms, as well as exporters and importers, in international trade. Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Marcus, you are also president of the Guardian Oil Co.? Mr. M a r c u s . That is correct, a producing company in Nebraska. Mr. A r e n s . Before we proceed with our informal interrogation here with Mr. Marcus, may I respectfully suggest to the chairman that the record now reflect the prepared statement which you have submitted to the committee. M r. M a r c u s . Yes, sir. The C h a ir m a n . It may go into the record and be incorporated as a part of the record. (The statement referred to follows:) 121 �122 St STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM a t emen t o f J. An t h o n y Ma r c u s , Pr e s id e n t , In s t it u t e o f F o r e ig n STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M Tr a de M y n a m e is J . A n th o n y M a rc u s , a re s id e n t o f S c a r s d a le , N . Y. S in c e 1946 I h a v e been p r e s id e n t o f th e I n s t i t u t e o f F o re ig n T r a d e , a p r i v a t e c o n s u ltin g ag e n cy fo r A m e ric a n i n d u s tr i a l a n d tr a d i n g e n te r p r is e s i n t e r e s te d in i n t e r n a ti o n a l o u tle ts fo r t h e i r p ro d u c ts , w i t h offices a t 60 E a s t 42 d S tr e e t, N e w Y o rk C ity . E a r l y in J a n u a r y 1953 I w a s a ls o e le c te d p r e s id e n t o f t h e G u a rd ia n O il Co., In c ., o f F a l l s C ity , N e b r., w h ic h o w n s a n d o p e r a te s p e tro le u m - p ro d u c in g p r o p e r tie s a n d o th e r oil a n d g a s o p e r a tio n s . I w a s b o rn a n d e d u c a te d i n R u s s ia o f p r e r e v o lu tio n a r y d a y s . I c a m e t o t h i s c o u n try s h o r t l y b e fo re t h e F i r s t W o r ld W a r a s a lo n e i m m ig r a n t boy w ith t h r e e E n g lis h w o rd s in m y v o c a b u la ry a n d $14.28. L ik e m illio n s o f i m m ig r a n ts to th e s e b le s s e d s h o re s , I w a s w e lc o m ed b y th e g e n e ro u s A m e ric a n p eo p le a n d m a d e to fe e l a t h o m e f a r m o re th a n in m y n a tiv e R u s s ia . W ith in 5 y e a r s a n d 4 m o n th s a f t e r l a n d in g h e r e I w a s a fu ll-fle d g ed m e m b e r o f t h e g r e a t A m e ric a n fa m ily — a c itiz e n o f t h e U n ite d S ta te s . A rid t h a n k s to th e f r e e i n s ti t u t i o n s o f A m e ric a , a g a in , lik e m illio n s o f o th e r im m ig ra n ts , I h a v e b e e n a b le t o r i s e fro m l a b o r e r in a n iro n a n d s te e l p l a n t to re s p o n s ib le p o s itio n s in v a r io u s field s o f e n d e a v o r. B e tw e e n 1920 a n d t h e o u tb re a k o f t h e S econd W o r ld W a r I h a d o c c a s io n to v i s it th e S o v ie t U n io n on n u m e ro u s o c c a s io n s a s b u y e r , se lle r, in v e s tig a to r, a n d n e g o tia to r f o r so m e o f o u r l e a d in g firm s, s u c h a s th e S tu d e b a k e r C o rp , th e A m e ric a n R a d i a t o r a n d S ta n d a r d S a n i t a r y C orp., th e A m e ric a n H a i r & F e l t Co. T h e s e d u t i e s b ro u g h t m e in c o n ta c t w ith som e o f R u s s ia ’s le a d in g G o v e rn m e n t officials, in c lu d in g m en lik e t h e p r e s e n t V ice P r im e M in is te r f o r T ra d e , A n a s ta s y I. M ik o y an . I h a v e w itn e s s e d th e r i s e o f th e K r e m lin c r im in a ls fr o m ec onom ic, in d u s tr i a l , a n d m i li t a r y im p o te n c e to i t s p r e s e n t p o s itio n o f (lie o n ly w o rld i m p e r ia lis tic a g g r e s s o r. I n r e c e n t y e a rs , e s p e c ia lly s in c e e a r ly 1951, I h a v e b ee n a c tiv e on th e b o a r d o f d ire c to rs o f t h e A m e ric a n F r i e n d s of R u s s ia n F re e d o m , In c ., 270 P a r k A v e n u e, N e w Y o rk C ity , w h e re I a m a s s o c ia te d w ith s u c h d is tin g u is h e d c itiz e n s a s G en. F r a n k L. H o w le y , o u r fo r m e r c o m m a n d a n t in B e r l i n ; w ith A d m . W illia m S. M a x w e ll; A dm . W illia m H . S ta n d le y , o u r fo r m e r A m b a s s a d o r in R u s s i a ; fo r m e r A m b a s s a d o r S p r u ille B r a d e n ; th e w e ll-k n o w n a n t i c o m m u n is t a u th o r , E u g e n e L y o n s ; th e f o r m e r n a t i o n a l c o m m a n d e r o f th e A m e ri c a n L eg io n , M r. J a m e s O’N e i l ; G en. W illia m J . D o n o v a n ; a n d m a n y o th e rs . O u r a im is to h e lp c e m e n t a b o n d o f f r ie n d s h ip w ith t h e K r e m lin ’s v ic tim s in o r d e r to b rin g a b o u t th e u l t im a te o v e r th r o w o f th e S o v ie t g a n g s te r re g im e b y t h e R u s s ia n p eo p le s th e m s e lv e s . I h a v e bee n l e c tu r in g t h r o u g h o u t th e c o u n try in a n e f fo rt to e n lig h te n o u r p eo p le a b o u t th e r e a l n a t u r e o f th e K r e m lin b e a s t a n d i t s t h r e a t t o o u r s e c u rity . I h a v e a ls o w r it t e n e x te n s iv e ly f o r so m e o f o u r l e a d in g d a ilie s a n d m o n th lie s , n s w e ll a s a p p e a re d b e f o re t h e m ic ro p h o n e a n d o n T V to w a r n o u r p eo p le a b o u t th e s e r io u s c h a lle n g e o f th e S o v ie t b a r b a r i a n s a n d w h a t to d o a b o u t p u t t in g a n en d to t h e S o v ie t n ig h tm a re . I h a v e b ee n c a r r y i n g on t h i s p e r s is t e n t c a m p a ig n a lo n e a n d w ith o u t a n y a s s is ta n c e fro m a n y o n e . A ll o f u s fo r m e r im m ig ra n ts ow e a g r e a t d e b t to o u r c o u n try , a d e b t w h ic h w e c a n n e v e r r e p a y in fu ll. N ow t h a t o u r f r e e i n s titu tio n s a r e m e n a c e d by a s a v a g e en e m y , w e w o u ld b e u n w o r th y o f o u r c itiz e n s h ip i f w e f a il e d t o b e in t h e f o r e f r o n t in th e s tru g g le w ith t h e im p la c a b le fo e . U n f o r tu n a te ly . I m u s t co n fe s s t h a t t h e r e a r e e n tir e ly to o fe w o f th o s e e v e rla s tin g ly in d e b te d n a t u r a l iz e d A m e r ic a n s w h o a r e e x e r tin g th e m s e lv e s in b e h a lf o f o u r c o u n try at. th is c r it i c a l s ta g e o f o u r h is to r y . L e t u s h o p e t h a t t h e e f fo rts o f th e l i t t l e b a n d o f u s m a y in s p ir e th e m to w a k e u p to t h e i r re s p o n s ib ility . E A S T -W E S T TRADE O f l a t e t h e r e h a s bee n c o n s id e r a b le co m m o tio n in th e s h r in k in g f r e e w o rld a b o u t S o v ie t p la n s to m a k e l a r g e p u r c h a s e s in th e W e s t. I n s t e a d o f flying s a u c e r s i n d u s tr i a l i s t s a n d m e rc h a n ts h e r e a n d in E u ro p e h a v e b e e n b eh o ld in g fly in g o r d e r s f r o m t h e K r e m lin r u n n i n g in to th e m a n y b illio n s o f d o lla rs . T h e e x c itm e n t h a s bee n a l l t h e g r e a t e r b e c a u s e f o r th e f i r s t tim e s in c e i t s r i s e to p o w e r t h e C o m m u n is ts o f th e K r e m lin a r e s h o w in g i n t e r e s t in c o n s u m e r g oods f r o m th e c a p i ta l is t c o u n trie s th e y h a t e so m u ch . T h is , o f c o u rs e , is n e w s . T h is is n e w s b e c a u s e e v e r s in c e c o m in g in to e x is te n c e th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t h a d n e v e r see n fit to i m p o r t c o n s u m e r goods. N o t b e c a u s e i t s s u b je c ts d id n o t n e e d sh o es, c o a ts, u n d e r w e a r, h a ts , p o ts a n d p a n s , c u tle r y , f u r n it u r e , a n d t h e m a n y o th e r ite m s w h ie li a r e c o n s id e re d e s s e n tia l in c iv iliz e d c o u n trie s . S o v ie t s u b je c ts h a v e h a d to b e c o n te n t w ith r a g s on t h e i r b ac k s, w i t h h o v els ev e n a p ig w ould 123 s c o r n , w ith t h e c o a r s e s t o f food in t h e i r s to m a c h s a t b e s t o r ro o ts , p o ta to e s , a n d a d u l t e r a t e d b re a d f o r b r e a k f a s t, lu n c h , a n d d in n e r d u r i n g t h e p e r e n n ia l C om m u n is t- m a d e fa m in e s . T h is is th e w a y th e L e n in - S ta lin p le d g e s o f a b e t t e r life u n d e r so -c alled s o c ia lis m h a v e bee n fu lfille d . T h e y p ro m is e d b r e a d a n d h a v e g iv e n p e r p e tu a l h u n g e r ; th e y p ro m is e d p e a c e a n d h a v e g iv e n u n i n t e r r u p te d w a r a t h o m e a n d a b r o a d ; th e y p ro m is e d la n d to t h e p e a s a n t s a n d h a v e ro b b e d th e m co m p le te ly o f t h e i r h o ld in g s, e n s la v in g t e n s o f m illio n s a n d a c tu a lly m u rd e r in g m illio n s f o r re s is tin g t h e c o lle c tiv iz a tio n e d i c ts ; th e y p ro m is e d fre e d o m fr o m o p p re s s io n a n d e x p lo ita tio n a n d h a v e e s ta b lis h e d t h e m o s t o p p re s s iv e s y s te m o f p o litic a l-e c o n o m ic e x p lo ita tio n e v e r d e v is e d by th e d e s p o ts o f h u m a n h is to r y . W h a t is re a lly b e h in d th is a lle g e d S o v ie t i n t e r e s t in E a s t-W e s t tr a d e ? O f •course t h e n ee d is g r e a t in t h e S o v ie t U n io n . B u t th e n e e d w a s m u ch g r e a t e r r i g h t a f t e r th e S eco n d W o rld W a r a n d h a d bee n f o r d e c a d e s w h e n t h e r e w e re no •s a te llite n a tio n s w ith a h ig h e r s t a n d a r d o f liv in g to b e lo o te d . F o r m o re th a n t h r e e d e c a d e s th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t s tu d io u s ly d e n ie d i t s p eo p le t h e b e n e fits of A m e r ic a n a n d E u ro p e a n c o n s u m e r g oods a lth o u g h i t d id n o t la c k th e m e a n s to p a y w ith . A m e re c o r n e r o f its in e x h a u s tib le f o r e s ts fo r tim b e r a n d p u lp e x p lo i t a t i o n by c o m p e te n t A m e ric a n h a n d s , a m e re f r a c tio n o f i t s g o ld m in e d w ith te n s o f t h o u s a n d s o f s la v e la b o re rs co u ld h a v e p a id f o r b illio n s o f d o l l a r s ’ w o r th o f s u c h p u rc h a s e s . O n th e b a s is o f m o re t h a n 30 y e a r s o f i n t im a te c o n ta c t w ith t h e S o v ie t p o litic a l, econom ic, a n d in d u s tr i a l life , I b eliev e I k n o w t h e a n s w e r to th e rid d le : F ir s t, th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t w a n ts to b u y s a m p le s , co p y th e m , a n d c la im th e m a s its ow n c r e a tio n s . S eco n d , a n d t h i s is e v e ry im p o r ta n t, to find o u t t h e t y p e s o f o u r p ro d u c tio n m a c h in e ry u s e d in th e c o n s u m e r g o o d s a n d s y s te m o f m a s s p ro d u c tio n w i t h a v ie w to s t e a lin g o u r te c h n o lo g y . T h e s a m e p a t t e r n w a s u s e d t o S o v ie t a d v a n ta g e in th e h e a v y in d u s tr ie s p r io r to 194S. A n d , t h i r d , once m a s s p ro d u c tio n o f c o n s u m e r g o o d s h a s bee n m a s te r e d to o ffer u s ru in o u s c o m p e titio n in w o rld m a rk e ts . W ith te n s o f m illio n s o f m en , w o m en , a n d c h il d re n to ilin g in th e f a c t o r i e s u n d e r m o s t in h u m a n e x p lo ita tio n , w i t h o th e r m illio n s w o r k in g a s fo r c e d la b o r e r s fr o m p re d a w n to p a s t s u n s e t in t h e n u m e ro u s s la v e la b o r c a m p s d ig g in g co a l. iro n , a n d o t h e r m in e ra ls s u p p ly in g r a w m a t e r ia l s f o r th e in d u s tr ie s , i t is n o t d iffic u lt to v is u a liz e th e e x te n t o f ru in o u s c o m p e titio n i t c o u ld o ffer u s a n d o th e r h ig h ly in d u s tr ia liz e d c o u n trie s . T h a t i s in te n d e d n o t so m u ch f o r th e s a k e o f p ro fit a s f o r th e p u rp o s e o f u n d e r m in in g o u r econom y, t o c r e a te u n e m p lo y m e n t h e r e , a n d c a u s e u n re s t. W ith o u r s e lle r s o f c o n s u m e r g oods a n d p ro d u c tio n m a c h in e ry u n f a m i l i a r w i t h S o v ie t ta c tic s , t h e r e i s n o w m u c h s p e c u la tio n c o n c e rn in g t h e v a s t R u s s ia n m a r k e t. S om e a r e d r e a m in g a b o u t b ig g e r o r d e r s in th e f u t u r e — a f u t u r e , a la s , w h ic h c a n n e v e r co m e to u s. O u r C h a irm a n o f th e J o i n t C h ie fs o f S ta ff. A dm . A r th u r W . R a d fo r d , r e c e n tly to ld 400 n e w s p a p e r e d ito rs (A p ril 15) t h a t “ d u e to th e m a s s iv e m i li t a n t n a t u r e ” o f th e C o m m u n is t t h r e a t th e w o r ld w a s in a p e rio d o f te n s io n t h a t co u ld l a s t a c e n tu ry . A n y o n e im a g in in g t h a t th e K r e m lin b o y s e x p e c t to liv e w ith u s on t h i s tro u b le d globe f o r a n o th e r c e n tu r y is d e lu d in g h im s e lf, a n d h a s y e t to le a r n t h e t r u e n a t u r e o f th e K r e m lin b e a s t. I f th e y do h a l f a s w e ll w ith in t h e n e x t 15 t o 20 y e a r s a s th e y h a v e d o n e d u r i n g t h e p a s t 15 y e a r s , t h e fin al c la s h w ill co m e w ith in o n e-fifth o f th e tim e a n tic ip a te d b y A d m ira l R a d fo r d . T h e r e fo r e , i f w e f a ll fo r th e S o v ie t t r a d e b a i t , i f o u r w e s te rn a llie s c o n tin u e t h e i r p re s e n t s h o rts ig h te d c o u r s e o f tr a d i n g w ith t h e en e m y , th e S o v ie ts w ill k n o w h o w to m a k e t h e m o s t o f th e upsurge* o f o u r w is h fu l th in k in g . T h e ex p e rie n c e th e y h a d g a in e d in s t e a lin g o u r i n d u s tr i a l s e c re ts in t h e h e a v y in d u s t r i e s w ill s t a n d th e m in good s te a d a n d o u r te c h n o lo g ic a l k n o w -h o w in th e l ig h t i n d u s tr i e s w ill b e t h e i r s w ith l i tt l e e ffo rt a n d w ith o u t a n y c a s h o u tla y s . T h e flood o f o u r b lu e p rin ts a n d s h o p d ra w in g s w ill once m o re find its w a y to M oscow , L e n in g r a d , a n d o th e r p o in ts. O ne d a y w e w ill w a k e u p to d is c o v e r t h a t w e h a d so ld o u r b i r t h r i g h t to th e b it te r e s t en e m y f o r a m e re m e s s o f p o tta g e . T r a d e w ith th e S o v ie ts h a s bee n a n d w ill re m a in a o n e-w ay s t r e e t a s lo n g a s t h e re g im e s u rv iv e s . I t s s u rv iv a l is g r e a tly e n h a n c e d by t h e d ip lo m a tic r e l a tio n s w h ic h th e U n ite d S ta te s a n d th e f r e e n a tio n s fo o lis h ly c o n tin u e to m a in t a i n d e s p ite o u r d is tr e s s in g e x p e rie n c e s . T h e i r in e x o ra b le goal is a n d m u s t fo r e v e r r e m a i n : N e w c o u n trie s to co n q u e r, m o re h u n d re d s o f m illio n s o f p eo p le s to e n s la v e w ith th e a id o f a c o ld w a r i f p o ssib le , a s h o o tin g w a r i f n e e d be w h e n e v e r th e y a r e r e a d y . T h e y a r e n o t r e a d y y et. T h e y nee d a n o th e r 10 y e a rs to m a s t e r t h e i r ow n p e o p le a n d to e n tre n c h t h e C o m m u n is ts in C h in a a n d th e s a te l l i te n a tio n s . T h e i r p r a y e r i s a c o n tin u a n c e o f th e “p e r e d is h k a ”— a b r e a th in g s p e ll— a n d t h e g u llib le W e s t i s o ffe rin g i t to th e m o n a g o ld en p la tte r . �124 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M B e tw e e n th e y e a r s 1945 a n d 1950 th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t w a s in m o r ta l f e a r o f a w a r w i t h th e c iv iliz e d w o rld , f e a r o f i t s ow n people. T h e w e s te rn s o -c a lle d R u s s ia n e x p e r ts p ro v e d so i g n o r a n t a s to s c a re u s w ith p o s s ib le h o s tilitie s a l m o s t a n y m o m e n t. T h a t w a s w o r k in g in to th e h a n d s o f t h e en e m y . I n th e m e a n tim e th e L e n in - S ta lin -m a d e h u r r ic a n e k e e p s r o a r i n g on, w hilel i t t l e m e n in b ig p o s ts in th e W e s te rn W o rld a r e w o n d e rin g w h a t to do n e x t tom e e t th e S o v ie t c h a lle n g e . W h y d o t h e le a d e r s o f m o re t h a n tw o - th ir d s o f t h e w o r ld tre m b le b e f o re a m is e ra b le l i tt l e b a n d o f R e d F a s c is ts s i tt i n g on an a c tiv e v o lc a n o in M oscow . “T h e r e is n o d a r k n e s s ,” s a i d S h a k e s p e a re , " b u t ig n o ra n c e .” T h a t ’s th e a n s w e r ! Ig n o r a n c e o f fo r e ig n offices, in le g is la tiv e b ra n c h e s o f g o v e rn m e n ts , am o n g th e e d u c a to rs a n d o p in io n m a k e rs , a n d , fin ally , i g n o ra n c e a m o n g th e w id e p u b lic is re s p o n s ib le f o r t h i s s o r r y s p e c ta c le in a C h r i s ti a n w o rld p o s s e s s e d o f a rig h te o u s c a u s e b u t l a c k in g in w ill to le a r n a b o u t t h e e n e m y a n d c o u ra g e to s t a n d u p to th e fr ig h te n e d b a r b a r i a n s in th e K re m lin . T a k e , f o r ex a m p le , th e te s tim o n y g iv en b e fo re a S e n a te c o m m itte e in r e c e n t m o n th s by M r. H a ro ld E . S ta s s e n , F o re ig n O p e ra tio n s A d m in is tr a to r , o n th e s u b je c t o f E a s t-W e s t t r a d e . H e a r g u e d t h a t in c re a s e d “ n o n s tra te g ic " t r a d e b e tw e e n o u r E u ro p e a n a llie s a n d th e C o m m u n is t bloc w o u ld “c a r r y a n e t a d v a n ta g e to th e f r e e w o r ld .” T h e m e re f a c t t h a t sin c e th e d e a t h o f S ta lin such, t r a d e h a s s u d d e n ly b ecom e to p p r i o r i t y w ith th e K r e m lin p o lic y m a k e rs is con c lu s iv e e v id e n c e t h a t i t is in th e in t e r e s t o f th e C o m m u n is t g o v e rn m e n t, t h a t o n ce m o re th e y w a n t to b e re s c u e d by th e c a p i ta l is t c o u n trie s fr o m th e w r a th , o f t h e i r ow n people. W h a t is good f o r th e K r e m lin is b a d f o r u s , n o m a t t e r how g r e a t th e m o n e ta r y g a in . M r. S ta s s e n re lie v e d h im s e lf o f a n o t h e r fa lla c y b e fo re th e c o m m itte e . Het r ie d to c o n v in c e y o u t h a t i f th e W e s t r e fu s e d to s u p p ly R u s s ia w ith n o n s tra te g ic g o o d s i t w o u ld , a s h e s a id , “h a n d to th e S o v ie t r u l e r s o n e o f th e m o s t p o w e rfu l c o ld -w a r w e a p o n s w e co u ld d e v is e .” H o w r i d i c u l o u s ! W h e re d o es h e g e t t h a t n o n s e n s e ? I f w e w e re to c la m p d o w n t h e c o m p le te st a n d tig h te s t e m b a rg o on s h ip m e n ts o f a n y t h i n g to th e S o v ie t U n io n a n d th e s a t e l l i t e n a tio n s , a s w e ll a s on a l l im p o rts , th e R u s s ia n p e o p le s w o u ld b le s s u s f o r it. I f t h e R u s s ia n peo p le w e re f r e e to t a l k to u s fr e e ly th e y w o u ld beg u s o n t h e i r k n e e s n o t to s e ll n o r to b u y fr o m t h e i r G o v e rn m e n t a n y th in g . T h e y h a v e s u ffe re d p riv a tio n s th u s f a r a n d co u ld s t a n d i t f o r so m e y e a r s lo n g e r a s lo n g n s i t w o u ld h u r t t h e i r Go%-e r n m e n t, t h e i r ty r a n t s . T h e w o rse e c o n o m ic c o n d itio n s b ecom e in th e S o v ie t U nion, t h e s o o n e r w ill co m e t h a t e x p lo s io n fr o m w ith in w h ic h w ill d e s tro y th e C om m u n is t re g im e . T h e s a m e is t r u e o f a n o t h e r b a s e le s s r e m a r k m a d e b y M r. S ta s s e n in h is te s tim o n y w h e n h e s a i d t h a t E a s t-W e s t t r a d e w o u ld h e lp “m a in ta in th e b a sic f r ie n d s h ip o f p e o p le b e h in d t h e I r o n C u r t a i n .” W h y , M r. C h a irm a n , th e v e ry o p p o s ite is tr u e . T o fo llo w M r. S ta s s e n ’s co u n se l w ill a l i e n a t e th e f r ie n d s h ip o f t h e R u s s ia n m a s s e s . M a n y a tim e S o v ie t c itiz e n s , in c lu d in g h ig h G o v e rn m e n t fu n c tio n a r ie s w h o w e re p a r a d i n g a s C o m m u n is ts b u t a t h e a r t w e re b i t te r en e m ie s o f th e re g im e , h a v e s a i d to m e : “ W h y do yo u A m e ric a n s com e to th is c o u n tr y tod e a l w ith o u r G o v e rn m e n t? Y ou a r e o n ly e n h a n c in g i t s p r e s ti g e ; yo u a r e tig h te n in g th e n o o se a r o u n d o u r n e c k s .” A n y o n e w h o is te llin g M r. S ta s s e n th e m is le a d in g b a ld e r d a s h ab o v e q u o te d s h o u ld b e fire d fr o m t h e G o v e rn m e n t s e r v ic e s a s a n ig n o ra m u s . A n d a n y o n e w ho a c c e p ts t h e c o u n s e l o f s u c h ig n o ra m u s e s is h im s e lf u n fit to h o ld a co m m a n d in g p o s itio n in o u r G o v e rn m e n t a t s u c h c r it i c a l tim es. I f th is E a s t-W e s t t r a d i n g in s a n ity is n o t c h o k e d o ft a n d m o re co m p e te n t counsel lis te n e d to , L e n in ’s in te r p r e t a t i o n o f th e c a p i ta l is t m e n ta lity w ill b e f u lly b o rn e o u t. H e s a i d : “W e ’ll h a v e th e m b id d in g t o g e th e r f o r th e ro p e .” E a s t-W e s t t r a d e a s is n o w b e in g c a r r i e d o n c a n o n ly h e lp d ig th e g r a v e o f lib e r ty a n d c iv iliz a tio n . T h e p ic tu r e is n o b r i g h t e r i n t h e r a n k s o f o u r b u s in e s s m e n . W h a t, fo r e x a m p le , is o n e to s a y o f (lie s te e l e x e c u tiv e , M r. E r n e s t T . W e ir, w h o h a s bee n p re a c h in g t h a t o u r G o v e rn m e n t re m o v e r e s tr ic t io n s to “c o e x is te n c e ” w i t h th e S o v ie t h e a d h u n t e r s a n d , a s h e p u t it, “e s ta b lis h a n a tm o s p h e r e o f a g r e e m e n t— a r e la x a tio n o f te n s io n , a d is s ip a tio n o f th e p r e s e n t s u s p ic io n a n d d i s t r u s t ” ? T h e tro u b le w ith M r. W e ir is t h a t h e h a s b ee n a d d r e s s in g h is p re a c h m e n t to t h e w ro n g p a r ty . H e s h o u ld a d d r e s s h im s e lf to th e m u m m y in th e L e n in m a u s o le u m on R e d S q u a re , M o scow , i f h e d o es n o t k n o w w h e r e to find th e re m a in s o f t h e a r c h i t e c t o f t h e S o v ie t s la v e s t a t e — L e n in . I t w o u ld b e a w a s te o f h is tim e to co u n se l M a le n k o v , s in c e h e c o u ld n o t p o s s ib ly c h a n g e th e te a c h in g s o f th e m a s te r a n d k e e p h is h e a d on h is s h o u ld e rs . R e la x te n s io n , e s ta b lis h a n a tm o s p h e r e o f a g r e e m e n t b etw een. C o m m u n is t re g im e s a n d s a n i t y in th e w o r ld , t h a t is j u s t a s p o s s ib le a s to ju m p o ff th e E m p ire S ta t e B u ild in g in N e w Y o rk a n d re m a in a liv e . T h e S o v ie ts w a n t m o re te n s io n , m o re d ia g re e m e n t, a n d n o t less. T h e y w ill n e v e r s to p u n til e it h e r th e y o r w e a r e w ip ed off th is e a r t h . M r. W e ir w o u ld do w e ll to c h a n g e h is g h o s t w r it e r . A g a in , M r. C h a irm a n , w h a t is o n e to t h in k o f a fo r m e r S e c r e ta r y o f t h e A rm y [M r. K e n n e th C. R o y a ll] w h o , in a n a d d r e s s b e fo re th e A d v e rtis in g C lu b in N e w Y o rk so m e tim e ag o , a d v o c a te d f r e e c o m m e rc ia l i n te rc o u rs e w ith C o m m u n is t C h in a to c r e a te , a s h e p u t it, “d ir e c t c o n ta c t w ith th e C h in e s e p e o p le a n d com m e rc ia l s o u rc e s o f im p o rts a n d e x p o r ts u p o n w h ic h C h in a w ill co m e to d e p e n d ” ? I s i t p o s s ib le t h a t t h e fo r m e r S e c r e ta r y is i g n o r a n t o f th e f a c t t h a t o n e o f th e f irs t g o a ls o f a n y C o m m u n is t g o v e rn m e n t is t h e t o t a l d e s tr u c tio n o f f r e e d o m estic .an d fo re ig n tr a d e ? T h e m o m e n t th e Ir o n C u r ta in i s r u n g d o w n u p o n a c o u n try , t h e r e c a n b e no d i r e c t c o n ta c t by t h e c itiz e n s o f t h a t c o u n try w ith a n y o n e in th e f r e e w o rld , a n d th e f o r m e r p ro d u c e rs , a s w e ll n s e x p o r te r s a n d im p o rte rs , a r e e i t h e r liq u id a te d o r fo r c e d i n to th e b u re a u c r a c y to do a s th e y a r e to ld by th e C o m m u n is t h ie r a r c h y . H o w e v er, th e fo r m e r C a b in e t officers d id n o t k e e p u s lo n g in s u s p e n s e a s to t h e b a s ic re a s o n f o r h is ig n o ra n c e o f C o m m u n is t th e o ry a n d p ra c tic e . “C h in e s e c o m m u n is m ,” h e a s s u r e d h is au d ie n c e , “is n o t d u e to R u s s ia , b u t r a t h e r to th e g ro p in g o f th e C h in e s e p eo p le f o r som e w a y o u t o f t h e i r m is e ry .” S h a d e s o f th e I n s t i t u t e o f P a c ific R e la tio n s f r a t e r n i t y w h ic h h e lp e d o u r C h in e se fia s c o by c o n te n d in g t h a t M ao a n d h is g a n g s te r s w e re n o t C o m m u n is ts a t a l l ; t h a t th e y w e re o n ly “ a g r a r i a n re f o r m e r s .” H o w t r u e is M r. R o y a ll’s s t a t e m e n t ? P r a c ti c a l l y e v e ry C o m m u n is t le a d e r in C h in a , fr o m M ao d o w n , h a d b ee n t r a i n e d in r e v o lu tio n a r y ta c tic s , m u rd e r , in trig u e , e sp io n a g e , a n d s a b o ta g e in th e C o m m u n is t sch o o ls o f R u s s ia . T h e E a s t e r n ■and L e n in U n iv e r s itie s in M oscow a n d s i m i l a r sch o o ls in o th e r p a r ts o f t h e S o v ie t U n io n h a v e tu r n e d o u t c o u n tle s s th o u s a n d s o f C h in e s e r e v o lu tio n a r y le a d e r s s in c e 1918, a t e n o rm o u s c o s t to th e S o v ie t t r e a s u r y , b u t i t h a s p a id off h a n d s o m e ly . W ith o u t t h e i r a s s is ta n c e a n d le a d e rs h ip , t h e e n s la v e m e n t o f C h in a ’s m illio n co u ld n o t h a v e t a k e n p la c e , a n d th e sa m e is t r u e o f a l l t h e s a t e l l i t e c o u n trie s . F o r th o s e w h o m ig h t s till c lin g to t h e p re p o s te ro u s n o tio n s o f m en lik e M r. R o y a ll, p e r m it m e to s t a t e t h a t a s e a r ly a s 1926 t h e r e w e re a b o u t 2,000 t r a i n e e s in th e S u n Y a t S en U n iv e r s ity in M oscow p re p a rin g f o r th e co m in g d e s tr u c tio n o f fre e d o m a n d t h e e n s la v e m e n t o f C h in a n s p a r t a n d p a r c e l o f L e n in 's p la n to e n c irc le t h e U n ited S ta t e s in o r d e r t h a t it m ig h t f a ll, a s h e p u t i t , " lik e a n o v e r r i p e f r u i t i n to o u r h a n d s .” B y 1927 th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t w a s t u r n i n g o u t no le s s th a n 5,000 t r a i n e e s p e r y e a r to do i t s b id d in g in th e F a r E a s t , a n d a g u llib le w o r ld d id n o t h a v e th e v isio n to t a k e co g n iz a n c e o f it. In 1942, w h ile w e w e re s t r a i n i n g e v e ry n e r v e to s u p p ly t h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t w ith w a r m a te r ie l, w h ile o u r s o n s w e re b r a v in g th e s u b m a rin e -in fe s te d w a te r s o f th e N o r th S ea t r y i n g to d e liv e r th e b a d ly n e e d e d g u n s a n d a m m u n itio n , food, a n d m e d ic in e to t h e R u s s ia n a r m ie s , th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t w a s a l r e a d y p r e p a r in g m en to in t e r r o g a t e A m e ric a n a n d E n g lis h p ris o n e r s o f w a r. O n e e q u a lly lo o k s in v a in f o r g r e a t e r in te llig e n c e a n d e n lig h te n m e n t am o n g th e B r i t is h b u s in e s s m e n . S a id o n e of t h e ir le a d in g m en in re c e n t t i m e s : “ W h ile th e C o m m u n is ts j u s t now see e v e ry fo r e ig n e r a s a sp y , t h e r e m u s t e v e n tu a lly be a s ta b iliz in g p erio d . T h e n t h e r e w ill h a v e to b e h ig h e r t r a d e a n d B r i t is h s h ip s t o c a r r y t h a t t r a d e — s a y , 2, 3, o r 5 y e a rs a h e a d .” S im ila r n o n s e n s e w a s p e d d le d a r o u n d a f t e r t h e R u s s ia n C o m m u n is ts c a m e to p o w e r. B e fo r e m e is a c lip p in g f r o m t h e N ew Y ork T im e s o f A u g u s t 14, 1920. O n p a g e 2 is a d is p a tc h fr o m W a s h in g to n q u o tin g th e A m e ric a n A m b a s s a d o r in P e tr o g r a d , M r. F r a n c is , to th e effec t t h a t w ith in 6 m o n th s t h e r e w o u ld b e no v e s tig e l e f t o f th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t. I n th e lig h t o f B r i t a i n ’s r e c e n t e x p e rie n c e w i t h th e C h in e se C o m m u n ists, th e sort, o f t h in k in g ab o v e q u o te d is a ll th e m o re sh o ck in g . T h e B r itis h S o c ia lis ts ru s h e d a t n e c k -b re a k in g sp ee d to re co g n ize th e C h in e s e C o m m u n is t b a r b a r ia n s . T h e y d id n o t r e a liz e o r d id n o t c a r e t h a t w h ile th e voice fro m C h in a w a s t h a t o f M ao, th e h a n d s p u llin g t h e l ’e ip in g s t r i n g s w e re th o s e o f S ta lin . F o r 4 y e a rs n o w th e B r itis h G o v e rn m e n t h a s bee n s u ffe rin g in s u lts a n d in d ig n itie s a t th e h a n d s o f t h e C o m m u n is t m e rc e n a rie s in C h in a , t h e i r A m b a s s a d o r h a s bee n cool in g h is h e e ls in P e ip in g e v e r sin c e h is a r r i v a l , a n d M ao re fu s e s to re c o g n iz e th e B r i t is h G o v e rn m e n t. D u r in g th e firs t 6 m o n th s o f 1952, fo r e x a m p le , th e B r i t is h s e n t 50 c o m m u n ic a tio n s to th e C o m m u n is t g o v e rn m e n t w ith o u t ev e n b e in g a c c o rd e d th e c o u r te s y o f a s in g le re p ly , l i a s th e B r i t is h lio n lo s t h is v o ice a n d h i s te e th ? 125 �126 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM N o t o n ly h a v e B r i t is h b u s in e s s m e n t a k e n no p ro fits o u t o f C h in a s in c e t h e c u r ta i n w a s r u n g d o w n on t h a t c o u n try , b u t th e y h a v e b e e n th ro w in g g o o d m o n ey a f t e r b a d a t a n a la r m in g r a t e — a b o u t 500,000 p o u n d s s t e r l i n g m o n th ly . D u r in g th e y e a r 1951 t h e B r itis h h a d to p u t a b o u t 17 m illio n p o u n d s s te r lin g in to C h in a to m e e t t h e p a r a l i z i n g ta x e s , to p a y o u tra g e o u s ly in fla te d a n d u s e le s s s t a f f s fo r c e d u p o n th e m by th e C o m m u n is ts . A ll th is is d e s ig n e d to r u i n fo re ig n b u s i n e s s firm s in C h in a a n d to e x t o r t v a lu a b le fo r e ig n e x c h a n g e . H e r s e l f in d i r e e c o n o m ic n ee d , fo r e v e r c r y in g f o r m o re m illio n s fro m th e A m e ric a n ta x p a y e rs , B r i t a i n n e v e rth e le s s c o n tin u e s to c lin g to th e f a r c e o f t r y i n g to do b u s in e s s w ith a g o v e r n m e n t w h ic h h a s n e v e r c o n c e a le d th e f a c t t h a t i t is o u t to d e s tro y a l l nonC o m m u n is t n a tio n s . N o t a s in g le B r i t is h firm h a s a c h a n c e o f s u rv iv in g in C h i n a ; n o t a c e n t w ill e v e r be p a id by th e C h in e s e to t h e B r i t is h o r A m eric an , firm s e x p r o p r i a t e d by th e m , n o t u n t i l th e C o m m u n is t g o v e rn m e n t is d e s tro y e d by i t s o w n people. A n d y e t t h i s n o n s e n s e o f th e B r i t is h b u s in e s s le a d e r w a s p ro m p tly ec h o ed b y a n A m e ric a n c o lle a g u e , no le s s t h a n t h e c h a ir m a n o f th e U n ite d S ta t e s C o u n c il o f th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C h a m b e r o f C o m m e rce w h o to ld th e B o s to n co n fe re n c e o n d i s t r i b u t i o n : “T h e u l t im a te r e s u lt s ,” s a i d M r. G e o rg e A. S lo a n , “w ill be t h a t so m e d a y in th e f u t u r e th e S o v ie ts w ill r e a liz e th e f u t i l i t y o f t h e i r e f fo rts in u n d e r m in in g t h e f r e e n a t i o n s a n d w ill s u s p e n d t h e i r s tru g g le f o r w o rld d o m in a tio n .” M r. S lo a n a p p a r e n t l y re f u s e s to a d m it t h a t h a v in g e n s la v e d o v e r 600 m illio n s o f a lie n p e o p le s in th e c o u rs e o f o n e d e c a d e t h e i r e f fo rts s h o u ld be te rm e d h ig h ly s u c c e s s fu l a n d n o t a fu t i l e e f fo rt a s h e s e e s i t . T h e y h a v e b e e n e m in e n tly s u c c e s s fu l th r o u g h o u t th e w o rld , n o t e x c lu d in g o u r o w n c o u n try , a n d a r e n o w k n o c k in g a t t h e v e r y m a jo r g a te w a y to th e U n ite d S ta te s , th e P a n a m a C a n a l, w ith t h e i r e f fo rts in G u a te m a la . T h e k in d o f b a ld e r d a s h w e h a v e bee n g e ttin g fr o m m e n w h o s h o u ld k n o w b e t t e r h o w to d e a l w ith th e S o v ie t n i g h tm a r e im p e ls m en o f m y b a c k g ro u n d a n d e x p e rie n c e to e x c la im : Y ou m ig h t a s w e ll w a it f o r th e le o p a rd to c h a n g e h is s p o t s ; y o u m ig h t a s w e ll e x p e c t th e e a r t h to c h a n g e i t s c o u r s e a s to s e e t h e S o v ie ts a b a n d o n t h e i r irre s p o n s ib le a n d i r r e s is t i b l e m a rc h t o w a r d w o rld e n s la v e m e n t. M r. C h a irm a n , i t is h ig h tim e to a d m i t t h a t L e n in t r u l y m e a n t b u s in e s s w h e n h e a s s u r e d h is l i s t e n e r s tim e a n d tim e a g a i n : " I t i s e it h e r w e o r t h e y ; * * * W e s t a n d f o r u n in t e r r u p te d re v o lu tio n . W e w ill n o t h a l t h a lf w a y .” T h a t s u c h f a lla c ie s a s m e n tio n e d ab o v e a r e s t il l b e in g p e d d le d a r o u n d by s u p p o s e d ly in te llig e n t m e n o f a f f a i r s 3G y e a r s a f t e r th e r is e o f t h e S o v ie t re g im e m a k e s o n e w o n d e r i f o u r p eo p le e v e r w ill f a th o m th e s e r io u s n e s s o f th e p ro b lem w h ic h is fa c in g th e m . O n e c a n a ls o w o n d e r w h y th e t h o u s a n d s o f fo u n d a tio n s w ith b illio n s o f ta x -f re e d o lla r s h a v e n o t h a d t h e c o m m o n sen se to ta c k le t h i s p ro b le m o f e n lig h te n in g o u r p eo p le , a n d e s p e c ia lly th o s e in s t r a t e g ic p o s itio n s . T o do e le c tric w ir in g o r a p lu m b in g jo b a p e r s o n m u s t t a k e a n e x a m in a tio n a n d s e c u re a c e rtific a te s h o w in g t h a t h e is q u a lifie d . B u t n o t in m a t t e r s a ffe c tin g th e liv e s o f e v e ry m a n , w o m a n , a n d c h ild in th e U n ite d S ta te s — th e so lv in g o f th e m o s t d iffic u lt p ro b le m o f t h e e r a c a u s e d by S o v ie t co m m u n ism . A n y ig n o ra m u s o f t h i s s u b je c t, w ith o u t h a v in g s tu d ie d th e p ro b le m in R u s s ia o r le a r n e d th e b a s ic p rin c ip le s of S o v ie t th e o ry a n d p r a c tic e fr o m th e e x p e rie n c e o f th o s e w h o h a v e m a d e , i t t h e i r l if e ’s w o r k to k n o w t h e t r u t h o f th e m a t t e r , be h e a u n iv e r s ity p ro f e s s o r, a n e d i t o r i a l w r it e r , a b u s in e s s e x e c u tiv e o r a p ro f e s s io n a l, c a n u n d e r t a k e to p o n tific a te o n th is m o s t p e r p le x in g p ro b lem . S om e o f o u r g r e a t e s t s c ie n tis ts w h o w o u ld la u g h th e m s e lv e s s ic k if th e y h e a r d a n o r d in a r y la y m a n p o n tific a te on th e s c ie n tific field s i n w h ic h th e y ex c el, m e n lik e P r o f e s s o r s E in s te in a n d K e tte rin g , f o r e x a m p le , t r y to h o ld f o r th in th e field o f i n t e r n a tio n a l r e la t io n s w ith t h e S o v ie t m e n a c e a n d t r y to in flu en c e p u b lic o p in io n . N o le s s s h o c k in g h a s been t h e p r o p a g a n d a in b e h a lf o f E a s t-W e s t t r a d e by M rs. V e ra M ich ele s D e a n , re s e a r c h d ir e c to r o f th e A m e ric a n F o re ig n P o lic y A s s o c ia tio n . H e r s e lf a n im m ig ra n t fro m S o v ie t ty r a n n y , M rs. D e a n h a s n e v e r bee n back to R u s s ia s in c e 1919, h a s n e v e r h a d a n y b u s in e s s e x p e rie n c e s w ith th e S o v ie t econom y. Y et on J a n u a r y 10, 1950, th e m e m b e rs o f th e N e w Y o rk E x p o r t Clul> lis te n e d to h e r d is c o u rs e o n “ R u s s ia ’s E co n o m ic R e a litie s W ith th e W e s t.” H e r co n c lu d in g re m a r k s w e re a s re v e a lin g a s th e y w e re c o u n te r to o u r i n t e r e s t s : “ I n c o n c lu sio n ,” s a i d M rs. D e a n , “ I w o u ld s a y t h a t w e s h a ll h a v e to m a k e a c h o ic e b e tw e e n tw o r i s k s : O ne r i s k is to t r a d e w ith R u s s ia a n d E a s t e r n E u ro p e , a n d t h e r e th e r is k , o f c o u rse , is t h a t w e w ill b e i n c re a s in g t h e i r c a p a c ity l o r w a g in g w a r — i f t h a t is w h a t th e y a r e p la n n in g to do. I s a y i t b e c a u s e I a n t STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 127 n o t a t a l l c le a r t h a t t h a t is t h e r e a l lin e o f a t t a c k t h a t t h e R u s s ia n s w ill p u rs u e . T h e o th e r ris k is n o t to t r a d e w ith th e m a n d to c o n tin u e to p u t p re s s u re on o u r E R P f r ie n d s a ls o n o t to t r a d e to o m u c h w ith E a s t e r n E u ro p e , a n d th e n w e a r e r u n n in g th e r i s k o f in c re a s in g th e e c o n o m ic d iffic u ltie s o f o u r fr ie n d s in W e s te rn E u ro p e . N ow , in m a k in g t h i s ch o ic e o f ris k s , I w o u ld p lu m p f o r th e r i s k o f t r a d i n g w ith E a s t e r n E u ro p e a n d R u s s ia . * * *” F iv e m o n th s l a t e r th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t o rd e re d th e N o r th K o r e a n s to in v a d e S o u th K o r e a , w h e re f o r m o re t h a n 3 y e a r s w e f o u g h t o u r t h i r d la rg e s t a n d c o s tlie s t w a r. B u t a s h o r t 5 m o n th s e a r l i e r th e re s e a r c h d ir e c to r o f th e A m e ric a n F o re ig n P o lic y A s s o c ia tio n , fe d b y ta x -e x e m p t d o lla r s fr o m o u r fo u n d a tio n s a n d in d iv id u a ls , w a s “ n o t a t a l l c le a r ” t h a t w a r " is th e re a l lin e o f a t t a c k t h a t th e R u s s ia n s w ill p u rs u e .” A n d w h a t is e v e n m o re in e x c u s a b le a b o u t t h i s la d y w h e n 3 m o n th s a f t e r th e K o r e a n w a r b e g a n , w ith th o u s a n d s o f A m e ric a n s la u g h te r e d w ith th e a id o f S ta l in ’s g u n s a n d m i li t a r y le a d e rs , Airs. D e a n w r o te in th e S e p te m b e r 23, 1950, is s u e o f th e l e f t i s t N a tio n m a g a z i n e : “H o w lo n g w ill th e p re te n s e b e k e p t u p t h a t th e P e k in g re g im e m u s t n o t s p e a k in th e i n t e r n a ti o n a l a f f a ir s on b e h a lf o f C h in a ? D o e s a p e rio d o f 16 o r m o re y e a r s o f n o n re c o g n itio n by th e U n ite d S ta t e s lie a h e a d , a s in th e c a s e o f th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t b e tw e e n 1917 a n d 1933?” T w o m o n th s l a t e r , th e C h in e s e C o m m u n is ts , th e d a r lin g o f th e re s e a r c h d ire c to r o f th e A m e ric a n F o re ig n P o lic y A s s o c ia tio n , la u n c h e d t h e i r s a v a g e w a r a g a i n s t th e U n ite d S ta te s . S u re lv M alen k o v , V is h in s k y , M a lik , a n d co m p a n y co u ld h a r d ly h a v e d o n e b e t t e r by th e K r e m lin t h a n d id M rs. D e a n w i t h h e r t a l k b e fo re th e E x p o r t M a n a g e rs C lub. I ta lk e d to a n u m b e r o f p eo p le in th e a u d ie n c e a f t e r th e le c tu r e . T h e y h a d no id e a s o f t h e i r ow n, b u t p a r r o t e d h e r a r g u m e n ts . T h e y a d m itte d t h a t n o n e o f th e m h a d e v e r b e e n to t h e S o v ie t U n io n o r e v e r r e a d a n a u t h o r i t a t i v e book on co m m u n ism in p ra c tic e . O n e o f th e m ev e n c o n fe s s e d t h a t a lth o u g h V ic to r K r a v c h e n k o ’s book I C h o se F re e d o m h a d b ee n on h i s l i b r a r y s h e lf f o r 2 y e a rs , h e h a d n e v e r lo o k ed i n to it. S u c h a n u n in fo rm e d a u d ie n c e , o b v io u sly , is e a s y p re y f o r th e glib to n g u e o f th e E a s t- W e s t t r a d e p r o p a g a n d is t. B u t. a s a ru le , th e s e a r e th e ty p e o f le c tu r e r s o u r t r a d e a s s o c ia tio n s a n d clu b s in v ite to e n lig h te n th e m . W h a t a tra g e d y . T h e a b o v e -q u o te d re m a r k s h a v e been selec ted a s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e th in k in g o f m en a t th e to p ru n g o f o u r b u s in e s s le a d e rs h ip la d d e r. S im ila r u n e n lig h te n e d a n d co n fu s e d re a s o n in g am o n g le a d e r s o f o th e r g ro u p s h a s h e lp e d b rin g A m e ric a to i t s p r e s e n t im p a s s e b y p e r m i t t i n g : 1. C o n tin u a n c e o f d ip lo m a tic r e la t io n s w ith th e S o v ie ts long, f a r to o long, a f t e r i t h a d becom e a p p a r e n t t h a t c o o p e ra tio n w ith th e m in a n y field o f h u m a n e n d e a v o r w a s f u tile . 2. C o n tin u a tio n o f tr a d i n g w ith t h e en e m y lo n g a f t e r w e h a d le a r n e d fr o m d e c a d e s o f e x p e rie n c e t h a t i t is d e c id e d ly d e tr im e n ta l to o u r in te r e s ts . 3. S ittin g w ith th e w o r ld ’s g r e a t e s t m u r d e r e r s in t h e c o u n c ils o f th e U n ite d N a tio n s a s e q u a ls, w i t h m en w h o do n o t r e p r e s e n t th e R u s s ia n p eo p le s, n e v e r re p re s e n te d th e m a n d n e v e r w ill. E v e r y c o n fe re n c e w e s a t in w ith th o s e b a r b a r ia n s p ro v e d f a t a l to u s o r f u t i l e a t b est. I f th e y c a n n o t h a v e t h e i r w a y a t a c o n fe re n c e , th e y a r e d e te rm in e d to w re c k it. T h e y h a v e do n e i t tim e a n d tim e a g a in . Y e t w e p e r s is t in b eg g in g th e m on o u r k n e e s to h a v e som e m o re s e s s io n s . H o w lo n g m u s t th is go on? I n th e p r e s e n t p sy c h o lo g ic a l w a r th e s e co m m issio n s a n d t h e m a n y m o re o m iss io n s a r e d e a d ly s t r i k e s a g a i n s t th e U n ite d S ta te s . In th e m e a n tim e th e flo w e r o f th e N a tio n ’s m a n h o o d h a s h a d to p e r is h on t h e h ills o f K o r e a w ith o u t e lim in a tin g th e s o u rc e o f th e w o rld c h a o s a n d te n s io n . T h e t e n s of t h o u s a n d s o f A m e ric a n a n d F re n c h y o u th s w h o h a v e l a i d do w n t h e i r liv e s on th e d i s ta n t b a ttle fie ld s , th e o th e r te n s o f th o u s a n d s o f m en w h o s e b o d ie s h a v e b ee n m u tila te d f o r life a r e c ry in g fro m t h e i r p r e m a t u r e g ra v e s a n d t h e h o s p ita l b e d s t h a t o u r s ta te s m e n s to p b lu n d e rin g a n d b u n g lin g a n d d e a l w ith th e en e m y m o re r e a lis tic a lly a n d in te llig e n tly . M r. C h a irm a n , h a s a n y o n e in t h i s ro o m e v e r s to p p e d to th in k t h a t w h ile th e K r e m lin h a s 30 o r so m illio n s o f a llie s in th e f r e e c o u n trie s , t h e r e a r e h u n d r e d s o f m illio n s o f s e c re t a llie s o f o u rs b e h in d th e I r o n C u rta in . T h e y a r e s ile n t to b e s u re . B u t th e y c o u ld b e m a d e vocal. T h e y a r e lo o k in g to u s f o r m o ra l a n d p s y c h o lo g ic a l s y m p a th y . I n s t e a d o f t h a t w e h a v e a h ig h G o v e rn m e n t fu n c tio n a r y , M r. S ta s s e n , te ll u s t h a t s e n d in g g oods to R u s s ia w o u ld e n d e a r u s to t h e p eo p le . T h is i s a m o ra l a n d p sy c h o lo g ic a l s u p p o rt to t h e i r en e m ie s, th e K r e m lin ty r a n t s . I n s t e a d o f s a y in g a n d d o in g th in g s w h ic h w ill b o o s t th e m o ra le o f t h e �128 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRA TEG Y AND TACTICS OF W O RLD C O M M U N IS M v ic tim s o f c o m m u n is m , t h e g r e a t W in s to n C h u rc h ill co m e s f o r t h w i t h t h e s h o c k in g s t a t e m e n t w h ic h I q u o te : “ W e s h o u ld e s ta b lis h w ith R u s s ia l in k s w h ic h , i n s p ite o f a ll d i s tr a c ti o n s a n d p e r il s a n d c o n tra d ic tio n s , w ill co n v in c e th e R u s s ia n p e o p le a n d t h e S o v ie t G ov e r n m e n t t h a t w e w is h th e m p e a c e , h a p p in e s s , a n d e v e r-in c re a s in g a n d ev e re x p a n d in g p r o s p e r ity a n d e n r ic h m e n t o f life in t h e i r o w n m ig h ty la u d a n d t h a t w e lo n g to s e e th e m p l a y a p r o u d a n d s p le n d id p a r t i n th e g u id a n c e o f th e h u m a n ra c e .” T h e R u s s ia n G o v e rn m e n t w e c a n n o t co n v in c e. M r. C h u rc h ill w h o h a d m o re e x p e rie n c e t h a n a n y o n e o f u s h e r e o u g h t to k n o w i t b y n o w . T h e o n ly o b s ta c le to p ea ce , h a p p in e s s , a n d a l l t h e o t h e r g o o d th in g s t h a t M r. C h u rc h ill w is h e s th e R u s s ia n p eo p le s is t h e c o n tin u e d e x is te n c e o f t h e S o v ie t re g im e . T h e R u s s ia n p e o p le k n o w t h a t e v e n i f M r. C h u rc h ill a n d m a n y o f o u r o w n b e fu d d le d p e o p le d o n ’t. T o w is h to s e e t h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t p l a y “ a p ro u d a n d s p le n d id p a r t in th e g u id a n c e o f th e h u m a n ra c e ,” t o q u o te M r. C h u rc h ill, s o u n d s lik e th e l i tt l e m o u s e w is h in g t h a t t h e c a t ’s te e th b e s h a r p e r , t h a t th e c a t ’s f e e t c a r r y h e r f a s t e r to th e p ro s p e c tiv e p re y . B e s id e s , th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t is h a r d ly in n e e d o f M r. C h u rc h ill’s good w is h e s . I t is d o in g q u ite w e ll on its o w n w a y , t h a n k yo u . T h e K r e m lin fe e ls t h a t i t is in d e e d p la y in g “ a p ro u d a n d s p le n d id p a r t in t h e g u id a n c e o f th e h u m a n ra c e ” t h a t h a s a lr e a d y fa lle n in to i t s b lo o d -d re n c h e d h a n d s , t h a t i t is g u id in g , a c c o rd in g to i t s d e r a n g e d m e n ta lity , i t s m illio n s o f s to o g e s th r o u g h o u t t h e f r e e w o r ld to b rin g a b o u t i t s d e s ire d r e s u lt s — t h e s o v ie tiz a tio n o f th e w o rld . I t s h o u ld be p la in a s d a y b y n o w t h a t th e s o r t o f t h in k in g ex e m p lifie d by M r. C h u rc h ill, M r. S ta s s e n , M r. W e ir, M r. R o y a l im p e rils o u r s a f e t y a n d s e c u rity . T h e d e s tin ie s o f m a n k in d a r e n o t s a f e i n s u c h h a n d s . U n less th e m a s s e s in t h e c o u n tr ie s s t il l f r e e , b e s t i r th e m s e lv e s a n d p ro v id e m o re e n lig h te n e d a n d c o u r a g e o u s le a d e rs h ip , th e C h r i s ti a n c iv iliz a tio n is doom ed. A s o n e w ith a b a c k g ro u n d o f 37 y e a r s in t h e in t e r n a ti o n a l t r a d e field, I m u s t s t a t e c a te g o ric a lly t h a t th e w h o le S o v ie t t r a d e co m m o tio n is n o th in g m o re n o r le s s t h a n a m e a n s to d r iv in g a w e d g e b e tw e e n t h e f r e e n a tio n s . I t is d e s ig n e d to s u p p ly th e C o m m u n is t sto o g e s in t h e f r e e w o rld w ith p ro p a g a n d a m a t e r ia l t o c o n fu s e a n d b e f u d d le o u r th in k in g . W h a t h a p p e n e d to th e b illio n s o f t r a d e t h a t w a s to fo llo w th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f re la tio n s w ith th e K r e m lin ? I t w a s a m y th . D u r in g th e 20 y e a r s p r io r to th e S eco n d W o rld W a r th e t o t a l p u rc h a s e s a m o u n te d to $1,200 m illio n — a p p r o x im a te ly $-16 m illio n p e r a n n u m . T n i s is a m e r e d ro p in th e o c e a n in o u r v a s t eco n o m y . S om e o f t h e s m a lle s t c o u n trie s i n L a t i n A m e ric a b u y f a r m o re t h a n t h a t fr o m u s a n n u a lly . T h e S o v ie ts c a n n o t a ll'o rd to im p o rt h e a v ily f r o m th e c a p i ta l is t c o u n trie s fo r tw o m a jo r r e a s o n s : F ir s t, th e y c a n n o t a ffo rd to h e lp th e ec o n o m ie s o f c o u n trie s t h e y a r e o u t to d e s tro y , a n d th e y d o n ’t p e r m i t f r ie n d s o f th e U n ite d S ta t e s o r p l a i n g u llib le s in R u s s ia to go a r o u n d p ro p a g a n d iz in g t h a t p u rc h a s e s s h o u ld be m a d e h e re , a s is th e c a s e w itli a good m a n y s u c h g u llib le s h e re . S econd, th e y c a n n o t te ll th e p e o p le d a y in a n d d a y o u t t h a t th e S o v ie t U n io n is th e r e a l p a r a d i s e o f th e w o r k e rs , t h e c o u n try w h ic h h a s in v e n te d e v e ry th in g u n d e r , a b o v e , a n d o n th e s u n , t h a t p eo p le in t h e c a p i ta l is t c o u n trie s a r e s t a r v i n g a n d i t is in c u m b e n t u p o n th e w o r k e rs o f th e S o v ie t f a th e r l a n d to a llo w h ea v y d e d u c tio n s fr o m t h e i r w a g e s to k e e p t h e A m e ric a n w o r k e rs a liv e , a n d a t th e sa m e tim e flood R u s s ia w ith g o o d s fr o m th o s e im p o v e ris h e d c a p i ta l is t i c c o u n trie s . I t j u s t w o u ld n o t m a k e s e n s e , a n d th e S o v ie t p ro p a g a n d is ts a r e s m a r t e r t h a n th a t , f a r s m a r t e r t h a n o u r o w n . W h y , th e n , th i s g r e a t f u s s a b o u t E a s t- W e s t tr a d e ? P a r t o f th e a n s w e r h a s a lr e a d y been g iv en b e fo re . H e re is a n o th e r a n g le : T a k e a lo o k a t th e t r a d e a g r e e m e n ts c o n c lu d e d b e tw e e n R u s s ia a n d th e E u r o p e a n c o u n tr ie s f o r d e liv e r y th is y e a r a n d a fe w y e a r s h en c e. T h e y a r e a l l filled w ith tie -in p u rc h a s e s . I n 1954, f o r e x a m p le , th e S o v ie ts h a v e a g r e e d to s h ip to F in l a n d p e tro le u m p ro d u c ts , s u g a r , lin se e d o il, g a s o lin e , D iese l o il, fu e l o il, co a l a n d co k e, f e r tiliz e r , w h e a t, f o d d e r c a k e s , a n d th e lik e. B u t w h a t is F in la n d s u p p o s e d to s h ip to R u s s ia ? S tr a te g ic g o o d s ex c lu siv e ly . A ll o f i t d e s ig n e d t o s tr e n g th e n t h e m i li t a r y m ig h t o f o u r en e m y , n a m e ly — 44 s h ip s , ta n k e r s , o c e a n fish in g t r a w le r s , o c e a n t u g b o a t s ; 56 l a k e b a r g e s ; flo a tin g c r a n e s , p o w e rp la n t m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t, a n d m a n y m o re s i m i l a r ite m s . H o lla n d , f o r e x a m p le , i s to s u p p ly th e S o v ie ts w ith h e r r in g , so m e b u t t e r , a n d a fe w o th e r fo o d ite m s f o r th e ta b le o f th e S o v ie t h ie r a r c h y , b u t th e m a jo r ite m s s h e is to s h ip to R u s s ia a r e : C a rg o v e s s e ls , r e f r i g e r a t o r v e s s e ls , s u c tio n h o p p e r d re d g e s , b u c k e t d re d g e s , c o a l b u n k e r in g v e s s e ls , a n d so f o r th . E v e r y o n e o f th e m a m a jo r s t r a t e g ic ite m . T u r n to E n g la n d , i f yo u p le a se . S h e is to re c e iv e fro m R u s s ia fo o d s tu ffs w h ic h a r e in s u p e r a b u n d a n c e h e r e a n d in C a n a d a ; lu m b e r a n d tim b e r, w h ic h C a n a d a h a s in s u p e r a b u n d a n c e . B u t B r i t a i n is to s h ip to R u s s ia — t a k e good n o te , p l e a s e : 30 o c e a n l i n e r s o f S,000 a n d 10,000 to n s , 20 s h ip s o f 5,000 to n s , 60 fis h in g tr a w le r s , 30 w h a le rs , 15 s a lv a g e t u g s ; ra ilw a y e q u ip m e n t to p ro p u p th e w e a k e s t lin k o f t h e S o v ie t s y s t e m ; 200 c a t e r p i l l a r c r a n e s ; 110 s e ts o f c o m p le te p o w e r s t a t i o n s ; 150 s te a m b o i l e r s ; 20 p o w e r t r a i n s : 150 d ie s e l e le c tric s t a t i o n s ; e le c tric a l e q u ip m e n t w o r th a b o u t $15 m i ll i o n ; ro llin g m ill e q u ip m e n t w o r th a b o u t $40 m illio n , a n d m 'r e o f t h a t n a tu r e . A n d th is , M r. C h a irm a n , is b e in g p a r a d e d to u s a s n o n s tr a te g ic goods. I t is w o r th y o f n o te t h a t p r a c tic a lly e v e ry c o u n try c a p a b le o f s u p p ly in g s h ip s a n d s im ila r ly h ig h ly s t r a t e g ic m a t e r ia l is b e in g a w a rd e d c o n tra c ts . T h is , o n one h a n d , ta k e s th e b u rd e n off th e S o v ie t s h ip y a rd s , a n d , sec o n d , i t m a k e s i t p o s s ib le f o r th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t to t a k e p o s s e s s io n o f t h a t m a n y m o re h ig h ly s t r a t e g ic e q u ip m e n t in th e e v e n t o f a co n flic t o r f o r th e p u rp o s e o f a id in g s a t e l l i t e s th ro u g h w h o m m is c h ie f is n o w p la n n e d . D id M r. S ta s s e n g iv e y o u f a c t s o r fictio n w h e n h e a s s e r t e d t h a t s u c h t r a d e w o u ld “c a r r y a n e t a d v a n ta g e to th e f r e e w o r ld ” ? T h e t o t a l 1948 tu r n o v e r o f t h e U. S . S. R . t r a d e w ith t h e f r e e w o rld (b o th e x p o r t s a n d im p o rts fr o m ) a m o u n te d to a b o u t $1 b illio n . I n 1950 i t d e c lin e d to $545 m illio n . I n 1952 i t w a s b a c k a b o u t $943 m illio n . T h e fig u re s f o r 1953 w e re a b o u t $790 m illio n . W e h a v e g iv e n a w a y a n n u a lly to o u r E u ro p e a n a llie s a lo n e s e v e ra l tim e s t h a t m u c h . I f th e fo r e ig n t r a d e a m a te u r s a p p a r e n tly s u rr o u n d in g M r. S ta s s e n w o u ld b e re p la c e d by m en w ith p r a c t i c a l fo r e ig n -tra d e ex p e rien c e, n o t j u s t book le a rn in g , a w a y c o u ld be w o rk e d o u t to s a t i s f y th e i n te r n a tio n a l t r a d e n e e d s o f o u r f r ie n d s in E u ro p e a n d a t th e s a m e tim e c la m p d o w n a com p le te a n d t i g h t e m b a rg o a g a i n s t a ll, a b s o lu te ly a ll, s h ip m e n ts to th e S o v ie t bloc. A c o m b in a tio n o f th e k n o w -h o w a n d a f e a r le s s d e te r m in a tio n to h i t t h e en e m y w h e re i t w ill h u r t co u ld b r i n g t h a t a b o u t v e r y e a s ily . B u t th e w ill m u s t b e t h e r e first. 129 W H O M DID W E REC OG N IZE? A m e ric a n s ta te s m e n , D e m o c ra ts a n d R e p u b lic a n s a lik e , b e tw e e n 1917 a n d 1933 d id n o t h a v e to becom e d ip lo m a tic b e d fe llo w s w ith t h e C o m m u n is ts in o rd e r to fin d o u t th e t r u e n a t u r e o f th e K r e m lin b e a s t. T h e y h a d k n o w n fro m th e w r itin g s a n d u t t e r a n c e s o f th e C o m m u n is t le a d e r s b e g in n in g w ith K a r l M a rx a n d e n d in g w ith L en in a n d T ro ts k y t h a t a g o v e rn m e n t h e a d e d by s u c h p e o p le c o u ld n o t a n d w o u ld n o t liv e u p to i t s i n t e r n a ti o n a l o b lig a tio n s, t h a t t h e w o rld co u ld n o t re m a in h a l f fr e e a n d h a l f s la v e . T h e y th e r e f o r e s t e a d f a s t l y re fu s e d to c o m p ro m ise w ith e v il a n d w o u ld n o t bow to a n y d e m a n d s fo r re c o g n itio n . I t w a s e v id e n t t o th e m t h a t a g o v e rn m e n t w h ic h w o u ld n o t fu lfill i t s p le d g e s to i t s ow n p eo p le c o u ld n o t p o ssib ly be e x p e c te d to t r e a t u s a n y b e tte r . T h e y k n e w t h a t th e C o m m u n is t re g im e , a s m en tio n e d b efo re, h a d p ro m is e d b r e a d to its p eople a n d h a s g iv en th e m p e r p e tu a l h u n g e r ; i t p ro m is e d p e a c e a n d h a s g iv en th e m u n in te r r u p te d w a r a t h o m e a n d a b r o a d ; i t p ro m is e d la n d to t h e p e a s a n ts a n d h a s ro bbed th e m o f a ll o f it, m u rd e r in g m illio n s o f re s is t e r s in t h e p ro c e ss, b r in g in g u p o n th e R u s s ia n p eo p le s a fa m in e w h ic h d e c im a te d m illio n s m o re in th e c i t i e s : i t p ro m is e d f r e e dom fr o m o p p re s s io n a n d e x p lo ita tio n a n d h a s in s te a d e s ta b lis h e d th e m o s t i n h u m a n s y s te m o f e x p lo ita tio n e v e r k n o w n to m a n k in d . T h e A m e ric a n s ta te s m e n o f a w is e r e r a — fro m W o o d ro w W ils o n a n d in c lu d in g H e r b e r t H o o v e r— r e fu s e d to h a v e a n y th in g to d o w ith s u c h a re g im e . W e a ll now k n o w h o w r i g h t th e y w e re . W hom d id w e re a lly re co g n ize ? L e t u s l i f t j u s t a tin y c o r n e r o f th e I r o n C u r t a i n a n d see t h e n a k e d n e s s o f th e C o m m u n is t re g im e . B e tw e e n 18S1 a n d 1913. a p e rio d o f 32 y e a rs , t h e r e w e re a t o ta l o f 4.446 e x e c u tio n s in th e w h o le o f R u s s ia u n d e r th e C z a r’s g o v e rn m e n t. N o t o n e o f th e m w a s e x e c u te d f o r p o litic a l offenses. A ll o f th e m w e re s e r io u s c r im in a ls . B u t d u r i n g th e firs t 3 y e a rs o f i t s re ig n , th e S o v ie ts e x te r m in a te d o v e r 300,000 m en , w o m en , a n d c h ild re n . A s i t b e c a m e e n tre n c h e d , i t ra is e d t h e n u m b e r o f m u rd e r s i t co m m itte d . T h e s a ilo r s o f t h e F o r t r e s s o f K r o n s ta d t, r ig h t o u ts id e o f L e n in g r a d , p la y e d a d e c isiv e r o le in h e lp in g th e L e n in -T ro ts k y g a n g to w r e s t p o w e r fro m t h e w e ak k n e e d K e re n s k y p ro v is io n a l g o v e rn m e n t in N o v e m b e r 1917. B y th e tim e th e y e a r 1921 tu rn e d u p th e y w e re so d is illu s io n e d , th o s e p la in s o n s o f th e p e a s a n ts a n d w o rk e rs , t h a t th e y s ta g e d a re v o lt d e m a n d in g th e o rig in a l p led g e s o f th e C om m u n is ts b e t r a n s l a te d in to a c tio n , n a m e ly : p o w e r to t h e w o rk e rs , p e a s a n t s ’ a n d s o ld ie rs ’ d e p u tie s , la n d f o r th e p e a s a n ts , a g o v e rn m e n t o n la w a n d n o t o f e d ic ts , �130 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM fre e d o m o f p r e s s a n d a s s e m b la g e , ju s tic e , a n d lib e rty . F o r t h a t th e y w e re r u t h le s s ly d e s tro y e d by th e L e n in re g im e . S in c e t h e n t h e r e h a v e b e e n n u m e ro u s re v o lts , a l l o f th e m d ro w n e d in t h e b lo o d o f t h e p eo p le . T h e p eo p le s o f R u s s ia h a v e n e v e r re c o g n iz e d th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t a s th e le g itim a te g o v e rn m e n t o f th e c o u n tr y a n d n e v e r w ill. T h e m o re th e p e o p le re b e lle d th e m o re fe ro c io u s th e a t r o c i ti e s o f t h e re g im e . W e w ill n o w v i s it a fe w R u s s ia n c itie s to w itn e s s com m u n is m in a c tio n . O u r firs t s to p is K h a rk o v . I t is O c to b e r IS , 1941, a n d H i t l e r ’s a r m ie s a r e ro llin g i r r e s is tib ly o n w a rd . M illio n s o f R u s s ia n s o ld ie rs h a v e a lr e a d y s u r r e n d e r e d , re f u s in g to fig h t f o r S ta lin a n d h i s C o m m u n is t P a r t y . O n th e c o r n e r o f C h e n is lie v s k y a n d S o v n a rk o m s k y S tr e e t s s t a n d s a b u ild in g o cc u p ied b y t h e d r e a d e d s e c r e t p o lice. I t h a s 4 s to r ie s u n d e r a n d 4 ab o v e t h e g ro u n d . I t is eq u ip p e d w ith t h e m o s t m o d e rn c r e m a to riu m to b u rn t h e b o d ie s o f th e c o n d e m n ed w i t h o u t t r i a l , w ith o u t p ro o f o f g u ilt. A c o rd o n o f a r m e d m en is th ro w n a r o u n d t h e b u ild in g . A n official s e ts th e b u ild in g ; filled w i t h m en a n d w o m en , o n fire. A s t h e fla m e s r is e th e c r ie s o f t h e v ic tim s a r e p ie rc in g t h e t h i c k w a lls o f t h e f a s t n e s s h o ld in g th em . S om e d a r e to com e to th e w in d o w s a n d a r e im m e d ia te ly fire d u p o n . I n d u e tim e t h e b u ild in g is a l l in a s h e s m ix e d w i t h t h a t o f t h e p ris o n e r s . N o n e e sc ap ed . T h e p e r p e t r a to r s o f t h i s c r im e a r e t h e d ip lo m a tic b e d fe llo w s o f th e G o v e rn m e n t o f t h e U n ite d S ta te s . W e n o w t a k e y o u to V in itz a in t h e U k r a in e . O ne o f t h e p e r e n n ia l p u rg e s by th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t is in f u l l sw in g . F o r p o s s e s s in g a te x b o o k i n a fo r e ig n la n g u a g e , f o r c o rre s p o n d in g w ith a r e la t iv e o r a f r ie n d in a fo re ig n c o u n try , fo r o v e r s a l t in g p ic k le s o n a c o lle c tiv e f a r m , f o r in a b i l i ty to p ro d u c e in th e f a c to r y o r m in e a c c o rd in g to th e h e a v y s c h e d u le s im p o se d by th e K r e m lin m a s te r s , people a r e b e in g ro u n d e d u p by th e th o u s a n d s , h e r d e d in ja i l s , s e n t off t o c e r ta in d e a th in d i s ta n t s la v e la b o r c a m p s, o r e x e c u te d in t h e lo c a l h o u s e s o f d e te n tio n . T h e lo c a l j a i l in V in itz a i s filled t o o v erflo w in g . R o o m s d e s ig n e d t o h o ld 16 o r 18 p eople n o w h a v e a h u n d re d o r tw o h u n d re d . F o r w e e k s th e s e p eo p le h a v e b e e n s t a n d i n g o n t h e i r fe e t. S o m e h a v e d ro p p e d d e a d o r f a in t e d fr o m e x h a u s tio n a n d t h e s tif lin g a i r . B u t m o re a n d m o re v ic tim s a r e c o n s ta n tly a r r i v i n g fro m t h e p ro v in c e s . T h e K r e m lin is te a c h in g t h e R u s s ia n p e o p le to re m e m b e r w h o is b o ss o f R e d , u n h o ly R u s s ia . T h e n w o r d co m e s f r o m M oscow to s t a r t liq u id a tio n s . E x e c u tio n s ta k e p la c e n ig h tly . A f te r s u n d o w n g ro u p s o f in m a te s a r e m a rc h e d d o w n to th e g a r a g e below . H e a v y d u t y t r u c k s a r e r u n n in g t h e i r e n g in e s w ith t h r o t t l e s w id e o p en to d ro w n o u t th e c r ie s o f th e v ic tim s a n d th e p is to l s h o ts o f t h e K r e m lin m u r d e r e r s . T h e m en a n d w o m en a r e o rd e re d to s t r i p t o th e w a is t. P r i s o n e r s a r e o rd e re d to fa c e t h e w a ll. K re m lin a g e n ts ti e th e h a n d s o f th e v ic tim s on t h e b ac k , j u s t a s th e m u rd e r e d A m e ric a n s in K o r e a w e re fo u n d w ith t h e i r h a n d s tie d on t h e i r b ac k . T h is is o n e o f M oscow ’s in v e n tio n s . A s t h i s is d o n e, o th e r a g e n ts m o v e fr o m o n e s ta n d in g p r is o n e r t o a n o t h e r a n d fire b u lle ts i n to th e b a c k o f t h e i r h e a d s . P re s e n tly a n o t h e r b a tc h o f p ris o n e r s is b ro u g h t d o w n to t h e g a r a g e a n d o rd e re d to lo a d th e d e a d b o d ies in to t h e r o a r in g tr u c k s . T h e b u tc h e re d p r is o n e r s a r e th e n ru s h e d to th e f o r m e r p e a r o rc h a rd n e a r V in itz a o r to th e old c e m e te ry a n d t h r o w n i n to m a s s g ra v e s . T h i s p e r f o r m a n c e c o n tin u e s th r o u g h o u t th e n ig h t. A t d a w n th e b lo o d s ta in s on t h e p a v e m e n t en r o u te to t h e b u r ia l g ro u n d s a r e c o v e re d w ith s a n d b y p o lice a g e n ts. I n 1943 t h e m a s s g ra v e s w e re op en e d b y th e G e rm a n s . T h e w h o le c ity w a s a ffe c te d b y t h e s te n c h b lo w n b y t h e w in d fr o m th e d ire c tio n o f t h e p e a r o rc h a rd a n d t h e o ld c e m e te ry . T h e lo c a l p o p u la tio n h a d b ee n c o m p la in in g a b o u t i t t o th e G e rm a n o c c u p a tio n a u th o r itie s , a n d th e y g a th e r e d a c o m m issio n o f d o c to rs fro m B elg iu m , F r a n c e , H o lla n d , B u lg a ria , etc ., t o w itn e s s th e o p e n in g o f th e g ra v e s . A t o t a l o f 9,432 b o d ie s w e re fo u n d . F ro m f a r a n d w id e p eo p le s tr e a m e d to V in itz a in s e a rc h o f t h e b o d y o f a r e la tiv e . A m o n g th e m w a s A n n a G o d o v a n y ets. H e r h u s b a n d h a d b ee n ta k e n o u t o f h is h o m e in th e m id d le o f t h e n ig h t a n d sh e h a d n e v e r h e a r d fr o m h im . S h e h a d w r it t e n t o S ta lin f o r t h e w h e re a b o u ts of h e r h u s b a n d . I n tim e s h e re c e iv e d a re p ly fr o m th e n o to rio u s V is h in s k y , th e n c h ie f p ro s e c u to r o f th e S o v ie t s la v e s t a t e , s t a t i n g t h a t h e r h u s b a n d h a d been re le a s e d . O f c o u r s e h e w a s ly in g . I s a a k K a s y a n o v ic li G o d o v a n y e ts h a d been re le a s e d fro m h is s u ffe rin g , to be s u re , s in c e h is b o d y w a s am o n g th e e x c a v a te d th o u s a n d s . T h is , M r. C h a irm a n , is th e w o r k o f o u r d ip lo m a tic b e d fe llo w — th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t w e re co g n ize d in 1933 a n d s t il l m a i n t a i n f r ie n d ly r e la tio n s w ith . A p e r s o n i s j u d g e d by th e co m p a n y h e k ee p s. H o w s h o u ld w e b e ju d g e d fo r k e e p in g c o m p a n y w ith th e s e w h o le s a le m u r d e r e r s ? W h a t h a p p e n e d in V in itz a is a m e re s a m p le o f w h a t h a s b ee n a n d is g o in g on in t h e S o v ie t U n io n a s a STRA TEGY AND TACTICS O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 131 w h o le. I t is a p a t t e r n o f th e w a y th e K r e m lin m a in ta in s i t s e l f in p o w e r, a n d t h i s is b o u n d to c o n tin u e a s lo n g a s th e c iv iliz e d w o rld c o n tin u e s to d e a l w ith th o s e b a r b a r ia n s . T h e s c e n e n o w s h i f t s to Y oozovo, a n i m p o r t a n t r a il w a y ju n c tio n . S in c e 1940 t h e r e h a s been in e x is te n c e in R u s s ia a c h ild -s la v e la b o r s y s te m . B o y s o f 1 2 to IS a n d g i r l s fr o m 14 a n d u p a r e r e c r u ite d i n th e s a m e m a n n e r a s s o ld ie rs a n d sh ip p e d to d i s t a n t p o in ts fr o m t h e i r h o m e s to b e p re s s e d in to s o -c a lle d la b o r re s e rv e s w h e re th e y a r e d e h u m a n iz e d in to ro b o ts to do t h e b id d in g o f th e S o v ie t m a s te r s . S u c h a sch o o l w ith a b o u t 700 y o u th s w a s in Yoozovo a t t h e t im e H i t l e r w a s m ov in g in sev e n le a g u e b o o ts to w a r d M oscow . T h e b o y s w e re b i t te r a g a in s t t h e ir g o v e r n m e n t f o r h a v in g bee n t o r n fr o m t h e i r p a r e n t s a n d t h e i r h o m e e n v iro n m e n t. U n a b le o r u n w illin g to e v a c u a te th e b o y s to s a f e p la c e s , o r d e r s ca m e f r o m M oscow t o l i q u id a te th e m . T o w a r d s u n s e t, a co m p a n y o f s e c r e t p o lic e a r m e d w i t h a u t o m a t i c rifle s d ro v e th e m d o w n to th e o u t s k ir t s o f th e c ity , in a n e a rb y fo r e s t, a n d m o w ed th e m d o w n w i t h m a c h in e g u n s . A h a n d f u l o f th e b o y s m a n a g e d to e s c a p e i n t h e d a r k n e s s to b rin g th e a c c o u n t o f th e m a s s a c re to th e w o rld . T h e m u rd e r e rs o f th e s e c h ild re n a r e liv in g h a p p ily w ith in a fe w b lo ck s fr o m o u r W h ite H o u se— in th e S o v ie t E m b a s s y . W ith th e m u r d e r e r s o f th e s e a n d c o u n tle s s t h o u s a n d s o f o th e r c h ild re n in R u s s ia w e a r e s i tt i n g a t t h e c o n fe re n c e ta b le to b r in g p e a c e to th e w o rld , to a s s u r e th e in d e p e n d e n c e a n d t h e fre e d o m s o f o th e r p eo p le s. W h a t a fa rc e . W h a t a d is g ra c e . O u r re c o g n itio n o f th e K r e m lin re g im e w a s th e m o s t p ric e le s s g i f t b esto w e d u p o n o u r d e a d lie s t en e m y . I t w a s a ll th e m o re in e x c u s a b le b e c a u s e th e C om m u n is ts h a d n e v e r m a d e a s e c re t o f t h e i r t r u e d e s ig n s . " W e h a v e n e v e r con c e a le d th e f a c t ,” s a i d L e n in , “ t h a t o u r re v o lu tio n is o n ly th e b e g in n in g , t h a t it w ill le a d to a v ic to rio u s e n d in g o n ly th e n w h e n w e s h a l l h a v e in fla m e d th e w h o le w o r ld w ith i t s re v o lu tio n a r y fire s” (p p . 22-23, C o lle c te d W o r k s b y L e n in , R u s s i a n e d itio n ) . W ith in d a y s a f t e r re c o g n iz in g t h i s n ig h tm a re h ig h officials in o u r G o v e rn m e n t k n e w t h a t a s e r io u s b lu n d e r h a d b ee n m ad e. W h y a n u p r i g h t m a n lik e S e c r e ta r y C o rd ell H u ll p e r m itte d th is to go on u n c h a lle n g e d r e m a in s a m y s te ry . T o d a y i t is p la in to a n y o n e w h o h a s e y e s to s e e a n d a m in d to t h i n k t h a t t h e r e c a n n e v e r, n e v e r b e p e a c e o n t h i s e a r t h a s lo n g a s th e S o v ie t re g im e s u rv iv e s . A nd o u r c o n tin u in g to d e a l w i t h t h a t G o v e rn m e n t is t h e g r e a t e s t c o n trib u tio n to w a r d i t s s u rv iv a l a n d to m a k e i t p o s s ib le f o r th e m to becom e s tr o n g e r in o rd e r to c a r r y o u t L e n in ’s g r a n d d e s ig n w h ic h y o u w ill find in v o lu m e X , C o lle cted W o rk s b y L e n in , p a g e 172: “ F i r s t w e w ill t a k e E a s t e r n E u ro p e , th e n t h e m a s s e s o f A s ia . T h e n w e w ill e n c irc le th e U n ite d S ta t e s o f A m e ric a w h ic h w ill b e t h e l a s t b a s tio n o f c a p ita lis m . W e w ill n o t h a v e to a t t a c k i t ; i t w ill f a ll lik e a n o v e r rip e f r u i t i n to o u r h a n d s .” I f s t il l f u r t h e r p ro o f is n e e d e d to in s u r e p a s s a g e o f S e n a te R e s o lu tio n 247 a n d re la tio n s w ith th e S o v ie t g a n g s te r g o v e rn m e n t s e v e re d , le t u s t u r n to th i s 1,000p a g e vo lu m e p u b lish e d by th e S ta t e D e p a r tm e n t in 1952, e n t i t l e d : “ F o re ig n R e l a tio n s o f th e U n ite d S ta te s — T h e S o v ie t U n io n 1933-39." W e le a r n fr o m t h i s book t h a t w e s t r u c k o u r h e a d in to th e R ed le o p a rd ’s m o u th w ith o u r e y e s w id e o pen. O n O c to b e r 4, 1933, 6 d a y s b e f o re P r e s i d e n t R o o s e v e lt s t a r t e d th e n e g o tia tio n s , M r. W illia m C. B u ll i t t s e n t a m e m o ra n d u m to th e th e n S e c r e ta r y o f S ta t e C o rd ell H u ll in w h ic h h e w r o te : “ B e fo re re c o g n itio n a n d b e fo re lo a n s , w e s h a ll find th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t re la tiv e ly a m e n a b le . A f te r re c o g n itio n o r lo a n s , w e s h o u ld find t h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t a d a m a n t .” U p o n a r r i v a l in M oscow a s o u r f i r s t A m b a s s a d o r, M r. B u ll i t t d id n o t h a v e to w a it lo n g b e fo re fin d in g th e r e a liz a tio n o f h is p ro p h e cy . I n h is d is p a tc h to th e D e p a r tm e n t o f A u g u s t 2 1 ,1 9 3 5 , h e w r o t e : " T o b r e a k r e la tio n s w o u ld s a t is f y th e in d ig n a tio n w e a ll f e e l a n d w o u ld be j u r id ic a lly c o r r e c t.” [ I ta l ic s m in e.] A n d th e n h is C h r is tia n u p b rin g in g a s s e r t e d it s e l f in d e a lin g w ith a p o w e r w h ic h s e t o u t fro m th e v e r y b e g in n in g o f i t s c a r e e r to d e s tro y a l l t h a t C h r is tia n ity s t a n d s fo r , a n d M r. B u ll i t t w r o te : “B u t in m y o p in io n th is q u e s tio n s h o u ld be d e c id e d n e ith e r o n e m o tio n a l n o r ju r i d i c a l g ro u n d s b u t on th e b a s is o f a cold a p p r a i s a l o f t h e w is e s t c o u rs e to p u rs u e to d e fe n d th e A m e ric a n p eople fro m th e e ffo rts o f th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t to p ro d u c e b loody re v o lu tio n in t h e U n ite d S ta te s .” O n e m u s t fo rg iv e th e a b le M r. B u ll i t t f o r th is m is ta k e . T h e ab o v e lin e s w e re w r it t e n lo n g b e f o re th e th e n C o m m u n is t d e lin q u e n t h a d m a tu re d in to t h e in te r- �132 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M n a tio n a l a n d d a n g e ro u s c r im in a l h e is to d a y . B u ll i t t c o u ld n o t p o s s ib ly h a v e fo re s e e n th e r a v a g e s th e S o v ie t re g im e w o u ld b r in g to th e w o rld w ith in 5 y e a rs . B u t even th e n M r. B u ll i t t f o ile d to t e l l u s h o w m a i n ta in in g a n E m b a s s y in M oscow co u ld d e f e n d th e A m e ric a n p e o p le fro m th e S o v ie t e ffo rts to p ro d u c e a b loody re v o lu tio n in th e U n ite d S ta t e s w h ic h s e e m e d to b e h is p rin c ip a l co n c ern a t th e tim e . I a m s u r e t h a t w e re h e f r e e to t a l k to th e r a n k a n d tile o f th e S o v ie t p eo p le s, t h e y w o u ld h a v e p le a d e d w ith h im to b re a k r e la tio n s a t once a n d d riv e t h e i r s p ie s o u t o f t h e U n ite d S ta te s . T h a t w o u ld h a v e b e e n a s e v e re blow to th e p r e s tig e o f t h e C o m m u n is t re g im e . H a d th is s t e p bee n ta k e n in 1935-36, w h e n th e s u b je c t w a s b e in g d is c u s s e d in s id e t h e G o v e rn m e n t, th e w o rld m ig h t h a v e b ee n a m u c h h a p p ie r p la c e to liv e in to d a y . U n f o r t u n a t e l y M r. B u ll i t t h a d m a n y o th e r r a t h e r w e a k re a s o n s f o r n o t b r e a k in g r e la tio n s a t th e tim e . I n th e s a m e r e p o r t h e w r o t e : “ I f w e s h o u ld s e v e r r e la tio n s n o w on th e g ro u n d t h a t t h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t h a s b ro k e n its p le d g e d w o rd to u s a n d c a n n o t b e tr u s t e d , r e s u m p tio n o f re la tio n s w o u ld b e in o r d in a te ly d iffic u lt. * * *” T h is is r a t h e r p o in tle s s . T h e B r i t is h G o v e rn m e n t w a s a m o n g th e v e ry f irs t to re c o g n iz e th e M oscow re g im e a f t e r 1917. B u t in 1927 i t d isc o v e re d th e m is ta k e a n d b ro k e r e la tio n s . Y e t i t d id n o t p ro v e “ in o r d in a te ly difficult,” a s M r. B u ll i t t fe a r e d , f o r th e m to re s u m e th e u n h a p p y r e la t io n s a g a in . W h y w o u ld i t h a v e bee n d iffe re n t in o u r c a s e ? T h e o n ly re a s o n I c a n th i n k o f is t h a t ho p o ssib ly f e a r e d t h a t o n ce t h e A m e ric a n p e o p le le a r n e d o f t h e c o n d itio n s t h a t p ro m p te d u s to m a k e t h e b re a k th e y w o u ld n o t h a v e p e r m i t t e d o u r G o vernm ent, to m a k e th e m is ta k e a s ec o n d tim e . I n th e s a m e re p o rt, M r. B u ll i t t c o n tin u e d h is i r r a t i o n a l r a ti o n a li z in g w h e n h e s a id : “ I n t h i s d e c a d e th e S o v ie t U n io n e i t h e r w ill b e th e c e n te r o f a t t a c k fro m E u ro p e a n d th e F a r E a s t o r w ill d e v e lo p r a p id l y in to o n e o f t h e g r e a t e s t p h y s ic a l fo rc e s in th e w o rld . In e it h e r e v e n t a n official o b s e r v a tio n p o s t o f t h e U n ite d S ta t e s G o v e rn m e n t in M oscow w ill b e d e s ira b le , to in fo rm th e G o v e rn m e n t in th e U n ite d S ta t e s w ith r e g a r d to a c tiv itie s o f th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t d ire c te d a g a i n s t th e liv e s a n d in t e r e s ts o f A m e ric a n c itiz e n s .” M r. C h a irm a n , I h a v e liv e d in M oscow d u r i n g th o s e y e a rs , I h a v e fo u n d th e e m b a ss ie s th e re , in c lu d in g o u r o w n , to h e n o th in g m o re t h a n p ris o n s fo r th e ir o c c u p a n ts . C a n yo u h a v e a n o b s e r v a tio n p o s t in a p ris o n i f you a r c o n e o f th e p r is o n e r s ? Q u ite u n w ittin g ly , a p p a r e n tly , M r. B u ll i t t p ro v id e s th e a n s w e r in h is v e r y n e x t p a r a g r a p h : “ A m e ric a n d ip lo m a tic r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s in t h e S o v ie t U n io n a r e h a r a s s e d a n d r e s tr ic te d . * * * A s th e S o v ie t U n io n g ro w s in s t r e n g t h i t w ill g ro w in a r ro g a n c e a n d a g g re s s iv e n e s s . * * *” A n d le s s t h a n 7 m o n th s la t e r , on M a rc h 4, 1936, to b e s u re , h e f u r t h e r d w e lt on th e d iffic u ltie s o f liv in g w ith th e n e w p a r t n e r w h e n h e s a i d : “ I h a d a good d e a l d u r i n g l a s t w in te r to t r y m y p a tie n c e , fo r t h e G o v e rn m e n t p o s s e s s e s in a n e x q u is ite d e g re e , th e a r t o f w o r ry in g a fo r e ig n r e p r e s e n ta tiv e w ith o u t g iv in g h im ev e n th e c o n s o la tio n o f a n in s u lt. T h e p o s itio n a s a n A m b a s s a d o r h e r e i s f a r fro m b e in g p l e a s a n t * * * H e c a n r a r e l y o b ta in a c c u r a t e in f o r m a tio n u n t i l e v e n ts h a v e tr a n s p i r e d * * * H is ow n m o v e m e n ts a r e c lo s e ly o b s e rv e d b y e y e s t h a t h e n e v e r se e s * * * I f th e r e f o r e I do n o t w r ite a s o fte n a s m a y b e d e s ire d , th i s is m y ap o lo g y . A n d i f I do n o t f u r n is h m a t t e r o f m o re i n t e r e s t i t m u s t b e a t t r i b u t e d , in p a r t a t le a s t, to th e g r e a t d iffic u lty o f o b ta in in g c o r r e c t in fo rm a tio n . N o c o u r te s y o r l i b e r a li t y is s h o w n in th is p a r t i c u l a r b y t h i s G o v e rn m e n t * * * N o th in g is m a d e p u b lic t h a t is w o r th k n o w in g * * *” A n d m o re t o t h a t effec t. D id h e r e a lly h a v e to s u ffe r th e a n n o y a n c e s a n d i n s u lt s w h ile o u r S ta t e D e p a r tm e n t h e r e w a s a c c o rd in g th e S o v ie t A m b a s s a d o r th e g r e a t e s t fre e d o m a n d c o u r te s ie s ? S in c e a ll re la tio n s b e tw e e n g o v e rn m e n ts a r e b a s e d o n th e p rin c ip le o f re c ip ro c ity , w a s n ’t t h e r e a s in g le official in th e u p p e r e c h e lo n s o f o u r G o v e rn m e n t w ith g u ts en o u g h to re m in d t h e K re m lin t h a t e it h e r th e y t r e a t o u r r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s a s th e y s h o u ld b e o r th e S o v ie t officials w o u ld b e g iv en t h e s a m e K r e m lin t r e a t m e n t ? N o t u n t i l v e r y re c e n tly d id o u r officials w a k e u p to th i s lin e o f th in k in g . I n t h e m e a n tim e o u r p u s s y fo o tin g h a d done th e dam age. T h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t w o u ld n e v e r h a v e becom e th e m e n a c e s h e is to d a y in so b r ie f a p e r io d o f tim e h a d i t n o t bee n f o r th e o p p o rtu n itie s o ffere d b y o u r g r a v e e r r o r o f 1933 in o p e n in g to h e r th e v a s t s to re h o u s e o f o u r te c h n o lo g ic a l k n o w -h o w . A n d w h a t s o r t o f t r e a t m e n t d id o u r te c h n ic ia n s g e t fr o m th e S o v ie ts ? I n a m e m o ra n d u m o f N o v e m b e r 24, 3937, M r. G e o rg e F . K o n n a n , l a t e r o u r M oscow A m b a s s a d o r, w r o te to t h e D e p a r t m e n t : STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O R LD C O M M U N IS M 133 “I n 1935 w r it t e n a s s u r a n c e s w e re g iv e n b y t h e S o v ie t F o re ig n Office to t h e E m b a s s y to t h e effec t t h a t A m e ric a n n a t i o n a l s a b o u t to d e p a r t fro m th e S o v ie t U n io n w o u ld b e p e r m itte d to b e p r e s e n t d u r i n g t h e e x a m in a tio n by t h e S o v ie t c u s to m s o f d ra w in g s , p la n s , a n d s im ila r d o c u m e n ts in t h e i r p o ssessio n . N e v e r th e le s s , in th e c u r r e n t y e a r w e h a v e w itn e s s e d t h e v io la tio n o f th e s e a s s u r a n c e s in th e c a s e o f e n g in e e rs o f R a d io C o rp o ra tio n o f A m e ric a w o r k in g in th e S o v ie t U n io n a n d t h e re te n tio n b y S o v ie t a u th o r i t i e s o f d ra w in g s , p la n s , etc., f o r p e rio d s lo n g en o u g h to p e r m i t co p ie s to b e m a d e . T h e r e i s good r e a s o n to b e lie v e t h a t p a p e rs t a k e n b y t h e S o v ie t a u th o r i t i e s f r o m A m e ric a n c itiz e n s h a v e le d to th e i n frin g e m e n t o f im p o r t a n t A m e ric a n p a t e n ts .” H a v in g b e e n t r e a t e d a s a s o r t o f s a c re d cow f o r th e f i r s t fe w y e a r s a f t e r re co g n itio n , th e b u lly i n th e K r e m lin f e lt s u r e t h a t h e co u ld g e t a w a y w ith a n y th in g , a n d m a d e no m is ta k e in so th in k in g . F o r so m e in e x p lic a b le r e a s o n o u r officials w e re so e a g e r to h a n g o n to th e E m b a s s y p ris o n i n M oscow t h a t th e y w e re w illin g to c o m p ro m is e w ith a n y w ro n g d o in g on t h e p a r t o f th e K re m lin , a n d k n o w in g t h a t t h e K r e m lin t r e a t e d u s a s w e r ig h tly d e s e rv e d , w i t h c o n te m p t. W e h a v e n o o n e to t h a n k f o r t h a t b u t o u r ow n ig n o ra n c e a n d , o n e m ig h t e v e n sa y , c o w a rd ic e . A n d , w h ile o u r e n g in e e rs w e re n o t p e r m itte d to t a k e o u t th e ir o w n p ro p e rty in t h e fo r m o f b lu e p r in ts a n d d ra w in g s , w e p e r m itte d t h e S o v ie t ag e n c y in N e w Y o rk , t h e A m to rg T r a d in g C o rp ., to s h ip tr u c k lo a d s o f s u c h d ra w in g s s to le n o r b o u g h t u n d e r fa ls e p re te n s e s . T h e tim e f o r M r. B u ll i t t to le a v e th e S o v ie t U n io n w a s n e a rin g . H e th e n s e n t a w o rd o f w a rn in g to th e D e p a r tm e n t to g u id e i t in i t s f u t u r e d e a lin g s w ith th e K r e m lin , w h ic h , o f c o u rs e , f e ll o n d e a f e a rs . H e w r o te in h i s r e p o r t d a te d M a rc h 4, 1936: “W e s h o u ld n o t c h e ris h f o r a m o m e n t t h e illu s io n t h a t i t i s p o s s ib le to e s ta b lis h r e a lly fr ie n d ly r e la t io n s w i t h th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t o r w ith a n y C om m u n is t p a r ty o r C o m m u n is t in d iv id u a l. I t is d iffic u lt to c o n d u c t c o n v e rs a tio n s w i t h th e S o v ie t F o re ig n Office b e c a u s e in t h a t i n s ti t u t i o n th e lie i s n o rm a l a n d t h e t r u t h a b n o r m a l a n d o n e ’s in te llig e n c e i s in s u lte d b y th e h a p p y a s s u m p tio n t h a t o n e b e lie v e s th e lie .” T h e f a c t t h a t t h e officials o f t h a t p e r io d d id n o t h a v e th e good s e n s e to p u t a n en d to s u c h a n u n h a p p y r e la tio n s h ip s h o u ld n o t in flu en c e o u r t h in k in g now w h e n w e k n o w th e u t t e r f u t i l i t y o f so d o in g . O f w h a t e a r t h l y good is i t to m a in ta in a n E m b a s s y w h e n w e h a v e to d e a l w ith p a r a n o ia c s a n d l i a r s , w ith m en d ev o id o f a n y decency o r c o u rte s y , in a c o u n try w h e re t h e A m b a s s a d o r, a s B u ll i t t a d m itte d , " c a n r a r e ly o b ta in a c c u r a t e in fo rm a tio n ,” w h e re t h e G o v e rn m e n t d oes n o t w a n t to h a v e a n y fr ie n d ly re la tio n s w ith u s ? Y ou, g e n tle m e n o f th i s c o m m itte e , ho ld th e a n s w e r : P a s s S e n a te R es o lu tio n 247 a n d fo r c e t h e is s u e o f s e v e rin g d ip lo m a tic r e la t io n s w ith o u t f u r t h e r d elay . I w a s in M oscow w h e n M r. B u ll i t t ’s s u c c e s s o r, M r. J o s e p h E . D a v ie s , a r r iv e d on o r a b o u t J a n u a r y 12 ,1 9 3 7 . W e m e t 4 d a y s l a t e r , a n d on J a n u a r y 19 h e w r o te a s ig n ific a n t r e p o r t to S e c r e ta r y C o rd ell H u ll. H e sp o k e of h i s c o n fe re n c e w ith S o v ie t A m b a s s a d o r in W a s h in g to n , A le x a n d e r T ro y a n o v s k y , b e f o re le a v in g : “T h e w r it e r s t a t e d to A m b a s s a d o r T ro y a n o v s k y ,” w r o te M r. D a v ie s, “t h a t if th e s u r p r is in g h is to r y o f th e s e s u b s e q u e n t n e g o tia tio n s a s d isclo sed in th e files o f th e S ta t e D e p a r tm e n t w e r e knoxen to th e A m e r ic a n p u b lic a s t h e y w e r e to m e it w o u ld r e s u lt, i n m y o p in io n , i n a m o s t s e r io u s d e s tr u c tio n o f co nfidence a n d good w ill th e g e n e r a l p u b lic o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s n o w f e l t to w a r d R u s s ia , a n d I th e n s ta te d a lso th a t i t w a s fo r tu n a t e th a t th e r e w a s no p r o b a b ility o f s u c h d isclo su re. * * * T h e A m b a s s a d o r a p p e a re d s o m e w h a t d o w n c a s t b u t m a d e no a t t e m p t a t re jo in d e r .” [ I ta l ic s m in e.] I t w a s in d e e d f o r tu n a t e f o r th e K r e m lin g a n g s te r s t h a t th e A m e ric a n p u b lic a n d p o ssib ly a good m a n y M em b ers o f t h e U n ite d S ta t e s C o n g re ss re m a in e d in ig n o ra n c e . B u t i t c e r ta in ly w a s m o s t u n f o r tu n a t e f o r t h i s c o u n try . W h o m , th e n , d id th e m en re s p o n s ib le f o r t h i s b lu n d e r se rv e — A m e ric a o r R u s s ia ? Y ou k n o w t h e a n s w e r. B y th e tim e t h e S econd W o rld W a r fla re d u p a n d t h e in v a s io n o f R u s s ia by H i t l e r b e c a m e in e v ita b le , o u r S ta t e D e p a r tm e n t files w e re b u lg in g w ith v a lu a b le in fo rm a tio n on w h ic h to g u id e u s in m a k in g s o u n d d e c isio n s a s to h o w to d e a l w ith th e K r e m lin c r im in a ls . A s e x a m p le , p e r m it m e to q u o te f r o m B u ll i t t 's r e p o r t o f J u l y 1 9 ,1 9 3 5 , in w h ic h h e w r o t e : “D ip lo m a tic re la tio n s w ith f r ie n d ly s t a t e s a r e n o t re g a rd e d by th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t a s n o rm a l f r ie n d ly re la tio n s b u t a r m is tic e re la tio n s , a n d i t is th e co n v ic tio n o f th e le a d e r s o f th e S o v ie t U n io n th a t th is a r m is tic e ca n n o t p o ssib ly be e n d e d b y a d e fin itiv e pea c e b u t o n ly b y a renexoal o f b a ttle . T h e S o v ie t U n io n �134 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM g e n u in e ly d e s ire s p e a c e on a l l f r o n ts a t th e p r e s e n t tim e , b u t t h i s p e a c e is looked u p o n m e re ly a s a h a p p y r e s p it e in w h ic h f u t u r e w a r s m a y b e p re p a re d . * * * “T o th in k o f t h e S o v ie t U n io n a s a p o s s ib le a lly o f th e U n ite d S ta t e s in c a s e o f w a r w ith J a p a n is to a llo w th e w is h to b e f a t h e r to th e t h o u g h t T h e Soviet U n i o n w o u l d certainly a t t e m p t to avo i d b e c o m i n g a n ally until J a p a n h a d b een t h or o u g h l y def e a t e d a n d w o u l d t hen m e r e l y u s e the o p p o rtunity to acquire M a n ch u r i a a n d Sovietize China." [ I ta l ic s m in e .] T h e s e p ro p h e tic w a r n in g s s h o u ld h a v e g u id e d o u r r e la tio n s w i t h S ta lin a t Y a lta a n d P o ts d a m . A m e r ic a ’s h is to r y to d a y w o u ld h a v e bee n a m u ch h a p p ie r one, I a s s u r e y o u . W e a r e n o w p a y in g d e a r ly f o r th o s e b lu n d e rs a n d f o r th e n e g lig e n c e in n o t p ro p e rly e v a lu a tin g B u ll i t t ’s w a rn in g s a n d in n o t m a k in g p u b lic y e a rs a g o t h e t r u e s t a t e o f a f f a ir s b e tw e e n o u r G o v e rn m e n t a n d th e K re m lin . I d e e m i t o f u tm o s t im p o rta n c e to d is c u s s th e s e f a c t s n o w in th e h o p e t h a t p re s e n t in c u m b e n t in t h e S t a t e D e p a r tm e n t w ill n o t c o n tin u e th e b lu n d e rs , a s fr o m n o w on th e c o n se q u en ce s to u s m ig h t b e f a r m o re f r ig h t f u l t h a n h e r e to fo re . M r. C h a irm a n , a y e a r a n d a h a l f h a d e la p s e d s in c e o u r n ew A m b a s s a d o r, M r. D a v ie s , re a c h e d M oscow . H e g o t a t a s t e o f th e M oscow p ris o n w a lls . D e s p ite t h a t h is o c e a n g o in g y a c h t r i d i n g t h e c a lm w a te r s o f th e B a ltic S ea w a s a lw a y s a t h is d is p o s a l to lig h te n t h e t o r t u r e o f d o in g h is s t r e t c h in t h e M oscow p ris o n by t a k i n g t r i p s o u ts id e th e s tif lin g M oscow a tm o s p h e r e , h e f e lt h e h a d h a d e n o u g h o f lif e in th e C o m m u n is t p a r a d is e . O n J u n e 6, 1938, lie s a t d o w n to d i c t a t e d is p a tc h 1932, h i s s w a n s o n g : “I n v ie w o f t h e s h r in k a g e o f th e n u m b e r o f A m e ric a n c itiz e n s now in th e S o v ie t U n io n a n d u p o n m a n y o t h e r g ro u n d s a s tro n g a r g u m e n t, fr o m c e r t a i n p o in ts o f v iew , m ig h t lie m a d e t h a t th e c o n tin u a n c e o f d ip lo m a tic re la tio n s h e r e is u n n e c e s s a r y u n d e r p r e s e n t c o n d itio n s a n d in a d v is a b le .” H a d h e s to p p e d r i g h t th e r e , h e w o u ld h a v e b ee n f o r g iv e n f o r m a n y o th e r b lu n d e rs m a d e by h im w h ile A m b a s s a d o r a n d a f te r w a r d . B u t h e co u n se le d c o n tin u a n c e o f r e la t io n s b e c a u s e “ th e J a p a n e s e a t t i t u d e in th e P a c ific ,” ig n o rin g co m p le te ly M r. B u ll i t t ’s w a rn in g s o f 2 y e a r s b e fo re t h a t “T o t h in k o f th e S o v ie t U n io n a s a p o s s ib le a lly o f th e U n ite d S ta t e s in c a s e o f w a r w ith J a p a n i s to a llo w th e w is h to b e f a t h e r to t h e th o u g h t.” T h a t is p re c is e ly w h a t h a p p e n e d , n s w e n o w k now . T h e y jo in e d t h e w a r a g a i n s t J a p a n w h e n t h a t c o u n tr y h a d b ee n “ th o ro u g h ly d e f e a te d ,” a s B u ll i t t h a d fo r e c a s t, a n d d id i t in o rd e r to “ a c q u ire M a n c h u ria a n d S o v ie tiz e C h in a ,” a s f a r s i g h te d B u ll i t t h a d w a rn e d . M r. D a v ie s h a d f u l l a c c e ss to th e files a n d ig n o re d th e m . N o t on ly d id h e ig n o re t h e s o u n d e r co u n se l o f a d ip lo m a t w h o s e s t a t u r e M r. D a v ie s co u ld n e v e r liv e to a t t a i n , b u t h e m a d e h im s e lf rid ic u lo u s w h e n in th e v e ry sa m e r e p o r t o f J u n e 6, 1938, h e to ld th e S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t : “A s fo r o u rs e lv e s , t h i s s y s te m is a t y r a n n y , c lo th e d in h o r r o r . W h ile a d ic t a t o r s h i p o f th e m o s t r u t h l e s s a n d c r u e l ty p e e x is ts h e r e , i t a p p e a r s to d iffe r fr o m a F a s c i s t d ic ta to r s h ip , a t l e a s t in one re s p e c t. D ic ta to r s h ip o v e r th e p r o l e t a r i a t is n o t t h e o b je c tiv e o r e n d th is s y s te m p ro f e s s to see k , a s is th e ca se w i t h F a s c i s t id eo lo g y . T h e f a c t o f d i c t a t o r s h i p is ap o lo g ize d f o r h e r e .” T h is is b a ld e rd a s h o f th e r a n k e s t s o r t. M r. D a v ie s , i t w o u ld seem , h a d s w a l lo w ed h o o k , lin e a n d s in k e r t h e fa ls e h o o d s d is h e d o u t to h im by th e S o v ie t officials. I s i t a n y w o n d e r t h a t t h e w h o le h is to r y o f o u r r e la t io n s w i t h th e S o v ie ts is s u e s a s te n c h en o u g h to re a c h th e m o s t d i s ta n t s t a r s ? T h e R u s s ia n p eo p le s k n o w th e m e a n in g o f th e S o v ie t n p o lo g ies fo r th e d ic t a t o r s h i p o v e r th e p r o l e t a r i a t . T h e y h a v e b ee n liv in g w ith i t f o r o v e r 36 y e a rs . T h e y k n o w i t th ro u g h th e fe e l o f t h e b u lle t a s i t p ie rc e s th ro u g h th e b n ck o f th e s k u l l; th e y h a v e bee n fe e lin g i t in th e s la v e - la b o r c a m p s by t h e m illio n s ; th e y h a v e b ee n fe e lin g i t on th e c o lle c tiv iz e d f a r m s a n d in th e s o c ia liz e d m in e s a n d f a c t o r i e s ; th e y fe el i t w h e n t h e r e is a k n o c k on th e d o o r in t h e d a r k o f th e n ig h t a n d a loved o n e is t o r n a w a y n e v e r to h e se e n a g a i n ; th e y fe e l i t — b u t w h a t is t h e u s e to e n u m e r a te m o re ? M r. D a v ie s w a s n o t a w a r e o f th o s e “ b le s s in g s ” in M oscow ’s e m p ire a n d a c c e p te d th e ap o lo g ie s o f th e S o v ie t officials a n d th e a s s u r a n c e s t h a t th e d i c t a t o r s h i p is n o t o f l a s t i n g n a tu r e . I t m ig h t be w e ll to re m in d s u c h p eo p le t h a t w e h a v e bee n p ro m is e d t h a t th is d i c t a t o r s h i p w ill l a s t u n t i l th e w h o le w o rld h a s b e e n co m m u n ize d , a n d t h a t in c lu d e s t h e U n ite d S ta te s . I f w e w a n t to h a s te n t h i s p ro c e s s , th e n l e t u s c o n tin u e t h e d ip lo m a tic re la tio n s w ith t h e en e m y . I a m w o n d e rin g h o w m a n y t h e r e s t il l re m a in in th e S ta t e D e p a r tm e n t w ho a r e a s u t t e r l y i g n o r a n t a b o u t t h e C o m m u n is t m e n a c e a s M r. D a v ie s w a s w h e n h e w a s o u r A m b a s s a d o r? I f t h e r e a r e , I f e a r t h a t S e n a te R e s o lu tio n 247 m ig h t STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 135 re m a in a p io u s w is h e v e n i f i t is p a s s e d . S h o u ld t h a t , G od fo rb id , be th e ca se, t h e r e a r e so m e p e o p le in th is c o u n tr y w h o w o u ld u n d e r ta k e to s e c u re te n o r m o re m illio n s o f s ig n a tu r e s to t h w a r t th e o b s tru c to rs . W h a t is r e a lly th e th in k in g o f th e R u s s ia n p e o p le o n t h i s q u e s tio n o f t h e i r t o t a l i ta r i a n re g im e ? I th i n k in a n y o f o u r d e a lin g s w ith th e K r e m lin w e m u s t be g u id e d by w h a t re a c tio n o u r w o rd s o r d e e d s w o u ld p ro d u c e in th e m in d s of th e R u s s ia n p eoples. T h e y a r e g o in g to d e c id e th e f a t e o f th e w o r ld o n e d a y w h e n th e y r i s e to d e s tro y t h e i r t y r a n n y . I n a l l o u r p la n s w e m u s t c o n s id e r t h e ir w is h e s a n d n o t th o s e o f t h e i r o p p re s s o rs . I s h o u ld lik e, th e re fo re , to o ffer a fe w ex a m p le s a n d fr o m th e m o u th s o f R u s s ia n s b o rn a n d re a r e d u n d e r th e K r e m lin re g im e . H e re is w h a t M a j. L . R o n z h in , a r e c e n t S o v ie t e s c a p e e f r o m h is p o s t in E a s t e r n G e rm a n y , s a id : “E v e r y w h e r e I h a d o cc asio n t o b e s in c e m y e a r ly a d u lth o o d * * * I h a v e see n th e o n e a n d n e v e r-c h a n g in g p ic tu re o f n a k e d p o v e rty , in h u m a n to il, s e m i s t a r v a t io n on a w a g e w h ic h is b a r e ly e n o u g h to b u y b r e a d a n d p o ta to e s , a n d ev e n t h a t in in su fficie n t q u a n titie s . “O n e 5 -y e a r p la n fo llo w ed a n o th e r, b u t th e p ic tu r e c h a n g e d o n ly in d e ta il. T h e C o m m u n is t p o w e r c o n tin u e s to ro b a n d o p p re s s th e p eo p le , to lie, lie, a n d lie * * *. T h e m ira c le s p e rfo rm e d by o u r p a t r i o t i c h e r o e s d u r in g th e w a r a g a in s t th e G e rm a n in v a d e rs b ro u g h t v ic to ry , b u t t h i s h a s n o t b ro u g h t u s o u t o f o u r e t e r n a l w a n t a n d la w le ss n e s s b y th e G o v e rn m e n t. E v e r y th in g re m a in e d th e s a m e a f t e r th e w a r. T h e o n ly c h a n g e m a d e is th e a d d r e s s to w a r d w h ich th e m a in s t r e a m o f p r o p a g a n d a o f h a t e is d ire c te d . F o rm e rly i t w a s a d d r e s s e d to H i t l e r ’s G e rm a n y ; n o w i t is a d d r e s s e d to A m e ric a . H o w e v e r, t h e F a s c is ts w e h a te d w ith o u t p ro p a g a n d a , b u t to w a r d th e A m e ric a n N a tio n a n d i t s A rm y , o u r p e o p le a r e filled w ith t h e m o s t te n d e r fe e lin g s , a n d f o r so m e v e ry good re a s o n s * * *. W e re m e m b e r w e ll th e b re a d a n d th e m e a t, t h e c lo th e s a n d . m e d ic in e s, th e g u n s a n d t a n k s a n d s h ip s a n d b o m b e rs A m e ric a s e n t u s to h elp u s w in th e w a r * * I r e p e a t, th is is th e v o ice o f t h e R u s s ia n people, th i s is th e v o ice o f t h e C om m u n is t g e n e ra tio n , a n d , a b o v e a ll, t h e v o ice o f a m a n w h o h a d e v e ry th in g g iv en to h im by th e C o m m u n is t G o v e rn m e n t— ed u c a tio n , t r u s t , p o s itio n , a n d a l l th e good th in g s t h a t lif e c a n offer. B u t h e h a s s a c rific e d i t a l l fo r th e p u rp o s e o f co m in g to th e W e s t to h e lp u s fig h t a g a in s t th e e n e m y p la n n in g to d e s tro y us. W e h a d b e t t e r h e e d s u c h m en o r w e, to o , w ill b e w h e re th e 800 m illio n a r e b eh in d th e I r o n C u rta in . I s th e S o v ie t ab s c e s s rip e n in g ? W h a t a r e th e fe e lin g s o f t h e m illio n s o f S o v ie t s o ld ie rs ? M a jo r Iio n z h in h a s th e ev id e n c e . E n te r in g h is office one m o rn in g w ith th e o c c u p a tio n a r m y i n E a s t P r u s s i a , h e fo u n d a l e t t e r s lip p e d u n d e r t h e d o o r. I t r e a d : “ W e a r e c o n v in c ed t h a t y o u w ill n o t t u r n t h i s l e t t e r o v e r to y o u r p o litic a l c o m m is s a r. S u c h a c tio n w o u ld b e b a d f o r y ou, a s i t w o u ld b e d ire c te d to th e p o litic a l d e p a r tm e n t o f th e a r m y a n d y o u w o u ld s u ffe r, too. A n d now to th e p o in t: ‘‘A ll t h e p o litic a l in d o c trin a tio n s , p o litic a l in fo rm a tio n , p ro s e c u tio n a n d p e r s e c u tio n by th e p o litic a l c o m m is s a r, b rin g in g in t h e c o u n te rs p ie s , b a r b e d w ire , a n d locks on th e g a te s — a l l t h a t h a s becom e so re p u ls iv e to u s t h a t w e a r e n o w on th e v e rg e o f op en d efia n ce a n d d e s e rtio n s. “ Y ou d o n ’t k n o w a n d n e i t h e r does th e p o litic a l c o m m is s a r t h a t a t n ig h t, w h e n w e a r e on g u a r d d u ty , w e p e r m i t o u r b u d d ie s to go v is itin g t h e i r g i r l fr ie n d s a n d th e y do th e sa m e w h e n th e y s t a n d g u a r d . W e do th is a lth o u g h w e k n o w t h a t w e a r e lia b le to g e t 5 to 10 y e a rs in p ris o n f o r su c h a c tio n . “ W e th e r e f o r e a s k y o u , c o m ra d e officer, to e x p la in to th e h ig h e r c o m m a n d t h a t i t w o u ld b e w is e f o r th e m to re m o v e th e o p p re s s iv e re s tr ic tio n s fr o m a ll s o ld ie rs in th e a r m y o f o c c u p a tio n i n G e rm a n y . “ A n d n o w : D o w e c o r re c tly u n d e r s ta n d co m m u n ism ? W e liv e d b e fo re th e re v o lu tio n in v e r y b a d c irc u m s ta n c e s . T h a t w a s p r io r to so cialism . O u r m a te r i a l c o n d itio n s d id n o t im p ro v e u n d e r so c ia lis m . B u t h e r e in G e rm a n y , v is itin g G e rm a n h o m es w e n o t i c e : A fa m ily o f t h r e e o r ev e n a w id o w w ith a son o r a d a u g h te r. T h e y h a v e a liv in g ro o m , d in in g room , b ed ro o m , a k itc h e n w ith electrics to v e , a b a th ro o m w ith m o d e rn f a c ilitie s . I n o th e r w o rd s, a ho m e o f 3 o r 4 room s. T h e ro o m s a r e w e ll fu r n is h e d w ith s o ft f u r n it u r e , w ith ru g s on th e floor, ra d io , a n d so m e ev e n h a v e a n au to m o b ile . “W e h a v e th e r e f o r e com e to th e c o n c lu sio n t h a t h e re , a p p a re n tly , c o m m u n ism w a s e s ta b lis h e d lo n g ago. H e n c e n o t w e h a v e a n y th in g to te a c h th e m h o w to liv e c o m fo rta b ly , w e ll, a n d h a p p y , b u t w e s h o u ld le a r n fro m th em . (S ig n e d ) Y o ub So l d ie b s .” �136 S T R A TEG Y AND TA C TIC S OF W O RLD C O M M U N IS M M a jo r R o n z h in a d d e d : “ I e s c a p e d to th e W e s t to fig h t f o r th e fre e d o m o f m y f a th e r l a n d a n d a l l i t s p eo p le s.” V ic to r M ay e v , a n o t h e r officer w h o h a s e s c a p e d fr o m t h e S o v ie t a r m y o f occ u p a tio n in G e rm a n y , h a s t h i s t o te ll u s : “ E a r l y th is y e a r I w a s s t il l w e a rin g th e officer's u n ifo rm o f th e S o v ie t a r m y o f o c c u p a tio n in G e rm a n y . M e e tin g m e on th e s t r e e t s o f th e to w n w h e re I w a s s t a tio n e d , G e rm a n s n o d o u b t th o u g h t to th e m s e lv e s : ‘H e r e h e goes, th e R u s s ia n o c c u p a tio n is t— t h e s o u rc e o f a l l o u r m is f o rtu n e s a n d u n h a p p in e s s .’ A t t h a t v ery m o m e n t I w a s t r y i n g to fin d m y p la c e in th e r a n k s o f fig h te r s a g a i n s t co m m u n ism , in th e r a n k s o f f ig h te r s f o r a b r i g h t e r f u t u r e f o r m y p eo p le * * *. “H o w m a n y in t h e S o v ie t A rm y t h in k s i m i l a r th o u g h ts ? A s a fo r m e r r a n k in g officer o f th e R e d A rm y , I t a k e f u l l re s p o n s ib ility f o r d e c la rin g t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h a t a r m y w a s n e v e r in s y m p a th y w ith a n d n e v e r a p p r o v e d o f th e a n t i n a t i o n a l p o lic ie s o f th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t a n d th e C o m m u n is t P a r t y * * * “ D is s a tis f a c tio n o f th e p e o p le a n d th e R e d A rm y w ith t h e p o licies o f th e G ov e r n m e n t is g ro w in g h o u rly . T h is is p a r ti c u la r l y t r u e o f th e a r m ie s o f o c c u p a tio n in G e rm a n y , A u s tr ia , a n d th e s a t e l l i t e n a tio n s . T h e G o v e rn m e n t i s tr e a t in g i t s m i li t a r y p e r s o n n e l l i k e s e m ip ris o n e r s . T h e y a r e is o la te d fr o m th e lo ca l p o p u la tio n . I t is t r y i n g to in o c u la te th e R e d A rm y w ith th e p o iso n o f d i s t r u s t a n d h a t r e d f o r th e p e o p le in th e o cc u p ied te r r i to r ie s . R u t E u ro p e is t h e b e s t school f o r th e S o v ie t p r i v a t e a n d officer. T h e r e th e y se e v iv id ly th e w h o le d e c e p tio n a n d th e fa ls e h o o d o f th e S o v ie t p ro p a g a n d a * * Ig o r M a tro s o v , a n o t h e r r e c e n t e s c a p e e fr o m th e S o v ie t U n io n , o ffe rs so m e food f o r th o u g h t, i f w e h e r e w ill o n ly l is te n to t h i s rin g in g voice o f t h e p eo p le w h o se f r ie n d s h ip is so b a d ly n e e d e d in o r d e r to r i d th e w o rld o f th e S o v ie t n ig h t m a r e : " T h e f r e e w o rld m u s t t a k e f u l l a d v a n ta g e o f th e o p p o rtu n ity to a s s i s t th e R u s s i a n p eo p le to d e s tro y t h e e n e m y o f a l l m a n k in d — co m m u n ism . W e a r e n o t su g g e s tin g w a r. W e a r e n o t a s k in g f o r a r m s a n d a m m u n itio n . W e n e e d th e m o ra l a n d p sy ch o lo g ica l a s s is ta n c e w h ic h th e W e s t c a n a n d s h o u ld g iv e u s * * * N o t o n e d e c e n t a n d h o n e s t p e rs o n in th e w o r ld w a n ts w a r. B u t p e a c e c a n n o t be b o u g h t; w e m u s t fig h t fo r i t * * * T h a t i s w h y th e a t t e m p t s o f p e o p le in (h e W e s t to co m e to t e r m s w ith th e K r e m lin a r e to ta lly in c o n c e iv a b le to u s R u s s ia n s . W ith s tu p id c o m p ro m is e s t h e W e s t c a n o n ly re s c u e B o lsh e v ism fro m d e s tr u c tio n * * I n v iew o f o u r e x p e rie n c e w itli t h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t s in c e w e to o k th e f a ta l s t e p b y re c o g n iz in g (h e re g im e m o re t h a n 20 y e a r s ago, in v iew o f th e a t t i t u d e o f t h e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f t h e R u s s ia n p eo p le s w h o a r e r e a d y to t e a r t h e i r G o v e rn m e n t to t a t t e r s , in v ie w o f th e m is c h ie f th e C o m m u n is t h e ir a r c h y in M oscow h a s been d o in g to u s a n d th e o th e r civ iliz e d n a tio n s th ro u g h t h e i r sto o g es in o u r m id s t, i t is in d e e d a p riv ilig e to c o n g r a t u l a t e th e a u t h o r s o f th e re s o lu tio n u n d e r d isc u ssio n h e r e , S e n a te R e s o lu tio n 247, in tro d u c e d by S e n a to rs W illia m E . .Tenner a n d 1 'a t M c C n rra n u r g in g th e a d m i n i s tr a t i o n to s e v e r re la tio n s w ith th e en e m y o f m a n k in d — t h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t. I f a d o p te d a n d th e b r e a k ta k e s plac e, i t w ill e le c t r i f y o u r h u n d r e d s o f m illio n s o f a llie s b e h in d th e I r o n C u r ta in , i t w ill in s p ir e th e m to c a r r y on t h e i r s tru g g le w ith o u r co m m on en e m y , i t w ill co n v in c e th em ( h a t w e a r e t h e i r t r u e fr ie n d s , ( h a t t h e W e s t h a s fin ally see n th e e r r o r o f its w a y s by d e a lin g w ith a fo r c e w h ic h is o u t to d e s tro y a ll th e m o ra l a n d s p i r i t u a l v a lu e s c r e a te d by m en th r o u g h o u t th e m llle n in . A nd a t th e s a m e tim e i t w ill b rin g con s te r n a t io n to th e d i c t a t o r s a n d th e d e sp o ts. W e m u s t n o t h e lp th e C o m m u n ists to p ro lo n g th e a g o n y by r e s c u in g th e m b y s e llin g (h e m th e m u ch -n e ed e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s a n d m a c h in e ry to c o n tin u e th e s tra n g le h o ld u p o n t h e i r v ic tim s. T o a c t o th e rw is e m ig h t len d to c a ta s tr o p h e , a s i t m ig h t fo rc e th e p eo p le s b e h in d th e Iro n C u r t a i n to m a k e p e a c e w ith th e d e s p o ts . A nd t h a t is p re c is e ly w h a t th e K re m lin w a n ts . L o sin g f a it h in o u r d e te r m in a tio n to r e s is t th e s p re a d o f th e e v il C o m m u n i s t fo rc e , a n d th e w a y th e W e s t h a s bee n h a n d lin g th e m illio n s o f C o m m u n is t fifth -c o lu m n m e m b e rs in t h e i r ow n c o u n trie s is c e r ta in ly n o t co n d u c iv e to t h i n k in g t h a t w e a r e f u l l y a liv e to t h e g r a v ity o f th e s itu a tio n , a n d m ig h t le a d th e o p p re s s e d te n s o f m illio n s in R u s s ia a n d th e s a t e l l i t e s to th e co n c lu sio n ( h a t w e a r e h o p ele ss. W e m u s t n o t p e r m i t t h i s to h a p p e n . B r e a k in g re la tio n s n o w is t h e o n ly s e n s ib le (h in g to do to p ro v e w ith d e e d s a n d n o t m e re rh e to r ic . T o d a y a 3re a r ag o th e E a s t G e rm a n p e o p le ro s e s p o n ta n e o u s ly to d e f y t h e i r C o m m u n is t p u p p e t g o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e S o v ie t o c c u p a tio n fo rc e s . R u s s ia n so l d ie r s a n d officers p r e f e r r e d f a c in g a firin g s q u a d r a t h e r t h a n s h o o t d o w n th e p r o te s tin g w o rk e i’s o f E a s t G e rm a n y . T h e re b e llio n , to b e s u re , w a s p u t d o w n by t h e o v e rp o w e rin g S o v ie t fo rc e s . B u t th e e x a m p le h a s been sh o w n to th e r e s t o f t h e v ic tim s th r o u g h o u t th e S o v ie t bloc, a n d i t w ill n o t be f o r g o tte n if w e in (h e STRA TEGY AND TACTICS OF W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 137 W e s t a r e s m a r t en o u g h n o t to le t i t d ie d o w n . A n d o n e o f th e f i r s t a n d m a jo r s te p s is th e s e v e rin g o f d ip lo m a tic r e la t io n s n o t a lo n e by t h i s c o u n tr y b u t th e e n t i r e c iv iliz e d w o rld a s a bloc. I f t h i s is a c c o m p a n ie d b y th e tig h e s t a n d co m p le te st t r a d e e m b a rg o , i t w ill n o t b e long, I a m s u re , b e fo re t h e m a s s e s b e h in d t h e Ir o n C u r ta in w ill e n d t h e i r n ig h tm a re w ith o u t t h e s h e d d in g o f A m e ric a n blood, w i t h o u t b e n d in g o u r b a c k s i n p ro v id in g th e te n s o f b illio n s o f d o lla r s w h ic h w ill o th e rw is e becom e n e c e s s a r y in o rd e r to e s ta b lis h o u rs e lv e s a s a g a r r is o n n a tio n a n d in o r d e r to p ro p u p o u r w e a k e r a llie s . I n c o n c lu sio n I s h o u ld lik e to g iv e a w o rd o f c a u tio n . T h e K r e m lin l i a r s w ill t r y to u s e th e b re a k in g o f d ip lo m a tic re la tio n s in t h e i r p ro p a g a n d a c a m p a ig n to te ll t h e i r p eo p le t h a t w e a r e p r e p a r in g to w a g e w a r u p o n th em . F ro m n o w on w e m u s t m a k e i t c le a r t h a t w e a r e t a k in g th is s te p on s tr ic tly m o ra l g ro u n d s , t h a t w e d o n ’t w a n t to d e a l w ith th e m u r d e r e r s o f t h e R u s s ia n p eo p le s, t h e i r o p p re s s o rs a n d e x p lo ite rs . W e m u s t te ll th e m t h a t w e w a n t to h e lp th e m re g a in t h e i r fre e d o m , r e g a in t h e i r la n d , t h e i r re lig io n , a n d t h e i r p la c e am o n g h o n o ra b le p eo p le s o f th e w o rld . W e m u s t te ll th e m t h a t w e c a n n o t p e r m i t c r im in a ls lik e V is h in s k y a n d P a n y u s h k in , w h o se h a n d s a r e d rip p in g w i t h th e blood o f th e R u s s ia n p eoples, to t r e a d t h e s a c re d s o il o f a G o d -lo v in g n a tio n lik e th e U n ite d S ta te s . W e c a n a n d m u s t a s s u r e th e m ( h a t o n ce th e y , t h e p eo p le , h a v e o v e r t h ro w n t h e i r ille g itim a te g o v e rn m e n t a n d e s ta b lis h e d one on th e p rin c ip le s of t r u e d e m o c ra c y b a s e d on th e f r e e e x p re s s io n o f t h e c itiz e n s by m e a n s o f f r e e a n d s e c re t b a llo t, a s y s te m o f g o v e rn m e n t w h e re th e in d iv id u a l c itiz e n i s th e so v ereig n a n d n o t th e b u re a u c r a c y , th e n w e w ill w elco m e w ith jo y t h e i r r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s a n d w o rk h a n d in h a n d f o r l a s t i n g p e a c e a n d h u m a n p ro g re s s . Mr. A r f .x s . Mr. Marcus, -will you kin d ly give the committee a brief resume of your background and experience with particular reference to the contacts and experience you have had in Soviet .Russia? Mr. M a r c u s . I began my international career in the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce in 1917. I came to this country from Russia, old Russia, in 1910 as a young immigrant boy, and went to work as a blacksmith. Three years later I was the youngest immi gration officer in America?at Galveston, Tex. After passing an examination for commercial attach^, by some ac cident, I was called by the FB I to work for them in Chicago, and finally landed in Washington. In 1920 I resigned, to go to Russia----- The C h a ir m a n . The FBI, you say? At that time there was no FBI. Mr. M a r c u s . At that time it was known as the Bureau of Investiga tion of the Department of Justice. In 1920 I resigned, to go to Russia as the first American relief direc tor for an American organization. The C h a i r m a n . G o ahead. Mr. M a r c u s . Between that time and the outbreak of the Second World War I had occasion to be in the Soviet Union on 14 different occasions as a representative of such firms as the Studebaker Corp., the American Hair & Felt Co. of Chicago, the American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp., the Reed Container Corp., and similar firms, that brought me into contact with the leading people in Russia in the industrial and commercial field of the Soviet Government. One of them I might mention, Anastasi Mikoyan, the present head of the Ministry of Trade, and close collaborator of Stalin, and now of Malenkov. I have seen the Soviet Union arise from the ashes. In 1925, for instance, the vice chairman of the board of the Iron and Steel Trust of Russia begged me to find a capitalist in America who would lend �138 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O R LD C O M M U N IS M him $750,000 to buy machinery and equipment, they were so poor at that time. Since then they have risen to a terrific power, not because they are so capable— they are; I am not in any way underestimating them— but because of the aid they have received from America and the western nations by hook or crook, mostly the l atter. They have stolen from us the entire industrial technology for the heavy industries. As a result of recognition in 1933 we threw open to them our laboratories and our plants, and they just helped themselves to i. t Senator W e l k e r . Then you would not say they had stolen i . As t a matter of fact, they received i as a gratuity. t Mr. M a r c u s . Well, they received i as a result of the ignorance of t our people. I will give you one example. M a y I give you one ? Senator W e l k e r . Answer the question. Since we opened the door for them I cannot assume that that would be classed as stealing. Mr. M a r c u s . W e opened the door for them and i was under false t pretenses. They dangled billions of dollars of trade to us prior to recognition, and our people were hungry. Our factories, some of them were i l . And we wanted to get orders from them. And the de Russians said, “Sure, we will give you orders. You s l us machine el so-and-so, and with i we will take the blueprints and the shop drawt ings.” And as a result of that they never came back for that same machine or that same type of machine. I will give you one very concrete example. M y boss in the American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp., Mr. Clarence M. Wooley, the chairman, called me in one day and introduced me to the late chairman of the York Ice Machinery Co., Mr. Shipley. Mr. Shipley told me a story that for 3 years he had been trying to get business in Russia and couldn’ do a thing. So he brought in his engineer and told me the t story. He, had been to Russia on two occasions and taken with him trunks full of blueprints and shop drawings to show them what they were producing. Then the company, the York Ice Machine Co., re ceived their engineers in their own plant. Nothing happened. And I said to Mr. Shipley, “W h y should there have been orders given to you? You have given away your entire technology.” Repeat that by the hundreds and hundreds of plants and you have the story. Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Marcus, will you t l a l t l later on in your testi el ite mony with respect to other espionage operations of the Soviets? M r. M a r c u s . Yes, s r i. Mr. A r e n s . N o w , for the purpose of your background and building the background of your own l f , you are presently identified as a ie director of the American Friends of Russian Freedom, Inc. Mr. M a r c u s . Correct. I am a member of the board. Mr. A r e n s . In that organization are such men as Gen. Frank L. Howley, James O ’ Neil, Gen. William Donovan, and others of like character. Mr. M a r c u s . Admiral Standley, who was American Ambassador to Russia, Admiral Maxwell, and Spruille Braden, and many others. Mr. A r e n s . Y o u have discussed with the s taff o the record the ff contacts you have with the underground, the anti-Communist under ground behind the Iron Curtain. STRA TEGY AND TACTICS O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 139 M r. M a r c u s . That is correct. Mr. A r e n s . And you and 3'our associates are in contact with that underground operation ? Mr. M a r c u s . Correct. Mr. A r e n s . N o w , Mr. Marcus, may I explicitly invite your atten tion to the general subject matter of the Soviet interest in east-west trade, the so-called Russian trade offensive, and ask you, on the basis of your background and experience, what you feel i really behind s the alleged Soviet interest in east-westtrade. Mr. M a r c u s . I sounded the alarm about this coming offensive before Stalin died in 1952, and here i an article which was published in a s trade magazine called Export Trade and Shipper in 1952. The pur pose of this east-west trade offensive--Senator W e l k e r . Excuse me. May that be incorporated by refer ence only ? The C h a ir m a n . By reference, it may go in the record. (The article referred to was marked “Marcus Exhibit No. 1” and f l d for the information of the committee.) ie M r. M a r c u s . The purpose of i i to steal our light industry t s technology, just as in the case of the heavy industry. They bought samples and that was the end. And today they are already competi tors of ours in India and many other countries of the world, and in South America. I am glad you brought that up because we have got to discuss i t very carefully. The Soviet Government i scared to death of a war with the United s States. If war broke out today that would be the end of the Soviet Government because their people will tear them to death. N o w they want to destroy the United States without a war. One way is to encircle us. And on page 172, volume 1 in Collected Works by 0, Lenin in 1923, before he died in January 1924, he said as follows, and I quote: F i r s t w e w ill t a k e e a s te r n E u ro p e , t h e n th e m a s s e s o f A s i a ; th e n w e w ill e n c irc le th e U n ite d S ta te s , w h ic h w ill b e th e l a s t b a s tio n o f c a p ita lis m . W e w ill n o t h a v e to a t t a c k . I t w ill f a ll lik e a n o v e r rip e f r u i t in to o u r h a n d s . Korea, China, Indochina— a l that i a part of this philosophy of l s avoiding a clash with us so that they will not be destroyed by their own people. This i one way, and they are succeeding magnificently. s The second way i by destroying our $25 billion international trade. s Mr. A r e n s . In other words, i i your suggestion that the second s t reason for the Russian trade offensive i to establish a ruinous com s petition in world markets? Mr. M a r c u s . Correct. Mr. A r e n s . To the United States? Mr. M a r c u s . Absolutely. Mr. A r e n s . Will you kindly, on the basis of your background and experience, give us your best judgment and appraisal of that phase of the Russian trade offensive ? Mr. M a r c u s . Yes, s r Right after Stalin’ death they started in i. s buying consumer goods. Now, right after the war, the Russian people were in such dire need of consumer goods and yet they did not get i . For over 3 decades they have been living on the barest subt �140 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM sistence, living in the most primitive conditions. A nd I have been a l l over Russia. The C h a ir m a n . H o w recently have you been in Russia? Mr. M a r c u s . Just before the Second World War. I am in constant contact with escapees, and in a few minutes I will give you a statement by Major Ronzhin L. Kozhin, who escaped recently. This i a picture s of the major. Mr. A r e n s . Y o u have, as you have indicated, underground contacts through this organization of which you are a member of the board of directors. Mr. M a r c u s . Correct. W h y do they do this? For the very purpose to buy samples of our consumer goods. But that i not a l There is also a tie-in ar s l. rangement. “If you will s l us the consumer goods we also want the el machinery producing the consumer goods.” And when they buy the machinery to produce the consumer goods they also want the shop drawings and the blueprints. And, having that, that i the end of i . Then they can use their millions of slaves, s t and the millions of slaves in China, and their raw materials don’ t count because that i also being produced by slaves. This is to out s produce us, to flood the world markets. There i a psychological s reason in i , too. They want to show the people of the world here, t “W e are producing the finest cars, we are producing the finest shirts and suits and shoes and so on.” That has a ter i i propaganda value rfc to them. Senator W e l k e r . M a y I interrupt, Mr. Chairman ? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Y o u made the statement, Mr. Marcus, that they bought certain goods. As a matter of fact, we gave them some tanks and some airplanes and so forth that were very easily copied by them, and they have copied them. Mr. M a r c u s . Correct. Senator W e l k e r . A n d made probably even better airplanes than we gave them. Mr. M a r c u s . And the only person who had the gumption to get up and speak up before the world was our member associate of theFoard of directors, Admiral Standley, when during the war, the Soviet Gov ernment was trying to conceal the fact that the tanks and machinery and planes and food and clothing was being sent by America, so he spoke out and they were compelled, Stalin was compelled thereby to acknowledge the fact that America was sending them. Mr. A r e n s . As president of the Institute of Foreign Trade, have you had occasion to make a study of the trade agreements currently in vogue between the Soviet Union and other countries of the world? M r. M a r c u s . Definitely. Mr. A r e n s . With what other countries does the Soviet Union at the present time have trade agreements? M r. M a r c u s . I a m going to speak only of the years 1952 and 1953. There are the following countries to which we have been feeding bil lions of dollars: Sweden, Israel, Italy, Norway, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Iran, Denmark, France, Iceland, Australia, India, Pakistan, Greece, and New Zealand. STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O R LD C O M M U N IS M 141 Mr. A r e n s . Y o u are specific in your prepared statement, but can you t l us in general what commodities or item? are involved in el those trade agreements? Mr. M a r c u s . Russia i supplying to those countries commodities s like wheat, corn, and various other foodstuffs and some raw materials, all of which are obtainable in the United States in abundance as well as in Canada, timber, pulpwood, and so on. Russia i receiving s for that ocean liners of 8,000 and 10,000 tons, freighters of 5,000 tons, by the dozens. I have here the number of them enumerated from o f c a sources. Cranes, lathes, a l strategic. A $14 million steel fiil l mill, rolling mill, i to be supplied by England to Russia. Electrical s equipment running into the tens of millions of dollars. Here i an interesting thing. Great Britain i to supply the greatest s s number of ships. It i a l enumerated in m y testimony. Netherlands, s l ships; Denmark, ships; one of them i supplying steamers. s W hy? N o w when you supply a steamer to the Soviet Union today what does i mean? It means that much s e l that much pressure taken t te, off the Russian steel mills, that much labor taken o f and i i faster. f, t s You have 3 countries, 5 countries producing steamers for them. They can get ready for the final clash, as they call i , that much quicker. t Senator W e l k e r . M a y I ask a question? The C h a ir m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Marcus, in the l s of countries with which it Russia has had trade agreements I did not notice that you mentioned any of the South American countries. D o you have any information on that? M r. M a r c u s . A rg e n tin a is one. I am sorry I d id n o t m ention it. Senator W e l k e r . Based upon your experience, and, as I recall your testimony, you are an adviser with respect to internatonal trade ? M r. M a r c u s . Yes. Senator W e l k e r . I will ask you what vour opinion would be with respect to the Government of the United States sending to a dictator ship in South America a strip steel mill which i capable of not only s processing steel but titanium or aluminum and other ferrous metals— Keep in mind that I say a dictatorship— that has trade agreements with Russia, and I think i i common knowledge that trading mis t s sions from Russia and the satellite countries are a l over South l America as of this moment, s r i. Mr. M a r c u s . Correct. Senator W e l k e r . Can you comment on that, sir? M r. M a r c u s . I happen to be the one who wrote a memorandum in November 1933, when I was, for a short time, foreign trade consultant in Washington, entitled “H o w W e Ourselves Destroy our Foreign Trade.” Today there i a great deal of talk about investments abroad. s And I say to you gentlemen that i means “invest abroad and lose t your shirt.” That i ,to m y mind, a crime. W e should not s l anything of that s el sort to any country unless the production will help raise the standard of living of that country. N o w in most instances i will not do so t , especially in Latin America. In most instances i i going to be used t s for the purpose of increasing the foreign trade in competition with America. �142 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M Senator W e l k e r . Further, how could our country be assured that they would use this strip steel mill to raise the standard of living of this dictatorship country, or whether or not i might well be used to t help Russia and her satellites? M r. M a r c u s . T he only w ay is to have it specifically stated in the agreem ent. Senator W e l k e r . All right. What does an agreement mean, Mr. Marcus? Let’ be frank. It i a piece of paper that can be torn up. s s I have heard about agreements ever since I have been in the Senate, and prior thereto. It does not seem to me that Russia keeps an agree ment very well. Mr. M a r c u s . Not Russia. Senator W e l k e r . Or any other satellite country. M r. M a r c u s . W e were speaking about Latin America, Senator. Senator W e l k e r . That i right. s M r. M a r c u s . In speaking about the Soviet Union there i absolutely s no possible chance of their living up to their agreements. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Chairman, i you will allow me to inquire f further, I want to be informed on this matter. Mr. M a r c u s . Yes. Senator W e l k e r . Will you t l me in simple language what the el difference i between a dictatorship, say, in our Latin American coun s tries and the dictatorship that we have in Soviet Russia? I will ask you if i i not a fact that i i a l based upon socialism. A m I cor t s t s l rect ? Mr. M a r c u s . Not necessarily. I wouldn’ say that Peron i a t s Socialist. Senator W e l k e r . Does not the Government there in Argentina own most everything? Mr. M a r c u s . In the Latin American countries— and this i also s based upon personal experience— the dictator i not for personal ag s grandizement whereas in the Soviet Union i i for the purpose of t s sovietizing the whole world. Senator W e l k e r . Very well. Assuming this s teel mill i bought s by the country i s l , that would be socialism, would i not? tef t Mr. M a r c u s . Oh, naturally, that i a step toward i. s t Senator W e l k e r . Can you help me on defining what socialism i, s how many steps behind communism i i . ts M r. M a r c u s . I t is th e prelude to communism. Senator W e l k e r . It i about a half step behind, i i not ? s st Mr. M a r c u s . A l t l bit more, but i i a step in that direction. ite t s Senator W e l k e r . Then i i your testimnov that, based upon your t s experience, you think i would not be a satisfactory solution for the t protection of this country, for our country to s l to a dictatorship that el has trade agreements with Russia and the satellites and Guatemala, a steel mill capable of giant capacity that could very well be used in the United States of America as of this moment, sir? M r. M a r c u s . Definitely. In m y own business I have many a time lost a c i n , by telling him “Don’ s l i there. Country must come let t el t before profit.” I would like, Mr. Chairman, to call your attention to a very im portant statement that President Eisenhower made yesterday. A correspondent at the press conference stated that Congressman Martin STRA TEGY AND TACTICS OF W O RLD C O M M U N ISM 143 Dies told the House yesterday that if we really wanted to stop com munism dead in their tracks right now and not just give lipservice to i , that we would cut o f from Russia the nonstrategic goods, food t f and f b r which i needs most, because he says “She i spending 80 ie, t s percent of her productive energy for war purposes.” And the President, to m y great regret, merely replied something like Mr. Stassen replied to a Senate committee here, I think to the Foreign Relations Committee— the President said we must not con sider— this i not quoted— this i from the New York Times— you have s s to remember that the s t l i e , including Red China, were, after a l aelts l, different from Russia. Gentlemen, not at a l I think somebody i misinforming the l. s President to the detriment of our country. The Soviet Government was the one that brought about the Communist revolution in China and in the satellite countries. Every one of the leaders, from Mao Tse-tung down, were educated in Russian schools. I was in such a school in 1926. I was passing by in Kiev, a military academy. And I walked in as a matter of curiosity. In those days Stalin was not yet in the saddle. They talked to me. They didn’ know whether I was an American t or a native Russian from the way I speak Russian. With great pride they showed me the department in the military academy where they were training Chinese since 1921; they were train ing Chinese there for the revolution in China. The Soviet Union has spent hundreds of millions of dollars. The Sun Yat Sen University, the Lenin University, the Far East Univer s t . They have turned out as many as 5,000 trainees a year in iy sabotage, in espionage. Senator W e l k e r . Yo u are speaking now about the Lenin School for Sabotage and Espionage and the like? Mr. M a r c u s . Correct. Therefore, to say that they are different i s really not correct, you know, and I am afraid that somebody i mis s informing. Mr. A r e n s . Is there such a thing as a differentiation, in your judg ment, to be made between strategic and nonstrategic material ? Mr. M a r c u s . Not even a pin should be considered as nonstrategic. Mr. A r e n s . In other words, everything i strategic in trade with the s Soviets ? Mr. M a r c u s . Everything i strategic? s Mr. A r e n s . Why? Mr. M a r c u s . If you asked the Russian people, i we had the means f of speaking to the 200 million people of Russia freely, they would plead with us on their knees, “Please don’ come here. Don’ s l t t el anything or buy anything from our government.” Many a time Russian functionaries, high functionaries in Russia, when I was there on o f c a business for m y corporation, have said to fiil me, “W h y do you Americans come here to deal with our government? You are only enhancing i s prestige. You are only tightening, the t noose around our necks.” Time and time again. And I may mention here a name, a fellow by the name Serebryakov, the man who wrote the constitution of the Russian Socialist Federated Republics. �144 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM So that i what we are doing in shipping food or machinery or s anything of the sort; we are helping the Soviet Government to tighten the noose around the necks of the Russian people. The worse condi tions become in the Soviet Union and the satellite nations, the better for u . s Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Marcus, have you had occasion to take note of Sen ate Resolution 247, which was introduced in the Senate by the Senator from Indiana and the Senator from Nevada, which would call for the severance of diplomatic relations with the Iron Curtain Govern ments, and the convoking of an international conference for the pur pose of taking united action to destroy the international Communist menace ? Mr. M a r c u s . Yes, s r i. Mr. A r e n s . What i your appraisal, as president of the American s Institute of Foreign Trade and as a director of the American Friends of Itussian Freedom, and as a man conversant in international trade, of that resolution ? Mr. M a r c u s . Severance of trade relations— of a l relations, diplo l matic and trade relations with the Soviet Union, i far too long over s due. M r. A r e n s . W h y ? Mr. M a r c u s . I have here a thousand-page book published by the United States State Department in 1952, and if any one of you would read carefully the reports by Bullitt you would have to come unavoid ably to the conclusion that diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union i the greatest misfortune to our country. s M r. A r e n s . W h y ? M r. M a r c u s . Because i was the greatest gift that America had t given to the Soviet Union. No. 1 i gave them world-wide prestige. , t Right after our recognition, many other countries which would never have recognized them went into action and recognized the Soviet Union. No. 2 i opened to them the avenues for espionage and infiltration. , t Senator W e l k e r . H o w ? M r. M a r c u s . Well, we were friends with them. W e gave visas to their men. I do not know how many people there are in the Soviet Embassy here, but I will give you a l t l example. ite Australia, which recently had this l t l incident with the Soviet ite Government, they had 9 people in the Australian Legation in Moscow; 9 including women and children. H o w many did Moscow have in , Australia? Fifty. And the same thing here. They came here by the thousands. I myself knew several hundred of the Russian buying commissions. They were nothing but spying commissions. Senator W e l k e r . M ay I inquire? The C h a ir m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Then i i your testimony, I take i , that the t s t Soviet Embassies here are nests for saboteurs, espionage agents, and for the distribution of Communist propaganda throughout our country? Mr. M a r c u s . For no other purpose. Mr. A r e n s . Off the record. (Discussion off the record.) STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 145 Mr. M a r c u s . I say t i , that everyone, Vishinsky, Panyushkin, hs Gromyko— especially Vishinsky— every one of them are. Their hands are dripping with the blood of men, women, and children. Mr. A r e n s . D o you have a particular incident to account respecting the massacre in the Soviet Union, to your knowledge, of a number of children by people who are currently in diplomatic status? Mr. M a r c u s . Every one of them who represents the Soviet Govern ment i ipso facto an accessory to the act of murder committed. s Mr. A r e n s . What was that act? Could you t l the committee el about i ? t Mr. M a r c u s . I want to give you three l t l experiences of acts of ite our bedfellows, the diplomatic bedfellows that America, a Christian nation, has. The German armies were moving irresistibly on toward Moscow. They were approaching a very important railway junction. In that city they had a boys’school. It i really a slave labor school to de s humanize children, to robotize them into obedient servants of the Soviet Government. That subject I have treated in an article called Dehumanizing Children For Soviet Conquest, They were afraid to leave them in the city because they were very bitter against the Soviet Government for having torn them away from their mothers and fathers. They couldn’ evacuate them into a safer place because the t rolling system broke down completely. I am the son of a famous Russian railroad builder, and I know some thing about the railroad system in Russia. It i the weakest link in s the whole structure of their economy. So at 5 o’ clock in the afternoon they rolled up a company of secret police with trucks. They herded the boys into the trucks, drove them out into a ravine and there mowed them down with machineguns. Senator W e l k e r . In what year was t i , sir? hs Mr. M a r c u s . In 1941. I will take you now to the city of Kharkov in the Ukraine. ' The C h a ir m a n . D o you know this of your own knowledge ? Mr. M a r c u s . I know this: In 1950 i delivered a speech to about 1,400 Russian escapees in the D P camp known as Schlesheim near Munich. There were people in that city from Yoozovo who told me. A few of the children escaped. I will take you now to Kharkov. On Sovnarkomsky Street at a certain corner there stood a 4-story building. It had also 4 stories under the ground equipped with the most modern crematorium to burn up the bodies of the executed. And there, just before the Ger mans were to occupy, the building was surrounded by secret service men, and the building was set on f r with everybody in the building ie destroyed. In the city of Vinitza— I a m giving you those as examples— what happened in Vinitza and Yoozovo and Kharkov as an example of what has been going on through the years, the famous purge was go ing on just before the war. And the j i had rooms to accommodate al 16 to 18 people, and they were f l e with 50 or 100 or 150, and more ild were being brought in from the provinces, and there was no more room. So Moscow gave orders to liquidate them. Every night batches of those men and women would be brought down, their hands tied on �146 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M their back, just like the American boys were executed by the Chinese in Korea, and as they were having their hands tied other secret-service men would pass by and f r bullets into the back of the heads. Then ie another batch of prisoners would be brought down from the j i to al load those dead bodies into the trucks. They buried them in a former pear orchard that belonged to a for mer Russian merchant, or into the old cemetery. When the Germans occupied finally the population began to plead with them that there was a t errific stench coming from the direction of those places, and, in the presence of an international medical commission made up of French, Germans, Italians, and all the other people that they had already conquered, the Germans had conquered, they opened up the graves and found 9,446 bodies. A mong them was the body of a man by the name of Godovanyets. His wife has written to Vishinsky asking him what happened to her husband, and he wrote back and said, “Your husband has been released.” Sure, he has been released, released from misery and suffering. He was one of the bodies found in that grave. This i typical of what has been going on in other countries. You s know about the Katyn Forest Massacre of 10,000 Polish o f c r . It fies was done with a purpose. To show you how far-sighted, how far ahead they were, in 1942, while America was straining i s economy to t send them the guns and the bombers and the food and clothing and medicines, while our boys were braving the submarine-infested North Sea to try to deliver that equipment, the Soviet Government was already training soldiers in English and in the method of interro gating American and English prisoners of war. Mr. A r e n s . Is i ludicrous to suggest even a possibility that we t could s tat a conference table to bring peace to the world with men who i have perpetrated these international outrages? Mr. M a r c u s . I think i i unquestionably immoral and absolutely t s to the detriment of the United States. Senator W e l k e r . M a y I interrupt to go back through this t esti mony. There i some testimony that perhaps I misunderstood. I s want i eminently clear in the record as best you can give i under t t oath. You have stated that many times Soviet citizens, including high government functionaries, have asked you, begged you to stop trad ing with Russia. I believe you omitted to say that these high govern ment functionaries were parading as Communists. Mr. M a r c u s . That i right. s Senator W e l k e r . But at heart were bitter enemies of the C o m m u nist Government? M r. M a r c u s . Correct, Senator. Senator W e l k e r . I wanted to bring that out because you omitted to say that. Mr. M a r c u s . That i perfectly true. D o you think this man Sere s bryakov— he was one of the top men, he was the one who wrote the constitution, as I said, of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republics. H e made a remark to me, he said, “I wrote the constitu tion, and look who i running Russia, this i literate brute.” s l Of course, he was taking his l into his own hands. All I had to ife do was put in one telephone c all and he would have been shot. He was shot anyway on February 1,1937. STRA TEGY AND TACTICS O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 147 Mr. A r e n s . M ay I ask a question or two to clear up some of the areas of your testimony. Mr. Marcus, what i your reaction to the suggestion that, after a l s l, our Embassies and consulates located behind the Iron Curtain are listening posts for information for our Government ? Mr. M a r c u s . Gentlemen, i there a listening post in a prison ? Our s Embassies have been, are, and will continue to be, as long as we main tain diplomatic relations with Russians, prisons. They cannot stick their noses out. They are afraid. They are being hounded and hounded. I wouldn’ have to make any statement. It i right here in t s this book, and I put i into m y testimony. t Our good friend Bullitt— here I am going to quote you a very l t l ite from his statement. On October 4,1933— and this i very important; s I think i should be emphasized— we went into this recognition of the t Soviet Government with eyes wide open. Six days before President Roosevelt started negotiations for recognition our future ambassador, Bullitt, wrote a memorandum to Secretary Hull, dated October 4 , 1933, page 16 in this book, in which he said: B e fo r e re c o g n itio n a n d b e fo re lo a n s w e s h a l l fin d t h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t re la tiv e ly a m e n a b le ; a f t e r re c o g n itio n o r lo a n s w e s h o u ld find th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t a d a m a n t. Precisely. Bullitt did not have to wait very long to find the correctness of his statement. Here i a report of his dated August 21, 1935, page 245 s in this book, the o f c a book by the State Department: fiil A m e ric a n d ip lo m a tic re p re s e n ta tiv e s in th e S o v ie t U n io n a r e h a r a s s e d a n d re s tr ic te d . A s th e S o v ie t U n io n g ro w s in s t r e n g t h i t w ill g ro w in a r ro g a n c e a n d a g g re s s iv e n e s s . T o b r e a k r e la tio n s w o u ld s a t i s f y th e in d ig n a tio n w e a l l fe e l a n d w o u ld b e ju r i d i c a l l y c o rre c t. That far I went with m y good friend Bullitt, but then I disagreed wholeheartedly. Then he said, well, the Soviet Union i going to be a s big country, an important factor in world a f f airs. W e have to have a listening post. And that, to m y mind, i one of the greatest mistakes that we made. s W e should have broken relations right there and then. It would have been one of the severest blows to the Soviet Government because the prestige of that Government would have been terribly hurt, and the people of Russia would have gained a lot of encouragement and emboldened to continue their resistance. Mr. Chairman, why are 10 or 20 million Russians in slave-labor camps today ? W h y have millions perished in those slave-labor camps at the hands of executioners? Because they have been kowtowing and loving their government? It i because they have been continuing s their resistance. The Soviet agricultural population will never, never surrender to the collectivization. I will give you a l t l experience. After m y speech in Schleslieim, ite Germany, a l t l fellow introduced himself to me. H e was an escapee, ite a former o f c r in the Red army. And he told m e his father was a fie poor peasant who had only 1 horse, 1 cow and a few pigs and very l t l ite land. But when the collectivization movement started he refused to join the c l o lectivists. There was a reason for that. �14 8 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M For centuries the Russian peasants were serfs. In 1861 they were freed. By 1913, Mr. Chairman, 75 percent of the peasants of Russia were tilling t i i own s i . That was the dream that had been the ler ol dream for centuries. And then one of the principal promises of the Communists to the Russian people in 1917 was bread, and they have given them perpetual hunger; land— they have taken i away from t them; peace— they have given them perpetual war at home and abroad; freedom from oppression by the secret police— and they have given them a secret police system that the world has never been able to even fathom the extent of i. t N o w this l t l fellow said to me, “M y father and whole family were ite bundled up and shipped to Siberia. Mother died on the way, and father died soon after they arrived.” So the poor l t l boys were scattered to various schools, and he ite become an o f c r a lieutenant. He said, “The f r t time I received fie, is orders to go into battle against the Germans I deserted and took my whole company with me. W e never forgave nor forgot,” quoting him, “what the Soviet Government had done to our parents.” Senator W e l k e r . May I inquire? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . A moment ago you stated that our embassies or our emissaries behind the Iron Curtain were really prisoners and not listening posts. Do you have an observation with respect to the time when Russia invited a number of prominent labor leaders to the Soviet country and showed to them what was presented to us, at l a t before es, this committee, as the glorious democracy and the wonderful economy and peace of Russia? N o w if you say our o f c r are prisoners how fies about this invitation? M r . M a r c u s . Senator, those o f c r represent the capitalists, and fies these labor leaders represent the workers, and that i what they want, s to dupe the workers of America. Do you know, gentlemen, that in Russia the worker i being assessed from his wages every week so much s to help maintain the starving workers in the United States? Of course, the Russian workers don’ believe i. t t Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Marcus, reverting for the moment into this ques tion of East-West trade, on which you are an expert, what i your s reaction to the suggestion that the West needs certain commodities which can be procured only from behind the Iron Curtain ? In other words, to what extent i the West dependent upon East-West trade? s M r . M a r c u s . That i absolutely untrue. The East-West trade s amounted to— i i known there i a lot of illegal East-West trade t s s going on, and I have treated that in an article on the subject— what i known, and this i from o f c a sources— you have the figures s s fiil there— i about $550 million a year. That trade i absolutely nons s essential as far as the Europeon, as far as the free world i concerned, s and I will t l you why. el Every item that they are getting from Russia they could easily obtain in the United States, in Canada and Latin America. W e are giving away billions to our so-called a llies who are insisting upon this East-West trade. It would be far cheaper to the United States to subsidize the exportation to them of the items which they are buy ing from Russia today, or even to buy some of the things that they have to s l in order to avoid i. el t STRA TEG Y AND TACTICS O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 149 I would call i preclusive buying and preclusive selling because that t would keep from the Russians the most strategic items like ships and cranes and lathes and electrical equipment which, all of i , goes t for war purposes. Also, Mr. Chairman, remember t his, and you will find this in volume 18, page 385, Collected Works by Lenin, and I am quoting: A s soon a s w e a r e s tro n g en o u g h to d e s tro y t h e w h o le c a p i ta l is t w o r ld w e w ill g r a b h im by t h e c o lla r— by Lenin. W as that just a wild boast by a maniac? Oh, no. Look at i. t Since 1945 what has happened ? Six hundred and f ifty million people behind the Iron Curtain. This i the answer— 650 million people not s grabbed by the collar but by the throat. And let no one t l you, or el Mr. Stassen t l you, the nonsense that this i going to help improve el s relations between the United States and the Russian people. I am going to show you what i happening in an article in the s American Legion magazine entitled “The Reds Reach for Your Wallet.” Mr. A r e n s . In what month and year i that ? s Mr. M a r c u s . August 1950. Half a million extra copies were printed of this a t c e You will ril. find on page 59, and this i something that I think President Eisen s hower would do well to take note of: On M ay 19, 1951, th e E x e c u tiv e C o m m itte e o f th e C o m m u n is t I n t e r n a t i o n a l ( t h e o ld C o m in te rn n o w re n a m e d th e C o m in fo rm ) w o rk e d o u t a b l u e p r in t f o r th e f u t u r e c o n q u e s t o f t h e B a lk a n c o u n trie s . F o r e x a m p le , s e c tio n ( e ) o f th e first p a ra g ra p h s tip u la te s : “O nce p o w e r h a s b e e n s eize d by th e p a r ty ”— by the Communist Party— “fo re ig n p o lic y w ill b e l a i d d o w n b y th e d ip lo m a tic r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s o f th e U. S. S. R . w h o w ill re c e iv e th e n e c e s s a ry d ire c tiv e s f r o m th e C o m in te r n .” P a r a g r a p h 2 m a k e s t h i s s ig n ific a n t s t a t e m e n t : “ T h e c o u n try w h e re th e c e n tr a l co m m itte e o f th e C o m m u n is t P a r t y h a s V -cently a s s u m e d p o w « r s h o u ld n o t a p p ly f o r in c lu s io n in th e S o v ie t U n io n u n til m e n e c e s s a r y i n s tr u c tio n s to t h i s effe c t h a v e b ee n re c e iv e d fr o m th e E x e c u tiv e C o m m itte e o f th e C o m in te rn , n o w th e C o m in fo rm .” That i why President Eisenhower i in error when he says that s s Red China and the satellites are, after a l different from Russia. l, They are not different from Russia. The final step has not been attended t . W hy? They have time. The Chinese Communists o have to master, they have to execute 20 million people there. That i s o f c a . That was brought to the American Communist Party. And fiil Frank Cvetic told me that. They have to execute 20 million people there. They have in the s atellite countries the same. They have to execute a l the people like we are, capitalists, don’ you s l t ee, and intellectuals. But here i the law--s Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Marcus, as a member of the board of directors of the American Friends of Russian Freedom, and as one who is in intimate contact with the underground in Russia, could you express to this committee your opinion as to what would be the psychological effect of the severance of diplomatic relations on the rank and f l ie of the people behind the Iron Curtain ? M r . M a r c u s . It would be the most electrifying, stimulating, inspir ing act that we could give to the Russian people since 1917. They have �150 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S OF W O RLD C O M M U N IS M said to me, “Drive them out of the United Nations. Drive them out of your country. They are the plague.” And they are. W e are dealing here with a power that can never, never change. They can talk from now until doomsday about coexistence, but they don’ mean i. t t It i a l done for the purpose of catching the gullibles and getting s l more. Now, technology does not stand s i l About the only invention— tl. and now I am speaking as a native Russian— the only invention that Russia can boast of as truly Russian i the samovar and the balalaika. s Everything else has been stolen from abroad. A samovar i a con s traption which boils water for tea on the table, and the balalaika i a s musical instrument, a three-quarter musical instrument. Mr. A r e n s . Would you be disposed, Mr. Marcus, to give a brief thumbnail sketch of the events causing the recognition oi the Soviet Union? I see you have covered that in your prepared statement, with which the staff has been conversant heretofore. Mr. M a r c u s . Pardon me. I didn’ quite get the question. t Mr. A r e n s . Give a resume of the events leading to the recognition of Soviet Russia, the circumstances surrounding the recognition. Mr. M a r c u s . The statesmen of America, prior to 1933, Republicans and Democrats alike, did not have to become bedfellows of the Soviet Government in order to realize that i was absolutely futile and to t the detriment of the United States interests to have recognition. There was a man by the name of Walter Duranty on the New York Times. H e used to imbibe a great deal of vodka. H e once drank a whole quart of vodka at m y dinner table in the Moscow International Hotel. He, to m y mind, contributed more than any other corre spondent in the world toward befuddling and bamboozling Americans into ultimate recognition. There was another character by the name of Lincoln Steffens, the late Lincoln Steffens. H e and Bullitt were sent to Moscow in 1918 by the late President Wilson, just to take a look at things. H e came back and upon arriving heralded the grand news to the world: “I have seen the future, and i works.” t Imagine a man who spent about 6 days in Russia, didn’ know a t word of Russian, and so early in the game— when I told that to Mikoyan on board ship, on the steamship N o rmandie in October 1936, I was traveling with Mikoyan on the same ship, and I met him and his wife, and I was having business relations with him. I tried to s l him a $20,300 machine for $185,000. I asked a quarter of a million el dollars, but he wouldn’ give i to me. H e said, “You are a highway t t robber, aren’ you ?” t I told him very frankly the machine cost us $20,300 to make. H e said, “W h y are you asking a quarter of a million?” I said, “I know what you are going to do. You are going to buy one machine and copy i . I said, “You have to pay us for the blue t” prints and so on.” When I told him about this statement of Lincoln Steffens he said, “Why, Lenin, Trotsky, and I none of us, had that confidence in our , survival that this man had.” For years and years they didn’ have any confidence in their sur t vival. And i would have taken very l t l , especially in 1921 when t ite the Kronstadt uprising took place in Kronstadt Fortress near Lenin- STRA TEGY AND TA C TIC S OF W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 151 grad. The men who helped bring about the Soviet Government were the sailors of Kronstadt. When they saw that they had been deceived, that their fathers had been robbed of the land instead of having car ried out the promise, they revolted and, of course, they were executed, drowned in blood by Trotsky. Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Marcus, do you care to give us a thumbnail sketch of your experiences regarding the Soviet penetration into American finance and American industry, into American industrial establish ments via their trade missions and delegations which have been oper ating in the United States? Mr. M a r c u s . Shakespeare said, and I quote, “There i no darkness s but ignorance.” And ignorance has been our greatest enemy; the ignorance prevailing in the circles of our financiers and our indus trialists i simply inexplicable and inexcusable. s Mr. A r e n s . What do you mean by that? Mr. M a r c u s . I mean by that— you take, for instance, here i the s president of a s teel corporation, Mr. Weir. He keeps on telling why we should do everything to bring about better coexistence. I think that that man should address his great wisdom not to the President of the United States, not to the people of the United States but to the m u m m y in the mausoleum in Red Square, to Lenin. Senator W e l k e r . That same philosophy was used in 1947 after Czechoslovakia had been taken over by Russia when we s i l shipped tl them railroad trains. A m I correct? M r. M a r c u s . Correct. And i i the same mentality as you will t s see even today. President Eisenhower and Mr. Stassen s i l talk tl about China and the satellite nations— “Oh, they are separate and apart from Russia.” It i one big b s lot. The trouble with us i that s we are thinking in our Anglo-Saxon terminology. Here we have a l e . It seems to me that now, of a l the times, we should be as lis l tight as you could make us, because we are fighting for our existence. They are absolutely out to destroy u . They have said that time and s time again. W e gullibles have not taken them seriously. \Mr. A r e n s . Can they destroy us economically? Do they have the potential and capacity ? Mr. M a r c u s . Yes. Give them another 10 years, i there i no una f s nimity between our country and, let’ say, England. Right now, s when we are s i l pumping billions of dollars into England and they tl go ahead and supply such strategic materials as cranes and lathes and ships and everything else of that nature, then how do you expect there i going to be any unanimity later with South and Central America s when they start pumping into those countries manufactured goods as a result of having stolen our technology ? You see we are really stupid, and there i no possible excuse for i . I say ignorance because i i s t t s exactly the word. Lenin said, and I am quoting him— you will find i in volume 17, t pages 22-23, Russian edition: W e h a v e n e v e r co n c ea le d t h e f a c t t h a t o u r re v o lu tio n is on ly th e b e g in n in g , t h a t i t w ill le a d to a v ic to rio u s e n d in g o n ly th e n w h e n w e s h a ll h a v e in fla m e d th e w h o le w o rld w ith i t s r e v o lu tio n a r y fires. Senator W e l k e r . May I ask a few questions here, and then I prom iseI will not interrupt any more. �152 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M This witness i very profound, but this i for m y information, s r s s i. The C h a ir m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Are you familiar with an organization known as Amtorg ? Mr. M a r c u s . Certainly. Senator W e l k e r . Will you describe that to the committee, please? M r . M a r c u s . The Amtorg i a New York-incorporated organization. s There was only one American on the board of directors, and, strange as i may sound, he was a classmate of mine in the George Washington t University here. His name i Dr. Ohsol. H e i a graduate of Har s s vard University, not a Communist, but he i afraid to talk because he s has relatives in Latvia. He i a Latvian, originally. s I was in the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Affairs on the 11th floor, and the Federal Trade Commission, for which he was working— he was one of the top investigators, he was an economist, on the seventh fl o . So we met in the George Washington University. H e was the or only board member. Otherwise, i i a 100-percent Soviet Govern t s ment-owned organization. That organization was mistaken by a great many American firms as an American organization, and i just an agency of the Soviet Gov s ernment in reality. They had the entree;they had very high type of f c a s like Bogdanoff, Peter Bogdanoff. By the way, he has already iil been executed, too; liquidated. H e was of the old aristocracy of Rus s a You see they used that kind of people for a time, and now they i. don’ need them any more. And he made a wonderful entree to bank t ing houses and to institutions, industrial institutions. I might say that I myself have negotiated a $30 million deal for the Studebaker Corp. in Russia in 1927 and 1928. It f l through. el Senator W e l k e r . N o w that you have described Amtorg to us do you happen to know a gentleman by the name of David Davis? Mr. M a r c u s . David Davis? No, s r i. Senator W e l k e r . Y o u are not familiar with the fact that he was the leading Communist o f c a of the American Communist Party and fiil has been on the payroll of Amtorg in New York, the Soviet trading agency ? Mr. M a r c u s . I h a d dealings w ith th e engineering d epartm ent. Senator W e l k e r . D o you know a gentleman by the name of George Mink of the Soviet G P U ? M r . M a r c u s . George M i n k ? No, s i r . Senator W e l k e r . I will ask you this question. Do you have any information about whether or not the Soviet conspiracy has tried and has, in e f c , infiltrated Central America for many years? fet Mr. M a r c u s . I was in Mexico City in April 1951. There was a philological congress of a l of Latin America held in the c l ity, and I am somewhat of a philologist, although since I met a Russian who knew 41 languages I stopped talking about myself as a philologist. I was invited to that congress just for the cocktail party and I was introduced there to the former Ambassador of Mexico. Senator W e l k e r . What was his name? Mr. M a r c u s . I don’ remember his name. The Mexican Ambas t sador to Russia. Senator W e l k e r . Oumansky? STRA TEGY AND TA C TIC S OF W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 153 Mr. M a r c u s . Not Oumansky;he was dead at that time. It i too s bad he didn’ die before. And there, the man who introduced me to t him said later on that he i one of the most important Soviet agents s in Mexico. N o w Mexico has been infiltrated to a t r i i extent. erfc Guatemala at that time was already known to me. It i only now s has i come to the forefront. You s e in Latin America, I will t l t e, el you very candidly, you can buy everybody from the President down. And the Soviet Union doesn’ care. What does i mean to them? t t Tens of thousands of slaves are digging gold and they can afford i . For instance, in 1947 Russia was going through a t r i ic famine. t erf Did anybody in this country ever hear about i ? No. W h y ? Because t our press representatives, they are also prisoners and none of them know the Russian language. So the result was this:the Soviet Government, despite the famine, shipped shiploads of grain to Italy and to France. W h y ? For prop aganda purposes, to embolden, to s up the workers and the C o m tir munists in those respective points. Speaking about the blunders that we have made, i simply would t take us days and days, and inexcusable blunders. Senator W e l k e r . I think I will take judical notice of that. Mr. M a r c u s . W h e n the ECA, for instance, came into being— and I am an old friend of Paul Hoffman, although I don’ think he i t s going to be a friend of mine now— I pleaded with him a few days after he came into o f c . I repeated what I said in the N ew York fie University in November 1947, long before the E C A Act was passed. 1 t l l t e students of the New York University that a l the billions oc h" l that the Marshall plan would pump into Europe and a l the billions l of N A T O would accomplish nothing unless, parallel to those two actions, we carried on a t r i i , savage campaign in Italy and France erfc against the Communist movement in those respective countries and at the same time go on the liberation offensive. That i what we s have been negligent i . n r J\e result was this: They pooh-poohed that idea. “W e must not t l the French and the Italian Government what to do in their own el country.” W e have pumped billions and billions of dollars i , and look at i. n t One out of every three in Italy i s i l voting the Communist Party, s tl and one out of four i s i l voting the Communist Party in France s tl because we did nothing in that respect. Senator W e l k e r . M y f inal question, Mr. Chairman. The C h a ir m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Marcus, the chairman of this subcommittee, Senator Jenner, has assigned me to head the task force to go out to the west coast and investigate the infiltration of Communists who are coming to our country from the borders of Mexico, i that e i t . f xss Do you think that i a pretty wholesome thing for us to do? s Mr. M a r c u s . I am afraid, Senator, that the people who are really doing the infiltrating you won’ catch. t Senator W e l k e r . I must differ with you there. We. will probably not catch them a l but I think we will get a bite while somebody else l, i getting a mouthful. s Mr. M a r c u s . I think a far better thing to do would be, in my mind, what I have been advocating for years. History has catapulted �154 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S OF W O RLD C O M M U N IS M America into a very d ffic l position, the leader of the world to save i ut the Christian civilization from this nightmare, this Communist night mare. And, unfortunately, we have been going about i like amateurs. t Every man that they have had, for instance, handling the psycho logical warfare was an amateur, and, to m y mind, anyone who takes on a job of that nature without the background and without the training and experience i just as criminally liable as if I were to s perform a surgical operation on a patient. That has been going on. Now, we have to have, just as the Soviet Government has spent money on training schools to train people to destroy civilization that we know and cherish, so we have to have schools and train men and women who will dedicate their l v s not just between golf playing or ie, between cat, dog, doll, and fashion shows like our women are indulg ing, but really dedicate their lives to destroy the Soviet Union, the Soviet Government. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Marcus, you realize that this committee was born with one of i s principal duties to alert the American people to t the dangers that might affect the internal security of the United States of America, and if our task force i successful in showing to the Amer s ican jieople that we, in fact, do have hordes of Communists coming across the line on the west coast, that would be some help at least in carrying out our duties assigned to us by the Congress of the United States. Mr. M a r c u s . There i no question about i. But I maintain that we s t should also— for instance, I have been wanting the American business men— the international traders who are so gullible, so ignorant on this subject— to organize a committee to go to Latin America and to talk to their counterpart, the exporters and importers. W e have a power ful organization. D o you know we could throttle the Communist bloc i we ever got to do something because we know their tricks? W e could f stop the illegal sales of strategic materials and equipment to the Soviet Union and the satell t s But you just can’ get them together. ie. t Senator W e l k e r . They have been dragging their f eet, in other words. Mr. M a r c u s . Worse than that. M a y I t l that in the text of the el testimony? In 1950 the Exporters Club— not that I am trying to invite myself— but a man like I have never appeared before that E x porters Club in N e w York. But a Mrs. Vera Dean, the research direc tor of the American Foreign Policy Association, who has been preach ing all over the United States before business organizations on eastwest trade, she appeared there. A nd when she got through I gave her plenty. She will never forget that tongue lashing I gave her. I talked to a great many people in the audience, and they all agreed with her. Not one of them, upon questioning by me, had been to the Soviet Union. Not one of them had ever read a book about communism in practice or communism in theory. And one of them even made a confession that for 2 years he had had on his library shelf Kravchenko’ book, s I Chose Freedom, but had never read a l n . ie H o w do you expect them to understand what I a m talking about? The American Mercury published an article of mine which no magazine in the United States would publish, entitled “A Boycott Long Overdue.” STRA TEGY AND TACTICS O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 155 Senator W e l k e r . What date i that, sir? s Mr. M a r c u s . November 1953. I had i for a year. t Senator W e l k e r . I w onder if th a t could be incorporated by re fe r ence. The C h a ir m a n . It will be incorporated by reference. (The document referred to was marked “Marcus Exhibit No. 2” and f l d for the information of the committee.) ie Senator W e l k e r . I have concluded m y questions, and I want to thank you very much. Mr. A r e n s . I have two brief areas to cover with you now, Mr. Marcus. D o you have information respecting Soviet pilfering of patents and patentable items in the United States ? Mr. M a r c u s . Yes, s r i. Mr. A r e n s . Would you cover th a t extemporaneously very briefly, please? Mr. M a r c u s . To begin with, f r t as to know what to pilfer, that i is, s easy. For 25 cents— i used to cost 10 cents and now 25 cents at the t Patent O f c , you can know exactly what i going on in the American fie s patent f e d Then you set out to reach that particular industry where il. this i being produced. And how i that done? Well, Browder told s s the Comintern Conference in 1930, and you will find i right here, t reported— no; 1935; I beg your pardon— reported by the State De partment. H e told that as of 1930 the Communists in the United States had 500 c l s in strategic industries embracing about 1 million el workers. That was before recognition. Imagine what i i today. So t s they go ahead and t l the boys in those various— i i so easy, you el t s know. I have worked in factories. It i so easy to infiltrate a blue s print or a shop drawing at night and have i photostated during the t night and deliver i in the morning and nothing has been detected. t W h y ? Because our employees are always so gullible that they haven’ the fainest idea how to protect their i terests. t n The majority of workers in American industry are loyal American citizens, but they are so ignorant about the Communist conspiracy, and nothing i being done to bring i to their attention so they could s t watch those few infiltrated Communists to keep them from stealing them. Mr. A r e n s . M ay I just inquire briefly in one other area. That i ,on s the basis of your background and experience in years gone past before the fabulous rise which you have had in the industrial world, have you had occasion to reach conclusions in your own mind respecting the relationship which exists between the immigration system in the United States and the Communist penetration? In other words, i the Communist conspiracy in the United States a weed which has s been transplanted from abroad via the loopholes in the immigration system ? Mr. M a r c u s . It isn’ a very pleasant thing for me to answer that t question the way I must answer i under oath. Unfortunately, very t few’Americans, naturalized Americans, feel the sense of indebtedness to the United States that a few of us do f e . The Socialist move el ment w'as brought into this country by immigrants to w hom the doors wT swung wide open. And the opportunities— most of them came ere without a shirt on their backs, and here they have amassed fortunes; �156 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O R LD C O M M U N IS M here they have assumed positions in the industrial and economic and a l other f e d . The Communist movement was a direct outgrowth l ils of these alien and naturalized citizens. I know a great many of them. I know one case of a man that I sometimes can’ sleep when I think t of that man. There was a man who came to this country at the age of 15 and went out peddling on Delancey Street. B y the time he was 40 he was already a multimillionnaire. H e was one of the leaders in the Socialist movement in 1919. H e helped form the Communist move ment and then went to Russia to create there the acetylene-gas industry. A nd they treated him— I used to be in Russia during those days as a buyer for American Hair & Felt Co. I used to come there to accept merchandise, cattle hair, raw materials which we needed badly at that time. And I found his wife used to cry to me. She would say, “They spit at him;they call him bourgeois.” Imagine. For a Communist to call you bourgeois i for a high priest s to be called an atheist. And yet i carried on and i carried on, and t t then they virtually threw him out of there and paid him out of the investment he made, and he had a concession for 15 years. H e came back, and what did he do ? Did he become a good Ameri can ? Oh, no. H e continued to carry on. I don’ have to t l you— i i in the record here where a former t el t s Attorney General testified before a Senate committee— I don’ know t which— that 91.4 percent of the leaders of the Communist movement of the United States were of foreign origin or married to foreigners. To me i i a very painful thing and in which I think I have probably t s failed to do a very important task, and that i to go after the natural s ized citizens of America. I can talk to them, whereas they would not take i from a native born. I a m sure they would take i from a t t naturalized citizen to t l them they are not good Americans, that el they are betraying the trust of this country unless they become leaders in the forefront of this struggle against the Soviet Union. Mr. Chairman, I hope nobody will get the impression that I am ad vocating war. It isn’ necessary. On the contrary, I am bending a l t l m y efforts toward preventing a third world war, and we can s i l tl do that. Whereas the Soviet Government has in this country, let us say— take J. Edgar Hoover’ figure of 25,000 hard-core Communists, or even s 50,000 or 100,000; we have 200 millions of Russians behind the Iron Curtain. W e have millions in the satellite countries and in China who are with us. But there i no movement except the l t l thing we s ite have tried with the American Friends of Russian Freedom. Mr. A r e n s . Would severance of diplomatic relations be a step to ward war or a step toward avoiding war ? Mr. M a r c u s . O n the contrary, i will scare the Soviet Government t to death from starting a war. Here i a recent escapee. This i the Russian, and this i a Russian s s s paper published in San Francisco. And the escapee by name i s Andrei Ivanovich Novoshichi. I think this ought to go into the record; i i very interesting. In other words, he says that i the t s f Soviet Government should start a war the soldiers will not fight for the Soviet Government and will destroy the Soviet Government. 157 Mr. A r e n s . Through the years you have from time to time been in consultation with our s taff in the development of the Immigra tion and Nationality Act, the McCarran-Walter Act. O n the basis of your background and experience, what would be the effect upon the security of the United States if the new security provisions of the McCarran-Walter Act were knocked out, as some groups and organ izations and people are trying to do at the present time? Mr. M a r c u s . I think i will be the greatest service to the Kremlin. t Mr. A r e n s . I have no further questions, Mr. Chairman. The C h a i r m a n . Thank you very much. M r . M a r c u s . Not at a l l. The C h a i r m a n . The committee i adjourned. s (Whereupon, at 11:55 a m., the committee was recessed, subject . to the call of the Chair.) X � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Strategy and Tactics of World Communism", Hearings before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-Third Congress, Second Session on Strategy and Tactics of Communism, Part 2, June 10, 15, and 17, 1954. 42 pages. Description An account of the resource Testimony of John C. Caldwell, J. Anthony Marcus, General Albert C. Wedemeyer. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States Government, United State Senate Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1954-06 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_6_1_3_3 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/658e74f2e10a366beb8ee7fef7ca01f1.pdf ce06ca1c4c3cc17f68eb95c0afa52d6d PDF Text Text A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA R e p o r t of the COMMISSION To THE GOVERNOR and The GENERAL ASSEMBLY of VIRGINIA . » (SENATE DOCUMENT NO. 13) Co mmonw ea l t h of V ir g in ia Division of Purchase and Printing R ichm ond 1953 �A F O U N D A T IO N E D U C A T IO N PR O G R A M F O R VIRG IN IA R e p o r t o f th e C o m m is s io n to th e G O V E R N O R A N D G E N E R A L A S S E M B L Y O F V IR G IN IA M e m b e r s o f C o m m i s s io n R IC H M O N D , V IR G IN IA N o v e m b e r 2 6 , 1951 TO: E. BLACK BU RN M O O RE, C h a irm a n L L O Y D C . B IR D , V i c e - C h a i r m a n LE W IS P R E S T O N C O L L IN S J. M AY NA RD M A G R U D E R J. D. M EADE W . T A Y L O E M U R PH Y L E O N A R D G . M U SE H . H. W ALK ER LA N D O N R . W YA TT S ta ff JO H N B . B O A T W R IG H T , J R . G. M. LA PSLEY W IL LIA M R . M IL L E R H O N O R A B L E JO H N S . B A T T L E , G O V E R N O R O F V IR G IN IA and T H E G E N E R A L A S SE M B L Y O F V IR G IN IA In th e p r e c e d in g tw e n ty y e a r s th e S t a t e 's e x p e n d it u r e s f o r p u b lic s c h o o ls in V i r g in i a h a v e r i s e n f r o m $ 7 , 3 3 5 ,9 4 1 in 1931 to $ 3 7 , 134, 173 in 1950. T h is r e p r e s e n t s 3 8 .7 9 % o f th e S t a t e 's g e n e r a l fu n d r e v e n u e s , * a s c o m p a r e d w ith a f ig u r e o f 3 7 .5 6 % a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e p e r io d . M a n y f a c t o r s h a v e c o n tr i b u te d to t h i s i n c r e a s e in S ta te s c h o o l c o s t s . D u r in g t h e s e y e a r s th e S t a t e 's p o p u la tio n h a s g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d a n d th e s c h o o l p o p u la tio n in V i r g in i a h a s l ik e w is e s h o w e d m a r k e d g r o w th . In a d d itio n , th e G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y h a s m a t e r i a l l y a s s i s t e d th e l o c a l i t i e s in r a i s i n g t e a c h e r s ' s a l a r i e s , a n d th e a v e r a g e s a l a r y o f c l a s s r o o m t e a c h e r s (w h ic h i s p a id f r o m fu n d s p ro v id e d b y th e S ta te a n d l o c a l it y jo in tly ) h a s i n c r e a s e d f r o m $ 9 0 9 in 1931 to $ 2 ,3 9 1 d u r in g th e l a s t f i s c a l y e a r . T h e G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y h a s a ls o p r o v id e d s u b s t a n t i a l s u m s f o r t e a c h e r s ' s c h o l a r s h i p s , i t h a s i n c r e a s e d S ta te a s s i s t a n c e to l o c a l i t i e s b y p a y in g p a r t o f th e c o s t o f t r a n s p o r t i n g c h il d r e n to s c h o o l, a n d i t h a s h a d o t h e r p r o g r a m s w h ic h h a v e g iv e n f in a n c ia l a id to lo c a l s c h o o ls . T h e g r e a t e s t s in g le f a c t o r in th e i n c r e a s e d s c h o o l c o s t s h a s , o f c o u r s e , b e e n in f l a ti o n . T h u s , w h ile a v e r a g e s a l a r i e s h a v e g o n e u p in d o l l a r s a n d c e n ts , f a r b e y o n d w h a t m ig h t h a v e b e e n r e a s o n a b ly a n ti c ip a t e d tw o d e c a d e s a g o , d e c li n e s in p u r c h a s in g p o w e r h a v e to a m a j o r e x te n t n u l l i f i e d t h i s i n c r e a s e . A l a r g e p a r t o f th e S t a t e 's c o n tr i b u ti o n s to w a r d s c h o o l b u s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n h a s lik e w is e b e e n a b s o r b e d b y i n f la te d c o s ts w h ic h th e l o c a l i t i e s h a v e e x p e r i e n c e d . T h e c o n s id e r a b l e i n c r e a s e in th e n u m b e r o f c h i l d r e n a tte n d in g s c h o o l a l s o h a s h a d a n in flu e n c e o n th e r i s i n g c o s ts o f p u b lic e d u c a tio n . In th e s c h o o l y e a r 1 9 3 0 -3 1 t h e r e w e r e 4 7 3 ,0 7 7 c h i l d r e n i n a v e r a g e d a i l y a tte n d a n c e in th e s c h o o ls . B y 1 9 5 0 -5 1 t h is n u m b e r h a d r i s e n to 5 5 0 ,0 3 6 , n e c e s s i t a t i n g i n c r e a s e s in th e i n s t r u c t i o n a l s ta f f a n d a n e x p a n s io n o f s c h o o l p la n t. A n o th e r f a c t o r w h ic h h a s h a d s o m e in flu e n c e on s c h o o l c o s t s h a s b e e n th e b r o a d e n in g o f c u r r i c u l u m o f f e r in g o f th e s c h o o ls . W h e r e a s t h i r t y - f i v e y e a r s a g o c o m m e r c i a l a n d o t h e r v o c a tio n a l s u b je c t s w e r e o f f e r e d o n ly in th e l a r g e r c i t i e s a n d s p e c i a l s u b je c t s s u c h a s m u s i c a nd a r t w e r e u n h e a rd of a t p u b lic e x p e n s e in m o s t o f th e r u r a l a r e a s , to d a y h o m e e c o n o m ic s a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l o f f e r in g s a r e g e n e r a l th r o u g h o u t th e S ta te a n d a g e n e r a l l y m o r e d i v e r s i f i e d c u r r i c u l u m h a s b e c o m e w id e s p r e a d . * N o te : T h e g e n e r a l fu n d in c lu d e s a ll r e v e n u e s o f th e S ta te w h ic h a r e n o t s p e c i f ic a ll y e a r m a r k e d f o r th e o p e r a t io n o f s u c h S ta te d e p a r t m e n t s a s th e A B C B o a r d , D e p a r tm e n t o f H ig h w a y s , C o m m is s io n o f G a m e & In la n d F i s h e r i e s , I n d u s t r i a l C o m m i s s io n , U n e m p lo y m e n t C o m p e n s a tio n , e tc . �A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA B ecau se of th is d iv e rsific a tio n , m any p e rso n s h av e c ritic iz e d the scho o ls on the ground th a t th ey have b ee n try in g to do too m uch w ith the funds av a ilab le. O pinions a re fre q u e n tly e x p r e s s e d th a t the s c h o o ls ' e ffo rts a re sp re a d too th in , and th a t in an e ffo rt to affo rd a b ro a d e r p ro g ra m w hich would ap peal to and be v alu ab le fo r all ty p e s of p u p ils, the sch o o ls a re neglecting a re a s w h ich in the opinion of su ch c r i tic s a r e m o re im p o rtan t. In ad ditio n , a tre n d w as n o ticed in h ig h e r s a la r ie s paid te a c h e rs in the v o ca tio n al fie ld s . Due to s e v e ra l c a u s e s , including fe d e ra l p a rtic ip a tio n in th is p ro g ra m and in m any c a s e s d iffic u ltie s in obtaining co m p eten t p erso n n el, th e re w as so m e ind icatio n th a t a h ig h e r s a la r y incentive w as being p re se n te d to te a c h e r s of th e se s u b je c ts than to te a c h e r s in s tru c tin g in the tra d itio n a l "fu n d am en tal" c o u rs e s . As a r e s u lt of th e se and so m e o th e r c a u s e s , m any people w ere of the opinion th a t the sch o o ls w ere n ot ad e q u ately fu lfillin g th e ir ro le in providing b a s ic , fu n d am en tal tra in in g fo r a ll th e c h ild re n of the S tate. C om plaints h ave been fre q u e n t th a t high sch o o l g ra d u a te s going into b u s in e s s a r e not able to w r ite , s p e ll and punctuate c o r r e c tly , and th a t th o se e n te rin g co lleg e a re n ot able to cope w ith the college c u rric u lu m b e c a u se of th e ir in ab ility to read w ell and to study. The G e n e ra l A ssem b ly in 1950 w as co n fro n ted by an obvious need for in c r e a s e d a p p ro p ria tio n s fo r the public sc h o o ls. R isin g b ir th r a te s w ere o v e rta x in g av a ilab le school fa c ilitie s in m any lo c a litie s . The need fo r m o re te a c h e r s w as c r itic a l, and ac tio n to m e e t th e se co nditions w as im p e ra tiv e . E a ch su c c e s s iv e s e s s io n of th e G e n e ra l A ssem b ly d u rin g re c e n t y e a rs h as b een faced w ith the need fo r in c re a s e d funds to m a in ta in o r e n la rg e im p o rta n t S tate s e r v ic e s , b ut the re s o u r c e s of the S tate a r e not in e x h au stib le. In th e face of su ch co n d itio n s, it w as v ita lly im p o rta n t to in s u re th a t the S tate re c e iv e the u tm o st r e tu r n in ed u c atio n a l value fo r ea ch d o lla r sp en t fo r public sch o o ls and th a t it d is c h a rg e its obligation to w ard th e sch o o ls in a m a n n e r w h ich would in s u re , to the lim it of its fin a n c ia l a b ility , adequate tr a in in g in fu n d am en tal s u b je c ts . It w as a lso d e s ira b le to know the ex te n t to w hich the lo c a litie s w ere b e a rin g th e ir p ro p e r p a rt of the c o s t of the sch o o ls. The G e n e ra l A ssem b ly a c c o rd in g ly , a t its 1950 s e s s io n , adopted Senate Jo in t R eso lu tio n N o. 26, w hich is as follow s: SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION NO. 2 6 C re a tin g a c o m m issio n to study the e s ta b lis h m e n t of a foundation p ro g ra m in ed u catio n . W h e re as, the G e n e ra l A ssem b ly should if p o ssib le define m o re c le a r ly the re s p o n s ib ility of the S tate to fin an ce public education; and W h e re as, the d is trib u tio n of S tate school funds la rg e ly on the b a s is of av e ra g e d aily atte n d a n c e , as a t p r e s e n t m a y r e s u lt in in e q u ities in so f a r a s ed u c atio n a l o p p o rtu n itie s o ffered in th e v a rio u s p o litic al s u b d iv isio n s; and W h e re as, it s e e m s th a t the S tate in co o p e ra tio n w ith the lo c a litie s should define a foundation p ro g ra m fo r education in the public fre e sch o o ls in te r m s of the s e r v ic e s the people of the S tate c o n s id e r e s s e n tia l 2 A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PROGRAM F O R VIRGINIA fo r the c h ild re n ; now , th e r e f o r e , be it R eso lv ed by the S en ate, the House of D ele g ates c o n c u rrin g , th a t a c o m m is s io n b e , and it h e re b y is , c r e a te d to stu d y and r e p o r t upon the e s ta b lis h m e n t of a foundation p ro g ra m co n tain in g the fu n d am en tal c o u r s e s w hich a r e b a s ic to ed u catio n to be fin an ced by the S tate, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith the lo c a litie s , and the c o s ts th e re o f including the d is trib u tio n of sch o o l funds g e n e ra lly . The c o m m issio n s h a ll c o n s is t of nine m e m b e rs of whom th r e e s h a ll be appointed by the G o v ern o r of w hom one s h a ll be fro m the S tate B o ard of E d u catio n and two s h a ll be P r o fe s s io n a l E d u c a to rs in th e P u b lic School S y stem of V irg in ia, one s h a ll be appointed by th e P r e s id e n t of the S enate fro m the m e m b e rs h ip of th e S en ate, and th r e e s h a l l be appointed fro m the H ouse of D ele g ates by th e S p eak e r th e re o f; the P r e s id e n t of the S enate and S peaker of the H ouse of D ele g ates s h a ll, ex o fficio , be m e m b e r s of the c o m m is s io n . The c o m m is s io n s h a ll a d v ise and w o rk w ith th e S tate B o ard of E d u catio n in o r d e r to d e v ise a fo u ndation p ro g ra m in the fu n d am en tals of ed u c atio n to be fin an ced by the S tate and lo c a litie s jo in tly . T he c o m m is s io n s h a ll com plete its study and m ak e its re p o r t to the G o v ern o r and G e n e ra l A ssem b ly n o t la te r than N o v em b er one, n in e teen h u n d red fifty -o n e . The m e m b e rs of the c o m m is s io n s h a ll r e ceive no c o m p en satio n fo r th e ir s e rv ic e s b u t s h a ll be paid th e ir n e c e s s a r y ex p e n ses in c u r r e d in the p erfo rm a n c e of th e ir d u tie s , fo r w hich th e re is h e re b y a p p ro p ria te d fro m the co n tin g en t fund of the G e n e ra l A ssem b ly the sum of fifteen hu n d red d o lla r s . In co m p lian ce w ith th is re s o lu tio n , the G o v ern o r ap pointed J . D. M eade, of P e te r s b u r g , L e o n ard G. M u se, of R o an o k e, m e m b e r of the S tate B o a rd of E d u catio n , and H. H. W a lk er, of C h a rlo tte s v ille ; the P r e s id e n t of th e S enate appointed Lloyd C. B ird , of C h e s te rfie ld ; and the S peaker of the House ap pointed J . M ay n ard M a g ru d e r, of A rlin g to n , W. T ay lo e M urphy, of W arsaw , and Landon R. W yatt, of D an v ille. The P r e s id e n t of the S en ate, L . P re s to n C o llin s , of M ario n , and the S p eak e r of the H ouse, E . B la ck b u rn M o o re, of B e rry v ille , s e rv e d a s m e m b e r s ex officio. The C o m m issio n o rg an ized and e le c te d M r. M oore C h a irm a n and S en ato r B ird V ic e -C h a irm a n . John B. B o atw rig h t, J r . , D ire c to r of the D ivision of S tatu to ry R e s e a rc h and D raftin g , s e rv e d as S e c re ta ry . The C o m m issio n c o n su lted w ith Dowell J . H ow ard, S u p erin ten d en t of P u b lic In s tru c tio n , and m e m b e rs of h is staff; it m e t jo in tly w ith the S tate B o ard of E ducation and a t o th e r tim e s co n su lted w ith individual m e m b e rs of th a t B o a rd . The C o m m issio n d e s ir e s to e x p re s s its s in c e r e a p p re c ia tio n to M r. H ow ard and to the m e m b e rs of the S tate B o ard of E d u catio n fo r th e ir a s s i s t ance in connection w ith th is study. T he S tate D e p a rtm e n t of E d u catio n c o o p e ra te d in fu rn is h in g in fo rm atio n re q u e s te d of it and in co m p ilin g fa c tu a l in fo rm atio n fo r the use of the C o m m issio n . In addition, the S u p erin ten d en t of P ublic In s tru c tio n and h is s ta ff and the m e m b e rs of the State B o ard of E d u catio n m a te r ia lly aid ed the C o m m issio n by th e ir ad v ice and c o u n s e l. The C o m m issio n w as a lso g re a tly a s s is te d by the sta ff of th e D iv isio n of S tatu to ry R e s e a rc h and D raftin g and d e s ir e s to r e c o r d its a p p re c ia tio n fo r the s e r v ic e s re n d e re d by the p e rso n n e l of th is ag en cy . The C o m m issio n a lso sought the a s s is ta n c e of lay and p ro fe s s io n a l in d iv id u als and g ro u p s co n c ern ed w ith the s c h o o ls . It re q u e s te d and o btained 3 �A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA A F O U N D A T IO N ED U C A T IO N PR O G R A M F O R VIRG IN IA th e w r i t t e n v ie w s of P a r e n t - T e a c h e r A s s o c ia t io n s , th e V i r g in ia E d u c a tio n a l A s s o c ia t io n , th e V i r g in i a T e a c h e r s A s s o c ia t io n , a n d o t h e r o r g a n iz a tio n s and p e r s o n s u p o n th o s e m a t t e r s w h ic h i t c o n s id e r e d th e g i s t o f i t s p r o b le m and q u e s ti o n s s u g g e s te d b y th e r e s o l u ti o n . T h e r e p l i e s r e c e i v e d w ill be d e a lt w ith l a t e r in t h i s r e p o r t . A f te r d u e n o tic e in th e p r e s s i t a ls o h e ld a p u b lic h e a r i n g to w h ic h a ll i n t e r e s t e d p e r s o n s w e r e in v ite d . d e m o n s t r a t e d e ff i c i e n c y , t h e s e s h o u ld be e li m in a te d ; a nd s a l a r y i n c r e a s e s s h o u ld b e b a s e d o n t r a i n i n g , e x p e r i e n c e a n d d e m o n s t r a t e d e f f ic ie n c y a s w e ll a s o n le n g th o f s e r v i c e . T h e C o m m is s io n h a s c a r e f u ll y c o n s id e r e d th e f a c t s a s i t h a s b e e n a b le to l e a r n t h e m a n d th e v ie w s of th o s e w h o w e r e k in d e n o u g h to s u b m it th e m and now p r e s e n ts its r e p o r t. FIN D IN G S T h e C o m m is s io n f in d s th a t: (1) In 1944 th e V ir g in ia E d u c a tio n C o m m is s io n (th e "D e n n y C o m m is s io n " ) r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t i n c r e a s e d e m p h a s i s b e p la c e d u p o n th e te a c h i n g o f th e f u n d a m e n ta l s u b j e c t s ; t h is w a s e n d o r s e d b y th e G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y b y a r e s o l u ti o n a d o p te d M a r c h 2 6 , 1945; th e C o m m is s io n f in d s t h a t th e S ta te B o a r d o f E d u c a tio n a n d th e S u p e r in te n d e n t of P u b lic I n s t r u c t i o n h a v e a c h ie v e d m u c h in t h is f ie l d a n d a r e c o n tin u a lly w o r k in g to w a r d th is e n d . (2) T h e c u r r i c u l u m in u s e in th e p u b lic s c h o o ls in V i r g in i a in c lu d e s i n s t r u c t i o n in t h o s e s u b je c t s w h ic h a r e a c k n o w le d g e d to b e f u n d a m e n ta l to a ll e d u c a tio n . (3) T h e m a j o r i m p e d im e n ts to th e m o s t e ff e c tiv e te a c h in g of th e f u n d a m e n ta l to o l s u b je c t s a r e (a) l a c k o f a s u f f i c i e n t n u m b e r o f a d e q u a te ly t r a i n e d p r i m a r y a n d e l e m e n t a r y t e a c h e r s , a n d (b) to o h e a v y t e a c h e r lo a d s . S o m e p o l ic i e s p u r s u e d in th e p a s t h a v e c o n tr i b u te d to t e a c h e r s h o r t a g e s in th e e l e m e n t a r y f ie ld . (4) P r e s e n t m e th o d s of f in a n c in g h a v e n o t e li m in a te d i n e q u a l it ie s in th e b a s i c i n s t r u c t i o n a ff o r d e d in d i f f e r e n t s c h o o l d iv is io n s . (5) P r e s e n t s c h o o l f a c i l i t i e s a nd i n s t r u c t i o n a l p e r s o n n e l in m a n y s c h o o l d iv is io n s a r e in a d e q u a te to m a i n t a i n p r e s e n t p r o g r a m s ; i n c r e a s e s in s c h o o l p o p u la tio n a n d c o n tin u e d in fla tio n w ill ta x t h e s e s e v e r e l y ; c a u tio n m u s t be e x e r c i s e d to a v o id o v e r - e x p a n s io n o f th e p r o g r a m b e y o n d th o s e a r e a s w h ic h c a n be th o r o u g h ly ta u g h t a n d a d e q u a te ly f in a n c e d . R E C O M M E N D A T IO N S T h e C o m m is s io n r e c o m m e n d s th a t : (1) T h e s c h o o l a u t h o r i t i e s i n te n s if y t h e i r e f f o r ts to s e c u r e a n a d e q u a te n u m b e r o f p r o p e r l y t r a i n e d t e a c h e r s in t h e p r i m a r y a n d e l e m e n t a r y g r a d e s ; to t h is e n d , th e p r e s e n t p r a c t i c e of a llo ttin g t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g s c h o l a r s h i p s to f r e s h m a n s tu d e n t s o n ly w h e n p r e p a r in g f o r e l e m e n t a r y t e a c h i n g s h o u ld b e c o n tin u e d a nd th e s c h o l a r s h i p s f o r f r e s h m e n s h o u ld b e i n c r e a s e d f r o m $ 3 0 0 to $ 4 0 0 ; f o r s h o r t a g e f ie l d s in h ig h s c h o o l th e s c h o l a r s h i p s s h o u ld b e c o n tin u e d o n th e p r e s e n t b a s i s ; in a d d itio n , p r o v is i o n s h o u ld b e m a d e t h a t f u tu r e r e c i p i e n t s m a y r e p a y o n e y e a r s ' s c h o la r s h i p b y o n e y e a r 's te a c h in g . (2) W h e re s a l a r y d i f f e r e n t ia l s e x i s t b e tw e e n t e a c h e r s of d i f f e r e n t s u b je c t s a n d on d i f f e r e n t g r a d e l e v e l s , w ho h a v e c o m p a r a b le t r a i n i n g , e x p e r i e n c e a n d 4 (3) F u r t h e r e x p a n s io n o f th e c u r r i c u l u m in in d iv id u a l s c h o o ls b e y o n d th e p r e s e n t m in im u m r e q u i r e m e n t s s h o u ld b e d i s c o u r a g e d u n til th e f u n d a m e n ta l s u b je c t s a r e th o r o u g h ly ta u g h t a n d th e p r e s e n t p r o g r a m i s a d e q u a te ly f in a n c e d . (4) T h e b a s i s on w h ic h S ta te fu n d s a r e to b e a l l o c a t e d to a id lo c a l s c h o o ls is now u n d e r s tu d y b y th e S ta te D e p a r tm e n t o f E d u c a tio n a n d th e C o m m is s i o n d o e s n o t h a v e th e i n f o r m a t io n o n w h ic h to r e c o m m e n d a d e fin itiv e f o r m u la ; b u t i t b e li e v e s t h a t in th e p r o v is i o n o f a d d it i o n a l fu n d s c o n s id e r a t i o n s h o u ld b e g iv e n to th e a c c o m p l is h m e n t o f s p e c i f ic a im s s u c h a s th e r e d u c t io n in s iz e o f c l a s s e s a n d e q u a li z a t i o n o f e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r tu n ity a m o n g th e s e v e r a l lo c a litie s . OUR PR E SE N T SCHOOL SY STEM T h e f i r s t t a s k w h ic h th e C o m m i s s io n f a c e d w a s to e x a m i n e , in th e l ig h t o i i t s d i r e c t i v e f r o m th e l e g i s l a t u r e , th e s it u a ti o n in w h ic h th e s c h o o l s y s te m n ow f in d s i t s e l f . It c o u ld n o t " d e fin e a f o u n d a tio n p r o g r a m f o r e d u c a tio n " in a v a c u u m . It h a d to a s c e r t a i n th e s e r v i c e s w h ic h th e s c h o o ls a r e n o w g iv in g th e p e o p le o f th e S ta te b e f o r e i t c o u ld e v a lu a te th e " s e r v i c e s th e p e o p le of th e S ta te c o n s id e r e s s e n t i a l f o r th e c h i l d r e n " . T h e C o m m i s s io n a c c o r d i n g ly e s t a b l i s h e d a p r o c e d u r e to l e a r n w h a t th e p e o p le w a n t b y a c tu a l ly q u e s tio n in g s o m e o f t h o s e m o s t d i r e c t l y c o n c e r n e d w ith th e s c h o o ls . A l a t e r s e c t i o n o f t h is r e p o r t i s d e v o te d t o a n a n a ly s i s o f th e r e s u l t o f t h a t s u r v e y . A t th e s a m e t im e it s o u g h t to l e a r n w h a t th e s c h o o ls h a v e a c c o m p l is h e d in th e p a s t a n d w h a t th e y a r e n ow d o in g , a s w e ll a s p r o g r a m s w h ic h a r e c o n te m p la te d f o r th e f u tu r e . In t h i s l a t t e r c o n n e c tio n th e C o m m i s s io n w i s h e s a g a in to s t a t e t h a t th e S ta te D e p a r tm e n t o f E d u c a tio n , th e S ta te B o a r d o f E d u c a tio n a n d th e S u p e r in te n d e n t o f P u b lic I n s t r u c t i o n w e r e o f i n e s t im a b le a id in g iv in g f u ll a n d f r a n k r e p l i e s to i n q u i r i e s m a d e of th e m a n d in s u p p ly in g f o r th e C o m m i s s io n 's c o n s id e r a t i o n c a r e f u l l y p r e p a r e d m a te ria l. T h e T e a c h in g o f F u n d a m e n t a ls in V i r g in i a S c h o o ls D u r in g th e p a s t tw e n ty y e a r s t h e r e h a s b e e n in t e r m s o f m o n e y e x p e n d e d a t r e m e n d o u s e x p a n s io n in th e p u b lic s c h o o ls o f th e S t a te . T h is w a s t r u e b o th a s to S ta te a p p r o p r i a t i o n s a n d a s to fu n d s e x p e n d e d l o c a l ly f o r th e s c h o o ls . D u r in g t h is p e r io d th e s c h o o ls a ls o u n d e rw e n t r a d i c a l c h a n g e s in o t h e r r e s p e c t s . P r i o r to th e e a r l y t h i r t i e s th e s u b je c t m a t t e r o f i n s t r u c t i o n a n d m e th o d s o f e d u c a tio n h a d b e e n to s o m e e x te n t t r a d i t i o n a l a n d n ew e d u c a t i o n a l i d e a s h a d b e e n a d o p te d s lo w ly b y a m o r e o r l e s s g r a d u a l e v o lu tio n a r y p r o c e s s . In th e e a r l y t h i r t i e s a d e p a r t u r e w a s m a d e f r o m th e s u b je c t m a t t e r a n d m e th o d s t h e r e t o f o r e p r e v a l e n t in th e s c h o o ls . T h e s o - c a l l e d " n e w c u r r i c u l u m " w a s o f f e r e d w h ic h a tt e m p t e d to b r i n g th e s c h o o ls o f th e S ta te in lin e w ith " m o d e r n " e d u c a tio n t h e o r i e s . T r i e d a n d s u c c e s s f u l m e th o d s w e r e d i s c a r d e d a n d th e s c h o o l s y s t e m e m b a r k e d on w h a t s e e m s to h a v e b e e n to o d r a s t i c a c h a n g e in m e th o d o lo g y a n d th e s u b je c t m a t t e r o f i n s t r u c t i o n . T h e r e s u l t s w e r e u n s a t i s f a c t o r y . M e th o d s w h ic h , w h ile t h e y m ig h t h a v e b e e n e m i n e n tl y s u c c e s s f u l w h e n t r i e d w i t h v e r y s m a l l e x p e r i m e n t a l c l a s s e s , d id n o t a c h ie v e s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s in g e n e r a l a p p lic a tio n . 5 �A FO N A IO ED C T N PR G A U D T N U A IO O R M FO VIRGINIA R Fortunately, this developm ent proved to b a tem e porary p a . It did h se n lasting d m g to the school system a d it undo o a ae n ubtedly left m uch that is g o . It is referred to here merely to em od phasize a d explain th desire o n e f th p ple o th S te to m k sure that, in w e eo f e ta ae hatever direction develo en pm t o curricula a d teaching m f n etho m g , a e u te a d thorough instruction ds ay o d q a n in th fundam e ental tool subjects m ust never b lost sight o e f. T Com ission h s exam he m a ined the courses o study presently prescribed f for th schools o Virginia to s e if this is n w th ca . It finds that a e f e o e se carefully pla nned course o study designed to cover th tool subjects adequa f e tely ha b e set u b th S te Board o Education for th u e o th schools. s e n p y e ta f e s f e This covers, a o g other subjects, m mn athem atics, geo raphy, history a d g n civics, reading, writing a d spelling. It is designed s that there will b pre n o e se te to th child a ea a e level tho n d e t ch g se co ce ts w n p hich pedagogical ex perience ha dem nstrated h ca m s o e n aster. This course o stu y h s h d w e f d a a id recognition throughout th nation a d hea ed th list o curriculum m e n d e f aterials u e in developing th educational program in J p n in th early d y o th s d e aa e as f e o ccupatio . T th ex n therefore, that proper facilities, proper instruc n o e te t, tional personnel a d proper te o k material are available a d to th e te t n xtb o n e x n that the guidance o th S te Board o Education is follow f e ta f ed b th localities, y e th present S te program a develo e ta s ped b th S te Board o Education un y e ta f der th direction o th S te Board a d under th supervision o th S e f e ta n e f e uperintendent o Public Instruction a f ppea to b a e u te a d well a a te to providing rs e dqa n d p d fundam ental learning. W e th S ste is Failing to Produce M h re e y m axim um Results A n te in th preceding section th Com ission is im s o d e e m pressed b th y e interest o th S te B f e ta oard o Education a d th S f n e uperintendent o Public f Instruction in th effective teaching o th tool subjects. S m rea ns w y e f e o e so h better results are n t jroduced will b n x considered. o e e t () 1 There is a lack o a sufficient n ber o properly trained teachers f um f in th primary a d elem e n entary grades. T hese grades are in a real se se th n e place w here a fo undatio for education is laid. T m n he ost form ative years o f a child's life are sp t in the en se grades. It is here that h first c m s into e o e intim ate co tact w th w n ith e orld outside his ho e a d acquires or fails to m, n acquire th tools o learning w e f hich h will u e in his later scholastic career e s a d throughout his w le life. n ho Y 8 %o th substandard teachers ( o e w o d n t h v th form et 9 f e th s h o o ae e al qualifications for proper certificates) are fo n in th elem u d e entary grades. In addition m n teachers w o h v certificates to teach only in th upper ay h ae e elem entary a d secondary grades are fo n teaching in th low elem n u d e er entary grades. T e S te Departm h ta ent o Education sta f tes that only 3 %o deg 9 f ree teachers in grades o e through five are properly certificated to teach in th se n o grades. This ha resulted in part from th fact that in th pa low salaries s e e st er ha e b e paid to elem v en entary teachers tha to teachers in high school a d in n n th special fields. S c discrimination h s n w b e generally elim e uh a o e n inated ex p a to s m teachers in special fields ( h generally hold th highest ce t s o e wo e certificates a d are em n ployed for tw elve m n o ths), bu th effe t e cts o this policy f are still being felt. In addition there ha b e o th part o th public a d s en n e f e n o th part o s m school administrators a feeling that while properly trained n e f o e teachers are essential for high school, less rigid requirem ents are necessary in th elem e entary schools. C onsequently efforts to recruit qualified elem entary teachers h v n t b e a strenuous a tho to f ill other vacancies. ae o en s s se 6 A FO N A IO ED C T N PR G A FO VIRGINIA U D T N U A IO O R M R T Com ission d e n t a he m o s o gree w this view It d e n t w ith . os o ish to minimize th n e for properly trained high school a d special subject e ed n teachers b t it feels that teaching in th elem u e entary grades a d particularly n in th primary grades is a difficult a o a y other level in th school s s m e s s n n e y te a d that it is o vital im n f portance to secure a sufficient num ber o properly f trained primary teachers. It also feels that salaries paid th teachers in e the se grades should b th sa e a to tho w o teach, w th s m e e m s se h ith e a e qualifications, experience a d efficiency in a y other field. n n T Com ission is advised that th present policy o th S te Board o he m e f e ta f Education is in favor o uniform salaries for teachers w th sa e qualifica f ith e m tions, experience a d efficiency regardless o subject m n f atter or grade level. It co m n s th S te Board o this policy a d recom ends it to th school m e d e ta n n m e boards o th several political subdivisions a a m a s o recruiting th f e s e n f e n de teachers a d im ee d n proving th instruction n w being offered a th e o t e primary level. T e problem o shortages o trained teachers for primary grades is a h f f n au oe W c te n . hile providing uniform salaries for all teachers m y in tim a e te d to correct this condition, it is felt that merely rem n oving this discrimina tion is n t e o g . T S te h s for s m years b e providing teacher o n uh he ta a o e e n training scholarships to attract stud ts to th teaching profession. T en e he administration o this program is vested in th S te Board o Education f e ta f w hich ha discretion to grant these scholarships w s here th n e is greatest. e e d It is n w alloting them to freshm o en stu e ts only if they are planning to train d n for teaching in th elem e entary grades a d to other studen only for training n ts to teach subjects in w hich there is a teacher sho ge. rta It ha b e estim s e n ated that there are n w approxim o ately four stu e ts d n training to tea in high school for every v ch acan position; a d conversely that t n there are approxim ately four vacancies in th elem e entary grades for every trained teacher w o is being graduated. W h hile conditions such a these con s tinue th Com ission reco m e m m ends that the S te Board in alloting scholar ta ships to stud ts training for elem en entary teaching provide that the scholar ships m y b repaid b perm a e y itting cancellation b o e year's teaching o th y n f e a o n o o e year's scholarship ( e e are presently fixed a $ 0 for mu t f n th s t 30 regular term scholarships a d $1 0for sum er term scholarships). It is n 0 m felt th t b thu doubling th present repaym a y s e ent credit the will b a m re e uch stronger incentive for a student to enter th field a d for a graduate to rem e n ain in Virginia rather tha to a n ccept a position in another sta a a higher enter te t ing salary. Furtherm ore it is recom ended that these scholarships w e m hn given tofreshm enbe increased to $ 0 . (It is n te a o e that freshm 40 o d bv an scholarships are under present regulations a a w rded only to tho se stu e ts d n planning to teach in th elem e entary gra des). T Com ission is advised he m that th present appropriation is a e u te to carry o t the policy here e dqa u reco m m ended. T he Com ission feels that there is o e other im m n provem ent w hich could b m d regarding teachers' salaries, applicable alike to all teachers, w e ae hich w uld ten to im o d prove th overall efficiency o instruction in our school e f system In m . ost localities a teacher receives a annual increm n ent for a given num ber o years. T Com ission d e n t believe that teachers should f he m os o b granted this annual increm e ent o years o service a ne. In divisions w n f lo here this m aybe true, this Com ission reco m m m ends that salary increases should b b sed o training, experience, a d dem e a n n onstrated efficiency, a well a s s years o service. This policy is follow f ed b th S te w y e ta ith its em ployees, b y 7 �A FO N A IO ED C T N P O R M FO VIRGINIA U D T N U A IO R G A R industry with its em ployees, a d b th arm n y e ed services w their personnel. ith T e Com ission calls this to th attention o th several em h m e f e ploying local school boards a d su n gge sts their consideration o a pting plans w f do hich will ten to place m d ore em phasis o th dem n e onstrated efficiency o th teacher, f e w hich in turn should increase th efficiency in instruction in their respective e divisions. () 2 O a S te-w n ta ide basis th teacher-rpupil ratios d n t a ea to b e o o pp r e excessive. T he a ra e teacher load throughout th S te is 2 .2 pupils, ve g e ta 7 w hich com pares very favorably w the teacher-pupil ratios reco m ded ith m en a possible o attainm s f ent b th S te Board o Education. This lo a e g y e ta f w v ra e figure ho ever is th result o peculiar local conditions a d d e n t reflect w e f n os o th true situation in s m localities. A teacher load o in e ce o fifty e o e f x ss f pupils is n t unusual in m n areas. It is o o a y bvio that under the us se conditions, little ca b accom n e plished b e e th m y v n e ost expert teacher in imparting th e basic fundam entals o learning to the pupils. It is a tribute b th to th f o e patience a d perseverance o teachers w o h v the n f h ae se classes a d to th n e desire o pupils in th classes to learn that schools w f e here such conditions exist succeed a well a they d in teaching th bare essentials. s s o e In this connection th joint S te - local responsibility for th public e ta e schools s m b em fa ld e phasized. T traditional policy in Virginia is for th he e S te to assist th localities in order that th localities m y h v th kind o ta e e a ae e f schools w hich m eet their nee ds. It m ust b recognized that th present e e m ethod o distributing th major portion o S te aid for schools offers a f e f ta tem ptation to th localities to permit high teacher-pupil ratios. T e fu d e h se n s are distributed o th basis o the num n e f ber o children in a ra e daily f ve g a tten a ce. A locality receives th sa e a o n o m n y for sixty children d n e m mu t f o e w hether they are in o e classroom w o e teacher or w n ith n hether the are in y tw classes w thirty pupils e c o ith a h. But in th latter case th co o e e st f instruction to th localities is do e ubled. T he subject o distribution o school f f funds will b considered in a later section o this report but attention is e f called to th fact that S te fun e ta ds should b distributed o a basis w e n hich will tend to im prove conditions in tho se schools w hich n w ha e high teacher-pupil o v ratios rather tha b influential in perpetuating or aggravating such conditions. n e A ttention is also called to th cro de conditions in so e school e w d m divisions. A th present tim there are 3 , 6 4 elem t e e 5 7 entary pupils w o a n h tte d school o th basis o tw shifts a d y This condition prevails in 4 school n e f o a. 4 divisions a d is n t conducive to a e u te teaching. n o dqa T he n e for additional school buildings a d th difficulties w e d n e hich lie in the w y o furnishing th s m n e n t b labored. During th biennium a f e a e e d o e e 1 5 - 2 th General A 9 05 e ssem bly, u o recom endation o th G p n m f e overnor, m d ae available $ 5 0 ,0 0 to assist th localities in th construction o n e e 4 ,0 0 0 e e f edd school buildings. A lthough shortages o materials h v severely ham f ae pered the building program o th localities, s m o th m s f e o e f e ore critical conditions are being alleviated. T figures cited a o e indicate th difficulties w he bv e hich still persist. () 3 A nother deficiency in th teaching o fundam e f ental subjects in th e Virginia school system w hich w s called to th attention o th Com ission a e f e m is th inadequacy o text a d other instructional material in certain fields. e f n A previous study o the teaching o history a d go f f n vernm ent in th public e schools o th S te revealed th inadequacy o material in these subjects. f e ta e f Remedial action instigated b th General A y e ssem bly is n w being ta o ken by a 8 A FO N A IO ED C T N P O R M FO VIRGINIA U D T N U A IO R G A R legislative Com ission w m orking w th S te Board o Education. ith e ta f Particular dissatisfaction w s expressed to th Com ission a to a e m s instructional material relating to reading. It w s sug e d a th public a g ste t e hearing held b the Com ission that the old M u y readers, s long th y m cG ffe 's o e m ost im portant text u db th schools throughout th nation, w uld b a se y e e o e n im provem ent in co ten o n t ver s m o th material n w being u d o e f e o se . T Com ission recognizes that th selection o text b o s is a highly he m e f ok technical m atter. T he lay observer ca only evaluate th results w n e hich are being obtained b w y hatever materials a d m n etho ds are adopted. H w v r o e e sufficient sentim ent w s expressed to th Com ission to indicate that a re a e m exam ination o teaching materials available for instruction in all o th tool f f e subjects is in order. T he Com ission su m gge sts that th attention o th e f e D epartm ent o Education a d th S te Board o Education should b directed f n e ta f e to this criticism a d it is reco m n m ended that, if remedial action is fo n to u d b indicated, th S te Board o Education co e e ta f ntinue to ta w tever ste s ke ha p are necessary to correct th deficiencies fo n to b present. e u d e () 4 Even if a a e u te supply o thoroughly trained teachers w re n dqa f e available, if classes w ere kept to reasonable sizes in all schools in th S te e ta , a d if the best teaching materials w n ere in ha d there w n , ould still b s m e o e pupils w o w uld no b able to profit from instruction. T h o t e hese are tho w o se h are handicapped b physical or m y ental im pedim ents w hich limit th profit e w hich they ca secure from instruction o th ty e w n f e p hich is satisfactory to th majority o pupils in our schools. e f T e Com ission ha b e im h m s e n pressed by th large num e ber o pupils w o f h m thus b classified. T hard o hearing, tho with sight im ay e he f se pairm ents, a d th m n e entally retarded constitute a unfortunately large group o th school n f e a e population o th S te g f e ta . M uch is being accom plished for th benefit o this class o pupils a th e f f t e present tim e. In a fe localities limited facilities for special classes are w available for s m o th pupils w o n e them although the Com ission is o e f e h e d , m n t advised that th situation is being a o e dequately handled in a y locality in th n e S te d e to lack o fu d or lack o facilities. M ta , u f ns f uch m ore general is a program for early detection o children w f ith physical handicaps. In pa years st such a child frequently w s m a erely regarded a dull be u h did n t a ea s ca se e o pp r to benefit from instruction w herea in fact there w s a impairm s a n ent o sight f or hearing w hich rendered it impossible for him to participate fully in th e activities around him . Public health officers a d other m bers o th medical a d dental n em f e n profession h v ta a e ken ste s in m p any localities to alleviate these conditions. Clinics are held a w t hich all children are exam ined a d physical defe n cts are determ ined a a e early en u h to allow them to b rem t gs og e edied thu allow s ing a child to o verco e his handicap a d participate normally in activities. m n Generally speaking th correction o conditions w e f hich are fo n is left to th u d e parent o th particular child. M n civic organizations, such a service f e a y s clubs, h v b e a a o this problem Program h v b e instituted b a e e n w re f . s ae en y such organizations designed b thto diagno o se physical deficiences in the early sta e a d to assist the parents o children having such defects in securing th g s n f e necessary medical or other treatm ent directed tow ard th correction o th s e f ee d efects. 9 �A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA T e Com ission is gratified to find h w m h m o uch is being d n along the oe se lines. It co m ds th school authorities, th public health authorities, th m en e e e civic organizations a d th medical a d dental profession o their efforts to n e n n aid th handicapped children o th S te It urges citizens o th several e f e ta . f e political subdivisions o the S te to consider th intensification o such efforts f ta e f a d th adoption o similar program w n e f s here the se are n t n w in force. It o o recom ends to th school authorities that they explore th possibilities o m e e f having program for th correction o physical deficiences sponsored b local s e f y civic a d service clubs a d similar organizations. It also su n n gge sts that th e S te Board o Education give consideration to th best m n b w ta f e ea s y hich th e S te ca foster a d en u g such activities in th h p that a long ra g ta n n co ra e e oe n e program m y b develo a e ped w hich will result bo in better health a d in th n better education for th children o th C m o w lth. e f e o m n ea In connection with th a o e discussion o the retarded a d handicapped e bv f n children, it should also b m e entioned that our school system is n t a o s effective a it should b in dealing with th child w o ha exceptional s e e h s intelligence. If instruction is planned for th a e verage intelligence level th e brighter children run th risk o being bored a d losing interest. T develop e f n o such children fully they m ust b properly stim e ulated; otherw ise p o learning o r habits will result. T s m extent a reduction in teacher-pupil ratios will o o e benefit these children. O m f ore im portance is providing teachers w o are h sufficiently co pe n to provide the opportunity for children to a v n e in m te t dac proportion to their ability, w ithout a th sa e tim disrupting the program t e m e o instruction for the a f verag or b w a e elo verag pupils. e V W O PA IE S F REN TS, TEA CHERS A D O H S N T ER T he resolution creating th Com ission, citing the desirability o de e m f fining "a foundation program for education. . . in term o the services th s f e p ple o the S te consider essential for th children" directed th C eo f ta e e om mission to study a d report u o "a foundation program containing th n pn e fundam ental courses w hich are basic to education". In order to carry o t th u e requirem ents o the resolution the Com ission attem te to determ f m p d ine w ith th aid o lay a d professional groups throughout the State, ( ) the p rp se e f n a u o s o education in Virginia; ( ) th subject m f b e atter offering essential to achieving these p rp se u o s: ( ) th extent to w c e hich the basic purposes o education are f being m t; a d ( ) the b e n d est m a s o financing a foundation program A e n f . n analysis o th view o these organizations a d individuals is set forth belo . f e f n w T he analysis o questionnaires w s m d under th direction o Dr. f a ae e f Arthur M Jarm . an, Professor o Education a th University o Virginia. T e f t e f h Com ission co m n s a d tha ks Dr. Jarm for the thoroughness w m m e d n n an ith w hich this task w s accom a plished a d it expresses to Dr. Jarm n an a d to th n e President o th University o Virginia, w o m d his services available to f e f h ae the Com ission, its sincere appreciation. m In th n e ext section o this report are set forth excerpts from Dr. Jarm n's f a report to th Com ission. A limited num e m ber o copies o the full text o th f f f e report are available a d th Com ission ha authorized that these b released n e m s e for the consideration of interested persons. 10 A FO N A IO ED C T N P O R M FO VIRGINIA U D T N U A IO R G A R Excerpts from C onsultant's Report 1 S urces o Inform . o f ation Q uestionnaires w ere se to all Parent-Teacher gro nt ups in th S te to e ta ; organizations o professional edu to f ca rs; to departm ents o th Virginia f e Education A ssociation; to th Virginia T e eachers A ssociation; to th Virginia e Federation o W m n C f o e 's lubs; to th Virginia Division o the A erican e f m Association o University W m n a d to several other groups. f o e; n S ince business firms em ploy m n higji school graduates, inform a y ation w s solicited from persons co n cte w organizations w a n e d ith hich em ploy large num bers o p ple. T returns from this inquiry, how f eo he ever, w ere n t o sufficient to b significant, a d are n t reflected in the following analysis. e n o 2 . Procedure U d in the Analysis se o the Q f uestionnaire R equests w ere m d a follow ae s s "*** This com ission is seeking inform m ation from interested groups a to the courses that should b taught in the public s e schools, a d w a the schools should seek to accom n h t plish generally. "The com ission is m m aking a sincere effort to ascertain w a h t is a foundation program for public education. T thinking o he f interested citizens o this point will greatly aid the com ission n m a d in th opinion o th com ission is vital. C n e f e m onsequently, your group is being a sked to render a service to th com ission e m a d the C m o ealth b m n o m nw y aking th sa e ty e study o th e m p n e basis o th enclosed resolution a your com ission ha b e f e s m s e n a sked to m ake. *** "At tw previous m o eetings o th com ission th following f e m e questions h v b e discussed at length a d w w ae e n n e ould appreciate, in addition to your study o the resolution, your co m n f m e ts specifically o the n se questions? ( ) W a courses are m 1 ht ost im portant for th public schools e to tea ch? Please list these alphabetically a d give your n reason a to w y ea course should b ta g s h ch e u ht. ( ) W a in your opinion, are th objectives o th public 2 h t, e f e schools? T hat is, should th schools attem to e u te e pt d ca our children for all possible conditions that the m y y a encounter in life, or should th schools offer thorough e training in selected courses w hich will provide th basis e o w n hich th pupil m co e ay ntinue his education, either in college or through his daily life experience? ( ) W a are th respective responsibilities o th h m a d 3 ht e f e o e n the school? T hat is, is it th responsibility o th h m or e f e o e th school to teach courtesy, living with o e fellow e n 's citizens, a d other m n atters w hich historically are th e responsibility o th h m ? f e o e 11 �A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA A FO N A IO ED C T N P O R M FO VIRGINIA U D T N U A IO R G A R "The com ission is m m ost anxious to h v your opinions o the ae n se m atters a d w sincerely h p y u will find it possible to n e oe o co pera with u . ***" o te s All but a very small n ber o th replies w um f e ere from organizations representing m em berships ranging from relatively small num bers u to p several hundred. N a o ccurate estim ate ca b m d o th total num n e ae f e ber o f persons w o h v had a part, directly or indirectly, in this survey, but a h ae very conservative figure w uld certainly b in excess o 2 0 , 0 0 0 . o e f Tabulation procedure. A y reply w n hich did n t give details w s o a eliminated. A reply w hich w s specific o so e questions bu n t o others a n m t o n w s tabulated only a to tho m a s se atters concerning w hich definite replies w ere given. A reply w hich contradicted itself in answ ering a y question w s n t n a o tabulated a to that particular question. O th other ha s n e nd, every effort w s m d to include in th tabulation all replies w a a e e hich m ight conceivably b e construed a setting forth a specific point o view A a extra precaution s f . s n a attem w s m d to select for special study tho n pt a ae se responses w hich se ed to reveal evidence o careful consideration a d thoughtful co m n em f n m e t. There w ere 8 responses included in this gro 5 up. T hese replies are u d in se Table II. S eeking a w orking basis. O e o th purposes o th questionnaire w n f e f e hich w s sent to several hun red lay a d professional gro a d n ups w s to try to deter a m ine or define w a th function o th public school should b . h t e f e e W a th p o le think. T ht e e p able I sum arizes roughly th opinions expressed m e in the responses o 3 9 lay a d professional organizations. f 7 n In Table II are analyzed a d sum arized 8 replies w n m 5 hich w re selected e be use o their significant co m ca f m ents, concerning th objectives o th e f e public schools. There w ere 4 P. T A groups, 2 professional groups, 9 . . 3 six other organized groups, a d se e individuals represented in this n v n tabulation. 12 TABLE I O bjectives o th Public S f e cho ls a Indicated o s by th R e esponses S ubm itted b 3 9 Lay y 7 a d Professional O n rganizations f e o se N . o R sp n s o Classification o responses f T he schools should attem to e u te children pt d ca for all possible conditions that they m y a encounter in life. 111 T he schools should offer thorough training in selected courses w hich will provide th basis e o w n hich th pupil m y co e a ntinue his educatio n, either in college or through his daily experiences. 14 2 T objectives o the schools should n t b he f o e restricted to either o these, but should offer f opportunities to prepare for higher education or life activities. 14 4 Total o classifiable responses f 1 3 39 7 �A FO N A IO ED C T N P O R M FO VIRGINIA U D T N U A IO R G A R A FO N A IO ED C T N PR G A U D T N U A IO O R M FO VIRGINIA R T conclusions o th C he f e onsultant w respect to this portion o th ith f e questionnaire w re e : TABLE II H w Eighty-five S o elected G ups a d Individuals ro n R sp n e o ded to Q uestions a o t th b u e O bjectives o th Public S f e cho ls o Classification o f responses 1 Listed objectives bu . t ignored th se n part o e co d f th question e 2 S . chools should "attem pt to e u te our children for all d ca possible conditions they m y a encounter in life." 3 T schools should . he "offe* thorough training in selected courses w hich will provide th basis o w e n hich the pupil m co tin ay n ue his education, either in college or through his daily life experiences. " 4 S te e t o th scho ls' . ta m n f e o objectives should n t b o e limited to either o th f e sta tem ents a o e bv N t classified o T otal "The task o trying to classify a d an f n alyze 4 0 reports from lay a d | 3 n professional g ups in a attem t to g t o e or m ro n p e n ore general patterns o f thinking w ith respect to th objectives o th public schools w s a difficult e f e a o e a d for a tim se ed a im n, n e em n possible o e H w n. o ever, th tabulation o e f all responses a d a careful exam n ination o a selected group o 8 reports f f 5 se ed to justify th follow em e ing co clusio n n: N ber o responses b um f y P T.A. Professional O . ther Indigro ups g ups ro gro ups viduals T otal "A impressive m n ajority o parents a d teachers in Virginia d n t f n o o believe that the purpo se o public education ca b served best b em f n e y phasizing th m e astery o 'selected courses w f hich will provide the basis o w n hich th e pupil m co ay ntinue his education, either in college or through his daily experience', if such a em n phasis interferes w th all-round developm ith e ent o th child to the e d that h m y b prepared, so far as possible, to m f e n e a e eet life situations a they arise. s 8 6 3 1 1 8 "This statem ent d e n t imply that 'co rses' m b eliminated or os o u ay e that they m y b carelessly selected. In view o th evidence w a e f e hich h s a b e accum e n ulated from th questionnaire stud th following statem e y, e ent is just a defensible a th o e given a o e s s e n bv. 1 7 4 1 1 2 3 "The education for citizenship in a dem ocracy requires the careful selection a d u e o basic courses, activities, teaching materials, facilities, n s f a d teaching personnel w a view to achieving th purpose o education a d n ith e f n should b considered o merit only in term o contribution m d to that e d " e f s f a e n. 3 . 1 3 7 1 5 2 6 9 5 0 0 1 4 2 1 1 0 4 4 9 14 2 3 6 7 8 5 Sb u jects a d C n ourses in the Public S h o c o ls T first question listed in th questionnaire previously m he e entioned w s a sta ted a follow s s: "W t courses are m ha ost im portant for the public schools to tea ch? Please list the se alphabetically a d give your reason a to w y n s h ea course should b ta g t. " ch e u h It should b n te that th respo e o d e ndent w s n t limited to courses for th a o e elem entary grades or to th high school. A a result n attem w s m d to e s o pt a a e classify th replies except in term o courses or subjects. e s f N checklist or other guide w s furnished w th questionnaire, excep o a ith e t to request th respondent to list alphabetically. S e ince th sa e course w s e m a o n referred to b several n m fte y a es, th alphabetical list w s very long, e g , e a . . th sa e course w s listed b different organizations a industrial arts, e m a y s m echanical arts, sho w o w rk, e p, o d o tc. T e original alphabetical listing h included 1 9different "courses" ranging in frequency o m 7 f ention from o e to n 32 S 4. ince there m b s m significance in th tendency to u e co m n ay e o e e s m o term inology for s m courses a d a variety o n m s for others, a separate o e n f a e tabulation w s m d w a a e here m ore tha 1 0 0 respondents indicated a course b n y a particular title, e.g. , "Reading". Table III gives this list o courses a d f n th frequency o ea e f ch. In this table, w here a y addition ha b e m d to th n s en a e e num ber o replies under th specific title o th course, th additional titles f e f e e ha e b e placed in parenthesis along w their frequencies. v e n ith 1 5 �A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA O rganization o related courses. T f able IV represents a a n ttem to pt organize th courses, w e hich w ere listed alphabetically b th respondents, y e into related areas. For exam ple, in addition to Arithmetic, M athem atics w s listed b o e n m or another 1 2 tim a y n a e 6 es. A m ore a e u te picture o dqa f th M e athem atics situation m y b ha if im ediately after "Arithmetic" w a e d, m e o bserve that other M athem atics courses w ere listed w hich w ere n t included o under Arithmetic, i.e., Algebra, Plane a d Solid G n eom etry, Trigonom etry, a d Business M n athem atics. TABLE III C ourses S g e d a "M u g ste s ost Im portant" b 1 0 or m y 0 ore o th 4 0 G ups Responding to th Q f e 3 ro e uestionnaire N ber A um dvocating th C e ourse Nm o C a e f ourse 32 4 Arithmetic A FO N A IO ED C T N P O R M FO VIRGINIA U D T N U A IO R G A R Art (including D raw ing 3 ) * 2 212 Civics (including G vernm o ent 7 ) * 9 Related subjects h v b e brought together s far a possible in th ae en o s e tabulation. For exam ple, th social studies group h s b e listed a "Civics e a en s a dG n overnm ent", "G eography", "History", a d Social S n tudies other tha n Civics, G overnm ent, G o ra h , a d History". U e g py n nder th latter heading, e subtitles h v b e given. It should b n te that w ae en e o d here subdivisions o a f subject area are given in th tabulation, th total frequency o listing is e e f indicated in th se n colum e co d n. T e totals o frequency o subdivisions are h f f given in th final co e lum n. 29 2 TABLE IV English 25 4 G eography 20 5 Health a d Physical Education (including n sa fety 4 a d H 6 n ygiene 2 ) * 7 35 2 History 25 9 H m Econom o e ics (including S w g 2 a d e in n C o g2 * o kin ) 10 4 M usic 23 1 G eneral Classification o R sp n s S f e o se ubm itted b 4 0 G y 3 roups Reading 36 1 S cience 23 2 Spelling 210 W riting (including penm anship 2 * ) 29 6 Classification N ber responses um b sub-division y Arithmetic Total R sp n s e o se 32 4 M athem atics other tha Arithmetic n Algebra Business M th a G eom etry Plane G eom etry Solid G eom etry Trigonom etry O ther M athem atics 4 3 1 6 6 3 8 2 3 2 8 8 12 6 Art 22 1 29 2 20 5 History * T e material included in th parenthesis h s b e a d d to th first h e a e n de e title o th course. f e Civics a d G vernm n o ent G eography 25 9 Social S tudies other tha Civics, n G overnm ent, G eography a d History n Citizenship Econom ics H m n Relations u a S ociology O ther social studies English 13 6 25 4 R eading 16 5 0 1 5 2 6 1 3 5 9 1 7 36 1 �A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA A FO N A IO ED C T N P O R M FO VIRGINIA U D T N U A IO R G A R TABLE IV (c n u d o tin e ) Classification TABLE IV ( o tin e ) c n ud N ber responses um b sub-division y Spelling T otal R sp n s e o se 210 La g a e Arts other tha English, n u g n Reading a d Spelling n Dram atics Journalism La g a e Arts n u g L n u g a d Literature a g a e n Se c peh O ther Classifications 4 3 1 4 6 1 4 1 Classification N ber responses um b sub-division y Distributive Education Painting V ocational training O ther ( 6other classifications) 2 1 6 1 5 8 0 8 5 W riting T otal R esp n o ses 26 6 29 6 86 12 Comm ercial S b cts u je B ookkeeping Business Education Com ercial C m ourses S rtha ho nd S no ra hy te g p Tp g y in O ffice Training 27 5 2 9 3 9 4 2 2 8 10 4 2 9 G uidance (including Child G uidance adV n ocational G id n ) u a ce 19 9 2 5 Industrial Arts, (including m anual arts. sho ork a d ha pw n ndcrafts) Foreign La g g s n ua e Latin M odern foreign la g a e n u g French G erm an Spanish O ther 15 6 5 4 7 3 3 3 1 4 3 4 6 24 1 Health a d Physical Education (including n S fe a d H g n ) a ty n y ie e 2b 9 H m Econom o e ics 10 4 M usic 23 1 S cience Biology Chem istry Physics S cien ce 5 8 5 8 5 1 23 2 V ocational Education other tha H m n o e Econom ics & Com ercial S b m u jects Agriculture 1 8 7 0 30 9 Interpretation o responses. W find Arithmetic, R f e eading, a d Health n a d Physical Education heading th list in term o frequency o th listing. n e s f f e O thers that w ere listed b m y ore tha 2 0 respo n 0 ndents w ere Art, Civics, English, G eography, History, M usic, S cience, Spelling, a d W n riting. From this w o e bserve that th courses w e hich w generally think o a e f s basic, e.g. , R eading, W riting, Spelling a d Arithmetic are popular in th n e m inds o th p ple represented in this stu y It is probably surprising to f e eo d . se so m e uch interest expressed in th social sciences - Civics, G e overnm ent, G eography, History, a d c 'h rs n / e Art, a d M n usic. In spite o th fact that f e Art a d M n usic are n t a o g th required courses in Virginia, they se m to o mn e e h v a place o a par w Spelling according to th listing o th "m ae n ith e f e ost im portant" courses. Gram ar, a a course se ra from other la g a e art courses, w s m s pa te n u g a not listed a a definite subject. T s hat d e n t m a that tho os o e n se responding intended to eliminate G ram ar from th curriculum o th schools. M m e f e ore likely they h v b co e familiar w th m ae e m ith e ore functional approach in w hich correct u a e o speech is taught in relation to other la g a e arts courses. s g f n u g It should b n te that in T e o d able IV H m Econom o e ics, Industrial Arts, Com ercial S m ubjects, a d V n ocational Education s o e considerable popularity h wd in com parison w ith such courses a m s ight b regarded high school m e athe m atics courses, high school science courses, or foreign la g a e courses. n u g TeC h onsultant concludes, a to the s se replies: "Probably th m e ost im portant observation w hich o e c n m ke from th n a a e listing o th m f e ost im portant courses b 4 0 lay a d professional groups is y 3 n that there is very little that is unusual a o t it. If o e should u e th informa b u n s e tion in T ables III a d IV to develop curricula for a elem n n entary school a d a n high school, h w uld likely c m o t w e o o e u ith such a program a h w s e ould find in o e o better school system w n f s here th schools are large en u h to m k e og ae possible a variety o courses a d fun f n ds are available to provide th necessary e teaching sta a d facilities." ff n C om parison w legal requirem ith ents. T S te la requires th teaching he ta w e in the elem entary schools o spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, gram ar, f m geo raphy, physiology a d hygien draw g n e, ing, civil go vernm ent, history o th f e U nited S te a d history o Virginia, accident prevention, evils o alcohol ta s, n f f 1 9 �A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA a d narcotics, physical a d health education, a d morality. A n n n llow ed b sta y tute, bu n t required, are handcrafts a d dom t o n estic arts. ( e Virginia S Se cho l L w o a , 15, S 9 0 ectio ns 2 - 3 to 2 - 4 ) M 22 3 22 0. usic is taught in m ost o th public schools f e w th approval o th S te D ith e f e ta epartm ent o Education. O t o local funds, a f u f fe localities provide for kindergarten a d junior primary classes; a d, in a w n n fe instances, prevocational sho w w p ork is offered in elem entary schools. O th secondary school level, the follow n e ing are required b sta te y tu : S d o do tu y f cum n o Virginia history a d U e ts f n nited S te Constitution, accident ta s prevention, physical a d health education, a d moral education. ( e Virginia n n Se School Law s, 1 5 , S 9 0 ectio ns 2 - 3 , 2 - 3 , 2 - 3 , 2 - 3 .) 22 4 22 5 22 7 2 2 8 T he follow ing courses are authorized b sta te but n t required: y tu o industrial arts, agriculture, h m econom o e ics, a d com ercial subjects, n m ( e Virginia S Se cho l Law 1 5 , sec. 2 - 3 ) o , 90 22 9. T he official course o study, approved b th S te Board o Education, f y e ta f provides for eight units o required courses, including th follow f e ing: English, 4 units; Virginia a d U S history, 1unit; science, 1u it; m n . . n athem atics, 1 u it; governm n ent, l/2 unit, vocational civics, l/2 unit. Beginning w th ith e school session, 1 5 - 9 4 governm 9 31 5 , ent a d vocational civics will b replaced n e w ith 1unitof Virginia a d U S go n . . vernm ent. Physical education is required ea year in high school but carries n unit credit. T rem ch o he ainder o th f e courses required for graduation are cho n from a list o electives a se f ppro ved b th S te Board o Education. y e ta f T hese electives m involve th academ subjects such a foreign ay e ic s languages, chem istry, physics, algebra, geom etry a d trigonom n etry; or subjects in th areas o vocational education a d general education, such a e f n s agriculture, h m econom o e ics, art, m usic, history a d business e ca n or n du tio ; th program o electives m e f aybe m d u o s m com ae p f o e bination o th academ f e ic a d th practical courses. n e A exam n ination o th requirem f e ents a d authorizations b statute, o n y f th requirem e ents a d authorizations o th S te Board o Education, a d o n f e ta f n f th practices a o g th schools d e n t indicate a y conflict b tw e legal e mn e os o n e en requirem ents a d authorizations a d the expressed opinions o th m n n f e ajority o th 4 0 organizations a d individuals responding to th questionnaire. f e 3 n e 4 . Responsibility o th f e H m a dS o e n cho l o T he third a d last item in th questionnaire w n e hich w s sent to several a hundred lay a d professional organizations throughout th S te w s co n e ta a ncerned with th follow e ing: W a are th respective responsibilities o th ht e f e h m a d th school? T o e n e hat is, is it th e responsibility o th h m or th school to f e o e e teach courtesy, living w o e fellow ith n 's citizens, or other m atters w hich historically are th responsibility o the ho e e f m? A FO N A IO ED C T N P O R M FOR VIRGINIA U D T N U A IO R G A historically are th responsibility o th hom limited to either th ho e or e f e e" e m th school. T e hese gro ups believe that it is a joint responsibility a d that th n e school should a ssu e its share o th responsibility along w th ho e a d m f e ith e m n the church. t- O General A ur ssem ha n t b e unm bly s o e n indful o public opinion o th f n e teaching o citizenship traits. S f ectio 2 - 3 o th Virginia S n 22 8 f e cho l La s, o w 1 5 , reads a fo 90 s llow s: "The entire sche e o training shall em m f phasize moral education through lessons given b teachers a d im y n parted b appropriate y reading selections." TABLE V Is It th Responsibility o th H m or th S e f e o e e cho l to o T ch C ea ourtesy, Living with O e Fellow Citizens, n 's a dO n ther M atters w hich Historically are th e Responsibility o th H m ? f e o e T y p e of re s p o n s e N u m b er of re s p o n s e s R e s p o n s ib ility o f th e h o m e 18 R e s p o n s ib ility o f th e s c h o o l 11 R e s p o n s ib ility o f b o th th e h o m e an d th e s c h o o l 126 R e s p o n s ib ility o f th e h o m e , th e s c h o o l a n d th e c h u r c h 24 T o ta l r e s p o n s e s on th is q u e s tio n 179 S A E S PPO T FO S H O S D RIN P S T EN Y Y R T T U R R C O L U G A T W T EA S T indicate th extent to w o e hich th General A e ssem bly h s b e conscious a e n o th n e s o public school education a d to w f e e d f n hich it ha d v te available s e o d S te revenues to providing support for the public schools, the Com ission ta m ha com s piled the table set o t belo . It sh w over a tw u w o s enty-year period th e general fun revenues o the S te w d f ta , hich are th source from w e hich th e general purpose program o th S te are supported, a d th a o n ex e d d s f e ta n e m u ts pne for public free school purposes during th sa e years. T e m hese figures indicate a trem endous increase in a bsolute a o n e p n e for public m u ts x e d d schools a d s o that these expenditures ha e constituted a relatively uniform n h w v p ercentage o th available funds. f e A sum ary o the replies is given in Table V It is clear that only a m f . small minority, 2 o t o 1 9 w uld h v the responsibility for teaching 9 u f 7, o ae "courtesy, living w ith o e fellow citizens, a d other m n 's n atters w hich 20 21 �A F O U N D A T IO N E D U C A T IO N P R O G R A M F O R V IR G IN IA E X P E N D IT U R E S F O R P U B L IC SCHOOLS C o m p a re d w ith G EN ER A L FUND REVENUES * F o r F i s c a l Y e a r s E n d e d Ju n e 30, E x p e n d itu res for P u b lic S chools ADDITIONAL STATE AID FOR S H O S C O L 1931 t h r o u g h 1951 Year G en eral Fund Revenues P e r Cent for P u b lic S chools 1931 $ 1 9 ,5 3 2 ,8 3 9 $ 7 ,3 3 5 ,9 4 1 37.56 193 2 1 6 , 6 0 2 , 196 7 , 2 6 7 , 111 4 3 .7 7 193 3 14,423,392 6,752,719 4 6 .7 9 193 4 1 2 ,7 7 1 ,5 3 9 5 ,7 5 7 ,7 4 7 4 5 . 08 19 35 16,744,883 7 ,3 3 5 ,3 8 7 43.81 19 36 18,872,891 7 ,2 4 5 ,1 1 9 3 8 . 39 1937 2 1 ,5 2 3 ,5 6 4 8 ,0 0 9 ,8 3 7 3 7.2 1 19 38 2 2 ,7 2 1 ,0 2 1 8 ,2 1 7 ,3 5 8 3 6 . 17 40 .8 9 40 .4 7 1939 2 3 ,1 5 6 ,6 5 4 9 ,4 6 7 ,6 3 5 1940 2 3 , 8 0 4 , 168 9 ,6 3 3 ,1 7 5 1941 29 , 8 1 9 .2 1 4 1 0 ,519,566 35.28 19 42 3 7 ,0 5 2 ,3 0 4 1 0 ,276,568 2 7 .7 4 1943 42 ,1 6 2 ,3 6 3 12,074,812 28.64 1944 4 2 ,7 6 1 ,6 6 0 1 4 ,047,623 32.85 31.24 19 45 4 9 ,0 9 8 ,1 2 5 1 5 , 3 3 6 , 118 1946 5 3 , 2 9 1 , 544 18,533,632 34.78 1 94 7 5 9 . 6 2 3 , 105 2 5 ,9 0 6 ,7 1 9 43.45 1 94 8 6 7 ,7 1 3 ,2 6 0 3 0 ,0 64,599 44.40 1949 8 6 ,7 8 8 ,4 8 2 3 4 , 6 X 8 , 656 39.89 1 95 0 9 5 ,7 2 9 ,6 2 8 3 7 , 134, 173 3 8 . 79 * N ote: T h e g e n e r a l fund i n c l u d e s a l l r e v e n u e s of the S ta te w h ic h a r e not s p e c i f i c a l l y e a r m a r k e d f o r th e o p e r a t i o n of s uch State d e p a r t m e n t s a s the A BC B o a r d , D e p a r tm e n t of H ighw ays, C o m m is s io n of G am e a n d I n l a n d F i s h e r i e s , I n d u s t r i a l C o m m i s s i o n , U n e m p l o y m e n t an d C om pensation C o m m issio n , etc. 22 A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PRO RA G M FOR VIRGINIA The figures cited a o e indicate th strides m d in Virginia during th b v e a e e past tw decades in support o the public schools by the S te T o f ta . he replies to the questionnaires sent o t by the Com ission indicate that th p ple o th u m e eo f e S te w ta ant such subjects a arithmetic, art, civics, English, health a d s n physical education, history, ho e econom m ics, music, reading, science, spelling a d writing taught in the schools. T n hese subjects are em bodied in the present courses o study prom f ulgated by th S te Board o Education. e ta f The Commission w s interested to learn that high schools are n w a o accredited by the S te Board of Education primarily o the basis o offering ta n f a d not o a arbitrary enrollment figure. T b accredited, a high school n n n o e m ust offer thirty units. Eight o these are prescribed. T f hese are English - 4 units Social S tudies - 2 units M athem atics - 1unit V . & U . History (l u it) a .S n Laboratory Science - 1unit V . &U . G a .S overnm ent ( u it) 1 n Health a nd Physical Education - 4 years T he remaining tw enty-tw units are in elective subjects w o hich m b ay e adjusted to m eet local needs. T he entire thirty n d n t b offered in a single ee o e year, but m ust be available to a student during four years o high school. f T he accrediting o Junior High S f chools is based o the sa e standards n m which apply in the case of four a d five year high schools a d senior high n n schools except in the m atter of offering. T he standard relating to m inim um program of studies or scope of offering which requires that a m inim um o 3 f 0 units of credit b provided during the last four years d e n t apply for junior e os o high school. The expansion o the school system in Virginia has left so e areas f m which are earlier referred to in this report in which there is m uch room for improvem ent. T he Commission feels that the S te Board o Education a d ta f n the Superintendent o Public Instruction are a a o the n f w re f eeds o our public f school system It believes that the tim ha co e for the schools to . e s m consolidate their gains a d to strengthen th present program before em n e barking o n w ventures in education. In short the Com ission believes that the S te n e m ta 's responsibility is to insure that schools throughout the S te are rendering ta adequate services in accordance with the present program before the S te ta becom es com itted to the support of additional m m ajor educational endeavors. There are m any localities in which the schools at the present tim are e far ahead in m any respects o the S te school system a a w o . T f ta s h le he Com mission is gratified at the initiative displayed in these localities a d feels n that the S te should assist these localities in th provision o a basic program ta e f leaving to the localities the decision a to w s hether to g a e d a d broaden o h a n their public school activities. For this reason th Com ission d e n t believe e m os o that a com plete equalization program is desirable or feasible. Equalization w ould have the effect of cutting off all S te support from so e counties a d ta m n increasing S te aid to others. ta The Commission accordingly recom ends that so e S te aid to all m m ta local schools b continued. This w ill insure that the localities w e hich are presently receiving S te funds a d are able to g far b y n the S te con ta n o e o d ta 's tribution in support of their o n schools will continue to receive such aid. w 2 3 �A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA T he Com ission feels that s m o th additional fu d w m o e f e n s hich m y b a e provided for public schools should n t b o a "across th board" basis but o e n n e should b directed to ards achieving certain specific en e w ds. T first o the he f se e d is a greater m ns easure o equalization o educational opportunity through f f o t th S te Increased aid along this line, ho ever, should n t b m u e ta . w o e erely a gift from th S te but should b given in such a m e ta e anner a to en u g s co ra e increased local effort in support o schools. f T he Com ission d e n t believe that a y person or a y group is w m os o n n ise en u h to establish a form og ula w hich will b perfectly equitable b w e y hich local effort ca b m n e easured. It is well a a o s m o th defects in th w re f o e f e e standard w hich ha b e u d in th pa - that o a certain a o n o reven e s e n se e st f mu t f u derived from true real esta values. A th sa e tim it feels that this te t e m e standard, in de a a it is, is becom a qu te s ing m ore uniform throughout th S te e ta . Reassessm ents m d b localities w the assistance o th S te D ae y ith f e ta epartm ent o T f axation h v b e m d in 7 counties a d 1 cities a th present tim ae e n ae 3 n 7 t e e. This program is continuing a d th Com ission feels that in tim this n e m e standard will b relatively uniform throughout all the counties a d cities o e n f th S te e ta . A FO N A IO EDU TIO P O R M FO VIRGINIA U D T N CA N R G A R rightful place, perform his obligations a d e jo his benefits a a citizen o n n y s f th C m o w lth. e o m n ea Respectfully subm itted, E. BLACKBU RN M O E, Chairm O R an LLO YD C BIRD, V . ice-Chairm an LEW P ES O CO IS R T N LLIN S J M Y A D M G D . A N R A RU ER J D M D . . EA E W TAYLO M R Y . E U PH LEO A N RD G M S . U E H H W . . ALKER LA D N R W A T N O . Y T In th distribution o S te fu d in addition to th equalization factor a d e f ta ns e n the incentive to local effort, th Com ission feels that reduction o excessive e m f teacher-pupil ratios is o e o th aim w n f e s hich should b so g e u ht. There h s a be en so e u h p y experience in th p st in connectio w th allocation o m nap e a n ith e f S te fun b sed o num ta ds a n bers o teacher-units a d m f n inim um salaries for teachers. H w o ever, the Com ission feels that since S te funds are provided m ta primarily for teachers' salaries th m e etho o distribution should b so related d f e to th num e ber o teachers in a school division that a least th locality will n t f t e o b a e ble to s v m n y o teachers' salaries a d a th s m tim participate ae o e n n t e a e e o a norm basis in equalization fun n al ds. C N LU IO O C S N By w y o sum arization th Com ission desires to point o t that in a f m e m u accordance w th relationship w ith e hich ha existed b tw e th C m o w lth s e e n e o m n ea a d its political subdivisions in the m n ge e n a a m nt, control a d support o th n f e public schools for m n decades, th S te responsibilities are tw . T a y e ta 's o he first is to provide leadership w very limited control to th e d that th ith e n e local school divisions will b able to call u o th S te a d receive advice a d e p n e ta n n assistance in co nnectio with their problem n s. T se n p a o th S te he co d h se f e ta 's responsibility is to assist th localities in financing their school system e s. T e h Constitution o Virginia provides that certain fun are to b distributed to th f ds e e localities o th basis o population. S m S te fu d h v for m n years n e f o e ta ns ae a y be en distributed u o a ev m p n n en ore accurate indication o n e - a f ed verage daily a n a ce in th schools. tte d n e T he Com ission feels that in providing additional fu d consideration m ns should also b given to rem e edying th deficiencies w e hich are fo n in th S te u d e ta w ide school system a d to equalizing th opportunity afforded every child in n e th S te to secure a education w e ta n hich is a e u te to ena dq a ble him to ta e his k 2 4 I'l 2 5 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "A Foundation Education Program For Virginia, Report of the Commission to the Governor and the General Assembly of Virginia", Senate Document No. 13, November 26, 1951. 14 pages. Description An account of the resource Commission set up to study and report on the establishment of a foundation program containing the fundamental courses in public schools which are basic to the education programs to be financed by the State. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Commonwealth of Virginia, Senate Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/26/51 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_6_1_3_2 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/e64968e5d4c3507574b1886d262a6375.pdf 426e4c95a9a396ef02111d7fe3ac42de PDF Text Text Charter of the City of Arlington House Bill 319, Chapter 367, Acts of Assembly, 1946 A R L IN G T O N , V IR G IN IA �CHARTER OF THE CITY OF ARLINGTON House Bill 319, Chapter 367, Acts of Assembly, 1946 Ch 367.—An ACT to provide for the creation and incorporation of the City of Arlington; to provide a charter and form of government therefor; to pre scribe its confines; to transfer certain powers, rights, duties, obligations, prop erty and other matters; to provide how the foregoing may be accomplished; to continue certain ordinances, and acts, and preserve certain rights, and to re peal certain acts. [H B 319] Approved March 28, 1946 a p. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia: 1. CHARTER OF THE CITY OF ARLINGTON ARTICLE I Incorporation; Form of Government; Transition from County Section 1. Incorporation.—From and after the date, in the manm under the circumstances hereinafter provided, the territory now ier, composing Arlington County shall constitute and be a body politic and corporate, to be known and designated as the City of Arlington, it now appearing that the said community has a population of more than ten thousand inhabitants, as shown by the last preceding United States census. Section 2. Boundaries.—The boundaries of the City of Arlington as herein provided shall concide and be coextensive with the boundaries of Arlington County as they exist immediately preceding the effective date of this charter. There shall also be included in the boundaries of the city any terri tory ceded to the Commonwealth of Virginia by any government oi agency thereof between the points where the northwest boundary of the city intersects with the Potomac anti where the southeast boundary of such city intersects such River and such city shall include within its boun daries any territory added between the two stfch points by artificial fills, alluvion, erosion or otherwise. Section 3. Form of Government; General Powers.—The munici~pal government provided by this charter shall be known as the “CouncilManager Government.” The inhabitants of the City of Arlington, with in the boundaries set forth in Section Two of this Act, or as hereafter established in the manner provided by law, shall be a body politic and corporate for all purposes for which cities of the first class are incor porated in this Commonwealth, and as such, shall have, exercise and en joy all of the rights, immunities, powers and privileges, and be subject to all of the duties and obligations encumbent upon and pertaining to 3 �C H A R T E R O F T H E CITY O F A R LIN G TO N CH A RTER O F T H E C ITY O F A R LINGTON the said City as a city of the first class. Under the name of the City of Arlington, it shall have perpetual succession, may use a corporate seal, may sue and be sued, may acquire property within or without its boun daries for any municipal purpose, in fee simple or lesser interest or estate, by purchase, gift, devise, lease, or condemnation, and may so lease, hold, manage and control such property as it may acquire; and except as prohibited by the Constitution of Virginia or restricted by this Charter, the City of Arlington shall have all municipal powers, functions, rights, privileges and immunities of any kind or nature whatsoever to which cities of the first class are now or may hereafter be entitled by general law. The enumeration of particular powers by this Charter shall not be deemed to be exclusive; and in addition to the powers enumerated herein, or implied thereby, or appropriate to the exercise of such powers, it is intended that the City shall have and may exercise all powers which, under the Constitution of this State, it would be competent for this Charter to enumerate specifically. Section 4. Transition from County.—Upon incorporation, the City of Arlington, which will hereafter be referred to as the City, shall be come and be liable for the bonded indebtedness and current debts and obligations of the County of Arlington, hereinafter referred to as the County, as such obligations exist immediately preceding incorporation. The City shall succeed in right and title to all properties, contracts and rights of every nature then possessed by the County or any subdivision or district thereof, including all money belonging to the County and its books, records, papers and all other things of value. Upon incorpora tion, the ordinances of the County shall remain in full force and effect as ordinances of the City. The City of Arlington shall succeed to all of the rights and privi leges of the former County with respect to the laws under which its water supply system and its sewerage and sewage disposal system have been and are being installed, and to all of the rights and privileges grant ed by the Congress of the United States to the former County of Arling ton or possessed by the Arlington Sanitary District which is coextensive with the County of Arlington. All of the County levies and taxes, both current and delinquent, and all school and other funds held by the State to the credit of the County of Arlington shall be turned over to the City of Arlington. The tax levy and assessments made for the current or ensuing year or years shall stand as the levy and assessment of the City. All contracts entered into by the County for materials or supplies or con struction work in force on the date of incorporation shall thereby become the contracts of the City. The persons holding office as members of the County Board of the County at the moment of its incorporation, shall become members of and shall constitute the Council of the City of Arlington, and shall continue to constitute all of such Council until the election and qualification of their successors as provided by Article Two. Section Five hereof, notwith standing the duration of the term for which such persons may original" 4 ly have been elected. As such, they shall continue to have and exercise all of the rights, powers and privileges conferred, and shall be subject to all of the duties, liabilities and restrictions now imposed by law for the government of cities of the first class of this Commonwealth and as vested in members of Council by the following provisions of this Act. Those persons who shall hold office as Commonwealth’s Attorney, County Clerk, Sheriff, Treasurer and Commissioner of the Revenue, respectively, immediately preceding incorporation, shall by virtue of such incorporation become respectively, the Commonwealth’s Attorney, Clerk of the Courts, City Sergeant, City Treasurer and Commissioner of the Revenue of the City of Arlington, and shall continue to hold office until the expiration of the respective terms for which they were elected or appointed and until their successors have been elected and have quali fied. They shall have and exercise all of the rights, powers and privi leges conferred and shall be subject to all of the duties, liabilities and restrictions imposed by law upon officers of cities of the first class of this Commonwealth. Their successors in the offices of Commonwealth’s At torney, Clerk of the Courts, City Sergeant, City Treasurer and Commis sioner of the Revenue of the City of Arlington shall be elected at the regular November election, next preceding the end of the respective terms for which they were elected or appointed ; and shall take office on the first day of the next January; and elections for these offices shall thereafter be held in the manner and for the term provided by general law for cities of the first class of Virginia, except that the date of elec tion and commencement of term of office shall be as herein determined. In any case in which no city officer or employee is designated as the person who shall succeed to the powers, rights, duties, obligations, and property held by, any county officer or employee then the council shall designate some city officer or employee to perform the duties of such officer and he shall succeed to, and be clothed with all rights, powers, duties, obligations of, and county property held by, such county officer. ARTICLE II THE COUNCIL Section 5. Number; Selection; Term.—The Council of the City shall be elected from the City at large for a term of four years or until their successors have been elected and shall have qualified. Members of the Council shall be elected on the second Tuesday in June next fol lowing the effective date of incorporation and on the second Tuesday in June in each fourth year thereafter, and shall take office on the first day of the next July. The number of members of the Council shall be either five or seven, as may be determined by a referendum provided by Part two of this Act. Section 6. Qualifications.—Members of the Council shall be quali fied electors of the City and shall hold no other City office. Section 7. Salary.—The annual salary of members of the Council 5 �CHARTER OF T H E C IT Y O F A R LINGTON C H A R T E R O F T H E CITY O F A R L IN G T O N shall be twelve hundred dollars, payable in equal monthly instalments. The Council may change such salary, increasing or decreasing the an nual amount thereof, but only by ordinance, after regular public hearing. No change shall be effective during the current term of any member of Council enacting such ordinance. Section 8. Presiding Officer.—The Council at its first meeting and annually thereafter, shall elect one of its members who shall have the title of Chairman, shall preside at meetings of the Council and shall be recognized as head of the City Government for all official and ceremonial purposes. The Council shall also elect a Vice-Chairman who shall act as Chairman during the absence or disability of the Chairman and who shall become Chairman if a vacancy occurs in that office. The Chair man shall have the same powers and duties as other members of the Council and shall have a vote but no power of veto. Section 9. Powers of Council.—The Council shall have and suc ceed to all powers possessed by the Arlington County Board immediate ly preceding the effective date of this Charter. It shall have all the gen eral powers vested in it as the Council of a city of the first class by the Constitution and laws of this State. It shall be the legislative body of the City; shall exercise within its jurisdiction all police powers which the State itself may exercise under the Constitution except such as may be specifically denied by general law. Except as may otherwise be de fined by this Charter, the Council shall be the repository of all municipal power and authority of every nature whatsoever and may adopt every such measure as it may deem expedient and necessary to secure and promote the health, safety and general welfare of the inhabitants of the City. The enumeration of particular powers by this Charter shall not be deemed to be exclusive, and in addition to the powers enumerated herein, or implied hereby, or appropriate to the exercise of such powers, it is intended that the City of Arlington through its Council shall have and may exercise all powers which, under the Constitution of this State, it would be competent for this Charter to enumerate specifically. Without derogation to, or limitation upon the general grant herein contained, the Council shall have power: First: To fill and vacate the office of City Manager hereinafter created, but only by the vote of a majority of all members. Second: To sue and be sued in the name of the City of Arlington, a municipal corporation, in the manner and subject to the limitations pro vided by general law. Third: To establish general policies for the administration of af fairs of the City. Fourth: To create and change from time to time, or abolish, ad ministrative departments. Fifth: To adopt the annual budget as hereinafter provided. Sixth: To establish the general annual property tax levy, without limitation in amount, for school or other purposes. Seventh: Except as prohibited by general law to enact ordinances, establishing license and occupational taxes, including, specifically, a li cense tax on vehicles using the public streets of the City; and to provide penalties for the violation thereof. Eighth: To borrow money and to authorize the issuance of bonds by appropriate ordinances, in the manner and subject to the limitations imposed by this Charter. Ninth: To regulate by ordinance the platting, subdivision and de velopment of land, and the establishment of streets, ways and easements therein which may be dedicated to public use; and to establish and en force minimum requirements for the improvement of such streets, ways, easements, and other areas intended to become public property, or other wise dedicated to the common use. Tenth: To create personnel, planning or other Boards or Commis sions, to appoint members thereof and to define their duties, provided that the Council shall not thereby undertake to divest itself of duties and responsibilities delegated to it by this Charter and by general law; and to establish and finance a pension and retirement plan for public employees. Eleventh: To regulate and restrict the height and number of storie* of buildings and other structures, the size of yards and courts, the density of populations and the location and use of buildings for trade, industry, business, residence or other purpose. Twelfth: To acquire, oWn and operate every manner of property, public utility or public work as the Council may deem necessary for the health and welfare of the inhabitants of the City; to grant franchise* for the use of public ways by utilities to sell its surplus products or service beyond the corporate limits of the City; in general to do all things in relation thereto not prohibited by general law. For the foregoing purposes, the power of eminent domain may be exercised in any manner permitted to the County of Arlington immediately preceding incorpora tion, or allowed to the Councils of cities under general law. Thirteenth: To adopt regulations for the use and operations of streets of the City by vehicles and pedestrians, including specifically the same power to regulate the speed of motor vehicles which was possessed by the County of Arlington, immediately preceding incorporation. Fourteenth: For making and improving the walkways upon then ex isting streets, and improving and paving then existing alleys, and for either the construction, or for the use of sewers, the Council shall have the power to impose a tax or assessment upon the land abutting such improvements, or abutting the street along, or within which such im provements are constructed. But such assessment shall not be in excess of the peculiar benefits resulting to the fund from such improvements. The method of establishing such assessment, including provision for determination of the amount thereof, notice, hearing, judicial review and creation and enforcement of the lien thereof, may be determined by ordinance. The Council shall likewise have and exercise such powers in rela- 6 7 �CHARTER O F T H E C ITY O F ARLINGTON tion to special benefit assessments, as may be vested in it by general law. or as may have been possessed by the County Board of Arlington Coun ty, immediately preceding incorporation. Fifteenth: To provide as a penalty for the violation of any City Ordinance a fine of not exceeding five hundred dollars or imprisonment for a period of not more than three months in the City Jail, or both such fine and imprisonment. Section 10. Ordinances.—In addition to such acts of the Council as are required by general law or by this Charter to be by ordinance, every act of the Council establishing a line or other penalty shall be by ordinance. The enacting clause of all ordinances shall be: “The Council of the City of Arlington hereby ordains Every ordinance shall be introduced in writing in the form in which it is proposed for final passage, and shall next be published at least twice with an interval of at least five days between such publications, in some newspaper published and printed and having general circulation in the City of Arlington, or if there be none, then in some newspaper having general circulation therein. With such publication there shall appear a notice of the time and place when and where the proposed ordinance will be given a public hearing and considered for adoption. At the time and place so advertised, or at any time and place to which such hearing shall from time to time be adjourned, such ordinance shall be read in full, and after such reading all persons interested shall be given an opportunity to be heard. After such hearing, the Council may adopt such ordinance, with or without amendment; provided that any amendment adopted without prior publication shall be cognate to the subject of the ordinance as proposed and advertised. After such adoption, if the ordinance establishes a fine or penalty upon its violation, it shall again be published in some newspaper pub lished and printed and having general circulation in the City, or if there be none, then in some newspaper having general circulation therein; and it shall become effective from and after the date of such publication un less a later effective date shall be fixed by the terms of the ordinance. Every other ordinance shall be effective from the date of its adoption, un less otherwise provided therein. Section 11. Meetings of Council and Rules of Procedure.—All meetings of Council shall be public. The Council shall determine its own rules and order of business. It shall keep a journal of its proceed ings and the journals shall be open to public inspection at all times. The Council shall meet at ten o’clock in the morning on the first Saturday of July of each year. It shall then elect a Chairman and ViceChairman for the ensuing year and shall determine the day and hour of its regular meetings thereafter during the year. There shall be at least two such regular meetings during each month of the year. Members of the Council shall be subject to removal for cause and in the manner prescribed by general law. A majority of the Council shall 8 C H A R T E R O F T H E CITY O F A R L IN G T O N constitute a quorum for the conduct of business unless a greater number shall be required by charter or general law. Any regular meeting of the Council may be adjourned from time to time until its business shall have been completed, provided that the time and place of the adjournment shall be determined before adjournment. Section 12. Clerk of Council.—The Council shall designate some person who shall have the title of Clerk of Council, shall give notice of its meetings, shall keep the journal of its proceedings, shall authenticate by his signature and record in full in such journal all ordinances and reso lutions of the Council and shall be the custodian of the seal of the City. The Clerk shall hold office at the pleasure of the Council and shall per form such other duties as may be required by this Charter, or by ordi nance, or by the Council. Section 13. Special Meetings.—A special meeting of the Council shall be held when requested by two or more of the members thereof, which request shall be in writing addressed to the Clerk of the Council, specifying the time and place of the meeting and the matters to be con sidered. Upon receipt of such request, the Clerk shall immediately notify each member of the Council in writing to attend upon such meeting at the time and place mentioned in said request, which notice shall specify the matters to be considered at the meeting. The Clerk shall send a copy of such notice to each member of the Council by registered mail not less than three days before the day of said special meeting; or he may have such notice served on the members of the Council by the Sergeant of the City if he deems such method of service necessary to secure their at tendance or to provide adequate notice. No matter not specified in said notice shall be considered at such meeting, unless all of the members of the Council are present. The foregoing requirement of notice of a special meeting may be waived by the consent in writing of all members of the Council. ARTICLE III CITY MANAGER Section 14. Qualifications.—The City Manager shall be chosen by the Council solely on the basis of his executive and administrative quali fications with special reference to his actual experience in, or his knowl edge of, accepted practice in respect to the duties of his office as here inafter set forth. At the time of his appointment, he need not be a resi dent of the City or State, but during his tenure of office he shall reside within the City. Section 15. Powers and Duties.—The City Manager shall be the chief executive officer and shall have charge of all administrative depart“ments of the city government. He shall be responsible to the Council for the proper administration of all affairs of the City and to that end he shall have power and shall be required to: 1. Appoint and, when necessary for the good of the service, re move all officers and employees of the City, except as otherwise provided by this Charter, and except as he may authorize the head of a department 9 �CHARTER O F T H E CITY O F A RLINGTON or office to appoint and remove subordinates in such department or of fice ; 2. Prepare the budget annually and submit it to the Council and be responsible for its administration after adoption ; 3. Keep the Council advised of the financial condition and future needs of the City and make such recommendations as may seem to him desirable; 4. The Manager shall execute in behalf of the City all contracts in relation to the public works of the City which have theretofore been approved by the Council through provision therefor in the annual bud get, or otherwise. He shall likewise draw vouchers in form approved by the Council, upon the City Treasurer, in payment of all bills, claims and accounts against the City for which money has previously been ap propriated, by provision in the annual budget, or otherwise. At the second regular meeting of each month he shall present to the Council an itemized statement of all expenditures made by him since his last re port, and on or before August fifteenth of each year he shall file with the Clerk of the Council a detailed summary of the amounts expended by him during the preceding year. Such annual report shall classify ex penditures made by him, in form corresponding to the classifications by which the corresponding sums were appropriated in the annual bud get. Copies of such report shall be made available to interested per sons, upon request. 5. He shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by this Charter or required of him by the Council not inconsistent with this Charter. Section 16. Absence of City Manager.—To perform his duties during his temporary absence or disability, the Manager may designate by letter filed with the City Clerk a qualified administrative officer of the City. In the event of failure of the Manager to make such designation, the Council may, by resolution, appoint some other person to perform the duties of the Manager until he shall return or his disability shall cease. Section 17. Appointment; Term of Office and Removal.—Upon the incorporation of the City of Arlington, the person who held the of fice of County Manager therein, immediately preceding such incorpora tion. shall continue in office as the City Manager, subject to all of the provisions of this Charter. The term of his office as Manager shall expire on December thirtieth next following incorporation, and on June thirtieth of each year thereafter. He shall be notified at least sixty days before the expiration of the fiscal year if his services are not desired for the ensuing fiscal year. He shall receive such annual salary as the Council may prescribe, payable in monthly instalments out of City funds. He shall devote his full time to the performance of the duties of his office. The Council may remove the City Manager at any time for neglect of duty, malfeasance or misfeasance in office. It) C IIA R T I-R O F TH F. CITY OF A R LIN G TO N ARTICLE IV THE BUDGET Section 18. Fiscal Year.—The fiscal year of the city government shall begin on the first day of July and shall end on the last day of June of each calendar year. Such fiscal year shall also constitute the budget and accounting year. Section 19. Tentative Budget.—The City Manager shall, on or before March fifteenth of each year, prepare and submit to the Council a tentative budget containing a complete itemized and classified plan of all proposed expenditures and all estimated revenues and borrowings for the City including those for school purposes, for the ensuing fiscal or appropriation year. Opposite each item of proposed expenditures, the budget shall show in separate parallel columns the amount appropriated for the preceding appropriation year, the amount expended during that year, the amount appropriated for the current year, and the increases or decreases in the proposed expenditures for the ensuing year as com pared with the appropriation for the current year. The tentative budget shall be accompanied by: (a) A statement of the contemplated revenues and disbursements, liabilities, reserves and surplus or deficit of the City as of the date of the preparation of the budget. (b) An itemized and complete financial balance sheet for the City at the close of the last preceding appropriation year. Section 20. Public Hearing; Notice; Publication.—A brief syn opsis of the budget shall be published in a newspaper published and printed and having general circulation in the City, or if there be none then in some newspaper having general circulation therein; and notice given of one or more public hearings, at least fifteen days prior to the date set for hearing, at which any citizen or property owner of the City shall have the right to attend and state his views thereon. Such hearing may be adjourned from time to time until completed. The manager shall furnish copies of the proposed budget to inter ested persons, upon request. Section 21. Adoption of Budget; Change Permitted Thereafter.— Following such public hearing, and before the annual tax levy is made, the Council shall adopt its final budget for the next ensuing fiscal year. Such budget shall embrace all contemplated expenditures, itemized and classified as above required for the tentative budget, and its adoption shall be recorded upon the minutes of the Council. In the event of failure of the Council to adopt a final budget as herein required, the tentative budget submitted by the City Manager shall become the final budget. After the budget has become effective no change shall be made in the allocation of funds therein made unless such change is recommended by the City Manager and approved by the City Council, provided that in no event shall any change of more than ten percent be made in the total allocation of funds to any major department of the city government. 1 1 �CH A R TER O F T H E CITY O F ARLINGTON' ARTICLE V THE APPROPRIATION AND EXPENDITURE OF FUNDS Section 22. General Appropriation Resolution.—At its first regu lar meeting after the beginning of the fiscal year, the Council shall adopt a general appropriation resolution, the purpose and effect of which shall be to appropriate funds which shall thereafter be available for disburse ment by the Manager in payment for public works, services, materials or other commitments, contemplated and provided for by the current bud get. Section 23. Expenditure of Funds.—No public funds shall be ex pended for any purpose unless and until the Director of Finance shall certify that there has been a valid appropriation of funds to cover such expenditure; that there is an unexpended fund balance for the payment of same and that money, so appropriated, is -likewise available. The Director of Finance shall countersign each and every warrant drawn on the City Treasurer for the expenditure of public money; and his countersignature shall constitute a certificate that such warrant has been issued in accordance with the requirements of this section. Section 24. Extraordinary Appropriations and Expenditures.— (1) Re-allocation of Budgeted Funds. The Council, upon the recommendation of the City Manager, may from time to time during the fiscal year adopt supplementary appropria tion resolutions, varying the allocation of funds as set up by the budget and appropriated, but which have not theretofore been expended. Such re-allocation and re-appropriation may be made only within the limits defined in Article IV of this Charter. (2) Appropriation of Surplus Funds. The Council, upon the recommendation of the City Manager, may also from time to time adopt resolutions appropriating surplus funds for stated purposes. Surplus funds shall include only the following: (a) Revenue receipts made available by the lapsing of unencum bered appropriation balances at the beginning of the budget year and not included as estimated receipts in the current budget; (b) Receipts from revenue of the preceding fiscal year which have not been included in the estimate of receipts in the current budget and which are otherwise unencumbered. (3) Emergency Appropriations. The Council may also make an emergency appropriation to meet a pressing need for public expenditure, for other than a regular or recur ring requirement, to protect the public health, safety or welfare. Such appropriation shall be by resolution adopted by the favorable vote of at least four-fifths of the members of the Council and shall be made only upon the recommendation of the City Manager. The total amount of all such appropriations made in any budget year shall not exceed three per cent of the total operating appropriations made in the budget for that year. 1 2 C H A R T E R O F T H E CITY O F A R LIN G TO N ARTICLE VI BORROWING MONEY Section 25. Classes of Debt.—The City, through its Council, shall have power to.borrow money in accordance with the provisions of this article. All debts to be contracted by the City for borrowing money, and all evidences of debt issued therefor, shall fall within Class I, Class II or Class III as herein defined. The evidence of debt in each case shall show on its face the classification under which it has been issued. Section 26. Class I Debts; Tax Anticipation Notes.—The Council of the City is authorized to issue its tax anticipation notes during any fiscal year, which shall be payable in full not later than the last day of the calendar year in which the money has been borrowed. No such note or evidence of debt or renewal thereof shall be valid except in accordance with this provision ; and the aggregate amount of all such notes outstand ing at any time shall not exceed seventy-five per cent of the total tax levied, or to be levied, during such year for the fund against which the money has been borrowed. Such notes shall be known and identified as Class I Debts. Section 27. Class II Debts; Short Term Capital Debentures.— The Council may borrow such a sum or sums as shall not exceed in the total amount outstanding, three per cent of the total assessed value of all real estate within the City, in the manner and for the purposes herein set forth. All evidences of debt issued pursuant to this provision shall be identified at the time of issuance as “Class II Debentures.” Authorization for the creation of debts of this class shall be by reso lution of a majority of all members of the Council. Debts of this class may be incurred only for capital expenditures. Notice of intention to incur such debt, and of a public hearing in relation thereto, shall be pub lished at least once, in a newspaper having general circulation in the City at least two weeks prior to the date of such hearing. The notice shall state the purpose or purposes for which the debt is proposed to be in curred: the estimated total cost of the project or projects; the amount proposed to be borrowed; the aggregate amount of all Class II deben tures then outstanding and the then assessed value of real property in the City. The public notice shall also contain a brief statement of the necessity for incurring the proposed debt. Any debt created by virtue of resolution after public hearing as aforesaid, shall be payable in full not more than five years after the date of its creation; and at least twenty per cent*of the original principal thereof, with all accrued interest, shall become due and shall be paid dur ing each year except the last year in which any portion of the debt shall exist. Debentures issued in evidence of Class II debts shall bear interest at an annual rate of not more than six per cent and shall be sold, at public sale after such advertisement as the Council shall determine, at such price that the resulting cost shall not exceed six per cent per annum. 13 �CH A RTER O F T 1IK C ITY O F ARLINGTON C H A R T E R O F T H E CITY O F A R L IN G T O N Section 28. Class III Debts; City Bonds.—Bonds of Class 111 shall be issued only upon an ordinance enacted by the Council and ap proved by public referendum as hereinafter provided. Section 29. The Bond Ordinance.—The Bond Ordinance shall contain in substance at least the following provisions: (1) A title which shall state briefly the purpose or purposes for which the bonds are proposed, and the total amount to be authorized. (2) A brief description of the project, the estimated maximum cost thereof and the estimated period of usefulness thereof. . (3) The total bonded indebtedness for which the City is liable be fore issuance of the proposed bonds, which recital shall show separately the amount of bonds payable primarily from general taxation, and the amount issued for revenue-producing projects. (4) A schedule of dates upon which the several bonds will be pay able, to be determined in accordance with the following provisions of this Charter. (5) A declaration that the bonds authorized will be within all debt and other limitations prescribed by the Constitution and laws of this State. Section 30. Appropriation of Money.—The enactment by the Council of a Bond Ordinance shall be deemed an appropriation of money for the sole purpose of the project as recited in the ordinance; and no money so appropriated shall be used for any other purpose. Section 31. Payment of Bonds.—The debt proposed to be created by an ordinance enacted under this Charter, and to be evidenced by Class III Bonds, as herein defined, shall be payable in full within the esti mated life of the project but in no event beyond thirty years from the« date of issuance of such bonds. The debt shall be payable in annual instalments, and interest on the entire debt or the unpaid balance there of shall be payable semi-annually or annually after date of issuance of the bonds. No annual instalment of principal shall be more than fifty per cent in excess of the smallest prior instalment. No renewal or re funding shall be permitted to extend the time of payment herein required. Section 32. Public Sale of Bonds.—All Class III Bonds issued under this Charter shall be sold at public sale upon sealed proposals after at least ten days’ notice published at least once in a publication carrying municipal bond notices and devoted primarily to financial news or to the subject of State and municipal bonds, and at least ten days’ notice published at least once in a -newspaper having general circulation in the City. Section 33. Passage of Bond Ordinance.—The procedure for passage of a bond ordinance shall be the same as that prescribed by this Charter for other ordinances of the City, except that a bond ordinance shall be adopted only by an affirmative vote of a majority of all members of the Council. Such ordinance need not again be published after final passage, and the^efifective date shall be as hereinafter determined. Section 34. Public Referendum.—Upon the adoption by the Coun- cil of a Bond Ordinance, the Clerk of the Council shall forthwith certify a copy of the said ordinance to the Circuit Court of the City of Arlington or to the Judge thereof, in vacation, who shall thereupon enter an order requiring the judges of election to open a poll and take the sense of the qualified voters of the City on the question of contracting the debt, bor rowing the money and issuing the bonds for the project proposed by the said ordinance. Section 35. The Election.—If a majority of the Council, by resolu tion, shall so request, the Circuit Court shall order a special election for. the purpose aforesaid, and such election shall be held on a day stated in the order not less than twenty, nor more than forty, days from the date of such order; otherwise the election herein provided for shall be held on the next general election day which shall occur more than ten days after the entry of the said order. The regular election officers of the City, at the time designated in such oi;der authorizing such vote, shall open the polls at the various voting places in the City, and shall conduct such election in the same manner as is provided by law for other elections. The order of the Court directing the election shall recite the ordinance and shall direct the proper election officials to prepare for the use of the voters official ballots on each of which shall be printed the title of the ordinance, fol lowed by the words, “For the Bond Issue” and “Against the Bond Is sue”. At such election, each qualified voter who shall approve con tracting the debt, borrowing the money and issuing the bonds for such project as proposed by the ordinance, shall deposit a ticket or ballot in dicating in the manner provided by law that he has voted “For the Bond Issue”. Each qualified voter who shall disapprove shall deposit a ticket or ballot on which he shall record his vote “Against the Bond Issue”. The votes shall be counted, returns made and canvassed, as in other elections, and the results certified by the Commissioners of Election to the said Circuit Court. If it shall appear by the report of the Com missioners of Election that a majority of the qualified voters of the City voting on the question approve contracting the debt, borrowing the money and issuing the bonds for such project, the Circuit Court shall forthwith enter an order declaring the ordinance to have been approved. Section 36. Contest of Bond Issue.—Within twenty days from the entry of such order, but not thereafter, any qualified voter or tax payer of the City may file proceedings to contest the said election or to question the validity or legality of the project or of the bonds to be issued for that purpose. Upon the expiration of said period, all recitals con tinued in the bond ordinance and all steps theretofore taken in relation to the issuance of said bonds shall be conclusively presumed to be valid. Section 37. Payment of Bonds and Notes.—The power and obli gation of the City to pay any and all bonds and notes hereafter issued by it pursuant to this Charter shall be unlimited and the City shall levyad valorem taxes upon all the taxable property within the City for the payment of such bonds or notes and interest thereon, without limitation 14 15 �CIIAKTI-.R O F T11F. CITY O F A RLIN G TO N of rate or amount. '1 he faith and credit of the City arc hereby pledged for the payment of the principal of and interest on all bonds and notes of the City hereafter issued pursuant to this Charter, whether or not such pledge be stated in the bonds or notes, or in the bond ordinance authorizing their issuance. The aggregate amount of all outstanding debts of all classes pro vided by this Article shall not exceed at any time any limitation imposed by the Constitution of Virginia. ARTICLE VII DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE Section 38. Director of Finance; Appointment and Qualifications. —Among the departments of the city government there shall be a de partment of finance, the head of which shall be the Director of Finance, who shall be appointed by the City Manager. The Director of Finance shall have knowledge of municipal accounting and taxation and shall have had experience in budgeting and financial control. Section 39. Director of Finance; Powers and Duties.—The Di rector of Finance shall have charge of the administration of the financial affairs of the City, and to that end he shall have authority and shall be required to: (1) Compile the current expense estimates for the budget for the City Manager; (2) Compile the capital estimates for the budget for the City Man ager ; (3) Supervise and be responsible for the disbursement of all moneys and have control over all expenditures to ensure that budget appropria tions are not exceeded; (4) Maintain a general accounting system for the city government and each of its offices, departments and agencies; keep books for, and exercise financial budgetary control over each office, department and agency; and keep separate accounts for the items of appropriation con tained in the City budget, each of which accounts shall show the amount of the appropriation, the amounts paid therefrom, the unpaid obligations against it and the unencumbered balance; (5) Submit to the City Manager and Council, at least monthly, or more frequently if required, a statement of all receipts and disburse ments, in sufficient detail to show the exact financial condition of the City; and approve, or disapprove, all financial reports which the Man ager may be required to make to the Council; (6) Prepare for the City Manager, as of the end of each fiscal year, a complete financial statement and report; (7) Supervise and be responsible for the purchase, storage and distribution of all supplies, materials, equipment and other articles used by any office, department or agency of the city government; 16 O IIA R T I.R O F T IIF . CITY O F A R L IN G T O N (8) Approve all proposed expenditures. Unless he shall certify that there is an unencumbered balance of appropriated and availablefunds, no expenditures shall be made. Section 40. Accounting Supervision and Control.—The Director of Finance shall have power and shall be required to : (1) Prescribe the forms of receipts, vouchers, bills or claims to be used by all the offices, departments and agencies of the city govern ment ; (2) Examine and approve all contracts, orders and other docu ments by which the city government incurs financial obligations, having previously ascertained that moneys have been appropriated and allotted and will be available when the obligations shall become due and payable: (3) Audit and approve before payment all bills, invoices, payrolls and other evidences of claims, demands or charges against the city gov ernment and with the advice of the Department of Law determine the regularity, legality and correctness of such claims, demands or charges; (4) Inspect and audit any accounts or records of financial transac tions which may be maintained in any office, department or agency of the city government apart from or subsidiary to the accounts kept in his office. Section 41. When Contracts and Expenditures Prohibited.—No officer, department or agency shall, during any budget year, expend or contract to expend any money or incur and liability, or enter into any contract which by its terms involves the expenditure of money, for any purpose, in excess of the amounts appropriated for that general classi fication of expenditure pursuant to this Charter. Nothing in this section contained, however, shall prevent the making of contracts or the spend ing of money for capital improvements to be financed in whole or in part by the issuance of bonds, nor the making of contracts of lease or for services for a period exceeding the budget year in which such contract is made, when such contract is permitted by law. Section 42. Appropriations Lapse at End of Year.—All appropria tions shall lapse at the end of the budget year to the extent that they shall not have been expended or lawfully encumbered. Section 43. Fees Shall Be Paid to City Government.—All fees re ceived by any officer or employee in his official capacity shall belong to the city government and shall be paid daily through the Department of Finance to the City Treasurer. Section 44. Division of Purchases: Purchasing Agent.—There shall be established in the Department of Finance a division of purchases, the head of which shall be the City Purchasing Agent. The Purchasing Agent, pursuant to rules and regulations established by ordinance, shall contract for, purchase, store and distribute all supplies, materials and equipment required by any office, department or agency of the city gov ernment. The Purchasing Agent shall have power and shall be re quired to: 17 �CH A RTER O F T H E C.ITV O F A RLINGTON ( 1) Establish and enforce specifications with resj>ect to supplies, materials and equipment required by the city government; (2) Inspect or supervise inspection of all deliveries of supplies, ma terials, and equipment, and determine their quality, quantity and con formance with specifications; (3) Have charge of such general storerooms and warehouses as the Council may provide by ordinance: (4) Transfer to or between offices, departments or agencies, or sell, surplus, obsolete or unused supplies, material and equipment. Section 45. Competitive Bidding.—Before the City Purchasing Agent makes any purchase of or contract for supplies, materials or equip ment, he shall give ample opportunity for competitive bidding, under such rules and regulations, and with such exceptions, as the Council may prescribe by ordinance; provided, however, that the Council shall not ex cept individual contracts, purchases or sales from the requirement of competitive bidding. Section 46. Contracts for City Improvements.—Any city improve ment costing more than one thousand dollars shall be executed by con tract, except where such improvement is authorized by the Council to be executed directly by a city department in conformity with detailed plans, specifications and estimates. All such contracts for more than one thou sand dollars shall be awarded to the lowest responsible bidder after such public notice and competition as may be prescribed by ordinance, pro vided the City Manager shall have the power to reject all bids and ad vertise again. Alterations in any contract may be made when authorized by the Council upon the written recommendation of the City Manager. Section 47. Accounting Control of Purchases.—All purchases made and contracts executed by the Purchasing Agent shall be pursuant to a written requisition from the head of the office, department or agency whose appropriation will be charged, and no contract or order shall be issued to any vendor unless and until the Director of Finance certifies that there is to the credit of such office, department or agency a sufficient unencumbered appropriation balance to pay for the supplies, materials, equipment or contractual services for which the contract or order is to be issued. Section 48. No Contract Executed Until Bond Ordinance Effec tive.—No contract shall be executed for the acquisition of any property or the construction of any improvement or betterment to be financed by the issuance of bonds until the ordinance authorizing the issuance of such bonds shall have taken effect and any contract executed before such day shall be unenforceable in any court of law. C H A R T E R OF T H E CITY O F A R LIN G TO N of Public Welfare of the City shall be as determined by General Law. There shall be a Department of Welfare of the City, which shall be or ganized and operated under the direction of the City Manager, in the same manner as other departments of the city government under this Charter and under the General Law applicable to cities of the first class. The City Council shall bear the same relationship to the Department of Welfare as it has in relation to other administrative departments of the city government. The City shall take over all funds, records and property rights of the County Public Welfare Department; and the employees of that depart ment shall become employees of the City. Its function shall thereafter be discharged by the city government in accordance with the provisions of General Law. ARTICLE IX DEPARTMENT OF PERSONNEL Section 50. Plan to be Established; Merit System.-— Within one year from the date of incorporation of the City, the Council shall create a department of personnel. The head of this department shall be the Manager or some person designated by him, who shall have had training and experience in personnel administration. The Council shall formulate and establish a comprehensive plan creating a classified service which shall embrace all appointive employees ■ the City. The purpose of this provision is to require that appoint of ments and promotions in the administrative service of the City shall be made solely on the basis of merit; that the employees of the City may be compensated upon a fair and equitable basis; and that a pension and retirement plan may be established, if the Council shall determine such a plan to be in the best interest of the City. No member of the Council shall interfere with, or attempt to influ ence the Manager in any personnel matter upon which this Charter gives the Manager exclusive authority. ARTICLE X DEPARTMENT OF LAW ARTICLE VIII DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE Section 49. Transition.—Upon incorporation, the Board of Pub lic Welfare of the County shall cease to exist, and thereafter the Board Section 51. City Attorney; Appointment, Tenure of Office; Com pensation.—There shall be a Department of Law, the head of which shall be known as the City Attorney, who shall be appointed by the City Man ager with the advice and consent of the Council. His appointment shall be for an indefinite term which may be terminated by the joint action of the Manager and the Council. His compensation shall be fixed by the Council. Section 52. City Attorney; Qualifications.—The City Attorney shall be an attorney at law who shall be a resident of the State and City and who shall have been admitted to practice before the Court of Appeals of Virginia, at least five years prior to his appointment. 18 19 �CH A RTER O F H I E CITY O F ARLIN G TO N Section 53. City Attorney; Powers and Duties.—The City At torney shall be the chief legal adviser of the Council and of all offices, departments and agencies and of all officers and employees of the City in matters relating to their official powers and duties. He shall represent the City in all legal proceedings. It shall be his duty to perform all services incident to his position as may be required by statute, by this Charter, by ordinance or by the Council. ARTICLE XI PUBLIC SCHOOLS Section 54. Transition.—From and after the effective date of in corporation, the public school system of the County shall become the public school system of the City of Arlington and shall be regulated and governed by the General Law of Virginia applicable to cities of the first class, except as hereinafter set forth. Section 55. Corporate Structure.—The school trustees shall be a body corporate under the name and style of “The School Board of the City of Arlington,” by which name it may sue and be sued, contract and be contracted with, acquire and hold real estate, and in general exercise all powers and duties and be subject to all responsibilities of the School Board of a city of the first class, except that there shall be no restriction upon the quantity of land which may be acquired for school-purposes. Title to all real estate, funds, contracts, hooks, records and other public school property of every kind shall become vested in the School Board of the City, which shall, also, be liable for the legal obligations of the former County School Board. Section 56. School Trustees.—The persons holding office as mem bers of the County School Board of the County at the moment of incor poration, shall become members of, and shall constitute the School Board of the City, and shall continue to be the members of such Board until the election and qualification of their successors, as provided by Section fifty-seven below, notwithstanding the duration of the term for which such persons may originally have been appointed. As such, they shall continue to have and exercise all of the rights, powers and privileges conferred, and shall be subject to all of the duties, liabilities and re strictions imposed by law for the government of cities of the first class, except as herein otherwise provided. All employees and appointees of the School Board holding office or employment for fixed terms shall continue to hold their respective offices for the terms of their current appointments. Section 57. School Trustees; Selection.—Thereafter, the School Board of the City shall consist of five members, each of whom shall be chosen from the City at large, for a term of four years, in the manner hereinafter set forth. If it shall be determined by the referendum hereinafter provided that the members of the School Board shall be elected by popular vote, they 20 C H A R T E R O F T H E CITY O F A RLIN G TO N shall be so elected at the same time and in the same manner as members of the City Council. If the referendum shall determine that members of the School Board of the City of Arlington shall be elected by the City Council, it shall be the duty of the Council during the month of July of the first year of incorporation, and during the same month of each fourth year thereafter, to elect five members of the City School Board for a term of four years. In either event, they shall take office on the first day of August next following their election. ARTICLE XII CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICES Section 58. Designation of Offices.—There shall be in the City of Arlington the following named offices, as established by the Con stitution of Virginia: Clerk of the Courts Attorney for the Commonwealth Commissioner of Revenue City Treasurer City Sergeant Section 59. Duties of Constitutional Officers.—The duties, re sponsibilities, emoluments and terms of office of each of the foregoing officers shall be in all respects as provided by general law, by this Charter or by the City Council, not inconsistent with the Constitution, except that their respective terms shall begin and end as set forth in Article I of this Charter. The City Treasurer shall collect all city taxes and other accounts receivable by the city. He shall prepare and transmit to the taxpayer all bills for such taxes. Bills for other accounts receivable, payable to the Treasurer, shall be prepared by the department of the city government in which the charge originates, or otherwise as may be directed by the Council. Whenever any item of tax or other account receivable shall become more than one year overdue, the Council may adopt any additional mea sure independently of, or in conjunction with the Treasurer to enforce payment thereof to the City Treasurer. ARTICLE XIII COURTS Section 60. Designation.—There shall be a Circuit Court, a Cor poration Court and a Municipal Court. Section 61. Circuit Court; Jurisdiction.—Upon incorporation, the City of Arlington shall constitute the Thirty-fifth Judicial Circuit of Virginia. The jurisdiction and authority of this Court shall be as es21 �CH A RTER O F T H E C ITY O F A R LIN G TO N C H A R T E R O F T H E CITY O F A R LIN G TO N pal Court of the City of Arlington until the expiration of the term for which he. was elected Justice of the County Court. The Judge and the Substitute Judge of said Court shall possess all qualifications, shall have and exercise all duties and responsibilities and shall receive such emolu ment as provided by the said Chapter one hundred sixty-six, as amended. Section 68. Municipal Court; Transition.—All rights of parties litigant before said court shall be so determined by the said Act as amend ed, except that the City is hereby given the right of appeal from any de cision of said Court denying the constitutionality of any city ordinance or law of the State. All matters pending in the County Court at the effective date of incorporation, shall continue, without other change in status, as matters in the Municipal Court of the City. Section 69. Municipal Court; Election of Judge.—In the general election held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November, next preceding the expiration of the term of office for which the Justice of the former County Court was elected, and each four years thereafter, there shall be elected by the people for a term of four years a Judge for the Municipal Court of the City, and thereafter a Substitute Judge shall be appointed and both shall have the same qualifications and shall be subject to the same rules as prescribed by the said Act of Assembly as amended. tablished by General Law for Circuit Courts of cities of the first class in Virginia. Section 62. Circuit Court; Judge.—That person who holds office as Judge of the Circuit Court of Arlington County immediately preced ing incorporation shall thereby become and continue to be the Judge of the Circuit Court of the City of Arlington for the term of his original appointment. He shall continue to hold said office in all respects in ac cordance with the general laws of Virginia which relate to the office of Judge of the Circuit Courts of cities of the first class. Upon the expira tion of his term or in the event of a vacancy in said office, the office shall be filled in the manner then provided by General Law. Section 63. Circuit Court; Transition.—All actions of every kind, criminal as well as civil, pending in the Circuit Court of the County, at the effective date of incorporation, shall thereupon and thereby retain an identical status in the Circuit Court of .the City. Such actions shall automatically be transferred to, and shall proceed to final judgment in, the latter Court. The Circuit Court of the City-shall have full authority to issue writs, enforce judgments and decrees and exercise every manner of judicial function in relation to former actions in the Circuit Court of the County, as though no change had been made in the status of the latter. Section 64. Corporation Court; Jurisdiction.—In the event of in corporation there shall be created a Corporation Court of the City of Arlington. The jurisdiction of said Court shall be determined by General Law of the State in relation to corporation courts of cities of the first class. Section 65. Corporation Court; Judge.—The Judge of the Circuit Court of the City of Arlington shall be, ex-officio, the Judge of the Cor poration Court and shall continue to hold that office unless and until the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia shall certify to the General As sembly of Virginia or to the Governor of Virginia, if the General As sembly be not in session, that it has become necessary for the efficient dispatch of the public business, that an additional Judge be elected or appointed to discharge the duties of Judge of the said Corporation Court. Thereupon, the General Assembly or the Governor, as the case may be, shall fill that office in accordance with the provisions of the General Law. Section 66. Municipal Court; Jurisdiction.—Upon the effective date of incorporation, there shall be a Municipal Court of the City of Arlington which shall succeed, replace and have the same jurisdiction in every respect as possessed by the County Court of Arlington County under the law in force immediately preceding such incorporation, name ly, Chapter one hundred sixty-six, Acts of Assembly nineteen hundred thirty, as amended, including jurisdiction to try persons accused of viola tions of city ordinances. Section 67. Municipal Court; Judge and Substitute Judge.—Upon that event, the Office of Justice of the County Court shall be abolished, but the person who held that office immediately preceding the effective date of incorporation shall continue in office as the Judge of the Munici- ARTICLE XIV ELECTIONS Section 70. Regulated by State Law.—Elections within the City shall be held on the Tuesday following the first Monday in November and governed in all respects in accordance with the general law of the Commonwealth, except that all councilmen and, all members of the School Board, if the School Board is elected by popular vote, shall be elected on the second Tuesday in June. Any qualified voter of the City may become a candidate for any elective public office in the city, by giving written notice in the manner and within the time prescribed by general law. Candidates for City Council and School Board shall file notice of candidacy in form prescribed by general law and with the Clerk of the Courts of the city, together with a petition therefor signed by fifty qualified voters of the city, each signature to which has been witnessed by a person whose affidavit to that effect is attached to such petition. No person otherwise qualified shall be required to be the nominee of, or to be affiliated with, any political party in order to become a candidate for said offices. No official ballot to be used in the election for any city office shall have printed thereon any distinguishing mark or symbol. Nor shall such official ballot designate the name of any candidate appearing thereon as the nominee of any political party. Unless otherwise provided, the general registrar of the county shall be constituted and continue as the general registrar of the city, if and when created; the lists of persons qualified to vote in the county just 22 23 �CH A R TER O F T IIF . CITY O F A RLIN G TO N C H A R TER O F T H E CITY O F A R L IN G T O N prior to the time that it becomes a city shall constitute the list of qualified voters in the city until such time as new lists can be made. Section 72. Contracts Extending Beyond One Year.—No con tract involving the payment of money out of the appropriations of more than one year shall be made for a period of more than five years; nor shall any such contract be valid unless made or approved by ordinance. This provision shall not apply to the establishment of pension or retire ment plans for public employees of the City. Section 73. Publicity of Records.—All records and accounts of every office, department or agency of the City shall be open to inspection by any citizen, any representative of a citizens’ organization or any rep resentative of the press at all reasonable times and under reasonable regulations established by the City Manager, except records and docu ments the disclosure of which would tend to defeat the lawful purpose which they are intended to accomplish. Section 74. Compilation of Laws.— (a) As soon as practicable after the beginning of each fiscal year, the City Attorney shall prepare and publish a pamphlet, with index, of the laws enacted and of all rules, regulations and ordinances issued or approved by the City Council of Arlington during the preceding fiscal year. (b) The City Council shall provide for a compilation and codifica tion every fifth year of all public local laws of the City heretofore enacted by the General Assembly and hereafter enacted by the City Council and of all rules, regulations and ordinances having the force and effect of law at the beginning of the fiscal year. Each such codification, with the City Charter then in effect, shall be published promptly in a bound volume, and printed copies shall be available to the public, at cost. Section 75. Applicability of General Law.—The General Law of the Commonwealth of Virginia, in relation to cities of the first class shall be applicable to the City of Arlington except insofar as the provisions of this Charter shall be in conflict with such General Law. If any pro vision of this Charter, in conflict with General Law, shall be held invalid, the General Law shall prevail. . Section 76. Amending the Charter.—This charter may be amend ed from time to time in the manner provided by the Constitution and General Law of Virginia for the amendment of charters of cities of the first class. Section 77. Separability Clause.—If any section or part of section of this Charter shall be held invalid by a court of competent jurisdiction, such holding shall not affect the remainder of this Charter nor the con text in which such section or part of section so held invalid may appear, except to the extent, that an entire section or part of section may be inseparably connected in meaning and effect with the section or part of a section to which such holding shall directly apply. Section 78. Representation in General Assembly of Virginia.— Upon incorporation, the C.ity of Arlington shall be entitled to the same representation in the General Assembly of Virginia as that to which the County of Arlington would be entitled at the time of such incorporation, if it had remained a county. Section 79. Effective Date of Incorporation.—The City of Arling ton shall come into existence and this Charter shall become effective on the second day of the year next following the year in which the qualified voters of the County of Arlington shall determine that the county shall be incorporated as a city of the first class, at an election to be held in accordance with the provisions of the Act of the General Assembly of Virginia establishing this Charter. SCHEDULE At the time provided in this act for the creation and incorporation of the City of Arlington, and upon such creation and incorporation, all county officers shall become, and be, city officers; all rights, powers, duties, and obligations possessed, conferred or imposed upon such county officers shall be likewise exercised, performed and done by the city officer succeeding to such county officer; all laws, acts and parts thereof con ferring or imposing any power or duty upon the County of Arlington shall apply to the City of Arlington, unless such application be uncon stitutional or invalid, and be exercised or performed by such city; all rights, powers, duties, and obligations of the county shall be exercised and performed by the city; all right, title and interest of the county in and to any property of any nature shall be transferred to and vested in the city; all taxes levied and imposed by the county shall continue to be levied, and imposed by the Council until otherwise provided; all suits, actions or proceedings of, or against, the county shall be continued in the name of or against the city; and, in general, the city shall succeed to all rights and duties of the county. 2. Be it further enacted that the foregoing provisions of this Act shall not become or be effective unless and until a majority of the quali fied electors of the County of Arlington, voting on the question in an election ordered and held as hereinafter provided, votes in favor of in corporating the County of Arlington as a city of the first class, in which event, the question whether members of the City School Board shall be elected by the City Council or elected by the people shall be determined by a majority of the qualified voters of the City, voting on the question separately in the election hereinafter provided for. 24 23 ARTICLE XV INDEPENDENT AUDIT Section 71. Annual Audit.—There shall be an annual independent audit of the finances of the City, conducted as prescribed by the general law of Virginia. ARTICLE XVI GENERAL PROVISIONS �C H A R T E R O F T H E CITY O F A R L IN G T O N CH A RTER O F T H E CITY O F A RLINGTON There shall also be submitted to the voters at the same time, the fol lowing question: Shall the City Council consist of five members or seven members ? The Circuit Court of the County, or the Judge thereof in vacation, shall, upon the petition of not less than one thousand of the qualified voters of said County, make an order requiring the judges of election in such County at the next regular election to be held in said County, or at a special election to be held not less than thirty days from the date of the order, which date shall be stated therein, to open a poll and take the sense of the qualified voters of the county on the question : (a) Whether the County of Arlington shall be incorporated as a city of the first class; (b) Whether the members of the City School Board shall be elected by the City Council or elected by the qualified voters of the City. (c) Whether the City Council shall consist of five members or seven members. Notice of the holding of such election shall be given by the posting by the Sheriff of Arlington County of one or more copies of a notice in such form as may be prescribed by the Judge of the Circuit Court of the County, at each and every polling place in the County not less than fif teen days prior to the date stated in said order of the Circuit Court, or the Judge thereof in vacation, directing said election to be held. The ballots for use at such election shall be provided and distributed by the electoral board of the County to the judges of election in the several vot ing districts of the County, within the time and in the manner prescribed by law, and on the day fixed by the order so made by the Court, or Judge, for the holding of said election, the regular election officers of the County shall open a poll and take the sense of the qualified voters of the County on the questions hereinafter mentioned. Each election shall be held and conducted in the manner prescribed by law for other elections, provided, however, that the ballots for use at such election shall be printed to read as follows. Question: Shall Arlington County be incorporated as a city of .the first class ? For Incorporation. Against Incorporation. Question: Shall the members of the City School Board be elected by the City Council or elected by the people ? For election by City Council. For election by the people. Question: Shall the City Council consist of five members or seven members ? For five members. For seven members. The ballots shall be counted and returns made and canvassed as in other elections, and the results certified by the commissioners of election to the Clerk of the Court, or the Court or Judge calling such election. If it shall appear by the report of the commissioners of the election that a majority of the voters of the County voting on the question are in favor of the incorporation of said County as a body politic and cor porate, the County Clerk shall certify that fact to the Circuit Court or the Judge thereof, whereupon the Court, or the Judge thereof in vaca tion, shall enter of record an order directing that the government and corporate existence of said County shall cease and determine at the be ginning of the second day of the next year thereafter, at which moment the City of Arlington shall become a legal entity, and the new city charter and city government provided by Section One of this Act shall become effective. The order shall also show the determination of the other ques tions submitted to referendum. In the event that the people of the county of Arlington shall vote against incorporation, other subsequent elections may be called and held on the same questions and in the same manner as herein provided for the first election, except that no election shall be held within one calendar year of the last preceding election on the same questions. 3. Chapter four hundred sixty-four of the Acts of Assembly of nineteen hundred forty-two, approved April six, nineteen hundred fortytwo, relating to incorporation of the City of Arlington, shall be, and stand, repealed as of the first moment that the city is created under this act. 4. An emergency exists and this act is in force from its passage 27 26 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pamphlet: "Charter of the City of Arlington, House Bill 319, Chapter 367, Acts of Assembly, 1946", March 28, 1946. 14 pages. Description An account of the resource An Act to provide for the creation and incorporation of the City of Arlington. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Commonwealth of Virginia, House of Delegates Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 3/28/46 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1940s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_6_1_3_1 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/5cc19cce51dab4d8fcdf0ce7b41aa4aa.pdf d033c4ee15f3de5f86aa8f54a8786502 PDF Text Text CERTIFICATE I memorandum thereof tive hereby were this counsel certify served l'+th d a y as upon of that copies of the defendants by mailing November, 1958, to foregoing their trial copies respec­ follows: H o n o r a b l e A l b e r t i s S. H a r r i s o n , A t t o r n e y General of V i r g i n i a Supreme Court Building Richmond, Virginia. Jr. W a l t e r E. R o g e r s , E s q u i r e American Building Richmond, Virginia. L e i g h D. W i l l i a m s , E s q u i r e , Citizens Bank Building Norfolk, Virginia. W. R. C. C o c k e , E s q u i r e Citizens Bank Building Norfolk, Virginia. L e o n a r d H. Davis, E s q u i r e City Hall Norfolk, Virginia. E d m u n d D. C a m p b e l l Attorney for Plaintiffs 3^ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Certificate that Trial Memorandum served, 11/14/1958 Description An account of the resource Court case, Ruth Pendleton James, J. Lindsay Almond, Lawyers: Edmond Campbell, Archie Boswell Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Edmund Campbell Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/14/58 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_5_1_1_62 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/35b48de86e2d2d6394ecb2a6c68db4ef.pdf 40abfc5efa2337db24f71ae6ad2c7106 PDF Text Text IN RUTH THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR T H E EASTERN DI S T R I C T OF V I RGINIA NORFOLK DIVISION PENDLETON JAMES, et al, Plaintiffs vs. J. LINDSAY ) ) ) ) : ALMOND, JR., et al, Defendants PLAINTIFFS' TRIAL Civil Action #28lf3 ) ) ) MEMORANDUM E D M U N D D. C A M P B E L L Court House Square Arlington, Virginia A R C H I E L. B O S W E L L 606-608 Royster Building Norfolk, Virginia Attorneys for Plaintiffs �INDEX -4 Page .............................................. 1 ARGUMENT I The V i r ginia School Closing statutes here involved ar e b a s e d s o l e l y u p o n , a n d are i n v o k e d o n l y i n the e v e n t of, e n r o l l m e n t o f w h i t e and c o l o r e d c h i l d r e n in the same public school. The c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of s c h o o l s t a k e n o v e r b y t h e G o v e r n o r a n d c l o s e d is " d efined wholly in terms of race or color; simply that and nothing more." S u c h c l a s s i f i c a t i o n is p a t e n t l y u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l ................................. 5 STATEMENT II OF THE CASE The sta t u t o r y scheme ca n n o t be sus t a i n e d under any j u s t i f i a b l e t e s t .............................................. (A) (B) A p p l i c a t i o n of t h e s t a t u t e s to N e g r o c h i l d r e n as w e l l as to w h i t e c h i l d r e n d o e s n o t c o n s t i t u t e " e q u a l p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e l a w s .............. 9 9 T h e s t a t u t o r y a s s e r t i o n t h a t e n r o l l m e n t of w h i t e an d N e g r o c h i l d r e n "wo u l d t e n d to d i s turb the peace a n d tranquility o f the com m u n i t y i n w h i c h s u c h s c h o o l i s l o c a t e d " is n o t a l e g a l d e f e n s e .................................... (C) III IV 11 "Police Power" of make the Statutes 13 The statutory scheme for closing evasive arrangement to frustrate al g u a r a n t e e of e q u a l p r o t e c t i o n m u s t b e s w e p t a s i d e ............ does not the s c h o o l s is an the constitution of the laws, and l*f The jurisdiction of this court cannot be defeated o n d e f e n d a n t s ' a s s e r t i o n s t h a t t h i s a c t i o n is a suit against the S t a t e or that the d e f e n d a n t Sch o o l Board and Su p e r i n t e n d e n t of Sc h o o l s have b e e n d i v e s t e d of all c o n t r o l over the closed schools V the Commonwealth v a l i d ............ ........................ Plaintiffs' request for preliminary injunction, pending the issuance of a permanent injunction, sh o u l d be granted to cut short the irrepa r a b l e inju r y w h i c h they are n o w suffering. This Court h a s p o w e r to e n j o i n t h e d e f e n d a n t G o v e r n o r and the other defendants f r o m continuing their unlaw ful acts .............................. ......... . ......... . i 16 21 �Page VI T h i s Court has j u r i s d i c t i o n over, a n d should decide, this case. T h e s o - c a l l e d D o c t r i n e of A b s t e n t i o n does n o t r e q u i r e this C o u r t to r e m i t t he p l a i n t i f f s to t h e state c o u r t s of V i r g i n i a to s e e k r e l i e f f r o m the d a m a g e b e ing i n f l i c t e d u p o n t h e m b y the S t a t e ' s u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l s t a t u t e s ........... CONCLUSION ............................................................ ii 2^ 33 �IK UNITED THE RUTH THE EASTERN D I S T R I C T OF V I R G I N I A NORFOLK DIVISION PENDLETON STATES JAMES, DISTRICT et al. Plaintiffs COURT FOR ) ) ) vs. ) CIVIL ACTION 28^-3 ) J. LINDSAY ALMOND, JR., et al. Defendants PLAINTIFFS' TRIAL STATEMENT This children and tion a other and class of statutes The and and Prior to children ed these and of the City this Beckett School ed seventeen six a of white the injunc Governor closed, three in and pursuant schools public junior number preliminary restrain are three high high of Court Negro 27, 1958, the no Negro children) (but similar entered: b y v. to involved Sept. white Board both a to Norfolk, schools schools (Maury, (North- Norview). other in by from keeping Virginia, schools CASE brought injunction Norview), and Blair, THE seeking Virginia of MEMORANDUM suit parents permanent Virginia. Granby, a their officials certain side, is OF ) ) schools. Norfolk, on Board Sept. of On acting 18, minor to 1 the had that date, as result a 1958, Norfolk, Civil children plaintiffs, in the Action been the enroll School of an case order of 221b, above-mentioned and assign schools. �Acting pursuant to Article 1, Chapter 9.1, Title 22 (secs. 1/ 22-188.3 the a through defendant 22-188.15) Governor Proclamation divesting trol and "all power and "the above named public have authority school over over closed Virginia, who had since the 17 Negro schooling. including tion and (except and in children, Public other provide for Warren Governor under like general, 1/ these School and Sept. Board and are 29, amended, 1958, assuming schools," white minor assigned have of issued all upon con himself declaring removed 1958." school that from The those then throughout schools in children plaintiffs to since been the the schools Norfolk, are children in the City of which have of now of this as without rest the Virginia, in schools, for schools County, Chapter the education certain 27, Sept. as then. schools public on closed 10,000 been Code, schools, such are including previously Virginia Norfolk effective Approximately folk, the schools the Virginia those control system, remained of of Nor case, well as public Virginia, in enrolled opera therein Charlottesville been closed by the circumstances). 9-lj provide Title that 22, contains whenever the 13 sections. school In authorities, T h e s e p r o v i s i o n s f o r m p a r t of a s i n g l e a c t of the Gen e r a l Assembly of Virginia, adopted at the Special S e s s i o n of 1956 (Acts o f Assembly, 1956, Chapter 68). I n 1 9 5 8 , S e c t i o n 2 2 - 1 8 8 . 1 2 wa s a m e n d e d b y a d d i n g the w o r d "and" o n the f o u r t h line of the S e c t i o n and by c h a n g i n g "can" to " m a y " o n the e i g h t h l i n e . These a m e n d m e n t s are u n i m p o r t a n t for the p u r p o s e s of this case. 2 �either voluntarily colored "shall children school is of such "is (c) "in the schools if "peace and turbed by he and same and the pupils being assignment of out integration. reassign the local teachers school children who his local visions, cal to and to become reopened, so subdivision the proclaim; part of the in which applicable to reopen order finding community" will be can Governor "cannot to is be or upon school public it is provisions of cannot 3 to public be the the and of with re to and the those schools. by either the reopened, or foregoing "school system laws to Governor, with located, the schools. certification school the grants the thereupon "dis and Governor other accordance and that public the authorizes that be reopened" of ... this by the accomplished other to (1) authorized tuition pupils exercised not (2) the system," and authorized make the in employees all (b ) school be authorizes 22-188.12 pupils, to pupils to of Virginia reassigned that its and enrollment public school determination, authorities, organized again own be and and which 22-188.9 cannot of is The and the and white authorities" reopened," the authorities Section upon in schools Section from the such employees school of enroll (a) school an .executive school those its Governor issues organize the removed tranquility racial school, Commonwealth The such compulsion, divest over the Governor." under school closed control vested the in automatically control and or re pro shall the politi become subject State." �Under Sections given full power Commonwealth school 22-188.13 to toward Section under these perform "assumes board" and any concerning hereby declared Virginia, for the to be by the the and of be subject to Attorney the declares act action suit General that the of or every is and of the the be of that and is Commonwealth declines the and regarded the taken Assembly Virginia" and Governor unless it shall Virginia of action General against hereby Virginia a obligation "shall ... Commonwealth such of Governor suit of Governor responsibilities, contractual "the a the employees. such Commonwealth be to enforce of one the of refuses Virginia brought laws of Commonwealth." 22-188.3 Court tiffs is are visions by plaint the 2/ forth the text to attacking, and kept of this legality of case the all the for the of time, to or these sections However, only otherwise not tuition Thus, involve grants sections convenience the question whether statute. does refers Complaint. this closed this and of the at involved virtue in 22-188.15, attached which closed ing plaintiffs' complaint through sets which be to the The A act is 22-1 8 8 . 11 *, his 22-188.15 Virginia suit the its sections an and any under the Exhibit plain from questions section this pro schools example, The legality of expending State funds g r a n t s a u t h o r i z e d u n d e r sec. 2 2 - 1 8 8 . 9 in statutory prevented for the of the may operat Com concerning 2/ 22-188.9. f or the tuition is n o w being t e s t e d i n th e c a s e o f H a r r i s o n v. D a y , o n a p e t i t i o n f o r w r i t of m a n d a m u s brou g h t by the A t t o r n e y General of Virginia, w h i c h is n o w pending i n the Supreme C ourt of Virginia. b �ARGUMENT I THE VIRGINIA SCHOOL INVOLVED. ARE BASED INVOKED ONLY IN THE C L O S I N G S T A T U T E S HF.PF. SO L E L Y UPON. A N D A R E E V E N T OF. ENROLLMENT O F W H I T E AND C O L O R E D CHILDREN IN T H E SAME PUB L I C SCHOOL. T H E CLASSIFICATION OF SCHOOLS T A K E N O V E R B Y T H E G O V E R N O R A N D C L O S E D IS " D E F I N E D W H O L L Y IN TERMS OF R A C E O R C O L O R : SIMP L Y THAT AND N O T H I N G MORE." SUCH CLASSI F I C A T I O N IS P A T E N T L Y U N C O N S T I T U T I O N A L . The sent an statutory exercise operation of provisions of all Commonwealth has done namely, those enrolled, where while pupils children, b o t h the where closed are is both do not authority to cease schools public attacked Commonwealth's the State. What some the to continuing either in close white to all white colored, schools, are being colored or denied public been public schools whose pupils are all of not been closed and are now provided with public education. children similarly situated, except for race, plainly violation of The elaborate y Virginia procedure statute designed to (namely race and Thus those which Such discrimination the here operating) involved prevent white to solely have and sole some attending open the been schools assigned Fourteenth a one have education of is children schools, colored. have repre the children other all who of because fore other only operate and while the and white race, here there are being between factor of Amendment. has and set up y an colored It is u n n e c e s s a r y to d i s c u s s h e r e th e q u e s t i o n as to w h e t h e r or not the C o m m o n w e a l t h m a y consti t u t i o n a l l y cease to operate its en t i r e public s c h o o l system. Under Section 22-218 of the Virginia Code every child b e t w e e n t h e a g e s o f 7 a n d 2 0 is e n t i t l e d t o a t t e n d a free public school. 5 �children from happening the authorities over is such the of statute * * * public removed power attending and from control Virginia." pupil by wealth of mations tion the suits by the this on, and becomes the enrollment public school are to into be wholly all whole white over by in as or all It the with is event and of Common procla litiga (except statutes). State only action one rests thing,— the same colored, plain and color; necessary cation based authority or has 6 these provisions therefore hardly Court the in K r a e m e r . 33*+ U . S . Supreme by enrolled v. The reorganization, children Shelley race of but same more." on are statute, the in Governor the race solely the in of cite vested children terms to authority, prohibiting this and colored Governor or by control closed and school enforce the * and investigations under to is assumption superstructure and long operation. taken in General school provisions provision taken * such automatically These grants, a the exercised dealing and action of white So be obligations, operative school. is * On power school system 22-188.5) tuition divests such school provisions any and to school. authority, school of V i r g i n i a Attorney But * such Governor, concerning come over contractual by * public reassignments, public further * (Section other same "automatically all school the Commonwealth tressed of the closed simply 1, that color that is are that 10 a the do not schools "defined and nothing (19^8). statutory It seems classifi unconstitutional. consistently ruled that any �governmental color Yick or Wo restriction race v. "in the U.S. 128, (19^0). 130 suspect" v. & and United Game but subject it, there are that color was we v. U.S. pointed out cations of the enactments, whether they these namely, are legitimate See: that and legislative Asbury to As may 3 H U.S. Korematsu for up reasonably validity" have a good rational, argu case." of positive color, related as to any U . S . 2 1 1 ,226,ftnt.lh+ simply validity a Equally requirement Fish statutory this (1927). were do extended a in v. Justice believe for Blair. 3! +3 their Trini immediately "States v. of v. scrutiny." not test pertinent "are is decisions Ene Texas, (19^8). set 5^1 "a Cong clear on justified." v. basis right that Ray "ultimate ^20 the solely C l 9 LJ+ ) ; T a k a h a s h i t too 536, before, rigid ago: is the have of Yu difficult made statement All is based not Smith 216 *+10, it be Court's a 21^, it the (1952). most years and objective." is 37^j (1926); U.S. affecting H e r n d o n . 273 legitimate to cannot 356, "the that limits, classification Nixon to law classifications thirty-one classifying the U.S. Racial S t a t e s . 323 put of ment of 525,527 500, classification C o m m i s s i o n . 33*+ U . S . Holmes deal eye H o p k i n s . 118 d a d . 271 or concrete of is appli legislative dependent rational on relationship objective. Hospital v. Cass County, 3 2 6 U . S . 2 0 7 , 21*+ (194-5) S a g e S t o r e s C o . v. K a n s a s e x r e l M i t c h e l l , 3 2 3 U . S . 3 2 (19M-M-1 M e t r o p o l i t a n C a s u a l t y I n s . C o . v. Brownell, Whatever 29M- U . S . lingering 7 doubt 580. may 683 have (1935). remained as to �the validity consigned of to color limbo classifications by the Supreme has certainly been Court's decisions since b/ 195*+ i n v a l i d a t i n g racial transportation, recreation, rectly affected On tiffs 5/ the submit involved is by 6/ and governmental basis that classifications the of the unconstitutional other action. 1/ foregoing Virginia school and in education, areas of life authorities, closing invalid on plain statute its di- here face. b/ B r o w n v . B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n , 3 ^ 7 U . S . ^83 ( 1 9 5 * 0 ; 3*+9 U . S . 29*+ ( 1 9 5 5 ) : C o o p e r v . A a r o n . ____ U . S . _ _ 3 L. E d . 2 d 5 ( 1 9 5 8 ) £/ Browder 707 6/ v. Gayle, 352 U.S. 903, affirming 1^2 F. Supp. (1956) Mayor and City Council of Baltimore v. Dawson. 350 U . S . 8 7 7 . a f f i r m i n g 2 2 0 F . 2 d 3 8 6 ( C A >+, 1 9 5 5 ) ; H o l m e s v. A t l a n t a . 3 5 0 U . S . 87 9 , r e v e r s i n g 2 2 3 F. 2 d 9 3 ( C A 5, 1 9 5 5 ) ; N e w O r l e a n s C i t y P a r k I m p r o v e m e n t A s s ' n v. D e t i e g e , U.S. (Oct. 20, 1 9 5 8 ) , a f f i r m i n g 2 5 2 F. 2 d 1 2 2 1 1 9 5 8 ) . 7/ P e n n s y l v a n i a v. B o a r d o f D i r e c t o r s o f C i t y T r u s t s . 353 U.S. 230 ( 1 9 5 7 ) (administration of trust property b y gov e r n m e n t a l a g e n c y ) ; See also the following two c a s e s c i t e d w i t h a p p r o v a l i n C o o p e r v . A a r o n , ____U . S . ____, 3 L . E d . 2 d 5, 1 6 ( S e p t . 2 9 , 1 9 5 8 ) : D e r r i n g t o n v . P l u m m e r , 2*+0 F . 2 d 9 2 2 ( C A , 5, 1 9 5 6 ) c e r t , d e n . 3 5 3 U . S . 92*+ ( 1 9 5 7 ) ; ( o p e r a t i o n t h r o u g h l e s s e e o f governmentally owned restaurant); and Department of Conservation D e v e l o p m e n t v. T a t e , 2 3 1 F. 2 d 6 1 5 ( C A 4 . 1 9 5 b ) c e r t .d e n . 3 5 2 U . S. 8 3 8 ( 1 9 5 6 ) ( o p e r a t i o n t h r o u g h lessee of state owned p a r k ) . & 8 �II THE STATUTORY SCHEME CANNOT B E SUS T A I N E D U N D E R AI'IY J U S T I F I A B L E T E S T (A) A p p l i c a t i o n of the statutes to N e g r o chi l d r e n as w e l l a s t o w h i t e c h i l d r e n d o e s n o t c o n s t i t u t e " e q u a l p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e l a w s ." The closing to law Negro law Negro the the the white fact not of the Supreme achieved and laws Court through the has the' d i s a d v a n t a g e were because affected." U.S. so-called that school in to white effect colored that schools because in classification whose children a is lessen at of their Henderson to the the racial the Fourteenth of 21-22. is are of pro Amendment. "is As not inequalities." not broader United both nature "Discriminations groups impact of to equal treatment imposition v. applied provide equality two is the than S t a t e s . 339 that less if only U.S. 816, (1950). Indeed, 163 by indiscriminate to condemned not stated, operate 825-826 and discrimination required K r a e m e r . supra, one and failure v. be assert the indiscriminately children one does Shelley to justify applies white that children discrimination the is to race. and tection They both law it white children. to seek that enrolling apply on would ground would But Negro the school, closed based on schools enrolling the defendants 537 even the ( 1896 ) w h i c h "separate "reasonable" but opinion had equal" distinctions 9 in Plessy provided legal doctrine until based race on v. Ferguson. support 195*+ b y are for the holding constitu- �tional, itself impliedly discrimination it is the imposed Court and houses be or theory that a another people had dren painted that one house have in schools where or walk upon other, signs and to of vehicle that State that it the of of one as is be law Thus, un to re the street, white men's black, different color a of men's is because would requiring street racial people. for side colored a simply colored one or be colored the class ex. rel. of white is not children be children simply Virginia white not or colors, good as as good their upon the as other, one of less stands children "equality of some Negro close there on Vir which chil the attended, treatment," imposed the schools to previously be of unconstitutional ready should indiscriminately the because made had effect in the enrolled. but both Such rather white racial persons persons. When the to unconstitutional attended, Negro any would the enrolled, discrimination has and 5^9-550) white, closing been the it people at the side previously because and valid that color." they action and to upon business laws, event reasonable U.S. Similarly, ginia notion therefore unconstitutional, people to vehicles or and the both white (163 "colored white the on said reasonable, quire becomes rejected a state obligation eligible Gaines v. undertakes to furnish therefor Canada. on 305 10 an to provide such education equal U.S. free 337 basis. (1939). education to See all in Missouri Clearly any �scheme tion or arrangement only is in of the those schools violation of Fourteenth See the Shelley v. (Civil valid enrollment of assertions are It face the such said "enforced the of is the in in opera operation laws clause supra. Cooper Baltimore s u p r a ; Browder The assertions and in in the the colored integration could would tend of v. destroy to Board Court the in racial Commonwealth with board School children found is white "it v. produce of that of Education, Council # 221*+) t h i s Negro ment school of City Atlanta, Action would volved. continue segregation protection Board and Beckett defense schools to v. v. Dawson. Gayle. supra; The statutory a s s e r t i o n that enrol l m e n t of w h i t e and N e g r o c h i l d r e n " w o u l d t e n d to d i s t u r b the p e a c e a n d t r a n q u i l i t y of th e c o m m u n i t y i n w h i c h s u c h s c h o o l i s l o c a t e d " is not a legal d e f e n s e . In a allow Kraemer. supra. (B) folk which equal v. Aa r o n , supra ; Mayor v. in would Amendment. Brown supra; Holmes which has statutory same the the disturb races efficiency the peace Norfolk herein that school obstacles," by a of and county the as that untenable 22-188.3) the Nor Board white provisions "unprecedented of all of rejected School Similar (Section in City already previously children the defendant tension. law of legal in enroll would that or city school," tranquility and of community." Assuming, ments, it is clear arguendo, that they the truth would not 11 of all of constitute these a state valid �justification statute. vigor of by the Court ber for Such the 29, enforcement contentions Little United in the Rock States Cooper 1958). were Board rejected unconstitutional A a r o n . ___ _ U . S . In that the made before once v. case an recently School and of and ____ , 3 Court with the for L. said L. utmost Supreme all ed. (3 the by 2d 5 ed. Court that (Septem at 15- 16): "The constit u t i o n a l rights of respondents a r e n o t to be s a c r i f i c e d or y i e l d e d to the v iolence and dis o r d e r which have followed upon the acti o n s of the Governor and Legislature. As this Court said some f o rty-one y ears ago in a case involving another aspect of racial segre gation: 'It i s u r g e d t h a t t h i s p r o p o s e d s e g r e g a t i o n will promote the public peace by prevent ing race conflicts. D e s i r a b l e a s t h i s is, a n d i m p o r t a n t as is t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f th e publ i c p e a c e , this a i m c a n n o t be a c c o m p l i s h e d b y laws o r o r d i n a n c e s w h i c h d e n y rig h t s c r e a t e d or p r o t e c t e d by the F e d e r a l C o n s t i t u t i o n ' . Buchanan v . W a r l e y , 24-5 U . S . 6 0 , 8l, 6 2 L . E d . 14-9, 1 6 3 , 3 8 S . C t . 16, L . R . A . , 1918c, 2 1 0 A n n . C a s . 1 9 1 8 A , 1201. Thus l a w a n d o r d e r are n o t h e r e to be p r e s e r v e d by d e p r i v i n g the N e g r o c h i l d r e n of t heir constitutional rig h t s . "8/ It Court the same 8/ in is Cooper present excuse submitted that v. s u p r a , is case, to Aaron, where the perpetuate a the State ruling of similar of obviously Virginia denial of the Supreme applicable is using the constitutional S e e a l s o M i t c h e l l v. U n i t e d S t a t e s . 3 1 3 U . S . 80, 97 (194-1) 5 C i t y o f B i r m i n g h a m v . M o n k . 1 8 5 2d 859 ( C A 5 , 1 9 5 0 ) , c e r t , d e n . 3>+l U . S . §4-0 ( 1 9 5 0 ) . F . 12 to �9/ rights to white (C) children. "Po l i c e does The no different police it invoking power" than which invalidated in v that Shelley racial exertions School 35^ no 921 magic knows, in is Federal 9/ of state v. itself laws v. by the state V i r g i n i a . 328 s u p r a , at may not be power." F. 2d 156 of * * police the by * the also (CA use the U.S. when in 3735 380 21, which "justified See the segregation p. is Commonwealth." Supreme concerning ("The limited the Court police * that the B u s h . 2^2 itself of rejected . Kraemer, (1957) 22-188.5 powers of discrimination Board U.S. police valid. apologetics Virginia's Morgan also Commonwealth Statutes "convenient were transportation. the the Section the the See of make assertion "specifically is Power" not ( 1 9 * + 6 ). held as proper Orleans Parish 5, 1957), cert, den. term police power power protective * * as shield works everyone of the Constitution.") The well established principle of refusing to per m i t t h e s t a n d a r d s o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n t o y i e l d to violence, has been a p p l i e d in many and varied cir cumstances. S e e M o o r e v . D e m p s e y . 2 6 1 U . S . 86 ( 1 9 2 3 ) ( mob v i o l e n c e ) : C a n t w e l l v. C o n n e c t i c u t . 3 1 0 U . S . 296, 30 3 (191 +0) ( s t r e e t a r g u m e n t ! ; H a g u e v . C . I . O . . 3 0 7 U . S . 4-96, 5 l 6 ( 1 9 3 9 ) (anticipated public disorder); T e r m i n i e l l o v . C h i c a g o . 3 3 7 U . S . 1 (194-9) ( s p e e c h l i k e l y to stir s t r i f e ) . See also th e p r e d i c t i o n s of imp e n d i n g violence m a d e i n the b rief f o r the State o f V i r g i n i a ( p p . 1*+, 1 8 - 2 0 ) i n M o r g a n v . V i r g i n i a . 3 2 8 U . S . 3 7 3 ( H o . 70*+, 1 9 ^ 5 T e r m ) 5 i n t h e A m i c u s Cu r i a e B r i e f filed b y the A t torneys G e n e r a l of eleven s t a t e s (p. 9) a n d i n t h e b r i e f f o r t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f T e x a s L a w S c h o o l (p. 1 7 5 ) i n S w e a t t v . P a i n t e r . 3 3 9 U . S . 6 2 9 (No. ¥+, 1 9 ^ 9 T e r m ) ; a n d i n t h e A m i c u s C u r i a e B r i e f o f R e p . S a m H o b b s o f A l a b a m a (p. 5) i n H e n d e r s o n v. U n i t e d S t a t e s , 3 3 9 U . S . 816 ( N o . 2 5 , 19^9 Term). 13 �Ill T H E S T A T U T O R Y SCHF.MF, F O R C L O S I N G T H E S C H O O L S IS A N E V A S I V E A R R A N G E M E N T TO FRUSTRATE THE CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEE O F E Q U A L P R O T E C T I O N O F T H E L A W S , fflD MUST BE SWEPT A S I D E . The fies Fourteenth sophisticated nation." Lane immaterial ously or v. as Amendment well as the Constitution modes U.S. (1939). 268, discrimination ingenuously." the simple-minded Wilson. 307 whether to Smith v. 275 is Texas, of attempted 311 U.S. "nulli- discrimi It is "ingeni 128, 132 (19^0). In those the schools enrolled is cial of where of this crimination of against against race or white a device elsewhere naked court this and colored device in for Beckett closing negroes children to the support in the v. closing children have been existing evading School of judi Board of the into as broadens an even well, the earlier harsher based solely dis discrimina on the fact its recent closing the of the schools continuation of is being segregated used schools State. In the white Commonwealth's color. Thirdly, as a the Norfolk, supra. Secondly, tion place both patently orders City first Supreme Court decision in Cooper v. Aaron, supra, declared: "The p r o h i b i t i o n s of the F o u r t e e n t h A m e n d ment extend to all action of the S t a t e d e n y ing equal p r o t e c t i o n of the laws * * * w h a t e v e r t h e g u i s e i n w h i c h it is t a k e n , see 1^ �Derrington ment of v. P l u m m e r , 2*t0 F . Conservation and 2d 922; Developm ent Depart v. Tate, 2 3 1 F. 2 d 6 1 5 . I n short, the c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t s o f c h i l d r e n n o t to be d i s c r i m i n a t e d a g a i n s t in sc h o o l a d m i s s i o n o n g r o u n d s of race or color declared by this Court in the Brown case can neither be nullified o p e n l y and d i r e c t l y by state legislators or state executive or judicial officers, nor nullified indirectly b y them through evasive schemes for segregation w h e t h e r a t t e m p t e d ' i n g e n i o u s l y o r i n g e n u o u s l y 1. S m i t h v. T e x a s . 3 1 1 U . S . 1 2 8 , 1 3 2 * * * . State supp o r t of s e g r e g a t e d schools t h r o u g h any a r r a n g e m e n t , m a n a g e m e n t , f u n d s o r p r o p e r t y c a n n o t be squared wit h the Amendment's c o m m a n d that no s t a t e shall d e n y to a n y p e r s o n w i t h i n its j u r i s d i c t i o n the e q u a l p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e laws. The r i g h t o f a s t u d e n t n o t to b e s e g r e g a t e d o n r a c i a l g r o u n d s i n s c h o o l s so m a i n t a i n e d is i n d e e d so f u n d a m e n t a l and p e r v a s i v e that it is e m b r a c e d i n the c o n c e p t of du e p r o c e s s of law. B o l l i n g v. S h a r p e , 3 ^ 7 U . S . *+97." ( 3 L. e d . 2 n d a t 1 7 ) . See F. Supp. 701 the District New Orleans School ed a the E.D., Court had by to ground to the classification the the a not the it of no the longer had schools. the and 1, Supreme After the Court's classify enact schools committee until Board dismiss court 1958). requiring final School B u s h , 163 Legislature to authority The v. legislative become The injunction July Louisiana special "shall Board injunction authority legislature." vacate that to an comply with decision, Board School La.,N.0.Div., transferring School Parish issued Board classifications ratified motion (D.C., Segregation the whose Orleans School statute from also the properly then filed litigation to change held (at p. racial 703): "Any legal artifice, however cleverly contrived, w h i c h w o u l d circumvent this ruling / B r o w n v. B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n . 3*t9 U . S . 2 9 ^ 7 , a n d o t h e r s p r e d i c a t e d o n it, i s u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l o n its face. / C i t i n g L a n e v. W i l s o n , 3 0 7 U . S . 2687 S u c h a n a r t i f i c e is t h e s t a t u t e i n s u i t . " 15 a on �The ly either white and and the school closing "ingenious." colored it damages nation, people; but also the But be whether as it so embodied in violation of the of the Fourteenth It must very and in or progress or more statutes Protection Amendment be the to the unhesitatingly is of of at hard both community democracy, civilization. charitably de the clos Due United swept the school plainly and is hits only "ingenuous," these Equal not It foundation characterized "simple-minded" scheme tion. involved or government, ing here "sophisticated" constitutional scribed scheme and starkly Process Clauses States Constitu aside. IV T HE JURISDICTION OF THIS COURT C A NNOT BE DEFEATED ON DEFENDANTS' ASSERTIONS THAT THIS ACTION IS A SUIT AGAINST T H E STATE OR THAT THE K E f E NbAMt SCHOOL B O A R D AND SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS HAVH B EEN D I V E S T E D OF A L L C O N T R O L OVER TH E C L O S E S SCHOOLS. This The complaint though the the Virginia, the suit Norfolk is is not not against name against to Rather, they and other State of as Virginia, members of the the compel seek State. the only of The State to defendants State individuals Superintendent seeking the the Governor the against the does suit spectively, of suit who the Norfolk Schools, plaintiffs of Virginia restrain from 16 the acting a of defendant. happen to Attorney School it Virginia. is in this to do re and thereby case are a not anything. Governor pursuant be, General Board, not Al to of Virginia the uncon- �stitutional ginia the Code. Governor provisions The sole and the unconstitutional thereby be It States v. of state the doing an to has from sought as Sayers C o r p .. of v. 196, 337 U.S. has an act, itself is not Justice U.S. ii* * Hughes 605, * in 620 227 stated prevent ever to here since enjoin suit powers their and otherwise involved. an official statute the relief * is is * v. Domestic & The Virginia Supreme this * or * Larson * would United against specific recognized Vir closed schools (19*+9). to the continuing that a which 690 222, is schools suit officer's 682, of unconstitutional against Va. suit six a sovereign." B u l l a r . 180 Stimson, 223 that 9.1 from the the of Appeals As of the the this education beyond conduct Foreign Court being Chap. established, enforcing "conduct of keeping the unconstitutional because the of children U.S. 1, defendants been well L e e . 106 state, not other with the Article objective action interfering available of principle * in (19>+2). in Philadelphia C o . v. (1912): case of an injury threatened by his illegal action, the officer cannot claim i m munity from i n j u n c t i o n process. The principle h a s f r e q u e n t l y b e e n a p p l i e d w i t h r e s p e c t to state officers seeking to enforce unconstitutional en actments. O s b o r n v. B a n k of U n i t e d S t a t e s . 9 W h e a t . 7 3 8 , 8 k 3 , 868 ; D a v i s v . G r a y . 1 6 W a l l . 2 0 3 ; P e n n o y e r v. M e C o n n a u g h y . 1M-0 U . S . 1 , 1 0 ; S c o t t v . D o n a l d . 1 6 5 U . S . 1 0 7 , 1 1 2 ; S m y t h v . A m e s . 169 U . S . 5-66; E x p a r t e Y o u n g . 2 0 9 U . S . 1 2 3 , 1 5 9 , 1 6 0 ; L u d w i g v. W e s t e r n U n i o n T e l e g r a p h C o .. 2 1 6 U . S . 1 ^ 6 ; H e r n d o n v . G . R . I . & P. R y . C o . „ 2 1 8 U . S . 1 3 5 , 1 5 5 ; H o p k i n s v . C l e m s o n C o l l e g e . 2 2 1 U . S . 636 , 64 -3 - 6 * + 5 . " 17 �Judge ple b, as follows Parker of in Ferris this v. Circuit W i l b u r , 27 expressed F. 2d 262, the 26>+ princi i'C.A. 1928): "Where the act complained of is not autho rized by statute, or where the statute authoriz ing it is void because in conflict with some provision of the Constitution, the person attempt ing it may be restrained in a proper case, not withstanding his claim that he is acting in his official capacity. In such case he is acting, not within the law, but outside it, his act is not the act of the government, and the lav/ af fords him no protection for what he is doing or is about to do." The contention that injunction suits to eliminate racial discrimination in public educational institutions are suits against the State has been rejected time and time again. In 156, 160-161 Orleans (C. A. Parish 5, School 1957), the Board Court v. B u s h . 2>+2 F . 2d said: "* * * But this suit does not seek to compel state action. It seeks to prevent action by state officials which they are taking because of the requirements of a state constitution and laws challenged by the plaintiffs as being in violation of their rights under the Federal Constitution. If in fact the laws under which t he board here p u r p o r t s to a c t a r e i n v a l i d , t h e n t h e B o a r d is a c t i n g w i t h o u t a u t h o r i t y f r o m t h e S t a t e and the S t a t e is i n n o w i s e i n v o l v e d . That a federal court c a n e n t e r t a i n a s u i t w h e r e s u c h a s i t u a t i o n is alleged has long b e e n recognized. / C i t i n g and q u o t i n g f r o m E x p a r t e Y o u n g , 2 0 9 U . S . 1 2 3 , 2 8 S. C t . ¥ + 1 , >+53, 5 2 L . E d . 7 1 1 / " In Allen, 2b0 (1957), F. School 2d 59, Board of City 62-63(C.A. of Charlottesville, >+, 1 9 5 7 ) , V a . v. c e r t , d e n . ____U . S . the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals said: "The difference between using the injunctive power of the court to direct the exercise of dis cretion by a state officer and using it to enjoin 18 �the violation by h i m of Constitutional righto u n d e r the a u t h o r i t y o f his o f f i c e w a s p o i n t e d ou t ne a r l y a h a l f a cent u r y ago in E x parte Y o u n g , 209 ^ 5 3 , 5 2 L. U.S. 123, 159-160, E d . 715-, w h e r e t h e 28 S . " " c t T W , c o u r t said: 'It i s c o n t e n d e d t h a t t h e c o m p l a i n a n t s d o no t complain a n d the y care n o t h i n g about any a c t i o n w h i c h Mr. Y o u n g m i g h t t a k e or b r i n g as a n ordinary individual, but that he was com p l a i n e d of as a n officer, to w h o s e d i s c r e t i o n i s c o n f i d e d t h e u,se o f t h e n a m e o f t h e s t a t e o f M i n n e s o t a so f a r as l i t i g a t i o n is c o n c e r n ed, a n d t h a t w h e n o r h o w h e s h a l l u s e it is a matter rest i n g i n his d i s c r e t i o n and cannot be c o n t r o l l e d b y a n y court. 'The a n s w e r t o a l l t h i s is t h e s a m e a s m a d e i n e v e r y c a s e w h e r e a n o f f i c i a l c l a i m s t o be acting under the a u thority of the state. The a c t to be e n f o r c e d is a l l e g e d to b e u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l ; a n d i f i t b e so, t h e u s e o f t h e n a m e o f the state to enforce an u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l a c t to t h e i n j u r y o f c o m p l a i n a n t s is a p r o ceeding w i t h o u t the a u thority of, and one w h i c h does not a f f e c t t h e state in its s o vereign or governmental capacity. It is s i m p l y a n i l l e g a l act upon the par t of a state o f f i c i a l in a t t e m p t in g by the u s e o f t he n a m e o f th e state, to e n f o r c e a l e g i s l a t i v e e n a c t m e n t w h i c h is v o i d b e cause unconstitutional. If the act which the s tate a t t o r n e y g e n e r a l seeks t o e n f o r c e be a v i o l a t i o n of th e Fede r a l Const i t u t i o n , the officer, in proceeding under such enactment comes into c o n f l i c t w i t h the super i o r a u thority o f that C o n s t i t u t i o n , and he is i n that case stripped of his offic i a l or r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h a r a c t e r a n d i s s u b j e c t e d i n h i s p e r s o n to the consequences of his i ndividual conduct. T h e s t a t e h a s n o p o w e r to i m p a r t t o h i m a n y i m m u n i t y f r o m r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to the supreme authority of the United States'." Accord: (1952). 162 F. Georgia R. Co. v. Redwine, Shuttlesworth Supp. 372, 377 v. Birmingham (3-judge 1958) 19 D.C., 3*+2 Board of N.D., Ala. U.S. 299 Education, S.D., May 9, �In the Louisiana State 5 the (1958), recently tion ing of Fifth such amendment defendants of to The the State that was so the of the to make against it F. Louisiana state "special said of that and so. no State amount The of consent suit Court of was in C.C.A. aside a (includ the suits of of Constitu officials through the 372, brushed agents the it S u p e r v i sors 2d. Appeals withhold Louisiana could of certain suit) suits Board L u d l e y . 252 to Court of Court make sought Louisiana against it in and officials. to case v. Circuit purported Louisiana," State recent University adopted which the very State the against not a suit assertion its opinion said: "Full relief c a n be obtained f r o m the named d e f e n d a n t s w i t h o u t r e q u i r i n g th e S t a t e to take any affirmative action. This is the test." The Court at of Appeals bar. Board language The and the in ter the of therefore Norfolk the then full action. and Governor This can If, may equally as is not of be can of of Fifth Norfolk Schools contend, from State to the the take are proper I, control Chap if of the against schools, defendants Governor case School and these any the City discriminating in Circuit to Article assume enrolled restrain 20 the applicable the legally obtained the we of unconstitutional, purpose children requiring Court is members Code the colored relief without suit. for decision Superintendent Virginia schools white selves the the Division this the quoted Governor, defendants 9.1 just from them affirmative from continuing �his unlawful School Board continuing If acts and to Norfolk still schools and case School Schools See Supp. 701, the can be Board have are also 703 the and (July founded the acts then Division and proper Parish 1, the Norfolk Superintendent control course Orleans restrain unlawful well legal of also Division recognize plaintiffs' suit. and 1958) of of Schools the the City- Governor. members of Superintendent authority parties School over defendant Board (discussed v. from the of those in this 163 Bush. Fed. above). V PLAINTIFFS' REQUEST FOR PRELIMINARY IN JUNCTION. PENDING THE ISSUANCE OF A PE R M A N E N T I N J U N C T I O N . S H O U L D B E G R A N T E D TO CUT SHORT THE IRRE P A R A B L E INJURY W H I C H THEY ARE NOW SUFFERING. THIS COURT HAS P O W E R TO E N J O I N TH E DEFENDANT G O V E R N O R AND THE OTHER DEFENDANTS FROM CONTINUING THEIR UNLAWFUL A C T S . Since thousands of opportunity in which early others to they are education of shut out means that those who closed to of minor their their plan schools college, or that to may at go Each much of schools, on have in time For this the college, some come the public day in of to an loss of eligibility least the loss of a year (or the children education end. continuation the the passes for the and schools that their mean 21 denied available break has plaintiffs been additional the schooling to minor education plaintiffs. formal the situated their enrolled. forever— the September, similarly continue destroys— now in for more) For of admission before �they The catch up injury on they the education suffer with that are now passing each they day is losing. grave and irreparable. This happen ed to children situated is being enrolled be injury in a are all in relevant rolled in not discriminated so a enrolled, school injury plaintiffs tiffs the as laws minor legal coupled of who direct with 510> the Fourteenth which our are one en race, 535 and for are the of was as own child Constitution U.S. precious, Amendment, his any 28>+, and of created 22 298 as the to of of his * creature destiny v. * and parent without (1927). him fundamental preserve. pre of has the un * * These protected of have Society protects much under Code recognize * plain and mere Pierce "The minor education the to the 22-251, the closed, adult duty direct duty, (1925). T o k u shige, 273 Constitution moral not of The (Section is remain parents obligations." v. as him high the eiuca t i o n are the and child nurture Farrington rights they only the schools providing "The additional U.S. natural of restrictions; the that Virginia duty reasonable parental day the State right, to each have the right of color similarly that situated. those Sisters. 268 children and against. children. for by except similarly State; him respects, children who white children on the pare other those both inflicted the the where others and of while on being parents Virginia) their is school attended Similarly, grave visited by values *." �In ■which t h e the school junction may injury. Porter Packing C o ., 337 F. 2d. 797 1958). abuse and its against are Governor at 17 federal the ) : closings are inflicting, should court be 86 U.S. 8, granted 328 Lee, 1958), and to 2k6 U.S. (1959); continuing a halt such (19^6); Faubus v. that the in g r a n t i n g in irreparable Hynes United District the damage preliminary c e r t , d e n . ____ U . S . ____ satisfied v. Grimes States. 25^ (April Court preliminary did 28, not injunction" Faubus.) the of "A Federal beyond grave preliminary against Commonwealth 2d the discretion Such rected of v. (C.A. ("We light injunction Governor Virginia. Governor order is judiciary question. as well Cooper who to enjoin Sterling v. asserts similarly v. as a may and other supra to Governor C o n s t a n t i n, 287 (3 The of a U.S. di of the L. Ed. nullify restrained." the be officers Aaron, power should a power State 378 of is (1932) "If this e x t r e m e p o s ition / t h a t the G o v e r n o r is i m m u n e f r o m q u e s t i o n i n g i n the F e d e r a l c o u r t s 7 c o u l d be d e e m e d to be w e l l t a k e n , it is m a n i f e s t t h a t t h e f i a t o f a s t a t e G o v e r n o r , a n d n o t t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , w o u l d be t h e s u p r e m e l a w of t h e land; t h a t t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s o f the F e d e r a l C o n s t i t u t i o n u p o n the e x e r c i s e of state power w o u l d be but impotent phrases, the futility of w h i c h the State m a y at any time disclose by the simple process of trans f e r r i n g powers of l e g i s l a t i o n to the Governor to be exercised b y him, beyond control, upon his assertion of necessity. Under our system of government, s u c h a concl u s i o n is o b viously untenable. There is no such avenue of escape f r o m the par a m o u n t aut h o r i t y of the F e d e r a l Constitution." (287 See v. also Faubus U.S. United 23 at 397.) S t a t e s , 25*+ F . 2d. 797 �(C.A. 8, 1958) Georgia Railroad (1952); Strutwear (3-Judge u .s. c e r t , d e n . . ____ Dist. & (April Banking C o . v. C o . v. O l son. 31+2 Redwine. Knitting Ct., 28, 13 F. 1958); U.S. 299 Supp. 381+ 1936). .VI THIS COURT HAS JURISDICTION OVER. A MD SHOULD DECIDE. THIS CASE. THE SO-CALUED DOCTRINE O F A B S T E N T I O N D O E S N O T R E Q U I R E T H I S C O U R T TO R E M I T T H E P L A I N T I F F S TO TH E S T A T E C O U R T S OF V I R G I N I A TO S E E K R E L I E F F R O M T H E D A M A G E B E ING INFLICTED UPON THEM BY THE STATE'S UNCONSTITUTIONAL STATUTES. This 28 U.S.C. Sections W e a k l e y . 226 U.S. 1+85, F. 100 ands rights of others 399 Ed. case not utmost guarantees of the effort tion of tudes fare of the out for many relief case or to as require over 2281+. Doud the this for the Federal this See v. case. Romero v. H o d g e . 350 civil plaintiffs, but circumstances. to the rights which above and the All case this by also affect plaintiffs also these this involves to It not the thous con of the involves destruc only the economic public interests There defer seek are action relief multi wel considerations Court. to of continued highest of constitu effectuation and but court 21+ It and Constitution. irreparable a whole. reasons 2281, 1955); the the mentioned in 9, States communities Nation substantial of United prevent persons (C.A. importance constitutional of of to 13^3(3), similar of jurisdiction 577. only in has involves sideration an plainly 1331, 2d L. This tional Court in cry no upon the this State �Courts, (which even adequate Ed. Lane relief were there available to them not). 1281 tutional solely is In L. it if v. (1939) W ilson, 307 (involving right to vote had because of race), a S. suit been the U. 268, by 27* - 2 7 5 , 4 83 a Negro whose by denied Supreme at State officials Court consti said: "T o v i n d i c a t e h i s p r e s e n t g r i e v a n c e the p l a i n t i f f di d n o t h a v e to p u r s u e w h a t e v e r r e m e d y m a y h ave been o p e n to hi m in the state courts * * *. Barring only exceptional circumstances, s e e e . g . , G i l c h r i s t v. I n t e r b o r o u g h R a p i d T r a n s i t C o ., 2 7 9 U . S . 1 5 9 , o r e x p l i c i t s t a t u t o r y r e quirements /citation omitted7, resort to a feder a l c o u r t m a y be h a d w i t h o u t f i r s t e x h a u s t i n g the judicial remedies of state courts. B a c o n v. R u t l a n d R . C o ., 2 3 2 U . S . 13*+; P a c i f i c T e l e n h . & T e l e g . C o . v. K u y k e n d a l l , 2 6 5 U . S . 1 9 6 . W e therefore cannot avoid passing on the m e r i t s of p l a i n t i f f ' s co n s t i t u t i o n a l claims." The right education in solely racial type on of the rights vindicated by, ^83 U.S. ____ , 3 Council (C A v. *+th, have in Federal 3V 9 U.S. 2d 5 without is many Brown namely, to obtain impairment or denial part cases v. and been Board 29*4- ( 1 9 5 5 ) ; (Sept. Beaches case, parcel of asserted the in, and 29, Cooper E d u c a t i o n . 3*+7 v. A a r o n , ____ 1958). Bathhouses: 877, of affirming Mayor 220 and F. City 2d. 386 1955). 223 Courses: P. 2d 93 Holmes (C and courts: D a w s o n , 350 U.S. Golf reversing this schools Schools: Ed. Public in considerations, the ( 1951+); L. public which Public U.S. asserted A 5th, 25 v. Atlanta, 350 1955). U.S. 879 , �Parks City and Recreational Improvement 1958), 20, Park affirming Public 903, Public (C.A. 10th), quire of (Fourth Circuit) administrative a of those plaintiffs Rather, as to the as "judicial rights be 2d 72b, Romero pursued state court There which established which of of abstain statutes, a law. courts "exceptional state nothing requires rule Federal cretion is F. from 2d for in to denial the the 26 2d in plaintiff of courts See the of foregoing matter perfunctorily also Doctrine Ab well under o f .d i s jurisdiction attacking F. 1955)• Abstention Doctrine, their without W a r l i c k , 238 the a course, constitutional (1957)- as State administrative v. 9 , re Circuit a (and of from the where federal and 608 courts this so-called departure be of no Carson voluntarily not has (C.A. exercising U.S involved the exhausted 399 The did stated, 910 in 22*t F . rights U.S. circumstances" is race) case, remedies." W e a k l e y . 226 (Oct. Gayle. 352 which Appeals been once v. Key;, of their pithily ____ , c e r t , d e n . . 3 5 3 v. stention at ____ (1955). (all of remedies v. 895 on seek this U.S. Orleans (1956). cases have in Browder U.S. Court remedies remedies), pursuing go New (1958). McDonald based recently plaintiff, may 122 707 Supp. Ballots: none courts. where F. discrimination the D e t i e g e , ____ 2d F. cert, d e n . 350 In claims 252 v. Transportation: lk2 affirming Ass'n Facilities: in validity applied. cases of As �stated in Lane ceptional major v. Wilson, circumstances" considerations s u p r a , it or where underlying is applied required its use by have only in "ex statute. been the The follow ing: 1. dating a statute it state is 323 to the U.S. of 101, the Federal or U.S. or subject Du the an factors" adequate tory order. 983 Federal order, state See 321 whether an authorita State court may of of v. 168, v. state law Pullman U.S. Albertson statute interpretation, Texas U.S. McLaughlin, state 582 172 (1950);Burford may withhold enforcement regulatory there court the v. C o .. (1956); (1952); v. Sun Oil M i l l a r d , 355 (1953). courts enjoin and a W a t s o n , 327 (1953); to the to question of D a i r i e s , 316 331 Ed. by where as Services where the Commission U.S. jurisdiction local decide 315, 3. issues Motor invali that appears that P r e , 339 L. it avoid grounds question differences ( 1 9 ^ 1 ) iA . F . L . v . v. where to might Shipman 97 law possibility Fieldcrest 2>+2, if a to (19*+^) • Railroad U.S. is Spector v. U.S. there state Chicago 319 courts constitutional 105 courts >+96 Co., on federal See lOh, incorrectly. 312 the The ambiguous of plaintiff, case. 2. is statute the decision resolve desire equivocal, applies tive The is order and Public 27 a state involves provision review Alabama of exercising for in a Service their regulatory "predominantly the state stay Comm, of v. law the for regula Southern �Ry. C o ., 3*+l U . S . 319 U.S. 87 L. *+. in order to Ed. the avoid 11+2*+ the courts needless public interest and will 31?, 332-33*1- 29*+ U . S . 176, 185, 79 absention and where L. judicial is not Oil Company, (19*1-3); Ed. such it 8*+l, in with appears Burford Pennsylvania 8*+7 relief injunction would reasonably v. v. that Sun Oil Williams. (1935). toward expressed injunctive interference suffer. attitude clearly Sun withhold friction U.S. of may policies rights v. (19*+3). 319 The Burford state plaintiff's Co., (195D; Federal constitutional prejudice 3*+l the the use of the following doctrine three cases: Toomer (19*+8) was statutes, Court a one of state The distinction income enlightening. tax The by virtue apply to the not the present cation of U.S. at utes the a the 39*+; of statute Supreme Ed. Court did several taxes. l*+60 state The Supreme the attack to the other not tax state the statute judicial the "suit matter is did for abstain as statutes. not on its interpretation, of, involving to from and injunction complained But on particularly complained situation l*+70). not as Court situation 28 Ed. to Supreme factual at income L. but said, to" attacking 92 abstention income any Court L. of the state concrete 92 by particular Supreme action statute, drawn 385 , 33*+ U . S . concerned doctrine or fore, court which the the to witsell, federal applied face, v. the other decision there does the of. seem appli (33*+ stat or re- �mit the plaintiff following to seek relief in State courts, for the reasons: " A s t o t h e m / i n d i v i d u a l a p p e l l a n t s / , i t is a g r e e d that the a p p e l l e e s w e r e a t t e m p t i n g to e n f o r c e the statutes. It is a l s o c l e a r t h a t compliance wi t h a ny but the income tax statute w o u l d h a v e r e q u i r e d p a y m e n t of l a r g e s u m s of m o n e y for w h i c h S o u t h C a r olina p r o v i d e s no means of recovery, that defiance w o u l d have carried, w i t h it t h e r i s k of h e a v y f i n e s and long imprisonment, and that w i t h d r a w a l from fur t h e r fishing u n t i l a test case h a d been t a k e n through the S o u t h Carolina c o u r t s and p e r h a p s to this C o u r t w o u l d h a v e r e s u l t e d in a s u b s t antial loss of business for w h i c h no c o m p e n s a t i o n could be obtained. E x c e p t as to t h e inco m e tax s t a t u t e , w e c o n c l u d e t h a t a p p e l l a n t s s u f f i c i e n t l y s h o w e d the i m m i n e n c e of i r r e p a r a b l e injury for w h i c h there w a s no plain, a d e q u a t e a n d c o m p l e t e r e m e d y at l a w . " (33*+ U . S . a t 3 9 1 - 9 2 ; 9 2 L. E d . a t 1 4 6 9 ) . And the Court added, in footnote 15 of its opinion: "As to all t h e o t h e r s t a t u t e s e x c e p t that r e l a t i n g to s t a t e i n c o m e taxes, h o w e v e r , we a g r e e w i t h t h e D i s t r i c t C o u r t t h a t t h e r e is neit h e r need for interpretation of the statutes n o r any other special circumstance requiring the federal court to stay action pending pro c e e d i n g s in the S t a t e courts." In Public ____ , 2 L. Ed. though an aggrieved remedies court, be "prior so known pact on federal 475), 2d Utilities that and the to the its (March party true actual, would v. 1958), as not pursue his state his complaint opposed sit refuse 29 S t a t e s . ____U . S . Court to authoritatively to United the interpretation undertakes Court 3, must bringing litigant court the 470 Comm, in to of to the the its held that judicial federal state law theoretical, determined judgment" (2 abstain from al may im before the L. 2d Ed. deciding at the �constitutional were present issue and where the no such questions constitutional issue of is state "the law only question." In 2 L. the to Ed. 2d Chicago 117V following seek v. (June reasons state court Atchison. 16, T.& S . F . R y . C o . .____U . S . ____ , the refusing for 1958), to Supreme Court require the gave plaintiff adjudication: "We see no a m b i g u i t y in the s e c t i o n w h i c h c alls for i n t e r p r e t a t i o n by the state courts. C f . T o o m e r v . W i t s e l l , 3 3 ^ U. S . 3 8 ? . Re m i s s i o n to t h o s e c o u r t s w o u l d i n v o l v e s u b stantial delay and expense, and the chance of a result di f f e r e n t from that r e a c h e d b e low, o n the i s s u e o f a p p l i c a b i l i t y , w o u l d a p p e a r to be s l i g h t . " ( 2 L. E d . 2 d a t 1 1 8 1 ) . Illustrative by the 159 three-judge F. Supp. 503, policy "does not courts in are free ceeded of to statutes part of to State of declare School two this or a same Court 21, in of if "massive statutes declaration the of that the state three decision, they of and in meaning Patty. t h e ’f e d e r a l at the the and pro Virginia the withheld so issue Court involved, against were taken abstention statutes here resistance" their view N . A . A . C . P . v. statute because the Accordingly, unconstitutional with is proceedings the ambiguity." along approach 1958) stay sort Segregation other court declared are Supreme decision equivocal that application was essential. We should District require doubt which, the (January Virginia's Court's as cases of decide submit this that case under now, a n d 30 these that precedents, this court there need or is no �reason the for the plaintiff to The imaginary, with all school, court the force with all equivocal or issue of presented the of ment of dice the the public local" in nature, constitutional as is law and harms. certain of the There are no interfere the as clear. question measured with here by questions the enforce operation any not The and complex its of ambiguous, only with are very public not law enjoining involved the the intertwined would or and state out not preju constitutional "predominantly heart interest of of the the Nation's country a whole. Furthermore, either to obtain enforcement review state of Indeed, any of its courts expense, of children is affect and applied being is policies but of is it issues remit is It injuries present, nor to involved application interest The or clear; validity statute, here thousands constitution. policy. statute crystal law proceedings hypothetical. Its regulatory the state state the consequent is vague. is Federal state or the courts. to k e e p language No of its statutory stay State impact abstract its to the stay in more section at or no provision State to best, 22-188.15 to of involve would courts obtain Remission likely, "relative" is the statute, validity. would, and, suit a there be 31 the continued state plaintiffs substantial totally court to delay the and ineffectual. forbids taken statute, against adequate the specifically any action in the under bringing the statute, �except the suits by statute. section the If a 22-188.15 Attorney suit around the wealth hereby declines Virginia a or the should expressly munity General Governor Governor the for Virginia by of that the to enforce anyone mantle declaring refuses of Virginia brought draws by and be of else, state "the im Common Commonwealth to be subject pending in the to of such suit." The of Virginia Virginia of (H a r r i s o n instituted, tuition volve the grants power schools and not quite of and the code to school under 8-71^) mandamus is D a y ), which close section them. likely will closing the law, state Commonwealth. 199 Va. 397, Moreover, pursuant to Virginia Code troversy," the Supreme Board of the it opinion authority of 1950, is of and the E d u c a t i o n . 3^2 to ^00 the does legality not control the may constitutionality of is brought (Virginia secure in of therefore the of the Virginia construction Cf. Code of act Bissell v. (1957). does the not the United 32 and over court upon of Court General section case from S. take treasury." that U. question state conferred unlikely Court suit the Attorney 22-188.9, to Supreme the State since the the pass for "Mandamus of advisory The not out an only Governor payment merely now raises the entitled directing v. under of which suit of Harrison Supreme under 96 a could states. ^29, Court section present case L . v. Day of Virginia, 8-71^, "case be seeks in taken See Doremus Ed. h-75 con to v. (1952). �Furthermore, Virginia would even that not the give the are entitled this of in court determination statutes the protection of a this can is state plainly requirements should and of the of others constitutional afford and simply and proceeding. The the complained plaintiffs their by this policy of Federal feel no forthrightly with a are Court unconstitutional similarly rights the of to situated which injunctive they power relief. which that certainly Only Supreme the statute "massive seeks to effect resistance" to the Constitution, hesitancy statute so about The Federal dealing motivated and courts promptly so designed. CONCLUSION It injunction the otherwise referred City and Governor continuing of is to respectfully a of permanent Virginia keep closed interfering, to, with the requested injunction and the the under other six the operation that be Statutes the of to restrain defendants here public involved Virginia schools from or herein of the Norfolk. Respectfully November preliminary granted named schools of a 1^, Zj. 1958 submitted, p JJl < E d m u n d D. C a m p b e l l Court House Square Arlington, Virginia A r c h i e L. B o s w e l l 606-608 R o y s t e r Bldg. Norfolk, Virginia 33 Attorneys for Plaintiffs � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Plaintiff's Trial Memorandum, Ruth Pendleton James et al, vs. J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. et al, Civil Action #2843, 11/29/1958, 35 pages. Description An account of the resource Court case, Ruth Pendleton James, J. Lindsay Almond, Lawyers: Edmond Campbell, Archie Boswell Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Edmund Campbell, Archie Boswell Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/29/58 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_5_1_1_26 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/b6717b3d26a9f050aab75d0327301010.pdf a329f6ae77b2bed070936eeb66229016 PDF Text Text CERTIFICATE I hereby Supplemental by mailing to their certify Trial copies that Memorandum thereof respective were this counsel copies as 29th of served day of the upon foregoing defendants November, 1958, follows: H o n o r a b l e A l b e r t i s S. H a r r i s o n , A t t o r n e y General of V i r g i n i a Supreme Court Building Richmond, Virginia. Jr. Walter E. Rogers, Esquire American Building Richmond, Virginia. Leigh D. Williams, Esquire, Citizens Bank Building Norfolk, Virginia. W. R. C. C o c k e , E s q u i r e Citizens Bank Building Norfolk, Virginia. L e o n a r d H. D a v i s , E s q u i r e City Hall Norfolk, Virginia. Edmund D.Campbell Attorney for Plaintiffs 21 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Certificate that Trial Memorandum served, 11/29/1958 Description An account of the resource Court case, Ruth Pendleton James, J. Lindsay Almond, Lawyers: Edmond Campbell, Archie Boswell Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Edmund Campbell Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/29/58 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_5_1_1_25 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/53b473f8acdd0aaa097756aecfe2d9ef.pdf 28649a5ffa13365a9672442a1b2edb51 PDF Text Text IN RUTH THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE E A S T E R N DISTRICT OF V I R G I N I A NORFOLK DIVISION PENDLETON JAMES, et al, Plaintiffs vs. J. ) ) ) ) : LINDSAY ALMOND, JR., et al, Defendants PLAINTIFFS' SUPPLEMENTAL Civil Action #28^3 ) ) ) ) TRIAL MEMORANDUM E D M U N D D. C A M P B E L L Court House Square Arlington, Virginia A R C H I E L. B O S W E L L 606-608 Royster Building Norfolk, Virginia Attorneys November 29, 1958 for Plaintiffs �INDEX PRELIMINARY I. STATEMENT Page .............................................. 1 ' M U C H OF TH E ATT O R N E Y GENERAL'S B R I E F AS PETITION E R I N H A R R I S O N v. D A Y IS I R R E L E V A N T I N T H I S C A S E 1 (a) Harrison 1 (b) The (c) This case i n v o l v e s no "love" or "prejudice," but only the r e m o v a l of d i s c r i m i n a t i o n v. Day does Supreme Law of not the overlap this case Land 2 (d) (e) II. III. "Massive sumption T h e S u p r e m e C o u r t ha s not a f f e c t e d the Co m m o n w e a l t h ' s o b l i g a t i o n to m a i n t a i n public f r e e s c h o o l s ; a n d i n a n y e v e n t t h e r e is no such issue here THE NOT ARE LEGISLATIVE USE OF THE LABEL VALIDATE THE STATUTE CLOSING NOT WHOLLY SEGREGATED The Governor's power to l o c a l c o n t r o l fo r (b) no pre "EFFICIENT" ALL SCHOOLS to r e t u r n reopening 5 DOES WHICH 10 the 11 schools 11 " P o s s ibility of strife" and c l o s u r e of schools for b o t h w h i t e and c o l o r e d children 13 Tuition (c) 1>+ grants T H E MEMBERS OF T H E NORFOLK SCHOOL B O A R D AND THE DIVISION SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS ARE PROPER P A R T I E S A N D T H E C A S E S H O U L D N O T B E D I S M I S S E D AS TO V. have N O N E OF T HE REASONS W H I C H THE A T T O R N E Y GENERAL SAYS VALIDATE T H E S C H O O L CLOSING S T A T U T E HAS ANY MERIT (a) IV. resistance" statutes of constitutionality 3 THEM 15 T H I S S U I T IS W I T H I N T H I S C O U R T ' S J U R I S D I C T I O N A N D IS NO T A SUIT A G A I N S T T H E STATE W H I C H T R A N S G R E S S ES THE CONCLUSION ELEVENTH AMENDMENT ............................................................. i 17 20 �TABLE OF CASES Page A a r o n v. C o o p e r , F 2 d ____ ( N o v . 1 0 , 1 9 5 8 ) A a r o n v. C o o p e r , 1 5 6 F S u p p . 2 2 0 B e c k e t t v . S c h o o l B o a r d o f N o r f o l k , C . A . 221*f B o r d e n ' s F a r m P r o d u c t s C o . v. B a l d w i n . 13,16,20 17 15 10 2 9 3 U . S . 194B r o w n v. B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n . 3 ^ 7 U . S . M 3 3 B u t l e r v. T h o m p s o n , 9 7 F . S u p p . 1 7 C h a r l e s W o l f f P a c k i n g C o . v. C o u r t o f I n d u s t r i a l R e l a t i o n s . 262 U.S. 522 C h a s t l e t o n C o r p . v. S i n c l a i r , U . S . 5*+3 C o o p e r v . A a r o n . ____ U . S . , 3 L. E d . 2 d 5 5,7,8,9 7 10 10 26k Tsipt. 29, 19557" 2,20 Ex parte A y e r s . 123 U.S. Mf3 Ex p arte Y o u n g . 209 U.S. 123 F l e m i n g v. U p per D u b l i n P u b l i c S c h o o l D i s t r i c t . 14-1 F. S u p p . 8 1 3 G r e a t N o r t h e r n L i f e I n s u r a n c e C o . v. R e a d . 19 17 3 2 2 U . S . 4-7 H a g o o d v. S o u t h e r n , 1 1 7 U . S . 52 H a r r i s o n v. D a y ( V i r g i n i a S u p r e m e C o u r t o f Appeals) K e n n e c o t t C o p p e r C o r p o r a t i o n v. S t a t e T a x 19 19 C o m m i s s i o n . 3 2 7 U . S . 573 K i e r n a n v. P o r t l a n d . 2 2 3 U.S. 151 L u t h e r v. B o r d e n . 7 H o w . (____ U . S . ) M o u n t a i n Timb e r C o . v. N e a r v. M i n n e s o t a . 2 8 3 O h i o ex rel. Bry a n t v. Ohio ex O'Neill Orleans Pacific 19 . 1 ) 2,^,9 19 8 1 W a s h i n g t o n . 2*+3 U . S . U.S. 697 Akron Metropolitan 219 8 8 10 7k Park D i s t r i c t . 2 8 1 U.S. r e l . D a v i s v . H i l d e b r a n t . 2*fl U . S . v. E a r l y . 20 6 F 2d~ 2 8 5 P a r i s h S c h o o l B o a r d v. B u s h . 163 F Supp. 701 S t a t e s T. & T . C o . v . O r e g o n , 8 '223 U . S . l i b R a i l w a y M a l l A s s o c i a t i o n v. C o r s i , 3 2 6 U . S . 88 S c h n e i d e r v. S t a t e , 3 0 5 ~ U . S . 14-7 S c h o o l B o a r d o f C i t y o f N e w p o r t N e w s . V a . v. Atkins^ (and S c h o o l Board of C i t y of V a . v . B e c k e t t ). 2 4 6 F 2 d 3 2 5 ; c e r t . d e n . 354- U . S . 9 2 1 ) S t e r l i n g v. C o n s t a n t i n . 2 5 7 U . S . 3 7 8 T a k a h a s h i v. F i s h & G a m e C o m m i s s i o n . 33*+ U . S . 4-10 T e x a s v . W h i t e . 7 W a l l (____ U . S . 7 0 0 ) T h o m a s v. C o l l i n s . 3 2 3 U . S . 516 T h o r n h i l l v. A l a b a m a . 3 1 0 U . S . 8 8 U n i t e d S t a t e s v . C a r o l e n e P r o d u c t s C o .. 3 3 1 U . S . 14-4? ii 8 565 19 16 8 6 10 i f 17 i ,10 f 8 V 10 I f �IN RUTH THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE E A S T E R N D I S T R I C T OF V I R G I N I A NORFOLK DIVISION PENDLETON JAMES, et al, ) ) ) Plaintiffs vs. J. : LINDSAY ALMOND, JR., et al, Defendants PLAINTIFFS1 SUPPLEMENTAL PRELIMINARY At this Court brief in the hearing authorized reply to previously clude Brief Petitioner Case the ^929 in in the Defendants' their motion to Most the will of the the case Plaintiffs raised of at by #28^3 MEMORANDUM Court in on to a 19, and defendants. v. of Day Appeals support of Virginia (now of the 1958, supplemental hearing General of November file the the Harrison Memorandum in These in as pending Virginia), first the as and ground of dismiss. the issues Trial not be I. M U C H OF THE IN HARRISON (a) TRIAL this Attorney case Action STATEMENT submitted Supreme of Plaintiffs' the matters memoranda the of Civil ) ) ) ) repeated in Memorandum in this this of case are November Supplemental discussed I 1- 1 9 5 8 , *, Trial in and Memorandum. A T T O R N E Y GENERAL'S B R I E F AS PETITIONER v. D A Y I S I R R E L E V A N T I N T H I S C A S E . Harrison v. Day 1 does not overlap this case. �It Harrison apparent from brief General's is (as w e l l as that basic v. Day whether the tuition grants Assembly cation, Comptroller and a apparent around by the Plaintiffs Supreme any the and questions could States. are not be the carried to statute here The the lative stitution" 3 L. Ed. and was 2d The Attorney Supreme power pay Virginia of also is almost not (pp. not as or if it of an advisory its de opinion, the United passes closing provisions determination which would does, upon court Virginia school indi pass case, the entire 3 2 - 3 3 ) j the even of Edu been raised Moreover, Court the It revolve may is Board case. Memorandum its relief case the State case. Supreme the of in would alone aid not the upon of pro Plain case. (b) that of that have Attorney brief) nature if involved, injunctive this the even this Virginia in the in Trial of the case this would constitutionality tiffs in this Furthermore, the in the lawfully Acts law which in be of in may five that state Appeals the vide question under involved which not of of Respondent's Virginia in Plaintiffs' of examination regulations issues questions Court cision, the q u e s t i o n not i n v o l v e d that in of authorized certain ly cated the an 5, Court abused disposed Supreme General's of the its of ____, w h i c h Law United Cooper reaffirmed 2 the Land. assertion function in of (Brief, States p. "usurped legis by amending v. A a r o n . ____ TJ.S.____ , that the the 23) Con Constitution �of the "is United the States, supreme officials, law whether legislative, of to prejudices" only the ginia laws under right (Brief, shall the 22), the deprive them Constitution, been locked out Norfolk School Board, in of Court, has the same are all to time factor Court each other, to deal but impose That is with simply this all whether of the to no and the the which all holding are race. matter, this a thousand case of of school in while the six at enrollees public education situated any of do persons ex not ask toward governmental discrimination involved. chil the Plaintiffs use their order children where the because previous only, school Vir of means simply Negro of but protection similarly the deep-seated ten children The General's Commonwealth with attitudes here 3 the providing prohibit is such schools unconstitutional that of thousands white are Attorney equal in their who of the in Virginia colored the this them. schools all sole on Court, position. seventeen by children for Supreme "removal conformity Virginia cept to of attended or that These enrolled other white other power schooling. formerly binding and involves represent have schools and Plaintiffs public this judicial love" to dren State, the is and notwithstanding p. of they not or or "brotherly whom land" by Thi s case involves no "love" or " p r e j u d i c e . " but only the r e m o v a l of d i s c r i m i nation. case, prayers children the executive, This interpreted Federal (c) references as against �(d) "M a s s i v e resistance" presumption The that the General were involved Assembly "adopted Supreme ent Act Attorney on which to Court. the terpreted to by before No. and 2), 1958 are of the the Address the ality of by must "be scrutiny" than other Carolene Thomas v. v. Fish Game already been Appeals of v. B e c k e t t ). curiam N. U. S. 516, 3 3 ^ U. submit Circuit. Atkins, 2k6 F. S. opinion 921 by more that (and 2d In (1958), Parker, those of exacting 153, Act Board Sobeloff, as Exhibit 11 statutes n. States *+ ( 1 9 3 8 ) ; Takahashi ( 1 9 1 8). + involved Court City of Newport of (C.A. >+th, 1957), Appeals, has of City and in January of of policy "massive United the of appar judicial here by the constitution ^20 ^10, the Stanley's of S. Court is (Plaintiffs' (19^5); 326-327 the Governor such, Board of state 529-530 School of Day States Address lM+, the v. purely United condemned School 325, is enactments. 30*+ U . S . constitutionally this V a . v. den. 35^ C o .. Commission. we to no 23-21 f) laws basic presumption legislative Collins. 323 & normal subjected Products Indeed, News. the the also As other Harrison Assembly *0. pp. "usurpation" Inaugural No. have confirm what the See General Exhibit and that of Court. Almond's in represents Constitution and v. statutes (Brief, the simply statutes:— 1956 and "fiat" statements the Governor supported concedes case statutes constitutionality. involved the Supreme (Plaintiffs' not this resist" package resistance" in Virginia Such face this of General of Norfolk. in Haynesworth, a Va cert. per JJ., �explicitly case (Chapter Assembly, as pointed Extra amended, basis Act upon is 68, to the Act of which Chapter 68 statute simply Chapter 68 itself is into 69-72; pp. through that on sufficient because is 1956, hold unconstitutional that 29, 22-188.3 to law September Session, secs. very the its to Va. Va. render If as a the of of 1950, Placement presence unconstitutional with this sufficient Pupil the in Acts Code 22-188.15) face. then, 1956, Virginia compliance operation, involved latter of another brings fortiori. Chapter 68 is unconstitutional. (e) The Supreme Court has not affected the C o m m o n w e a l t h 1s o b l i g a t i o n to m a i n t a i n public free schools: and in any event t h e r e is no such issue h e r e . The that Article racial of the 129 the of of rulings. (p. But there the Supreme On astonishing Constitution, which schools, requires is U.S. Court, the the Section system Education. 3^7 cision its which makes invalidated public efficient State." of Court in thereof an General Virginia segregation "maintain Board Supreme IX Section out the when Attorney of not U83 it the free single (195*+), or which warrants contrary, the l'+O o f prescribed invalidated Commonwealth public a also argument to schools word any such Supreme in through Brown other a Court v. de perversion said ^93): " T o d a y , e d u c a t i o n is p e r h a p s t h e m o s t i m portant f u n c t i o n of state and l o c a l governments. Compulsory school attendance laws and the great expenditures for education b o t h demonstrate our r e c o g n i t i o n of the importance of e d u c a t i o n to our 5 �democratic society. It is required in the per forma n c e of our m o s t basic public r e s p o n s i b i l i ties, even service i n the armed forces. It is the very f o u n d a t i o n of good citizenship. Today i t is a p r i n c i p a l i n s t r u m e n t i n a w a k e n i n g t h e c h i l d to c u l t u r a l v a l u e s , i n p r e p a r i n g h i m for later professional training, and in helping him to adj u s t n o r m a l l y to his e n v i r o n m e n t . In these d a y s , it is d o u b t f u l t h a t a n y c h i l d m a y r e a s o n a b l y b e e x p e c t e d to s u c c e e d i n l i f e i f h e is d e n i e d the opportunity of an education. Such an oppor tu n i t y , w h e r e the s t ate has u n d e r t a k e n to p r o v i d e it, is a r i g h t w h i c h m u s t be m a d e a v a i l a b l e to a l l o n equal terms." In importance the of light public good citizenship"— very words free schools the Mail any way section the 1869 of his condition" its Virginia tution by and admission 3, of or to Attorney the Act vote submitted it the of on to 88, 7, Congress in Constitution 6 10, of Federal law is now 1869 as (16 which that invalid. with a In Stat. approved a prerequisite Article follows: On "funda undertook Government. a of Railway argument Virginia Congress. provided public (19^5). 1869 , as these distortion 9*+ inconsistent Federal April "a of that Amendment. General's which July representation that simply vital foundation maintaining aspect also the argument Constitution is with very of is U.S. obligation popular to duty other argument "the Fourteenth 326 Virginia emphasizing General's State the any the relations pursuant the in there the as Virginia's Corsi, supports 129 in year, tion is contrary, mental v. words Attorney manifested Nor in the throughout Association these education— abrogated policy" of in that >+0), Consti to VIII, re Sec �"The General Assembly shall provide by law, at its first sess i o n under this Constitution, a uniform system of public free schools, and for its gradual, equal, and ful l i n t r o d u c t i o n into a l l t h e c o u n t i e s o f t h e S t a t e b y t h e y e a r 1876 , or as m u c h e a r l i e r as p r a c t i c a b l e . " It was only formally gress after approved authorized tion in 62); this and the Congress the subject to by by the people of readmission the statute the constitutional of Act of provision Virginia of 26, readmission was following that Virginia January "fundamental had to 1870 been the Con representa (16 Stat. specifically made condition": "Third, Tha t the C o n s t i t u t i o n of Virginia s h a l l n e v e r b e so a m e n d e d or c h a n g e d as to d e p r i v e any c i t i z e n or class o f c i t i z e n s of the United States of the school r i ghts and privileges secured by the constitution of said State." By accepting readmission to "fundamental condition," Virginia least, a public free or basic decide, 1/ forced, schools." whether but it education was of State States U.S. 1/ at which under quoted Cf. B u t l e r Alex. Div. (1951). is the to that XV, Since v. T h o m p s o n . 9 7 1951), a f f i r m e d 7 the this very "system here to of discuss, legally en- Congress thought public the States v. to be Section C f . Brown at uniform could achieve United above. a unnecessary indicate pursuant undertook, provide obligation Article Constitution. *+93, It that does to fundamental Government" every obligation representation "Republican must Form guarantee to e ‘-, h of the Board of E d u c a t i o n , 3>+7 it has long United been establish- F. S u p p . 1 7 , 2 0 - 2 1 (E.D. p e r c u r i a m 3*+l U . S . 9 3 7 �ed that it rests termine what meaning of tion such of ceded is form the inconceivable very of Virginia to republican the at of vant this government undertake to the of States the Court's as education that in Congress for as had War, it in seis Brown v. uprooting the Congress had admittance a the restora 2/ the condition" within the decision read de which Civil be to State of with a Government. event, the judiciary, to possibly "fundamental any the of as time Supreme public of form well the could of not government the "public IX, in a form Article 2/ that as representation In of of Union requirement was ity IV, Education declared Congress, a republican Article from Board with free the question schools" Virginia 1/ case. as to the requirement Constitution is in present Section entirely valid 129, irrele- L u t h e r v. B o r d e n , 7 H o w . ( U . S . ) 1 ( l 8 >+9): T e x a s v. W h i t e , 7 Wall.' ( U . S . ) 700, 729 (1869); O h i o ex r e l . B r y a n t v. A k r o n M e t r o p o l i t a n P a r k D i s t r i c t , 2 8 1 U . S . 7*+, 80 (1930); Mountain Timber C o . v. W a s h i n g t o n . 2*+3 U , S . 2 1 9 , 23*+ ( 1 9 1 7 ) ; P a c i f i c S t a t e s T . & T . C o . v . O r e g o n , 2 2 3 U .S. 1 1 8 ( 1 9 1 2 ) ; K i e r n a n v. P o r t l a n d , 223 U . S. 1 5 1 ( 1 9 1 2 ) ; O h i o e x r e l . D a v i s v . H i l d e b r a n t . 2*+l U . S . 5 6 5 ( 1 9 1 W. 2/ Neither the 1869 C o n s t i t u t i o n nor the 1 9 0 2 Constitution of V i r g i n i a indicated that Virginia w o u l d or must abandon its p u b l i c schools if a colored child s h o u l d ever enroll in a school previously att e n d e d by w h i t e children. The 1869 Constitution d id not even m e n t i o n segregation in publ i c schools. The segregation r e q u i r e m e n t in sec t i o n l*+0, A r t i c l e I X , o f t h e 1 9 0 2 C o n s t i t u t i o n w a s s i m p l y a d d e d o n at a l a t e r date, an d t h e r e is no t h i n g i n th e 1 9 0 2 C o n s t i t u t i o n to i n d i c a t e t h a t m a n d a t e of section 129 requiring " an efficient s y s t e m of public free schools throughout the State" w o u l d become invalid i f s e c t i o n l*+0 w e r e e v e r d e l e t e d o r i n v a l i d a t e d . 8 �Even if court fact Section on some remains 129 ground that school education school system between (Va. the Code, were 7 Virginia, factor of race, public It sequitur "If Section binding lish the of and any 129 Supreme Court at quoted ^93, where the which must the Commonwealth the effect education, others fact of of is some actually law, as in it solely persons D a y , the abandoned which to be the the a public public every child enrolled. provides on of v, Virginia maintains entitled not, the Harrison still long difficult public basis of edu the opportunity upon has made of such of similarly or public in may Brown v. "...the available to to situated to in color. 9 to of on some provide all the such VO) any estab closing circum As the of an education... it, is a enforce such right terms." students respects p. E d u c a t i o n . 3*+7 U . S . equal and to non- throughout appropriate." enact deprive imposes for under provide all (Brief, schools provide Board to greater Assembly opportunity cannot continuing longer free and deem undertaken is may a statement General conditions Virginia which the Legislature above: imagine Constitution no system stated to General's Legislature while race a the state be the upon as 20 Attorney of then stances It state may obligation school not So indeed, maintain State, in by education. the legal it deprive is, than and 22-218.) in law has general of cation receive State invalidated Virginia. under Sec. be Virginia in ages of to statutes of public education except The for to the �II. THE L E G I S L A T I V E USE OF T H E L A B E L " E F F I C I E N T 1 1 DOES NOT V A L IDATE THE STATUTE CLOSING U S SCHOOLS W H I C H ARE HOT W H O L L Y S E G R E G A T E D . Much on the fact that "efficient" that "no schools which 6b2, the solely can located foreclose Court Borden's (193^); al colored a of the appraise by v. any Near v. when the thereof. 5b3, (192b); v. 5b7 R e l a t i o n s. & courts will State. U.S. labels 308 88, label of U.S. 96 the lb7, but U.S. "efficient" 10 not C o r p . v. Packing to by the the 209-210 U.S. upon blO fundament Constitution maintenance circumstances reasons of and... advanced." (1939); Thornhill The statute must its Co. (1923); 161 "by 697, is does Wolff impinges the (19b0). therein, Minnesota. 283 vital "weigh substantiality fact Commission, 33b protected in Chapter 19*t, are is of U.S. which public 989. 536 statute which 1958, 522, Game of such U.S. the of any of Charles 262 label town B a l d w i n . 293 C o . v. Fish or in Act General declared Chastleton here, the A l a b a m a . 310 not declaration scrutiny city p. rights the Schneider 1958, has the secondary taught as exercise democracy, Assembly, Products and Appropriation legislative Where, are Attorney applied and county, children therein." Industrial personal and schools any Takahashi (19b8). segregated the has in Acts Farm Assembly by elementary judicial of laid of S i n c l a i r . 26b- U . S . v. General be system and But to maintained be Virginia seems to efficient white school stress operation 708 (1931). itself defined A be and v. tested, effect," fortiori, solely in terms �of race, it is apparent constitutionality definition III. operation Attorney the the same is saved the in ed has and which had control the by Governor school it support the to the contrary, of such the a he and restore reopened, a the "when school is he statute. of the on the (Brief, 11 pp. Act (Va. and can if of been the be enroll that he in his and l 3-1 + . ) + +1 board it can dis permit it basis. that Chapter Amendment" operated and school certify first, to reopened may, that a school the control Code, provide have Fourteenth is comes into white control a nonsegregated says, 68) of sections (b) basis, r e o p e n e d . . .it basis." or local General under the return locality to of children it contends constitutional assumed that schools ^2-^3) (Chapter its 10 may basis, school question discriminatory (a) (pp. enrollment These has segregated Attorney no and colored presumably "presents 9 determines body on the school, Virginia segregated reopened The of to r e t u r n the reopening. involved 22-188.12). closed, governing the On Brief of sections white if upon cretion, be here in after to statute basis 22-188.11 be General's the operated no unconstitutionality on secs. not the solely validity and statute. children colored lends The Governor's power to l o c a l c o n t r o l fo r although local it NONE OF THE REASONS WHICH THE ATTORNEY GENERAL SAYS V A L I D A T E T HE SCHOOL C L O S I N G STATUTE HAS ANY M E R I T . The and the emphasizes (a) that of that on We 68 because a nonagree that �there the is no question schools that is closed The are not and reopened this are case. still Plaintiffs in rolled them therein, keeping them filed, of make it clear gram of "massive that ¥+) simply that "a school," of the rights the children out school served and the the ly they would action of of the acted and students en unconstitutionally may intends in take to since this judicial continue in notice, his pro date children They obtained Governor of of a particular question of a violation Amendment." by these in this the lost been 12 of 2-J- m o n t h s Virginia "are is that with areas schools." Trial plaintiffs out for admits schools Supplemental minor except He residential attending have have involved those of 29>1958), schools (Brief, here no served are contends operation the area while General six Fourteenth the have the "presents schools 2-|- m o n t h s . the been reopened. schools statements court Attorney delay other of of have Governor the But resistance." facilities other this of race public the (November thousand his Governor As randum by acting the in control been the after basis. schools not that is such under contend he the have the closing as They assuming which temporary and case, that Secondly, p. this suit Amendment nondiscriminatory of closed; was a Fourteenth because and suit on closed. in solely the In this unconstitutionally closing under the under school of and Memo some ten approximate education which unconstitutional the unconstitutional �provisions cation that sistent now We stand, say three for weeks any act is, we able in situation the the 10, Governor be and cannot Aaron testimony the keeping presented v. has the of the before the the The been court Court Rock schools copy). in of case done by closed 2d , irrepar made the of and injury C o o p e r . ____ F . certainly as denial substantial public page-proof injury the Little in forever. dismissed As irreparableness 20, matters said apparent." of that be As indi con possibly airily to no basis Amendment. Circuit (p. a court. say continues to character be We contributes 1958) this given on indefinitely," Fourteenth "The has reopened of delay." Eighth ago: think, the "closed been of which (November orders are has violation Appeals prior the temporary here The will this "a 68. schools they that rights Chapter the with "merely" in of apparent case at bar. (b ) The that the "P o s s i b i l i t y schools for Attorney school constitutionally strife" or school is within the school. pages of closed given Such 9-13 of a General closing to asserts provisions justified "some o f strife" both white racial both because white school .district contention Plaintiffs' is (Brief, pp. of children. 1 f'+-'+5) the statute of the "possibility and who and because colored are Memorandum. can be of the children enrolled utterly without Trial 13 closure colored of antipathy," the and and at merit. the See __________ �Nor pp. is that because cause of dices, age of in the strife is it State his may contention properly gangs, from Closing is of in teen-age a unrelated no to (Brief, close it school certainly pursuance merit resulting hatred." where crimination, any between of even strife, school since strife "fear or there may racial a do school so bias, because preju of teen unconstitutional justification unconstitutional for be dis closing racial a discrimina tion. (c) Just ment ly the as concerning cated, the Tuition the present in those who ficient to needed public all p. we have validity the of tuition resistance" case. State statutes However, funds from it enrolled. the fact justified *+8) that object those The are race. schools, basic to 1 >+ and grants not ne noted be used school has General's local of is assertion exodus" funds occurs would be funds those who leave the diverted the of suf would mixed contention from thus funds State such that both the in under for diversion diversion indi specifical and defect withheld is to Such "inevitable schools, grants the The Attorney the mixed tuition funds the when to operate for by of when argu previously should schools children on General's As colored schools. state grants. Attorney only solely (Brief, of the required based be of is is and be this grants white cannot tuition massive diversion tuition misplaced question "Virginia grants. is that school �district a upon previously regard or to their purely the the all-white the number need for racial, its IV. not and the no the and be nation this carry need and leave The statute, in without the school, criterion discriminatorily. the not could return is Hence, as here to real parties are Board under v. but Court. out, members the legally them to is Thus instead em defendants the Norfolk of a retain say, separa control control and School the the of even schools case Board Schools because short answers. First, and the to Division remove Board Norfolk. Civil they extent 15 the six the at full has con members they are interest. order of defendants local existing Therefore, to the involved the several judicial School in 19, unconstitutional Division Superintendent previously Beckett may grants. November Governor dismissed School now on statute thereof There are the reopened. longer folk hearing since closure the versa, child THE MEMBERS OF T H E NORFOLK S CHOOL BOARD AMD THE D I V I S I O N S U P E R I N T E N D E N T OF S C H O O L S AB E PROPER PARTIES AND THE C A S E SHOULD NOT B E DISMISSED AS TO T H E M . schools should who applied save vice colored unconstitutionality. clause, be single or tuition do bility must state is that the a children it tended if of and At the of school, grants tuition phasize enrollment the Nor Superintendent racial schools discrimi here Action are under an of their official involved. 221*+, obligation in "to powers, the �supreme system law of of its the land, unlawful junction to Aaron page proof proper and copy). parties. such control School Div., such to the Board July They is assumption of of On the in of 22-188.11 certain to the the of with the State. 10, do be so. obligation transferring (D.C., not in 1958)(p.l3)j Orleans 701 to certainly such of See to are of "artifice" Supp. the the part and parcel provisions is of Parish E.D. L. easily that of are designed N.O. to schools; and if result 133, School Article the is of IX, provisions 16 is to in the schools. for invokes the return the up set is opening the Sections schools the schools Board, which of the Virginia Con in Norfolk. We schools" Attorney case he General's is w h o l l y dismissed as has attempt been to unjustified. to up. objective integrated Governor split Governor's found the envisage the the to Norfolk the not operating "supervision if so statute the that can of which statutory Third, 68 transfer such Section therefore hairsplit F. (November they school subject necessary relieved the statute 22 - 188.12 control stitution, be are Both is business closing by be /Norfolk/ and duties, the face circumstances, "vested" suggest the The the or by of schools. contrary, purpose such Chapter control sentence. Governor may _____ , ____ Bush, 163 on the same the 1958). apparent closing as cannot merely Secondly, It 2d Governor v. 1, steps Having standing ridding segregation," C o o p e r . ____ F . v. take in the School in �Board members granted a only delusion, schools ant to in the the fect could the really then Board, to a new no issuance well as of the suit, an the control with would prove the its the attend Norfolk other hand, the schools of injunction Governor of against On relief might control instituted effective injunctive relief surrender and be such Superintendent. have the as Governor, and in not this if case adversely af them. V. T H I S S U I T IS A N D IS N OT A TRANSGRESSES The established" or its to prevent to be such Attorney a way to as Ex t i n . 257 fendants' ants' acting under them by an Aaron Memorandum, course conceded officials, not the Young. 209 378; of immune color of even from v. page 123; C o o p e r . 156 3; its emphasis "well Governor suit brought purported enactment, constitutional U.S. the authority, unconstitutional infringe parte right of Sterling v. F. 220" Supp. supplied in in indi Constan (De Defend Memorandum). They since "state are to U.S. that have General, their given W ITHIN THIS COURT'S JURISDICTION SUIT AGAINST THE STATE W HICH THE ELEVENTH AMENDMENT. defendants rule viduals. the the have and them Superintendent, School future, against he would Board they will the against for delays, School and the statute schools opening of seek to the the to here avoid involved Governor, closed this schools 17 rule has this by asserting transferred court without could control not requiring that order "that over the the �General Assembly reinvesting the (Defendants' ants by argue the of V i r g i n i a local State such and a which is court lacks jurisdiction violates Memorandum,page We molished by Memorandum the and that ed, at The here local their but for decree or's to pursuant this taken suit defend action" against Amendment statute Amendment" the so the that closing this the (Defendants' 68 and court would the In nor thereunder is original addition we say purpose of de Trial this whole seek to 68 their enjoin reasoning 22-188.15) taken to that case; is sup on had and would the Governor's to the have the statute be 18 as if 1950, ground are control 133, defendants Code thereunder Section the the (Virginia invalidating cause argument plaintiffs' 16. authorities Constitution, by premise "affirmative a "the control" cite. Chapter action school action action to the Chapter this defendants' premise they 22-188.3 involved Virginia in plaintiffs and if the page cases Section this Eleventh even that the pursuant statute the From requires Fourteenth The acting such makes misconstrued neither by by material beginning defendants with 6). enactment 7)• believe the ported the an decree state schools pass page therefore barred and authorities school Memorandum, that convene as that from amend the unconstitutional over the Article IX, continued action statute schools to of the have it thereunder. and to evaporate it never was, the and and A Govern all the �defendants relief for would the control" the be be enjoined Assembly reinvesting over again the be able different. Ex and the officials scrip. to to court in and require cess which, such no need pass and an with school * * * boards except thereunder, were Vth) of F. the was and for they a suit pre State suits moneys. v. by the 19 They a C. veer Supreme Hagood to state pay Tax for v. Court U.S. b7 E a r l y . 206 Public involved suits Each of these far in ex different di action a the officer Dublin Pa.) and Commission, revenue in v. collections funds. state collec R e a d , 322 Upper public affirmative tax of executive compel O'Neill Supp.p.8l3(D. from years. State against Fleming levy, Treasury C o r p . v. a performance the C o . v. quite involved the to against were all to many Insurance envisaged. charted for was (1887) assume respect issued tax money required here in M+3 rely specific "to taxes Copper A. payment than * of from (C. that * scrip repay l^l direct (1886), to D i s t r i c t, of local power U.S. effect, * him 286 to Northern-Life (lS^), clearly rection money Kenneeott 573 obtain 52 redeem Great U.S. cases the Avers. 123 State U.S. appropriate School the defendants and, the Southern. 117 2d because be authorities the disbursement" F. school All would "convene action tion, to local to and of 327 Virginia There statute parte contracts ( 1 9 1 +) +1 nature. exercise authority to thereunder. on wh i c h cases requesting state acting possessed. The suit the to in of schools unconstitutional viously from preventive General enactment would can in the school �segregation cases and racial discrimination Cooper v. 1958) 10, in of Aaron 1958). v. Under original sought in this down to in numerous the A a r o n , ____U . S . ____ , 3 and our followed the very L. these last case 2d 2d ____ decisions, memorandum,it instant recent Ed. C o o p e r . ____ F . is is quite within cases 5 decisions (September (C.A. and 8th, under clear the against that judicial in 29, November those the cited relief authority court. CONCLUSION The closed for six 2£ months. persons are schools remain issue, and a as here of suffering promptly from public here schools plaintiffs The possible, of to to otherwise referred the a of already many each pray all closed the with the day that this the Court named six de schools the operation statutes of the Norfolk. Respectfully submitted, E d m u n d D. C a m p b e l l Court House Square November 29, 1958 Arlington, Virginia A r c h i e L. B o s w e l l 606-608 R o y s t e r Bldg, Norfolk, Vir g i n i a 20 Attorneys for of injunction the under been thousands that preliminary interfering, to, City injury restrain keep have and plaintiffs injunction or involved irreparable continuing involved Virginia as here The closed. permanent fendants schools Plaintiffs � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Plaintiff's Supplemental Trial Memorandum, Ruth Pendleton James et al, vs. J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. et al, Civil Action #2843, 11/29/1958, 23 pages. Description An account of the resource Court case, Ruth Pendleton James, J. Lindsay Almond, Lawyers: Edmond Campbell, Archie Boswell Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Edmund Campbell, Archie Boswell Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/29/58 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_5_1_1_2 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/656d0ad1c49a1f31a85f35473357be4e.pdf 65263c5e333806dedff53605c54cc032 PDF Text Text STRATFORD JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL PARENT - TEACHERS ASSOCIATION TO THE PARENTS OF STRATFORD JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL: Forwarded with this communication is a "Statement of Procedure" prepared by the school administration for the operation of Stratford Junior High School beginning February 2, 1959. The attention of the nation will focus on Arlington when four colored children enter tho seventh grado at Stratford Junior High School# Regardless of individual views on this dcvolopmont, we. have a responsibility and opportunity to procued intelligently and with dignity in the education of all of our children at Stratford# V e owo it to ourselves to protect Stratfordrs fino / reputation by mooting the situation quiotly and without incidont# V e know that ovory parent will stand behind tho school / administration in its determination to carry on properly9 and will impart this fooling to tho children# STRATFORD JUNIOR HIGH PTA January 1959 J# Bernard Bradshaw President Claude M# Richmond Principal (for tho faculty) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter, Stratford Junior High School Parent-Teachers Association to Parents of Stratford Junior High School, n.d. Description An account of the resource Operation of Stratford Junior High School following integration on 2/2/1959 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource J. Bernard Bradshaw, President PTA, Claude Richmond, Principal Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1959 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_5_1_1_1 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/a5e3b750ec9594faca24277eeeed96f1.pdf 8538b63a78e12f7a2e2b50531c976e04 PDF Text Text VOTE JANUARY 9 AGAINST THE CONVENTION Shall there be a convention to revise th e C onstitution an d am end the sam e? □ H F o r the convention A g a in s t the co nvention 'D o tt t S c m ^ .L . V OU R B A N K A G A IN S T .... ......... Threat A G A IN S T ...... ........ A G A IN S T ....... ...... —t o — to the public schools of Virginia 7 A Hasty change of the Virginia Constitution Unnecessary change in the Virginia Constitution AGAINST........ __ Danger o f higher taxes AGAINST........ ...... Expensive litigation AGAINST............. . .. Obstacles to Virginia’s industrial future Prepared by League o f W o m e n V o te rs o f V ir g in ia DISTRIBUTED BY THE VIRGINIA SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS ROOM 470, HOTEL RICHMOND, RICHMOND, VA. (over) �VOTE JANUARY 9 AGAINST THE CONVENTION AMENDING SECTION 141 OF THE CONSTITUTION TO AUTHORIZE A TUITION GRANT PROGRAM WOULD BE . . . INEFFECTIVE.. The tuition grant program would not prevent localities from aban doning their public schools. O n th e c o n tra ry , it enco u ra ge s th e m to d o so. S pokesm en fo r th e p la n d o n o t a g re e on w h a t th e s ta te has to do to f u l f i ll its o b lig a tio n to m a in ta in a system o f fre e p u b lic schools. It is unwise to change the Constitution in haste. W e a re b e in g H A STY... asked to a p p ro v e in a d va n ce a m a jo r c h a n g e in o u r basic la w , w ith o u t k n o w in g th e e xa ct p rovision s o f th e c o n s titu tio n a l a m e n d m e n t o r th e im p le m e n tin g le g is la tio n . Even a m in o r ch a n g e u s u a lly re qu ire s a p p ro v a l b y tw o sessions o f th e G e n e ra l A s s e m b ly p lu s a p p ro v a l b y th e vo te rs. The proposed change in the Constitution is not necessary. The UNNECESSARY.... G e n e ra l A sse m b ly can e na ct a ll le g is la tio n nece ssa ry to d e a l w it h th e problem s pose d b y th e U. S. S u p re m e C o u rt decision w it h o u t a m e n d in g th e s ta te c o n s titu tio n . There is no w ay to estimate the cost of the tuition grant program. COSTLY... W e w o u ld , in e ffe c t, be s ig n in g a b la n k check. The tu itio n g r a n t p ro g ra m in tro d u ce s u n c e rta in ty a n d c o n fu s io n in s ta te a n d loca l b u d g e t-m a k in g . The m o re tu itio n g ra n ts m a d e , th e m o re m o n e y it w o u ld cost th e sta te . UNCONSTITUTIONAL ... There are grave doubts as to the constitutionality of the tuition grant plan. The use o f p u b lic fu n d s fo r tu itio n g ra n ts w o u ld be su bje ct to im m e d ia te le g a l a tta c k , a n d so m e o f th e p ro p o n e n ts them selves a g re e th a t th e p la n w o u ld la s t o n ly a fe w ye ars. The unsettled condition of the public school system would be a UNECONOMIC... deterrent to the industrial growth of the state. U n ce rta in tie s in th e school s itu a tio n h a v e a lre a d y h a d a n a d v e rs e e ffe c t on th e sale o f school b o n d s ; th e tu itio n g r a n t p la n w o u ld increase these u n ce rtain ties. In d u s try w o u ld be h e s ita n t a b o u t lo c a tin g w h e re p u b lic sch oo ling w o u ld n o t be a v a ila b le fo r th e c h ild re n o f its em ployees. IF YOU OBJECT TO THE USE OF PUBLIC MONEY FOR PRIVATE SCHOOLS, VOTE ON JANUARY 9 AGAINST THE CONVENTION (over) �VOTE JANUARY 9 AGAINST THE CONVENTION Shall th e re be a convention to revise the C onstitution an d am end the sam e? X F o r th e c o n v e n tio n A g a in s t th e c o n v e n tio n Qtb- *Z/ote \ N A G A IN S T ............ ... A G A IN S T ................. Threat to the public schools of Virginia Hasty change of the Virginia Constitution A G A IN S T ................. Unnecessary change in the Virginia Constitution A G A IN S T ................. Danger o f higher taxes AGH5NST................. Expensive litigation AGAINST............. ... Obstacles to Virginia’s industrial future Prepared by League o f W o m e n V oters o f V ir g in ia DISTRIBUTED BY THE VIRGINIA SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS ROOM 470, HOTEL RICHMOND, RICHMOND, VA. (over) �VOTE JANUARY 9 A G AINST THE CONVENTION AMENDING SECTION 141 OF THE CONSTITUTION TO AUTHORIZE A TUITION GRANT PROGRAM WOULD BE . . . INEFFECTIVE The tuition grant program would not prevent localities from aban doning their public schools. O n th e c o n tra ry , it enco u ra ge s th e m to do so. S pokesm en fo r th e p la n d o n o t a g re e on w h a t th e s ta te has to do to f u lf ill its o b lig a tio n to m a in ta in a system o f fre e p u b lic schools. It is unwise to change the Constitution in haste. W e a re b e in g H A STY ... a sked to a p p ro v e in a d v a n c e a m a jo r c h a n g e in o u r basic la w , w ith o u t k n o w in g th e e x a c t p rovision s o f th e c o n s titu tio n a l a m e n d m e n t or the im p le m e n tin g le g is la tio n . Even a m in o r c h a n g e u s u a lly re qu ire s a p p ro v a l b y tw o sessions o f th e G e n e ra l A s s e m b ly p lu s a p p ro v a l b y th e vo te rs. The proposed change in the Constitution is not necessary. The UNNECESSARY... G e n e ral A sse m b ly can e n a ct a ll le g is la tio n nece ssa ry to d e a l w ith th e problem s pose d b y th e U. S. S u p re m e C o u rt decisio n w ith o u t a m e n d in g the s ta te co n s titu tio n . There is no w ay to estim ate the cost of the tuition grant program. COSTLY. . W e w o u ld , in e ffe c t, be s ig n in g a b la n k ch eck. The tu itio n g r a n t p ro g ra m in tro d u ce s u n c e rta in ty a n d c o n fu s io n in s ta te a n d loca l b u d g e t-m a k in g . The m ore tu itio n g ra n ts m a d e , th e m ore m o n e y it w o u ld cost th e sta te . UNCONSTITUTIONAL.... There are grave doubts as to the constitutionality of the tuition grant plan. The use o f p u b lic fu n d s fo r tu itio n g ra n ts w o u ld be subject to im m e d ia te le g a l a tta c k , a n d so m e o f th e p ro p o n e n ts them selves a g re e th a t th e p la n w o u ld la s t o n ly a fe w ye ars. The unsettled condition of the public school system would be a UNECONOMIC... deterrent to the industrial growth of the state. U n c e rta in tie s in th e school s itu a tio n h a v e a lre a d y h a d a n a d ve rse e ffe c t on th e sale o f school b o n d s ; th e tu itio n g ra n t p la n w o u ld increase these u n ce rtain ties. In d u s try w o u ld be h e s ita n t a b o u t lo c a tin g w h e re p u b lic sch oo ling w o u ld n o t be a v a ila b le fo r th e c h ild re n o f its em ployees. IF YOU OBJECT TO THE USE OF PUBLIC MONEY FOR PRIVATE SCHOOLS, VOTE ON JANUARY 9 AGAINST THE CONVENTION (over) �VOTE JANUARY 9 AGAINST THE CONVENTION Shall there be a convention to revise the Constitution and amend the same? For the convention A g a in s t the convention fy o te ^ O N V O I ' N A G A IN S T ............ — Threat A G A IN S T ................. A G A IN S T ................. ii S to the public schools of Virginia Hasty change of the Virginia Constitution Unnecessary change in the Virginia Constitution AGAINST................. Danger o f higher taxes AGAINST................. Expensive litigation AGAINST............. ... Obstacles to Virginia’s industrial future Prepared by League o f W o m e n V o te rs o f V ir g in ia DISTRIBUTED BY THE VIRGINIA SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS ROOM 470, HOTEL RICHMOND, RICHMOND, VA. ■ # 112 (over) �VOTE JANUARY 9 AGAINST THE CONVENTION AMENDING SECTION 141 OF THE CONSTITUTION TO AUTHORIZE A TUITION GRANT PROGRAM WOULD BE . . . The tuition g ra n t program would not prevent localities from a b a n INEFFECTIVE doning their public schools. O n th e c o n tra ry , it encourages th e m to d o so. S p o kesm e n fo r th e p la n d o n o t a g re e on w h a t th e sta te has to d o to f u lf ill its o b lig a tio n to m a in ta in a system o f fre e p u b lic schools. It is unwise to change the Constitution in haste. W e are b e in g HASTY.... a sked to a p p ro v e in a d va n ce a m a jo r ch a n g e in o u r basic la w , w ith o u t k n o w in g th e e xa ct p rovision s o f th e c o n s titu tio n a l a m e n d m e n t or th e im p le m e n tin g le g is la tio n . Even a m in o r ch ange u s u a lly re qu ire s a p p ro v a l b y tw o sessions o f th e G e n e ra l A sse m b ly p lu s a p p ro v a l b y th e vo te rs. The proposed c hange in the Constitution is not necessary. UNNECESSARY The G e n e ra l A s s e m b ly can enact a ll le g is la tio n necessary to d e a l w ith th e p ro b le m s p o se d b y th e U. S. S up re m e C o u rt decision w ith o u t a m e n d in g th e s ta te co n stitu tio n . There is no w a y to estim ate the cost o f the tuition grant program . COSTLY ... W e w o u ld , in e ffe c t, be signing a b la n k check. The tu itio n g r a n t p ro g ra m in tro d u c e s u n c e rta in ty a n d co n fu sio n in state a n d loca l b u d g e t-m a k in g . The m ore tu itio n g ra n ts m a d e , th e m ore m o n e y it w o u ld cost th e s ta te . There are g ra v e doubts as to the constitutionality of the tuition UNCONSTITUTIONAL.... g rant plan . The use o f p u b lic fu n d s fo r tu itio n g ra n ts w o u ld be subje ct to im m e d ia te le g a l a tta c k , a n d som e o f th e p ro p o n e n ts the m se lve s a g re e th a t th e p la n w o u ld la s t o n ly a fe w years. The unsettled condition of the public school system w o uld be a UNECONOMIC.... deterrent to th e industrial grow th o f the state. U n c e rta in ties in th e school s itu a tio n h a v e a lre a d y h a d a n adverse e ffe ct on th e sale o f school b o n d s ; th e tu itio n g r a n t p la n w o u ld increase these u n ce rta in tie s. In d u s try w o u ld be h e s ita n t a b o u t lo c a tin g w h e re p u b lic s c h o o lin g w o u ld n o t be a v a ila b le fo r th e c h ild re n o f its e m ployees. IF YOU OBJECT TO THE USE OF PUBLIC MONEY FOR PRIVATE SCHOOLS, VOTE ON JANUARY 9 AGAINST THE CONVENTION (over) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Political flyer, Vote January 9 Against the Convention, League of Women Voters of Virginia, 2 pages., 3 copies Description An account of the resource Political flyer against proposed tuition grants for private schools, League of Women Voters in Virginia, distributed by Virginia Society for the Preservation of Public Schools Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource League of Women Voters in Virginia, Virginia Society for the Preservation of Public Schools Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No date Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_9_1_16 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/018e6ee9d3bf16dea35da525223c84e2.pdf 46756367afffcc21b61b14892d395776 PDF Text Text AMERICAN COUNCIL OF CHRISTIAN CHURCHES The following resolution was unanimously adopted by delegates of the A m e r i c a n Council o f Christian C h u rches a t t e n d i n g its s i x t e e n t h S p r i n g C o n v e n t i o n A p r i l 2 9 - M a y 2, G r e e n v i l l e , S . C . RACIAL SEGREGATION The Ame r i c a n Council of Christian Churches in emphasizing that Christian princi p l e s should g o v e r n the conduct o f all believers, r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e i r r a c e o r color, d e c l a r e s that s o - c a l l e d l i b e r a l C h r i s t i a n i t y t o d a y and the p r o g r a m of the N a t i o n a l Council of Churches, calling f o r a n o n - segregated church and a non-segregated world, does violence to the true gospel of J e s u s Christ. S e g r e g a t i o n w i t h i n the c h u r c h on racial, linguistic, and n a t i o n a l l i n e s i s n o t u n c h r i s t i a n n o r c o n t r a r y to t h e s p e c i f i c c o m m a n d s o f t h e Bible. A n a v a l a n c h e of p r o p a g a n d a s p o n s o r e d b y m o d e r n i s t c h u r c h l e a d e r s n o w in c o n t r o l o f e c c l e s i a s t i c a l m a c h i n e r y is b e i n g d e l i b e r a t e l y d i r e c t ed against the South. T h e r e l i g i o u s s h i b o l e t h t h e i n t e g r a t i o n i s t s u s e is n o t e v e n f o u n d i n the Bible. T h e so- c a l l e d u n i v e r s a l Fath e r h o o d of God and b r o t h e r h o o d of m a n was repudi a t e d by Christ a n d has been rejected b y historic Christianity w h i c h makes t h e clearest d i s t i n c t i o n between the saved and the lost, the c h i l d r e n of t h e d e v i l a n d t h e c h i l d r e n of God a n d m a i n t a i n s t h a t m a n m u s t b e b o r n a g a i n i n o r d e r to b e c o m e a son o f G od. At stake in the present conflict is t r u e C h r istian d o c t r i n e as opposed to a false C h r i s t i a n i t y being subtly substituted. To m a k e i n t e g r a t i o n th e s t a n d a r d of Christian conduct and to hur l the charge "unchristian" against conscientious, God-fearing men of both races w h o desire to m a i n t a i n a s o c i a l p a t t e r n in their churches and c o m m u nities in keeping w i t h t he principles of states rights and their convictions and faith, stimu l a t e s bitterness a n d strife and denies the liberty that every believer has in Christ. Th e N a t i o n a l C o u n c i l ’s p r o p a g a n d a f o r i n t e g r a t i o n w i l l destroy n o t only our races, but Christianity itself. Only the Chris t i a n faith w h i c h generates r e a l l o v e among m e n can give m u t u a l r e s p e c t and proper r e l a tions betw e e n the races as each carries on its wo r k for Christ a c c o r d i n g to its c o n v i ctions. The a t t e m p t o f church b o d i e s to tell l o c a l c o n g regations a n d i n d i v i d ual Christians that they cannot u s e their local properties f or private or religious schools is simply an expression of t h e growing authoritarianism developing in American Protes t a n t i s m and w h i c h denies t o the individual Christian which his rights It is t i m e f o r is a t t e m p t i n g ultimately their in Christ. C h r istian p e o p l e to r e p u d i a t e this false C h r istianity to take f r o m them t h e i r churches, their liberty and Christ. �p « u ( Marvel}: Giveaway Bosses Employ T rickery The administration, determined to perpetuate massive spending for foreign aid, is using every device to silence your objections. They say “all is fair in love and war and p olitics.” Then it is within their liberal ground rules to call the politicians, the publishers and the preach ers to the White House and flatter them by telling them how important they are, sell them on how “necessary” foreign aid is and enlist their efforts toward convincing you. It is not difficult to sell the foreign aid theory to a man of God. There are many quotations from from Scripture which clearly define the Christian’s responsibility to those less fortunate. E X P L O I T CLE RGY Thus, the administration has secured impressive support from behind the pulpit. Thus,generous, well-meaning Americans are led to allow the spenders a blank check— with no further questions. A lifetime of unwavering respect for the clergy obligates me to offer certain evidence; I offer it in a spirit of humility and genuine anxiety. Foreign aid “in theory,” and as practiced, are not the same things. Foreign aid in theory is helping our brothers in the Christ-like concept of unselfishness. Foreign aid in practice is not so humanitarian. Former Ambassador Spruille Braden (who has seen foreign aid administered in foreign hands) has referred to it as “treasonous,” for it so often is used to strengthen the godless Communist enemies of all religions. Reverend, are you sure you want to submit another billion dollars to the Red dictator of Yugo slavia who locks the church doors? Are you sure you want to send more money to the French who use some of it to bomb and kill civilians in Tunisia? If you do, that is your choice. But know what you are doing! party,” it is an armed attempt to overthrow God! Communism is not a “political Don't let an invitation to the White House flatter and fluster you so that you throw your influence into a controversy which you have not thoroughly examined. Is it in the best interests of mankind for you to urge more money for Indonesia where, Secretary Dulles admits, “all-out Communist despotism is taking over” and bombing anti-Communists? Are you certain you want, in Poland, to pay tithe to Communism? That is where some of your foreign aid is going. I do not believe you intend our moral obligation to include strengthening God’s enemies. CHARI TY BEGI NS AT HOME Thus I have dared to ask that you withhold endorsement of “foreign aid,” per se, however the politicians seek to flatter your ego and brainwash your intellect and propagandize your pulpit. You men of God do not have to pay that high a price for an invitation to the White House. You will be here— and that for which you stand will prevail— long after the politicians ace dead and forgotten. They can afford to be wrong. You dare not. And if it is charity that you would have us administer, it is not unselfish to think first of our own people. Indeed, I Timothy admonishes, “But if any provide not for his own,specially for those of his own house, he hath denied the faith and is worse than an infidel.” D I S T R IB U T E D BY DEFENDERS OF STATE SOVEREIGNTY AND INDIVIDUAL LIBERTIES 405— EAST FRANKLIN STREET A RICHMOND, VIRGINIA � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Typewritten copy, Resolution, American Council of Churches, 4/29 -5/2[??], and Defenders of State Sovereignty reproduction of Paul Harvey comments, n.d. 2 pages Description An account of the resource First page: Resolution of American Council of Churches, Greenvile S.C. 4/29-5/2[??] , Opposition to National Council of Churches call for a non-segregated church in a non-segregated world. Second page: Defenders of State Sovereignty, Paul Harvey comments on clergy Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No date Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_9_1_15 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/d65e64725e9515c03e885ddd4b106f6e.pdf 3c023c8fbbc238e68e3c0504d4df8f03 PDF Text Text A M E R I C A N F R I E N D S S E R V I C E C O K I T T E E Corn-unity Relations Program Washington, D. C. loll C Street, N. E. No. 31 - September 1955 Lincoln 3-2773 T ~AIL and FAREWELL With the end of this month, AFEC brings to a close the Community Relations Program in Washington. Con sequently, this is the final issue of the newsletter. With regret, we leave our many friends here. With respect, we contemplate what the city has accomplished in the h years since we began. With humility, we express gratitude that we have lived and worked here. Through the ef forts of its citizens, the city has risen to a new sense of vitality, a new respect for its people, a new recognition of mutual obligation on the part of its citizens. But there still remain problems of segregation and discriminatory practices. The citizens' organizations still have important work ahead of them. In addition, the city has the continuing job of building bet ter human relations, bringing practice in line with policy, folloidng desegregation through to integration. We shall watch with special interest the progress the city makes in continuing the task, SCHOOL DESEGREGATION In its first year, the Washington school desegre gation program accomplished much. It demonstrated amply to a watchful nation that the job can be successfully done, pro viding a better school system and a constructive experience for the com munity. This year should be a vital one in eliminating remaining traces and vestiges of segregation. Operation in the years to cone will deter mine whether the District schools do, in fact, fulfill the promise given in the Board of Education's original statement of policy for an integrated ■system. We urge citizens to take an active part as the program proceeds. Organizations should be alert to the implementation of the program and to school practice in day-by-day operation. We offer the following suggestions of important things to lcjk foij: 1) The option plan is now the governing principle in making school assignments. Under this plan students attend school according to the desegregated school zones, with the exception that pupils al ready in school may remain where enrolled until graduation from that level, if space permits. Since this plan was not fully in operation last year, Washington is now giving it its first real test. This plan delays completion of the program. It slows de segregation of Negro schools and leaves the way open for compe tition for school facilities. Citizens should be alert t < injustices or difficulties which stem from this plan. 2) Integration of administrative staff das not yet been completed. The issue of how department heads are to divide responsibility has not yet been resolved. Citizens should urge completion of this important step. �- 2- 3) The Teachers 1 College is still operating on the two sites usecTBy Miner and Wilson,, Citizens* groups have long urged location of the merged college on one site* Citizens* groups should make careful evaluation to determine whether a fullyintegrated operation results under the present arrangement0 U) Discriminatory practices are apt to arise in any school system,, Attention is called to the many northern school systerns where considerable pupil segregation occurs because of gerrymandering, community pressures, or optional transfers, Negro personnel often meet discrimination in seeking promo tion, In the years to come, citizens should be alert to Washington school practice, with attention to pupil assign ment, future hiring, and staff promotions, Washington now has a school system interracial in student bodies, faculties, administrative staff, Board oi^Jgdapation, and P-TA*s, We hope this sound basis for beginning can be strengthened and never reversed, AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE The AFSC Community Relations Program continues with Job Opportunities Pro grams, Housing Opportunities Programs, and an extensive program with Am erican Indians, In the field of public school integration, we plan a year's work on the national level. Half of the year will involve loan of staff to Southern Regional Council for work with the state Councils on Human Relations* REPORT OF THE WASHINGTON PROGRAM There is now available a report of the l years * work of the Washington pro i ject, entitled "Toward the Elimination of Segregation in the Nation's Capital; The Report of an AFSC Community Relations Project with Public Schools and Recreations Areas, 1931-1933*w You may secure a copy by writing the Community Relations Program, AFSC, 20 South 12th Street, Philadelphia 7, Penna. Hereafter, please direct all further inquiries for information or literature to that address. AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE Community R elations Program 104 C Street, N. E. Washington 2, D. C. Sac. 34.65 (a), P .L .& R . U. S. POSTAGE PAID WASHINGTON, D. C. Permit No. 40351 Mrs. Edmond Campbell 2912 N. Glebe Rd. Arlington, Virginia Form 3547 REQUESTED � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Newsletter, American Friends Service Committee, Washington, D.C., no. 31, 9/1955, 2 pages. Description An account of the resource School Desegregation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource American Friends Service Committee, Washington, D.C. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-09 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1050s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_9_1_14 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/b33cf08f4abfb92c2771c40fa637c3ed.pdf 3bd2926df7ea8a88cd2063aae5a9c0ce PDF Text Text t' o # 0 ^ * 5 , v l ^ s> tv ®. £ 1955 A E 1 A U t70R SH RA A S7 IC 0P Subject; A Study of the Problem of Integration 9:30 - 10:00 Registration and coffee 10 , 0 - 10:30 Introductions 0 $ > Mrs. Robert L. Lankin, State AAW President Lis. Arthur 3. Young, State Education Chairman Branch Presidents Arlington — Mrs. C Glen Hass . Alexandria — Mrs. Allan D Bartelt . Palls Church — Mrs. E. P Vandivere,Ji . x, Fredericksburg — Mrs. J C Russell . . Springfield — Mrs. Hubert P Werner . Winchester — Mrs. D. 3 Leatherman . Workshop Program Chairman — Mrs. L.W.Lathroum.Falls Ch . Workshop Arrangements Chairman — Krs.H.F.Clark,Arlington Recorder — Mrs. 3dr r . Hahn, Palls Church ae 10:30 11:00 Summaries Arlington Alexandria Falls — Mrs. Church Integration Chairman A.D.Bartelt, Social Studies President — Mrs.N.J.Heubusch, Fredericksburg Winchester on C o m m u n i t y — Mrs.T.J.Parker, Chairman Education — — Mrs. D.HhLeatharman, President 11:00 - 12:30 Panel Discussion"Th3 Supreme Court Decision — Its Legal and Educational Aspects” M oderator — Mrs. Raemey Burton, Arlington P anel Members — Mrs. Albert S. Hussey, Alexandria Mrs. Yaro Skalnik, Falls Church Mrs. Victor Vaughn,:,Aifilngton* 12:45 Luncheon Speaker — Subject — Dr. Walter E. Hager, President of District of Columbia Teachers College "Facing Integration in Our Schools” We wish to express our thanks to Trinity Presbyterian Chureh for the use of Fellowship Hall ana to the women of Circle 8 of the Women of the Church for serving our luncheon. Mr. William H. Foster, Jr. is Trinity's Minister. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Meeting Announcement, 1955 Area 1 AAUW Workshop, n.d. Description An account of the resource A Study of the Problem of Integration, American Association of University Women, Workshop program and speakers Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource American Association of University Women, Area 1 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No date Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_9_1_13