7 20 235 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/0dc3b4504fb300b1f1269d2e38e8e2fe.pdf 1ca296b703e77ccc2ab7eee96e30b245 PDF Text Text R E M A R K S O F E D M U N D D. A S S E M B L Y OF V I R G I N I A CAMPBELL BEFORE GENERAL AT PUBLIC HEARING ON B I L L P R O P O S E D BY G O V E R N O R T H O M A S B. S T A N L E Y T O W I T H H O L D STATE T A X F U N D S FROM C O U N T I E S OR CITIES WHICH PERMIT ANY INTEGRATION OF PUPILS IN P U B L I C SCHOOLS September I on a the come college last before campus resting Robert E. was in as Lexington place It have to it goes meet difficult with Dean today of the without in one, real this and a native within South's you do is to enact not principles Mr. bly room to my I a Virginian, stone's greatest or which at immediately of to born throw hero. the of General is that an Lee which problem and you extraordinarily you are approaching purpose. you, however, the ask dedication on great commonwealth the that legislation I would behind Washington the session repudiate the of that convinced effective Chairman, glance saying am plea forget on Campbell special sincerity It urgency Harry 1956 father. my Lee, you 5, the white-hot racial problem fundamental founded. members plaque speaker's the and was the in on the of this wall of Assem this chair. "To Nathaniel Bacon * * * a great patriot leader of the Virginia people." It fought a was this rebellion Nathaniel against the Bacon, whom Governor of you honor Virginia here, and who its �then House counties was to then. very all the headed by for levy in the providing their own local with the not only the counties for their the have it Burgesses, courts. they were themselves. of respectfully of the They Burgesses we are principle of government for which recommended there are cause to the you and Governor Berkley. state, tyranny. make It tragic he by same counties this grave for his could this Punitive the of the that elect motto, 2 the of their September fundamental Nathaniel Bacon For in the Governor of Virginia, taxation It this honor against commonwealth un-American. sport you tyranny guise, levying losing life. present of you of which gave the of whatever is danger aspects cities to the once self-government, county in of established local each say suggest afternoon and in a Assembly Virginia right people to — as taxes. I officials of county courts, Grand that fundamental law counties. historic Bacon individual the House so-called of the Under the the that of were Nathaniel all right of bodies was the Berkley, courts tax for self-government. members governing It by local county fixed and Burgesses Governor appointed These of against whatever is "Sic as the the any now individual existed under locality in provocation, is un-Virginian. Semper plan It would Tyrannis" which �we proudly feat the this on G o v e r n o r ’s tradition of display of local state proposals flag. and self-government commonwealth Revolution. our since a I uphold which century hope you will Virginia's has before been the de proud the pride American � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Remarks of Edmund D. Campbell Before General Assembly of Virginia At Public Hearing on Bill Proposed by Governor Thomas B. Stanley To Withhold State Tax Funds from Counties or Cities which permit any Integration of Pupils In Public Schools, September 5, 1956. Description An account of the resource Remarks of Edmund D. Campbell Before General Assembly of Virginia At Public Hearing on Bill Proposed by Governor Thomas B. Stanley To Withhold State Tax Funds from Counties or Cities which permit any Integration of Pupils In Public Schools, September 5, 1956. Campbell argues to defeat Governor's proposal. 3 pages Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Edmund D. Campbell Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-09-05 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_5_2_1_59 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/d0f8525755ab2f0a3ea55c619e127643.pdf cb647c220d4e9745f8fc1aa967aaebbd PDF Text Text -1 - 1956 3 0 July- H e a r i n g on d e f e n d a n t ' s m o t i o n to d i s m i s s i n T h o m p s o n v s . C o u n t y Sch o o l B o a r d of A r l i n g t o n C o u n t y , U . S . D i s t . C t . , E. D . , Va. before Ju d g e B r y a n , 1 U U F. Su p p . 31 July C i v . No . 13l*l, 2 39 & Race Reis L Rep. 890. Opin i o n and o r d e r of the C o u r t h e l d : 1. The c o m p l a i n t s t a t e d a c l a i m u p o n w h i c h r e l i e f c o u l d b e gra n t e d ; 2. The p l a i n t i f f s had e x h a u s t e d a l l adm i n i s t r a t i v e r e m e d i e s ; 3. Orde r e d . a. R e s t r a i n e d d e f e n d a n t s " f r o m r e f u s i n g on a c c o u n t of r a c e or color t o a d m i t to, operation, or e n r o l l or e d u c a t e , i n a n y s c h o o l u n d e r their c o n t r o l , d i r ection, qualified f o r or s u p e r v i s i o n a n y c h i l d o t h e r w i s e a d m i s s i o n to, and e n r o l l m e n t and e d u c a t i o n in , su c h school." b. E f f e c t i v e d a t e i n e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s at the b e g i n n i n g of the second s e m e s t e r of the 1 9 5 6-57 s c h o o l ye a r , J a n u a r y 31, se c o n d a r y s c h o o l s , 1957; i n the ef f e c t i v e d a t e w a s t o b e the b e g i n n i n g of the 1957-58 s c h o o l y e a r i n S e p t e m b e r 19 5 7 . c. The i n j u n c t i o n w o u l d n o t i n v a l i d a t e a n y a s s i g n m e n t l a w so l o n g as a s s i g n m e n t w a s n o t b a s e d o n r a c e or color, or r e l i e v e a n y ch i l d of th e n e c e s s i t y of e x h a u s t i n g t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e m e d y p r o v i d e d b y the law. 31 Dec. D e c i s i o n u p o n s u b m i s s i o n on a p p e a l to U n i t e d States C o u r t of A p p e a l s , Fourth Circuit, No. Opinion b y P a r k e r , He l d : 7310, before J u d g e s P arker, So p e r a n d S o b e l o f f . C h i e f Judge, 2l;0F(2d)830, 2 R a c e R e i s . L . R e p . 959. �- 1, 2- The t r i a l c o u r t w a s r i g h t i n h o l d i n g that t h e p l a i n t i f f h a d e x hausted a l l a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e m e d i e s , since the 19 5 5 l a w s ha d n o t b e e n p a s s e d at t h e t i m e the action w a s i n s t i t u t e d ; and e v e n if i t had b e e n passed, i n v i e w of the a n n o u n c e d p o l i c y of t h e r e s p e c t i v e s c h o o l b o a r d s any s u c h a p p l i c a t i o n s to a s c h o o l ot h e r t h a n a s e g r e g a t e d s b h o o l m a i n tained for c o l o r e d peo p l e w o u l d h a v e b e e n f utile; an d e q u i t y d o e s no t r e q uire the d o i n g of a v a i n t h i n g as a c o n d i t i o n of r e l i e f . 2. The t r i a l ju d g e did no t a b u s e defendants. I n t w o years, hi s d i s c r e t i o n i n e n j o i n i n g the since t h e f i r s t d e c i s i o n of th e S u p r e m e Co u r t i n B r o w n v B o a r d of A c t i o n a n d t h e d e f e n d a n t B o a r d of E d u c a t i o n "had taken n o steps t o w a r d s r e m o v i n g the r e q u i r e m e n t of s e g r e g a t i o n i n the schools w h i c h the S u p reme C o u r t h a d h e l d v i o l a t i v e of th e c o n s t i tutional rights "This w a s n o t of the plaintiff 'deliberate speed' i n co m p l y i n g w i t h the l a w as laid d o w n b y the S u p r e m e C o u r t and w a s c l e a r m a n i f e s t a t i o n of a n a t t i t u d e of i n t r a n s i g e n c e , w h i c h j a s t i f i e d t h e i s s u a n c e of the i n j u n c t i o n t o d i s p e l the m i s a p p r e h e n s i o n of t h e s c h o o l a u t h o r i t i e s as to t h e i r t i o n s und e r t h e l a w a n d to br i n g obliga- a b o u t their p r o m p t c o m p l i a n c e w i t h c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s as i n t e r p r e t e d b y the S u p r e m e C o u rt." 1957 25' M a r . Cer t . den. i n S u p r e m e Court, C o u n t y S c h o o l B o a r d of A r l i n g t o n C o u n t y v . Thompson, H o . 27 July 761* 3 5 3 U.S, 911, 77 S . A . 667, 2 R a c e R e i s . D . R e p . 299. Fo l l o w i n g d e n i a l of ce r t , case w a s r e m a n d e d to D i s t r i c t C o u r t a n d p l a i n tiffs m o v e d t o a m e n d the decree of 31 J u l y 1956, w h i c h r e q u i r e d d e s e g r e g a t i o n of e l e m e n t a r y schools on J a n u a r y 31, 1957 and s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s �■' 3 i n S e p t e m ber 1 9 5 7 . T h e y also m o v e d t h a t ju d g m e n t b e s t a y e d u n t i l oases testing the v a l i d i t y of the P u p i l P l a c e m e n t Act h a d b e e n r u l e d o n b y the Suprem e C o u r t F. S u p p . 2 R a c e R e l s , L , R e p , 8l O . Judge B r y a n ' s m e m o r a n d u m on the m o t i o n : 1. A m e n d e d the 31 J u l y i n j u n c t i v e decree so t h a t it b e c a m e e f f e c t i v e at all s c h o o l s l e v e l s i n S e p t e m b e r 1957. 2. In S c h o o l B o a r d of the C i t y of N e w p o r t News, V a . v . A t k i n s a n d S c h o o l B o a r d of t h e C i t y of N o r f o l k , V a . v . B e ckett, the U . S .C.A. U t h C i r c . F(2d) on 13 J u l y 1957, h a d held t h a t t h e P u p i l P l a c e m e n t A c t o f f e r e d n o adequate r e m e d y t o plai n t i f f s b e c a u s e of t h e fi x e d p o l i c y of s e g r e g a t i o n ad o p t e d b y d e f e n d a n t s and Ju d g e B r y a n h e l d that the v a l i d i t y of the P u p i l P l a c e m e n t 'ct w o u l d n o t b e i n i s s u e u n t i l a cla i m w a s m a d e f o r e n f o r c e m e n t of t h e inju n c t i o n . 3. Denied plai n t i f f s motion t h a t the Pupil Placement A c t b e declared invalid. ’ i t h propriety, however, w e W c a n o bserve t h a t q u i t e o b v i o u s l y the J u l y 31, 1 9 5 6 d e c r e e r e c o g n i z e s o n l y a n adequate a d m i n i s t r a t i v e remedy — one t h a t i s e f f i c a c i o u s an d e x p e d i c i o u s , e v e n a p a r t f r o m a n y q u e sti o n of i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n a l i t y . P u r s u i t of a n u n r e a s o n a b l e or u n a v a i l i n g f o r m of redr e s s is n o t e x a c t e d b y the d e c r e e . " Hi S e p t . I n accorda n c e w i t h th e a mended d e c r e e of 2 7 J u l y 1957, seven Negro c h i l d r e n w e r e d e n i e d a d m ission to f o u r s c h ools b y the d e f e n d a n t s on the g r o u n d t h a t p l a i n t i f f s had f a i l e d t o a p p l y to the S t a t e P u p i l Placement Board. O n m o t i o n f o r f u r t h e r r e l i e f . Judge B r y a n o r d e r e d adm i s s i o n s of the p u p i l s t o s p e c i f i e d s c h o o l s b y S e p t e m b e r 23, 19 5 7 , b u t stayed t h e i n j u n c t i o n pending a p p e a l , F.Supp. 2 R a c e Rel. �-1*L,Rep. 987. 1. Held " D e f e n d a n t s 1 p o s i t i o n t h a t t h e P u p i l Pl a c e m e n t Act i s s u c h a (reasonable) r e g u l a t i o n or r e m e d y i s u n t e n a b l e . The p r o c e d u r e there pres c r i b e d i s t o o s l u g g i s h and p r o l i x t o con s t i t u t e a r e a s o n a b l e remedial p rocess." 2. The r e i s n o n e e d t o a w a i t t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t r e v i e w of the C o u r t of A p p eals d e c i s i o n i n the A t k i n s a n d B e c k e t t cases, b e c a u s e th e de c r e e i n this case w a s e n t e r e d b e f o r e t h e P u p i l P l a c e m e n t A c t w a s p a s s e d . 3. "How e v e r , t h e co u r t f i n d s t h a t i t c a n n o t f a i r l y r e q u i r e t h e p l a i n tiff e v e n t o s u b m i t th e i r a p p l i c a t i o n s t o th e B o a r d f o r s c h o o l a s s i gnment. The reas o n i s t h a t the f o r m p r e s c r i b e d t h e r e f o r com m i t s t h e a p p l i c a n t to accept a s c h o o l 'wh i c h t h e B o a r d d e e m s m o s t app r o p r i a t e i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h the p r o v i s i o n s of the P u p i l P l a c e m e n t Ac t . Submission to that Act amounts alm o s t t o a s s e n t to a r a c i a l l y s e g r e g a t e d s c h o o l . the f o r m be s i g n e d ' under protest,' u n f e t t e r e d an d f r e e deliberates , B u t e v e n if the petitioner wou l d not have an t r i b u n a l t o a c t o n h i s re q u e s t . The B o a r d s t i l l o n a r a c i a l question, u n d e r t h r e a t of lo s s of S t a t e m o n e y t o the a p p l i c a n t ' s s c h o o l if c h i l d r e n of d i f f e r e n t r a c e s a r e t a u g h t there. 1*. The i n j u n c t i o n applies to t h e P l a c e m e n t B o a r d as a p a r t i a l s u c cessor to t h e C o u n t y B o a r d of E d u c a t i o n and re l i a n c e o n the f o r m e r a n d on the P l a c e m e n t A c t d o n o t relieve d e f e n d a n t s f r o m c o m p l i a n c e w i t h the injunction. 5. for H o e v i d e n c e i n d i c a t e s l a c k o f q u a l i f i c a t i o n s of a n y of p l a i n t i f f s admission t o the s c h o o l applied t o e x c e p t color �-s6. D e f e n d a n t B o a r d did n o t i n t e n d t o d e f y the i n j u n c t i o n , b u t m e r e l y r e f u s e d a d m i t t a n c e w i t h o u t a s s i g n m e n t b y the P l a c e m e n t B o a r d . B u t they m u s t n o w u n d e r s t a n d th a t t h e y m a y n o lo n g e r re f u s e a d m i s s i o n t o the plaintiffs. 7. This s u p p l e m e n t a l d e c r e e w o u l d b e effective 23 S e p t e m b e r 1957. Order r e q u i r e s t h a t H a r o l y n and R i t a J o h n s o n b e a d m i t t e d t o W a s h i n g t o n and lee H i g h S c h o o l j R o b e r t A . E l d r i d g e III t o either F i l l m o r e or P a t r i c k Hen r y ; G e o r g e T. N e l s o n a n d E . L e s l i e Hamm, Jr. to e i t h e r S t r a t f o r d or S w a n s o n Junior H i g h ; a n d L o u i s G. Turner a n d M e l v i n H, 18 Sept, Turner to S w a n s o n , / I n j u n c t i o n i s s u e d 1 U Sept, st a y e d p e n d i n g ap p e a l . 2 1958 12 P’ eb, Race Rel.LJlep.991. U n i t e d Sta t e s C o u r t of Appeals, l;th C i r c u i t af f i r m e d J u d g e B r y a n ' s order, bef o r e Judg es P a r k e r , S o b eloff a n d H a y n s u o r t h , of certiorari, # 8 8 7 , ( S ource: P e t . f o r w r i t O c t ober t e r m 19 5 7 , fi l e d 2 Apr, 1 9 5 8 ) . Held: "While o r d i n a r i l y i n ca s e s of t h i s s o r t an i n j u n c t i v e o r d e r sho&ld m e r e l y e n j o i n r a c i a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n b y scho o l authorities w i t h o u t a t tempting to d i r e c t d e t a i l s of a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , there w a s a f i n d i n g he r e that, i n v i o l a t i o n of the pr i o r i n j u n c t i v e order of th e c o u r t , d i s c r i m i n a t i o n has b e e n p r a c t i c e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o these ch i l d r e n . T h e judge f o u n d that the d e f e n d a n t s i n r e f u s i n g t h e m admission h a d a c t e d i n good f a i t h i n r e l i a n c e u p o n a statute p a s s e d after t h e e n t r y of t h e i n j u n c t i v e order and t h a t t h e y ' d i d no t i n t e n d a n y d e f i a n c e of th i s i n j u n c t i o n . * Instead of a d j u d g i n g t h e m i n c o n tempt, ther e f o r e , and p r o v i d i n g t h a t the c o n t e m p t mi g h t b e p u r g e d b y a d m i t t i n g the ch i l d to the s c h o o l s t o w h i c h �- t h e y had m a d e a p plication, 6- he t o o k the mil d e r course of e n t e r i n g a n order s p e c i f i c a l l y d e f i n i n g w h a t w a s r e q u i r e d of d e f e n d a n t s u n d e r t h e order w h i c h h ad b e e n v i o l a t e d and g i v i n g t h e m an o p p o r t u n i t y of a v o i d i n g a c o n t e m p t c i t a t i o n b y com p l y i n g w i t h t h e order so e n t e r e d . nothing i n t h i s of w h i c h t h e y c a n 2 Apr. The r e is j u s t l y c o m plain." D e f s . a p p li e d to S u p r e m e C o u r t f o r w r i t of c e r t i o r a r i to r e v i e w order of lli Sept, 1 9 5 7 and aff i r m a n c e of 1 2 F e b . 1958, # 887, O c t o b e r Te r m , 1957, C o u n t y S c h o o l B o a r d of A r l i n g t o n C o u n t y , V i r g i n i a v. T h o m p s o n . Questions Presented: 1. "Doe s a f e d e r a l di s t r i c t c o u r t h a v e j u r i s d i c t i o n t o e n t e r a d e c r e e of inju n c t i o n w h i c h h a s the e f f e c t of e n j o i n i n g the e n f o r c e m e n t of a state statute w i t h o u t f i r s t c o n v e n i n g a t h ree-judge court?" 2. "D o the F e d e r a l Ru l e s of C i v i l P r o c e d u r e p e r m i t a c o n t i n u e d p r o s e c u t i o n of a 'class-action* s u i t f o r the sole p u r p o s e of enf o r c i n g alleg e d - c l a i m s of i n d i v i d u a l s w h e n t h e r e is n o c o m m o n q u e s t i o n of fact, and w h e n n o c o m m o n r e l i e f is s ought?" 3. " M a y a f e d e r a l d i s t r i c t c o u r t e x e r c i s e the f u n c t i o n of a lo c a l sch o o l b o a r d b e f o r e s u c h lo c a l s c h o o l b o a r d h a s b e e n g i v e n a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o exercise i t s iu j u d g m e n t i n m a k i n g p u p i l assignments?" "Is t h i s d e c i s i o n of the c o u r t b e l o w i n co n f l i c t w i t h the S u p r e m e C o u r t of Appeals of V i r g i n i a i n th e ca s e of D e F e b i o v . C o u n t y S c h o o l B o a r d of F a i r f a x C o u n t y , . , , " 19 May (3 R a c e R e l s . D . R e p . 2 1 ) Supr e m e Court d e n i e d a w r i t of c e r t i o r a r i � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Timeline of court cases involving desegregation 1956-1958 Description An account of the resource Timeline of court cases involving desegregation 1956-1958, 6 pages Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_5_2_1_53 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/e9b7d3eb032ce8fb5d6484a62f5ce999.pdf 045ae73b1a74518beb5b6ae8a7ef35b8 PDF Text Text R e m a r k s of D E L E G A T E R O B E R T W H IT E H E A D o f N e ls o n Countyb e f o r e th e H O U SE O F D E L E G A T E S O F V IR G IN IA on D e c e m b e r 1, 1955 �I a m f o r th e p u b lic f r e e s c h o o l s y s t e m o f V ir g in i a . I w a s e d u c a te d in i t. I ta u g h t in i t . M y c h i l d r e n w e r e g r a d u a te d f r o m i t . E v e r s in c e I b e c a m e a m e m b e r o f th is b o d y in 1942 I h a v e la b o r e d f o r it, a s m a n y o f y ou k n o w . I w a s f o r i t w h e n a l l p r o f e s s e d to b e f o r i t . I a m f o r i t to d a y w h e n i t s f a i r w e a th e r f r i e n d s h a v e d e s e r t e d i t. I a m f o r i t b e c a u s e I b e lie v e in i t. E v e r y m e m b e r o f th i s H o u se i s , I a s s u m e , o p p o s e d to e n f o r c e d i n t e g r a t i o n in th e p u b lic s c h o o ls - no o n e m o r e th a n I. H a p p ily th a t i s n o t th e q u e s tio n b e f o r e u s . T h e d e c i s io n o f th e S u p r e m e C o u r t o f th e U n ite d S ta te s d o e s n o t r e q u i r e e n f o r c e d in t e g r a t i o n . W h at i t d o e s i s to a b o lis h e n f o r c e d s e g r e g a t i o n . T h e d o o r i s l e f t o p e n to e v e r y ty p e o f p o lic y a n d p r o g r a m w h ic h d o e s n o t in v o k e c o m p u ls o r y s e g r e g a t i o n . A n d a l l o f u s kn o w th a t th e a l t e r n a t i v e to c o m p u ls o r y s e g r e g a t i o n i s n o t c o m p u ls o r y i n te g r a tio n , th o u g h s o m e a r e la b o r in g u n d e r th a t d e lu s io n . We a r e h e r e to d a y b e c a u s e o f th e d e c i s io n s of tw o h ig h c o u r t s in v o lv in g c o n s ti tu tio n a l q u e s ti o n s . T h e s e a r e r e f e r r e d to in th e p r e a m b le o f th e b i l l w h ic h i s no w u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . T h e o n e i s th e S u p r e m e C o u r t o f A p p e a l s of V ir g in i a ; th e o th e r i s th e S u p r e m e C o u r t o f th e U n ite d S ta te s . B y i t s d e c i s io n o f N o v e m b e r 7, 1955, th e V ir g in i a C o u r t in v a lid a te d , a s v io la tiv e o f S e c tio n 141 o f th e V ir g in i a C o n s titu tio n , so m u c h o f I te m 210 o f th e 1954 A p p r o p r i a ti o n s A c t a s p e r m i t s p u b lic m o n e y to b e u s e d f o r th e e d u c a tio n o f c e r t a i n o r p h a n s o f w a r v e t e r a n s in p r i v a t e in s t i t u t i o n s of le a r n i n g . B u t th e s w e e p o f th a t d e c i s io n in c lu d e s m o r e th a n w a r o r p h a n s . It i s now c o n c e d e d th a t i t h a s a ls o in v a lid a te d (1) V i r g i n i a 's g r a d u a te a id p r o g r a m f o r N e g r o e s in a l l o u t - o f - s t a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s o f l e a r n in g , w ith one e x c e p tio n , (2) V i r g i n i a 's r e h a b i l i t a t i o n p r o g r a m f o r th e p h y s ic a lly h a n d i c a p p e d i n p r i v a t e in s t i t u t i o n s , a n d (3) V i r g i n i a 's t e a c h e r s c h o l a r s h i p p r o g r a m a s to s tu d e n t s in p r i v a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s . I t m a y a l s o a f f e c t th e H ig h w a y D e p a r t m e n t 's e d u c a tio n a l p r o g r a m . T h e l e g i s l a t i o n f o r th e e d u c a tio n o f w a r o r p h a n s , so in v a lid a te d in p a r t b y V i r g i n i a 's h ig h e s t c o u r t, i s n o t o f r e c e n t o r i g i n . A s f a r b a c k a s th e A p p r o p r i a ti o n s A c t o f 1932 th e la n g u a g e u s e d w a s: " a t a n y e d u c a tio n a l i n s t i tu tio n in th e S ta te o f V ir g in i a a p p r o v e d in w r iti n g b y th e s u p e r in te n d e n t of p u b lic i n s t r u c t i o n " . A t tw e lv e r e g u l a r s e s s i o n s c o v e r in g a s p a n o f 24 y e a r s (1 9 3 2 -1 9 5 4 ), th e G e n e r a l A s s e m b ly p a s s e d th i s ty p e o f l e g i s l a t i o n in th e A p p r o p r i a ti o n s B i l l . T h e y w e r e s ig n e d b y G o v e r n o r s P o l l a r d , P e e r y , P r i c e , D a r d e n , T u c k , B a t tle a n d S ta n le y . A t th e 7 r e g u l a r s e s s i o n s d u r in g w h ic h I h a v e b e e n a m e m b e r o f th is b o d y (1 9 4 2 -1 9 5 4 ) I h a v e v o te d f o r s u c h l e g i s l a t i o n . A n d th e s a m e i s t r u e o f n e a r l y a l l o f th e o th e r D e le g a te s w ho h a v e s e r v e d d u rin g a l l o r a p a r t o f th a t p e r i o d . M y v o te w a s c a s t in g o o d f a ith , a n d I a m s u r e th a t i s t r u e of th e o th e r D e le g a te s . I a m a l s o s u r e th a t e a c h o f th e g o v e r n o r s n a m e d s ig n e d -1- �th e A p p r o p r i a ti o n s B i l l s i n g o o d f a ith . N o tw ith s ta n d in g th e f a c t th a t th i s l e g i s l a t i o n h a d i t s o r i g i n n e a r l y a q u a r t e r of a c e n t u r y a g o , a n d w a s r e n e w e d a t e a c h r e g u l a r s e s s i o n , o u r S u p r e m e C o u r t o f A p p e a ls in a u n a n im o u s d e c i s io n in v a lid a te d i t, a s f a r a s p r i v a t e s c h o o ls w e r e c o n c e r n e d , a s v io la tiv e o f th e C o n s titu tio n of V ir g in i a . T h a t a c t io n o f o u r c o u r t w a s i n p u r s u a n c e o f th e a c k n o w le d g e d a u t h o r i t y o f a c o u r t to c o n s tr u e th e c o n s ti tu tio n a n d to h o ld u n c o n s ti tu tio n a l a c t s of th e l e g i s l a t u r e w h ic h i t a d ju d g e s to b e in c o n f lic t t h e r e w ith . T h a t a u t h o r i t y I a c k n o w le d g e . T h a t d e c i s io n I a c c e p t . U n le s s a n d u n til in th e m o d e p r e s c r i b e d b y la w , o u r C o n s titu tio n i s c h a n g e d , th a t d e c i s io n i s th e la w o f V ir g in i a . T h e c o u r t 's a u th o r ity i s n o t to b e f lo u te d ; n o r i s i t s d e c i s io n s u b je c t to n u llif ic a tio n b y a n y c i t i z e n o r a n y o th e r b r a n c h o f o u r g o v e r n m e n t. T h e o th e r c o u r t i s th e S u p r e m e C o u r t of th e U n ite d s io n o f M a y 17, 1954, i t in v a lid a te d a s v io la tiv e o f th e U n ite d S ta te s , S e c tio n 140 o f th e V ir g in i a C o n s titu tio n , p u r s u a n t t h e r e t o , r e q u i r i n g c o m p u ls o r y s e g r e g a t i o n of p u p ils in p u b lic s c h o o ls . S ta te s . B y its d e c i C o n s ti tu tio n of th e a n d th e s t a t u t e s w h ite a n d c o lo r e d N o tw ith s ta n d in g th e f a c t th a t s u c h r a c i a l s e g r e g a t i o n h a d b e e n ju d i c i a l l y s a n c tio n e d b y i t f o r m o r e th a n o n e - h a lf a c e n t u r y , th a t c o u r t , i n th e e x e r c i s e of th e i n h e r e n t p o w e r o f a l l c o u r t s to o v e r r u l e t h e i r p r i o r d e c i s io n s , h o w e v e r u n w is e s u c h a c t io n m a y b e , o v e r r u l e d i t s p r e v io u s d e c i s i o n s a n d h e ld th a t c o m p u ls o r y s e g r e g a t i o n in p u b lic s c h o o ls b a s e d s o le l y o n a c c o u n t o f r a c e w a s u n c o n s ti tu tio n a l. I a m i n f o r m e d th a t th e S u p r e m e C o u r t o f th e U n ite d S ta te s h a s o v e r r u l e d i t s p r e v i o u s d e c i s io n s in 65 i n s t a n c e s . In i t s d e c i s io n o f M ay 31, 1955, th a t c o u r t r e - a f f i r m e d i t s d e c i s io n o f M ay 17, 1 9 5 4 . B o th d e c i s io n s w e r e u n a n im o u s . W h e th e r o n e a g r e e s o r d i s a g r e e s w ith th o s e d e c i s io n s i s b e s id e th e p o in t. H o w e v e r m u c h o n e m a y d i s a g r e e , a n d I d i s a g r e e , th e f a c t i s th a t th e S u p r e m e C o u r t o f th e U n ite d S ta te s h a s s p d k e n o n a q u e s ti o n in v o lv in g th e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f th e C o n s ti tu tio n o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s . T h a t C o n s titu tio n , a s c o n s t r u e d b y th e S u p r e m e C o u r t, w h e th e r i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n b e r i g h t o r w ro n g , i s th e s u p r e m e la w of t h i s la n d , a n d e v e r y m e m b e r o f th i s A s s e m b ly h a s ta k e n a n o a th to s u p p o r t it. U n til o v e r r u l e d b y th e c o u r t i t s e l f o r u n til th e C o n s ti tu tio n o f th e U n ite d S ta te s i s a m e n d e d in th e m a n n e r p r e s c r i b e d th e r e i n , th a t d e c i s io n i s th e la w , a n d b e in g th e la w , m u s t b e o b e y e d . T h a t c o u r t ’s a u t h o r i t y i s no m o r e to .b e f lo u t e d th a n th e a u t h o r i t y o f o u r S u p r e m e C o u r t o f A p p e a ls . I ts d e c i s io n i s no m o r e s u b je c t to n u llif ic a tio n th a n th e d e c i s io n o f th e V ir g in ia C o u r t. T h e e s s e n c e of c o n s e r v a t i s m i s th e a c k n o w le d g m e n t o f la w fu l a u t h o r i t y a t a l l l e v e l s o f g o v e r n m e n t. T h e a l t e r n a t i v e to th e a c k n o w le d g m e n t of a u th o rity is a n a rc h y . - 2- �I h a v e b e e n s t a r t l e d b y m a n y o f th e s t a t e m e n t s th a t h a v e b e e n m a d e in c o n n e c tio n w ith th i s m a t t e r . O n b o th s i d e s , t h e r e h a s b e e n m u c h r e c k l e s s n e s s , a s th e p u b lic h e a r in g d e m o n s t r a te d . E v e n m o r e i m p o r t a n t th a n e d u c a tio n i t s e l f i s a n o th e r d e v e lo p m e n t in th is u n h a p p y s itu a tio n , th a t i s , l a c k o f r e s p e c t f o r th e j u d i c i a l p r o c e s s . O ne s p o k e s m a n r e f e r r e d to th e S u p r e m e C o u rt o f th e U n ite d S ta te s a s n in e m e n w ho a r e r e s p o n s i b l e to n o o n e , a n d s t a t e d th a t th e p e o p le w ill n o t s u b m it to " th is p ie c e o f j u d i c i a l t y r a n n y " . T h e fo u n d in g f a t h e r s e x p r e s s l y m a d e th e S u p r e m e C o u r t j u s t i c e s r e s p o n s ib le to no o n e , s a v e b y im p e a c h m e n t. T h a t w a s to p r o v id e a n i n d e p e n d e n t j u d i c i a r y . J o h n M a r s h a l l , a g r e a t V ir g in ia n , p r o v e d th e w o r th of th a t in d e p e n d e n c e . He m a d e th e S u p r e m e C o u r t th e f in a l e x p o s it o r o f th e C o n s titu tio n o f th e U n ite d S ta te s . Do w e n o w h o n o r o r r e p u d ia te h im ? T o w h a t e n d d o e s th i s d e fia n c e o f la w u l t i m a t e l y l e a d u s ? If a d e c i s io n o f t h a t c o u r t i s n o t r e c o g n iz e d b y th e o f f i c i a l s o f V ir g in i a a n d o f h e r p o l i t i c a l s u b d iv is i o n s a s th e la w o f th e la n d , th e n a c o n s u m e r o f m ilk m a y n a t u r a l l y a s k : W hy do I h a v e to r e c o g n iz e th e d e c i s io n o f th e S u p r e m e C o u r t of A p p e a ls o f V ir g in i a i n R e y n o ld s v M ilk C o m m is s io n , 163 V a . 957 u p h o ld in g th e V ir g in i a M ilk C o m m is s io n la w ? In th a t c a s e b y a v o te o f 4 to 3 th e C o u r t o n a r e h e a r i n g , fo llo w in g th e d e a th o f o n e j u s t i c e a n d th e a p p o in tm e n t o f h is s u c c e s s o r , r e v e r s e d i t s f o r m e r d e c is io n , w ith th e new j u s t i c e v o tin g d i r e c t l y th e o p p o s ite o f h is p r e d e c e s s o r , a n d s u s ta in e d th e a c t b y a 4 to 3 d e c i s io n . A s a c o n s e q u e n c e w ith o u t a c h a n g e in a s in g le w o r d in e i t h e r th e C o n s titu tio n o r th e a c t, th a t w h ic h w a s u n c o n s ti tu tio n a l o n N o v e m b e r 15, 1934, b e c a m e c o n s ti tu tio n a l o n M a r c h 29, 19 3 5 . T h is I s a y w ith no d i s r e s p e c t to o u r c o u r t . I m e n tio n i t o n ly to i l l u s t r a t e th a t la w i s la w , e v e n w h e n b a s e d o n a r e v e r s a l o f a f o r m e r d e c i s io n . H ow c a n w e e x p e c t o u r p e o p le to o b e y th e d e c i s io n s o f o u r c o u r t s , if w e in c ite th e m to ig n o r e th e d e c i s io n s of th e h ig h e s t c o u r t in th e la n d ? W h at if a p e r s o n fo u n d g u ilty b y a C i r c u i t C o u r t J u d g e o r T r i a l J u s t i c e in f o r m th e c o u r t th a t th e d e c i s io n w a s w ro n g a n d h e w o u ld ig n o r e i t a n d s t a r t e d o u t o f th e c o u r t r o o m ? We a r e h e r e in s p e c i a l s e s s i o n , n o t to p r a i s e , n o t to c o n d e m n , b u t to c o n s i d e r a n d a c t . It i s id le to v e x th e liv in g b y r e s u r r e c t i n g th e d e a d . T h e N o v e m b e r 7, 1955, d e c i s io n o f V i r g i n i a 's h ig h e s t c o u r t l e a v e s u s , a s I s e e i t, no a l t e r n a t i v e b u t to s e t in m o tio n th e p r o c e d u r e f o r a m e n d in g S e c tio n 141 o f o u r C o n s titu tio n w h ic h i s th e o b je c t in p a r i o f th i s l e g i s l a tio n . T h is I s a y b e c a u s e th e h o n o r o f V ir g in i a i s in v o lv e d . R e ly in g in g o o d f a i t h o n th e l e g i s l a t i o n p a s s e d b y th e A s s e m b ly a n d s ig n e d b y th e G o v e r n o r , S ta te a u t h o r i t i e s h a v e m a d e c o n t r a c t s (now in v a lid a te d b y th e c o u r t 's d e c i sio n ) to p a y f o r th e e d u c a tio n o f m a n y o f o u r y o u n g c i t i z e n s in in s t i t u t i o n s -3- �o f l e a r n i n g b o th w ith in a n d w ith o u t V ir g in i a . In s o m e i n s t a n c e s th e i n s t i t u tio n s h a v e p e r f o r m e d th e s e r v i c e s b u t h a v e n o t b e e n p a id , a n d th e y c a n n o t b e p a id v o ile s s a n d u n til S e c tio n 141 i s a m e n d e d . H a v in g v o te d f o r th e l e g i s l a t i o n , i t i s m y d u ty , a s I s e e i t , to do w h a t I c a n a s a m e m b e r o f th i s H o u se to m a k e i t p o s s i b l e f o r th o s e c o n t r a c t u a l o b lig a tio n s to b e d i s c h a r g e d a n d th e r e b y p r e s e r v e in v io la te th e h o n o r of V ir g in i a . T h is b i l l i s d e s ig n e d in p a r t to a c c o m p lis h th a t e n d . T o b e s u r e th e p r o p o s e d r e v i s i o n o f S e c tio n 141 c o n te m p la t e d b y th is b i l l g o e s f u r t h e r a n d a u t h o r i z e s th e G e n e r a l A s s e m b ly a n d g o v e rn in g b o d ie s of l o c a l i t i e s to m a k e t u itio n g r a n t s f o r p u p ils in s c h o o ls , in c lu d in g p u p ils i n b o th g r a d e a n d h ig h s c h o o ls . W h at, i t m a y b e a s k e d , i s th e j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h i s ? I w o u ld b e l e s s th a n f r a n k i f I d id n o t s a y t h a t th e r e a s o n i s to b e fo u n d i n th e tw o d e c i s io n s o f th e S u p r e m e C o u r t o f th e U n ite d S ta te s e a r l i e r r e f e r r e d to . S in c e th o s e d e c i s io n s w e r e m a d e V ir g in i a h a s b e e n w r e s t l i n g w ith a n e d u c a tio n a l a n d s o c io l o g ic a l p r o b le m o f im m e n s e p r o p o r t i o n s . It h a s d iv id e d o u r p e o p le in to m a n y g r o u p s , w ith v a r i e d a n d c o n f lic tin g v ie w s . M a n y u n f o r tu n a te a n d m a n y in f l a m m a t o r y s t a t e m e n t s h a v e b e e n m a d e . So h e a t e d h a s b e c o m e th e c o n t r o v e r s y t h a t i t n o w e n d a n g e r s th e p u b lic s c h o o l s y s t e m o f V ir g in i a . A nd h e r e i t s h o u ld b e o b s e r v e d th a t t h e r e a r e in V ir g in i a m a n y p e o p le , c o n s ti tu tin g a s iz e a b le e l e m e n t o f o u r p o p u la tio n , w ho do n o t r e a l l y b e lie v e in p u b lic f r e e s c h o o ls , a n d r e g a r d i t a s s o c i a l i s m to ta x th e m in o r d e r to h e lp p a y f o r th e e d u c a tio n o f th e c h i l d r e n of th o s e w ho a r e l e s s f o r tu n a t e f in a n c ia lly . T h e y m a y b e c o u n te d u p o n to jo in in th e c l a m o r f o r th e a b o l i tio n o f th e p u b lic s c h o o ls . N ow t h a t a l l p o in ts o f v ie w h a v e b e e n e x p r e s s e d , one f a c t b e c o m e s i n c r e a s i n g l y c l e a r : W e m u s t i n s i s t th a t V ir g in i a s o lv e th i s p r o b l e m in a w a y th a t w ill b e a c r e d i t to h e r g r e a t t r a d i t i o n s , a n d th a t w e fin d a s o lu tio n w h ic h i s g r o u n d e d o n r e s p e c t f o r a n d o b s e r v a n c e o f la w , a n d i s f a i r to a ll of h e r c h i l d r e n . T h is s o lu tio n w ill n o t b e s a t i s f a c t o r y to th o s e o n th e e x t r e m e s o f th e r ig h t a n d l e f t . It s h o u ld b e d e s ig n e d to g a in th e a p p r o v a l o f th e g r e a t b o d y o f m e n a n d w o m e n w ho b e lie v e th a t a m o d e r a t e , c o n s e r v a t i v e , m i d d l e - o f - t h e - r o a d c o u r s e i s th e o n ly r e a s o n a b l e p a th th a t w e c a n s a f e ly t r a v e l w ith r e a s o n a n d j u s t i c e . In th e a d o p tio n o f a p r o g r a m we m u s t n e v e r lo s e s ig h t o f tw o f u n d a m e n t a l s . T h e f i r s t i s th a t th e S ta te o f V ir g in i a a s a s t a t e o w e s i t to i t s c h i l d r e n - to a ll o f i t s c h ild r e n , i r r e s p e c t i v e o f r a c e o r c o l o r , c l a s s o r c r e e d , a n d r e g a r d l e s s of p la c e of h a b ita tio n o r e c o n o m ic c o n d itio n - th e s o le m n d u ty to p r o v id e f o r th e m a s y s t e m o f p u b lic f r e e s c h o o ls th ro u g h o u t th e S ta te . T h a t r i g h t i s b a s i c in a d e m o c r a t i c s o c i e t y . T h a t b a s i c r i g h t i s now g u a r a n te e d b y S e c tio n 129 o f o u r C o n s ti tu tio n . T h a t g u a r a n te e m u s t n o t b e i m -4 - �p a i r e d , d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y . T h a t e d u c a tio n a l r o c k o f G i b r a l t e r m u s t not be s h a tte re d . T h e o t h e r f u n d a m e n ta l i s th a t, w ith in th e f r a m e w o r k o f a S ta te s y s te m , th e m a n n e r i n w h ic h th e p u b lic s c h o o ls s h a l l b e o p e r a t e d s h o u ld b e l e f t a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e to th e d i s c r e t i o n o f th e l o c a l s c h o o l a u t h o r i t i e s so th a t th e ty p e o f o p e r a tio n w ill f it th e n e e d s o f th e l o c a l p e o p le a n d b e a c c o m m o d a te d to c o n d itio n s p r e v a ilin g lo c a lly . C o n d itio n s i n V ir g in i a v a r y g r e a t l y . C e r t a i n s e c tio n s h a v e n o r a c i a l p r o b l e m s . O th e r s h a v e m in o r r a c i a l p r o b l e m s . Y e t o t h e r s h a v e p ro n o u n c e d r a c i a l p r o b l e m s . R e c o g n itio n o f th is f a c t i s b a s i c to a s o u n d s o lu tio n . In c e r t a i n s e c tio n s o f V ir g in i a , u n d e r c o n d itio n s o b ta in in g a s o f now , m a n y p a r e n t s o f w h ite p u p ils s im p ly w ill n o t p e r m i t t h e i r c h i l d r e n to a t te n d a n y s c h o o l in w h ic h t h e r e a r e c o lo r e d c h i l d r e n . T h e y f e a r th a t a p u p il a s s i g n m e n t p r o g r a m w ill n o t b e e f f e c tiv e . A s o f n o w th e y w ill, if th e y c a n , c lo s e t h e i r p u b lic s c h o o ls r a t h e r th a n h a v e th e m m ix e d . H ow lo n g t h a t c o n d itio n w ill o b ta in n o o n e k n o w s . In th i s s ta t e o f a f f a i r s , m a n y s i n c e r e a n d d e v o te d f r i e n d s o f th e p u b lic s c h o o ls b e lie v e t h a t i t w ill b e s t s e r v e th e c a u s e b y a m e n d in g S e c tio n 141 o f o u r C o n s titu tio n s o a s to m a k e i t p e r m i s s i b l e f o r a p p r o p r i a t i n g a u t h o r i t i e s to p r o v id e tu itio n g r a n t s f o r e d u c a tio n o f p u p ils in n o n s e c t a r i a n p r i v a t e s c h o o ls . T o w h a t e x te n t a n d f o r how lo n g s u c h p r i v a t e e d u c a tio n a l e f f o r ts w ill b e m a d e no o n e k n o w s. I f e e l, a n d I h a v e r e p e a t e d l y s ta t e d , th a t a n e f f e c tiv e p u p il a s s ig n m e n t p r o g r a m w ill s u b s t a n t i a l l y ta k e c a r e o f th e s i tu a tio n in a l l a r e a s in w h ic h t h e r e a r e a s s i g n m e n t p r o b l e m s . O th e r s , e q u a l ly d e v o te d to th e p u b lic s c h o o ls , d i s a g r e e . T h e G r a y C o m m is s io n h a s p r o p o s e d a d o u b l e - b a r r e l a p p r o a c h - a p u p il a s s i g n m e n t p r o g r a m a n d a tu itio n a id p r o g r a m . O b v io u s ly , th a t r e p o r t i s a r e c o n c i l e m e n t o f c o n f lic tin g v ie w s a n d w a s h a m m e r e d o u t on a g iv e a n d ta k e b a s i s . I t i s , t h e r e f o r e , d is p le a s in g to th o s e w ho a r e f o r i n t e g r a t e d s c h o o ls th r o u g h o u t V ir g in i a . It i s a l s o d i s p le a s in g to th o s e w ho a r e d e m a n d in g a c o n tin u a n c e o f c o m p u ls o r y s ta t e - w i d e s e g r e g a tio n , f o r th e y c l a i m th a t th e r e p o r t i s p r e d i c a t e d o n th e a s s u m p tio n o f p a r t i a l i n t e g r a t i o n . C o n s e q u e n tly , th e r e p o r t i s u n d e r a c r o s s - f i r e f r o m b o th d i r e c t io n s . If t h i s b i l l p r o p o s e d b y th e c o m m i s s i o n i s d e f e a te d , i t i s p o s s i b l e th a t i t s d e f e a t m a y j e o p a r d i z e th e p u p il a s s i g n m e n t p r o p o s a l a l s o a d v a n c e d b y th e c o m m is s io n . If th e l a t t e r i s d e f e a t e d th e r e s u l t m a y b e th a t V ir g in i a w ill h a v e no p r o g r a m , o r o n e w h ic h w ill d e n y to s c h o o l b o a r d s a f u ll m e a s u r e o f d i s c r e tio n a s to p u p il a d m i s s i o n . S u c h a s i tu a tio n m ig h t w e ll p r o v e to b e a s t a g g e r in g b lo w to th e c a u s e o f p u b lic e d u c a tio n i n V ir g in i a . -5 - �I w a s g r e a t l y d i s t u r b e d b y th e g e n e r a l la n g u a g e o f th e b i l l p r o p o s e d b y th e c o m m i s s i o n a n d b y c e r t a i n la n g u a g e in th e r e p o r t in d ic a tin g th a t in c e r t a i n a r e a s o f V ir g in i a t h e r e m ig h t n o t b e p u b lic e d u c a tio n . T h e b i l l d id n o t c o n fin e th e p r o p o s e d r e v i s i o n to S e c tio n 141. It l e f t o p e n th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a r e v i s i o n o r m o d if ic a tio n , b y i m p lic a tio n a t l e a s t , o f S e c tio n 129, w h ic h g u a r a n t e e s " a n e f f ic ie n t s y s t e m o f p u b lic f r e e s c h o o ls th r o u g h o u t th e S ta te " . T h is p r o m p t e d m e to p u b lic ly a s k c e r t a i n 'q u e s tio n s a s to th e in te n d e d s c o p e o f th e c o m m i s s i o n 's p r o p o s a l . F o llo w in g th a t t h e r e w e r e s o m e c o n f e r e n c e s w ith r e s p e c t to th e m a t t e r . S u b s e q u e n tly I w a s a s s u r e d th a t th e b i l l w o u ld b e r e v i s e d to s p e c i f i c a l l y l i m i t th e s c o p e o f th e r e v i s i o n to S e c tio n 141. T h a t h a s b e e n d o n e . In i t s r e v i s e d f o r m th e b i l l i s now b e fo re u s. I t i s m y u n d e r s ta n d in g th a t S e c tio n 129 w ill n o t b e in th e r e v i s i o n , a n d w ill b e l e f t e x a c tly a s i t i s ; a n d th a t a n y r e v i s i o n o f S e c tio n 141 w ill n o t, e i t h e r d i r e c t l y o r in d i r e c t l y , a b r id g e , a f f e c t, m o d if y o r w e a k e n th e m a n d a te o f S e c tio n 129. L e s t w e f o r g e t, I n o w q u o te th a t s e c tio n : " T h e G e n e r a l A s s e m b ly s h a l l e s t a b l i s h a n d m a in ta in a n e f f ic ie n t s y s t e m of p u b lic f r e e s c h o o ls th r o u g h o u t th e S ta te " . N o tw ith s ta n d in g th e r e v i s i o n o f S e c tio n 141 a s c o n te m p la te d , i t w ill r e m a i n th e s o le m n d u ty o f th e G e n e r a l A s s e m b ly u n d e r S e c tio n 129 n o t o n ly to " m a i n t a i n " a s y s t e m o f p u b lic f r e e s c h o o ls , b u t to m a in ta in a n " e f f i c i e n t " s y s t e m a n d to m a in ta in i t " th r o u g h o u t th e S ta te " . H o w e v e r u n w e lc o m e i t m a y b e to m a n y , a n d n o tw ith s ta n d in g th e u n f o r tu n a te a s s u m p tio n to th e c o n t r a r y r e f e r r e d to i n G o v e r n o r S ta n le y 's m e s s a g e of N o v e m b e r 30, 1955, th e f a c t i s th a t th e G e n e r a l A s s e m b ly m u s t m a in ta in p u b lic e d u c a tio n in p u b lic f r e e s c h o o ls in e v e r y c o u n ty a n d c ity i n V ir g in i a . T h is i s t r u e e v e n i f t h e r e i s n o t a v a i la b le to th e l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s a n a c c e p ta b le a d m i s s i o n f o r m u la , a s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f w h ic h a tte n d a n c e i s d im in is h e d . T h e p la in c o n s ti tu tio n a l m a n d a te c a n n o t b e n u llif ie d b y n e g a tio n o r b y a c o n t r o v e r s y a s to how a n d f r o m w h a t s o u r c e o r s o u r c e s th e fu n d s a r e to b e r a i s e d . S e c tio n 129 w a s c o n s t r u e d b y th e S u p r e m e C o u r t o f A p p e a ls o f V ir g in i a in S c h o o l B o a r d v S h o c k le y 160 V a . 4 0 5 (4 1 0 ), w ith th e c o u r t d e c l a r in g : " T h e f i r s t s e c tio n o f th a t a r t i c l e (S e c tio n 129) i m p o s e s a m a n d a t o r y d u ty o n th e G e n e r a l A s s e m b ly to e s t a b l i s h a n d m a i n t a i n a n e f f ic ie n t s y s t e m o f f r e e s c h o o ls th r o u g h o u t th e S ta te " . I a s s u m e th a t th e G o v e r n o r a n d th i s A s s e m b ly w ill c o m p ly w ith th i s c o n s titu tio n a l re q u ire m e n t. T o th e e n d t h a t t h e r e m a y n o t b e a n y m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g o n th e p a r t of a n y o n e , I now a s k th a t if a n y m e m b e r o f th e H o u se i s i n d i s a g r e e m e n t w ith th e f o r e g o in g c o n c l u s io n s a s to th e o b lig a tio n s o f t h i s G e n e r a l A s s e m b ly - 6- �w ith x e s p e c t to th e m a in te n a n c e o f th e p u b lic f r e e s c h o o l s y s te m , s u c h m e m b e r a r i s e a n d p u b lic ly e x p r e s s h is o r h e r d i s s e n t b e f o r e th is d e b a te i s c o n c lu d e d . M o r e o v e r i t i s m y u n d e r s ta n d i n g th a t i t w ill n o t b e p e r m i s s a b l e u n d e r F e d e r a l d e c i s io n s f o r P u b lic S c h o o l b u ild in g s to b e t u r n e d o v e r b y p u b lic a u t h o r i t i e s to p r i v a t e o r g a n iz a tio n s f o r u s e a s r a c i a l l y s e g r e g a t e d s c h o o ls . M y d e c i s io n a s to how I s h a l l v o te o n th i s l e g i s l a t i o n i s a d if f ic u lt o n e , a n d h a s b e e n r e a c h e d o n ly a f t e r lo n g d e l i b e r a t i o n . B e in g i n r e a l d o u b t a s to w h a t i s b e s t u n d e r th e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , I s h a l l v o te to p e r m i t th e p e o p le to s h a r e i n th e d e c i s io n a s to th e p r o p o s e d c h a n g e . If th e c o n s ti tu tio n i s a m e n d e d , i t i s m y h o p e th a t th e p r i v a t e s c h o o ls w h ic h m a y c o m e in to e x is t e n c e a s th e r e s u l t o f t u i tio n g r a n t s f o r p u p ils f r o m p u b lic fu n d s w ill n o t d a n g e r o u s ly i m p a i r th e f u n c tio n in g o f o u r p u b lic s c h o o l s y s te m , th o u g h a s th e r e s u l t o f th e a d d itio n a l f in a n c ia l b u r d e n , th e p o s s i b i l i t y of d a m a g e to th e s y s t e m c a n n o t b e l i g h tly d i s m i s s e d . M u ch w ill d e p e n d u p o n th e w is d o m o f th e G e n e r a l A s s e m b ly a n d o f th o s e d i r e c tin g th e a f f a i r s o f g o v e r n m e n t. It i s e s t i m a t e d th a t 750, 000 c h i l d r e n a r e n o w e n r o l l e d i n s c h o o ls in V ir g in i a . O f t h e s e , s o m e 715, 000 a r e in th e p u b lic s c h o o ls a n d o n ly a b o u t 35, 000 in p r i v a t e a n d p a r o c h i a l s c h o o ls . W ith 95% o f th e c h i l d r e n in p u b lic s c h o o ls , i t i s e a s y to s e e w h a t p u b lic e d u c a tio n m e a n s in V ir g in ia ; a n d e v e n e a s i e r to s e e w h a t w ill h a p p e n i f i t i s a b o lis h e d . i I do n o t b e lie v e th a t th e p e o p le o f V ir g in i a w ill s ta n d f o r th e h a n d s o f th e c lo c k o f p r o g r e s s to b e t u r n e d b a c k 85 y e a r s . T h e y k n o w th a t i t i s o n ly b y e d u c a tio n th a t th e a v e r a g e c h ild in V ir g in i a c a n h o p e to c o m p e te w ith th e b o y s a n d g i r l s in o th e r s t a t e s . T h e y kn o w th a t th e a b o litio n o f o u r p u b lic s c h o o ls w ill m e a n th a t t h e i r c h i l d r e n in l a r g e n u m b e r s w ill n o t b e a b le to g e t a n e d u c a tio n , w ith th e r e s u l t th a t y o u n g m e n a n d w o m e n f r o m th e N o r th a n d W est w ill m o v e in a n d ta k e o v e r th e b e s t jo b s . T h e y k n o w th a t in d u s t r y w ill n o t m o v e in to a s ta t e th a t d o e s n o t h a v e a g o o d s y s t e m o f p u b lic e d u c a tio n . T h e y k n o w th a t th e p r o g r e s s o f V ir g in i a d e p e n d s u p o n th e e d u c a tio n o f h e r y o u th ; a n d th e y k n o w th a t i t i s o n ly th e p u b lic s c h o o l w h ic h c a n do th e e d u c a tio n a l jo b f o r m o s t o f th e c h ild r e n . E v e r y m e m b e r o f th i s H o u se k n o w s th a t V i r g i n i a 's m o s t p r i c e l e s s p o s s e s s i o n i s h e r p u b lic s c h o o l s y s t e m . T h e p u b lic s c h o o l i s th e c ita d e l o f 2 0 th c e n t u r y d e m o c r a c y . T h is i s no tim e f o r p a r t i z a n p o l i t i c s o r f a c tio n a l d i f f e r e n c e s . T h is c r i s i s s u m m o n s to a c o m m o n m e e tin g g ro u n d a l l th o s e w ho b e lie v e in p u b lic s c h o o l e d u c a tio n a n d a r e r e a d y to c a r r y i t s b a n n e r a n d to f ig h t o n i t s s id e . T o a l l w ho so b e lie v e I e x te n d th e r i g h t h a n d o f f e llo w s h ip a n d p le d g e m y c o o p e r a t io n . -7 - �T r u l y t h e s e a r e d a y s w h ic h t r y m e n 's s o u l s . B u t i t w ill n o t a lw a y s b e s o . In d ue tim e th e fo g a b o u t u s w ill lif t, a n d th e b r i g h t s u n s h in e o f u n d e r s ta n d in g a n d g o o d - w ill w ill s t r i k e th r o u g h th e c lo u d s o f d o u b t a n d f e a r a n d m i s t r u s t w h ic h n o w e n v e lo p u s , a n d w e w ill b e h o ld o u r V ir g in i a s t r o n g e r a n d h a p p ie r th a n i t i s to d a y , a n d w ith a p u b lic s c h o o l s y s t e m I h o p e , w h ic h w ill b e o u r p r i d e a n d a p r e c i o u s le g a c y f o r o u r c h ild r e n . O u t o f th e r u i n s a n d c a r n a g e o f th e C iv il W a r o u r p u b lic s c h o o l s y s t e m e m e r g e d . F o r 85 y e a r s i t h a s s e r v e d w e ll th e p e o p le o f V ir g in i a . I t h a s c o m e d o w n to u s f r o m o u r f a t h e r s a s c u r h e r i t a g e . W e h o ld i t i n t r u s t . M ay w e b e w o r th y o f th a t t r u s t . M ay w e g u a r d i t a n d p r o t e c t i t w ith z e a lo u s care. - 8- � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Remarks of Delegate Robert Whitehead of Nelson County before the House of Delegates of Virginia on December 1, 1955 Description An account of the resource Remarks of Delegate Robert Whitehead of Nelson County before the House of Delegates of Virginia on December 1, 1955 regarding school desegregation issues. 9 pages Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Delegate Robert Whitehead Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-12-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_5_2_1_52 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/57f53426341ff89c44014f692a603f01.pdf ad876ab86180dbceb5c2d52764bea3d0 PDF Text Text After innumerable requests for comments on the January 9 referendum to amend the 8onstitution of Virginia, we^,the members and members elect of the Arlington; l\ school board have come to feel that «re have an obligation to the taxpayers citizens af-Arlington to point out the facts as we see them, e do not presume to t e l l anyone how to vote. There is , however, so l i t t l e time for the average voter to ferret out and assimilate a ll the facts on which to base his decision, we are glad to share with the public the conclusions w have e reached. ■ v ' ^'^ 1. The a d o p t i o n o f t h e G r a y r e p o r t w o u l d u n d o u b t e d l y r a i s e taxes. T h e operation ofXaXE either a triple school state a n d county s y stem or the granting of public f u n d s f o r p r i v a t e t u i t i o n s w o u l d r a i s e t h e p e r p u p i l c o s t . a realistic b u d g e t w o uld be impossible b e c a u ® that the b o a r d w o u l d be u n a b l e parents as adoption of the report would m e a n to determine in a d v ance t h e choice of many to ho w they wish their any departure children t o be educated, f r o m the e s t a b l i s h e d s y s t e m 2. burdens the Gray Commission im;oses !7e a r e u n a l t e r a b l y o p p o s e d t o t h e p a y m e n t schools, ife f e e l t h a t a n i n h e r e n t p r i n c i p l e tax monies are placed beyond the e do know that wou l d m e a n ei t h e r sacrificing the quality o f e d u c a t i o n our c h i l d r e n a r e n o w re c e i v i n g additional i d h Preparing or assuming whatever on the taxpayers. of tax monies to private of d e m o cracy is violated when control of the m a c hinery of representative government. 5. i7e a r e d e e p l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h would have on procuring and personnel. Good teachers Northern Virginia the keeping We are could easily escape concerned a the private schools. State department of Gray report teachers and administrative and those residing turmoil of an unstable in system by ities. about the q uality these n o w n o n - e x i s t i n g curriculum b y qualified can get w ork anywhere finding e m p l oyment i n nearby l ocal 4. effect the adoption of t h e rtf'. jns\> iJtx-j of teaching There education. children would receive could be n o control Would they meet over standards in �#2 of a c c r e d i t a t i o n a n d c o l l e g e e n t r a n c e r e q u i r e m e n t s ? S t udents c o u l d b e i n d o c t r i n a t e d along a n y l i n e s s c h o o l ^here w o u l d b e n o c o n t r o l o v e r K selection, 1 or p u p i l teac h e r ow n e r s m i g h t f e e l to b e d e s i r a b l e . c e r t i f i c a t i o n o f t e a c h e r s , text b o o k oad. I f c h i l d r e n w e r e wi t h d r a w n f r o m p u b l i c schools i n l a r g e en o u g h n u m b e r s t h i s could. Jihhld s e r i o u s l y affe c t th e c h i l d r e n r e m a i n i n g i n t h e pu b l i c s chools a n d co u l d c o n c e i v a b l y lead t o c o m b i n a t i o n c l a sses a m d g r o u p i n g s no t i n l i n e w i t h the b e s t e d u c a t i o n a l policy. 5. VJe d o b e l i e v e the q u e s t i o n b e f o r e us on J a n u a r y 9 r e s o l v e s i t s e l f a v L M * e to r /v h~ w h e t h e r o r n o t the tax' p a y e r s o f A r l i n g t o n a r e w i l l i n g t o e n t r u s t t h e f a t e o f t h e schools f o r w h i c h t h e y h a v e work e d and sacrificed to a n unchartered course w h i c h l e a d s w e k n o w not where. The only thing we p a h say w i t h any assurance a t t h i s t i m e is t h a t a "Yes" v o t e o n the to errendum will inevitably lead h i g h e r t a x e s and a c o n f u s e d s i t u a t i o n fo r s o m e t i m e io come. f �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Draft of school board reply to January referendum to amend the Constitution of Virginia and general comments on Gray Report. Description An account of the resource Draft of school board reply to January referendum to amend the Constitution of Virginia and general comments on Gray Report. 3 pages Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No date Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant unknown Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_5_2_1_50 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/051f64d35fe04a6b8a2ae6cb94d7a17b.pdf 0461d1d90bca9723ce840753529ead39 PDF Text Text Sum m a r y o f L e g i s l a t i o n S p o n s o r e d "by the FAIRFAX CITIZENS' COUNCIL and H o w it W i l l P r e v e n t I n t e g r a t i o n i n P u b l i c Schools 1. a. The C o n s t i t u t i o n of V i r g i n i a e m p o w e r s the L e g i s l a t u r e to e s t a b l i s h a s y s t e m of s e g r e g a t e d p u b l i c schools. b. St a t e l a w requi r e s a t t e n d a n c e at s u c h s e g r e g a t e d p u b l i c schools. c. T h e C o n s t i t u t i o n of V i r g i n i a does N O T e m p o w e r a n y p e r s o n or g r o u p to o p e r a t e a n y i n t e g r a t e d s c h o o l in Virginia. 2. a. T h e V i r g i n i a L e g i s l a t u r e is r e q u i r e d to u p h o l d th e C o n s t i t u t i o n a n d La w s of V i r g i n i a . b. I n o r d e r t o a l l o w a n i n t e g r a t e d pu b l i c s c h o o l t o o p e r a t e in V i r g i n i a th e L e g i s l a t u r e w o u l d ha v e t o d i s r e g a r d the r e q u i r e m e n t s o f the C o n s t i t u t i o n a n d L a w s of Virginia. c. U n l e s s the peo p l e of V i r g i n i a ch a n g e the C o n s t i t u t i o n of V i r g i n i a , operation of a n y i n t e g r a t e d p u b l i c s c h o o l is A G A I N S T T H E LAW. 3. a. If a n y p u b l i c school i n V i r g i n i a is i n t e g r a t e d , it w o u l d b e o p e r a t i n g unconstitutionally and illegally, b. T h e S t a t e L e g i s l a t u r e is l e g a l l y a n d m o r a l l y b o u n d t o cl o s e a n y i l l e g a l l y o p e r a t e d p u b l i c school. I . a. G o v e r n o r St a n l e y ' s p l a n w i l l p r e v e n t st a t e t a x m o n e y f r o m b e i n g s p e n t f o r t i n t e g r a t e d schools. 5. a. D e l e g a t e C. W. C l e a t o n ' s p l a n w i l l p r e v e n t l o c a l t a x m o n e y f r o m b e i n g s p e n t f o r i n t e g r a t e d schools. W I T H O U T T H I S P R O T E C T I O N W E C A N B E T A X E D T O DEA T H . 6. a. S t a t e s u p p o r t of s e g r e g a t e d schools f o r a l l V i r g i n i a n s is p r o v i d e d b y t h e V i r g i n i a Constitution. b. P E R S O N S O B E Y I N G T H E L A W S O F V I R G I N I A W I L L B E P R O V I D E D W I T H S C H O O L S F O R T H E I R CHILDREN. Conclusion 1. L o c a l l y i n t e g r a t e d s c h o o l s w o u l d b e c o m e b a n k r u p t w i t h i n a f e w w e e k s d u e t o i n a b i l i t y or r e f u s a l of i n t e g r a t i o n i s t s t o p a y t h e c o s t ou t of t h e i r o w n pockets. T h e i n t e g r a t i o n i s t s k n o w this. T H A T IS T O Y T H E Y A R E A F R A I D OF T H E C I E A T O N P L A N T H A T IS W H Y W E N E E D IT. 2. V o l u n t a r i l y segr e g a t e d s c h o o l s , b o t h w h i t e a n d c o l o r e d , w i l l c o n t i n u e to o p e rate as i n the p a s t w i t h f u n d s f r o m state a n d l o c a l taxes. The r e wil l be no chan g e i n lega l l y o p e r a t e d p u b l i c schools. Through coordination w it h our fearless stat e s m e n i n Virginia's Legislature, the a b o v e s o l ution t o t h e p r o b l e m of t o t a l i t a r i a n f o r c e d i n t e g r a t i o n is th e a i m of t h e F a i r f a x Cit i z e n s ' Council. The c o n c e p t that ma t t e r s o f m a j o r p o l i c y c o n c e r n i n g th e ideals, t r a d i t i o n s , h e r i t a g e s a n d t i m e - h o n o r e d w a y o f l i f e o f V i r g i n i a a n d its p e o p l e , s hould, to the f u l l e s t ext e n t p e r m i s s i b l e u n d e r t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n of V i r g i n i a , b e e s t a b ­ l i s h e d b y the g o v e r n m e n t of t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h i n s t e a d of this r e s p o n s i b i l i t y b e i n g d e l e g a t e d to lo c a l s u b d i v i s i o n s o r c o m m u n i t i e s u n d e r fo r m s of l o c a l option. F A I R F A X CITIZENS' C O U N C I L F a i r f a x .County, Va. Address: R o u t e 2, B o x 592 McLean, Virginia Phones: Crescent 3-1809 Jefferson 2-7879 E l m w o o d 6 - L L 86 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summary of Legislation Sponsored by the Fairfax Citizens' Council and How it Will Prevent Integration in Public Schools Description An account of the resource Summary of Legislation Sponsored by the Fairfax Citizens' Council and How it Will Prevent Integration in Public Schools Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fairfax Citizens' Council Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No date Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant unknown Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_5_2_1_49 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/00a36b46a8a61cd5a54dc30dec53bbf0.pdf da6f046ef8133d615f4544b0b216d578 PDF Text Text SPEECH OF DELEGATE KATHRYN f . STONE l. TO THE HOUSE OF DELEGATES GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF VIRGINIA December 2, 1955 Gentlemen: I want to state before beginning my remarks that I regret the necessity I find today of differing from the rest of my home delegation. We have stood together on every important issue in the past, and I hope that we shall do so in the future. In beginning, I want to read a precious phrase from our Virginia Bill of Rights. And may I say that next to the Bible and my Christian faith, the Virginia Bill of Rights is, in its origins and in its present meaning, to me the most precious part of my American heritage. The accident of one's birth, whether on the soil of Iowa or Virginia, does not determine the strength of one's feeling for, and dedication to its priceless words, which are without peer in the language of government. It is what is in our hearts, our minds — our acts. The phrase I would read is the concluding portion of the Section on religious freedom — Section 16: . . . "and that it is the mutual duty of all to practice Christian forbearance, love and charity towards each other". I a m reminded in these days of a vivid word picture which I recently read of the sectional differences in point of view which existed in Virginia during the years of crisis in the 18th Century, It said that the differences in the composition of the House of Burgesses could be plainly detected from the hats on the pegs at the Raleigh Tavern, which displayed, side-by-side, imported conical felts and shapeless caps of coonskin. The rest of the contrast can be imagined. The felts topped off a mode of velvets, laces and curled white wigs copied from London and accompanied by the ceremonial sword. The coonskins went with buckskin breeches and matchcoats of Indian pattern, and bespoke the ever ready musket of the frontier. Yet we know from a reading of history that the sectional politics of colonial Virginia were eventually reconciled, and that all Virginians pulled together in days of crisis. From the men in the buckskin breeches came leaders who matched their wits with the gentlemen of tidewater, and were no less Virginians. It was said then, in colonial Virginia, that you could from the name of his county. And perhaps you think this is simply this — that we must cultivate mutual tolerance, and respect for one another's points of view. I am as eager to titude of Christian forbearance, love and charity among the towards all of Virginia as I trust you gentlemen, from your tell a man's politics true today. My point is more understanding and help to attain this at people of my County varying sections, are. I think I need hardly say to you gentlemen that during the session of 1954. I grew to respect and admire you and your dedication to public service. I feel that way about the members of the Gray Commission, even though I believe that it was their misfortune that some important elements of our State were unrepresented. I feel also that some of the energy released here in the public hearing was merely the pent-up reaction of people who had waited many weary months without reports of the thinking of the inner councils. It is one of the axioms of representative government that there must be a two-way flow of action and reaction between representatives and the electorate. When this process is too long deferred, I believe you must expect some �- 2- degree of explosive reaction, and a natural degree of bafflement, incomplete under standing and bewilderment. This is especially true because many feel that the_ de tails of the Gray Commission plan are not spelled out, and that much will depend on how this is done and what the timing, will be. I know that many of you — perhaps most of you — believe that the Gray Com mission proposals represent a course of moderation between two extremes, and I for one, would sincerely seek a course of moderation. 1 believe that the 32 men of the Commission labored hard to do what they thought best. . It is, therefore, hard for me to rise and say what I believe — that amending section 141 of the Constitution can easily lead to the demise *r serious crippling of public education as we know it in Virginia today. # # # # » # I have a revered and venerable friend who has been the a/|visor to some five or six Presidents of the United States who has often said that if tomorrow we were to take a vote on universal manhood suffrage the vote would go against it. This is his way of saying that the great accomplishments of our nation, which we take for granted, are not deeply enough appreciated by the citizens. His is the thesis that these great accomplishments of past generations must periodically be freshly re evaluated and that it probably takes crises to produce such fresh thought. It. is time, therefore, to think of the meaning of public education to all of us — every one of us — whether we think as parent, as employer or just plain citizen. Cur intricate national life cannot maintain itself without an educated citizenry. We have only half as many doctors as we need, only one-third as many engineers as we need — not nearly enough teachers, or nurses. We have large numbers of people who are dependent upon society — many of them because they received insufficient education or a faulty and inadequate education. Without education today children cannot find themselves. They must be helped to understand better the nature of our complicated world, they must develop skills and competency, they must be prepared to contribute to society — to become self-sustaining — to learn to carry their share of the common burdens of a highly complex world. Out Virginia free public schools have shown remarkable progress in recent years, yet much remains to be done. They are not strong enough — yet - to withstand such blows as the tuition grant plan would likely deal them — if indeed any public school system anywhere would be. Only a few days ago our State Board of Education removed accreditation from 15 high schools. Nearly 100 more were warned that they must show substantial improve ment to retain accreditation. Gentlemen:- this is 1/5 of the high schools of the State. Some of our school systems are not yet 12 year systems. Virginia ranks 41st in per pujjil expenditures among the states with an average in 1953-54 of $177.24 — other states up to $360, Our teacher turnover is extremely high and we need 3,500 more qualified teachers than we presently have, if we would maintain good public school education. Gentlemen: I am speaking today because I deeply believe that this great Common wealth is embarking on a wrong course of action in taking steps which will result in the payment of public money for private school education. �- 3 I believe that I am voicing the predominant view of my constituents. It is also my personal conviction. I believe that the attitude of defiance of the Supreme Court's decision, and the elaborate attempt to circumvent it is the wrong way to seek a solution to the very roal and serious problem which confronts us, I believe also that a sincere, first step, however small, would haire been under stood by our Federal courts, and I cannot believe but that the Supreme Court will be very patient indeed should we evidence such sincerity. Actually, I believe the pupil assignment plan, gently and thoughtfully admin istered in the various localities, according to their circumstances, could be made to do the job. In opposing the amendment of Section 141, may I say first that I am not opposing the use of State funds for the education of those very special groups whose aid has been suddenly cut off by The Virginia Court's decision. The State should probably increase the aid to education of such worthy individuals and ways must be found to do so. I would point out, however, that this problem has been greatly exagerated in respect to the portions of tuition aid which has gone for private schooling. Ai^out 2 8 0 physically handicapped students are receiving grants so that they can prepare for vocations. The total cost of the program is $65,000, but of this the Federal Government pays 2/3, and the number of handicapped students using these grants for non-public schooling represents only 10$ of the total program. Of the 1,000 teacher scholarships, only 66 are presently used for tuition in private colleges. Only 6 of the 27 war orphans receiving tuition aid are enrolled in private schools. Gentlemen: the problem of these special cases has been exagerated. The case of Almond vs Day was plaihly a handle to clear the way for this Special Session and begin the process of legalizing the way for private tuition grants. This is the more unfortunate because the long-term legality of such grants is highly dubious. WHY DO I FEAR THAT PUBLIC FREE SCHOOLS WILL BE UNDERMINED AND THEIR FUTURE PROGRESS IMPAIRED? I WOULD ASK YOU, HOW CAN A COMPETING, MAKESHIFT SYSTEM OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS, HASTILY ERECTED AMIDST CONFUSION AND EMOTION DO OTHERWISE? This tuition grant proposal would remove from the Stato Board of Education the authority it now has to maintain standards. What would happen to the accredition of high school graduates wishing to enter college? Diplomas from these hastily erected private schools would suroly not be recognized outside the State of Virginia, and probably would not be recognized by many Virginia colleges. This tuition grant proposal removes from the Division Superintendents of Schools administrative powers they need to do their job properly, and it places upon local Boards of Education administrative responsibility for detail which no policy making board should have to handle. Seme localities in Virginia, under this plan, may be for some time without public schools — although I agree with several speakers who said yesterday that the State's obligation in Section 129 — that the General Assembly "shallT-establish and maintain an efficient system of public free schools throughout the State" — would require us eventually to fill such gaps with State-run public schools, as offensive as that would be to our belief in local responsibility. �- 4 - That compulsory school attendance law could not and would not be enforced. Transportation, so vital to our contemporary schools, might or might not be provided. The traditional school year of nine months will not be required. The administration of the teacher retirement system would be difficult and confused, I have been wondering, for example, how teachers presently teaching in private schools — many of them without pension plans — will feel about being excluded when the teachers from the newly erected private schools are being covered. The expansion of the Attorney General's office, and provision for counsel for school boards, recommended in the Gray Commission plan constitutes fore warning of the endless legal difficulties and expense to be expected. The administration of the private tuition grants open up countless opportunities for fraud, and could not but be expensive. The Gray Commission recognizes this with its recommendation that "Any person who expends a tuition grant for any purpose other than the education of his child should be amenable to prosecution therefor." Like the Gentleman from Botetourt, I am concerned for my people. I know that you are saying that this private tuition system will not really be widely used. I have heard your forecasts that this elaborate proposal is but a threat, just in case the pupil assignment plan does not work as you hope it will. I also have the right and indeed the obligation to forecast what I think will happen. You have heard that the citizens of Arlington do not completely agree. In this we are not unique. This is what I believe is likely to happen in any County. When we take a moderate first step - probably by sprinkling some 50 Negro children who do not live in predominantly Negro neighborhoods throughout the 29 white elementary schools, I know full well that many a parent will immediately apply for the private tuition grant. Our local expenditure per pupil in 1953-54 was $234. It is higher now, approaching $300. The income level of our community is relatively high. Many parents will no doubt willingly add from their own pockets sufficient money to enter their children in private schools. We have about 60 pri vate schools for preschool and young children now. These schools will attempt to expand by adding more grades. Do not think that the cost to Arlington, and to the State will be slight. How will our School Board be able to plan a budget? Superintendents make sensible and economical plans? How can the Division The cost of partially filled public schools will remain nearly as great as our present well filled schools. Our cost for education will sky-rocket — they would, that is, if the citizens of our community would stand for it, but I'm afraid they won't. You Gentlemen have heard of the colonial cry, "NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTA TION", If I understand my citizenry at all, they will quickly raise a new cry; "WE WILL NOT BE TAXED TO PAY FOR TUITION GRANTS FOR PRIVATE EDUCATION." » » » # » * * * �I agree with the Gentleman from Fairfax, that the course on which you are about to embark is legally, morally, and politically wrong. Besides this, it may well turn out to be fantastically expensive. And extricating yourselves from the intolerable muddle which will probably result will consume many more weary hours in this chamber than you have spent in the last few do.ys» The perplexities of these few days in which you launch the Gray Commission plan will seem mild in retrospect when you become engulfed in the infinitely greater perplexities which I believe are sure to result from this course of action,, One final word — many of you are making a great point of submitting the prop osition to the people. I also, in all ordinary circumstances believe in a popular referendum. But I do not believe in buck-passing, and I do not believe in haste in such a grave matter as the amendment of our Constitution. I have had considerable experience in voter education on important issues, and I know that voters as a whole cannot possibly be well informed by early January. We, the representatives of the people, are taking a great responsibility when we put such a far-reaching proposition before the people at any time, let alone in haste. We have the opportunity in this chamber for thorough and mature debate with all of the facts. The people have not had this opportunity and they will not be able to manage full public discussion in the holiday season. I believe the tuition grant plan is wrong. Therefore, I believe, we should find the wisdom to work out our problem in other ways. I believe we should come back for the regular session and enact the pupil assignment plan. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Speech by Delegate Kathryn H. Stone to the House of Delegates, General Assembly of Virginia, December 2, 1955 Description An account of the resource Speech by Delegate Kathryn H. Stone to the House of Delegates, General Assembly of Virginia, December 2, 1955, voicing her person conviction that "the attitude of defiance of the Supreme Court's decision" is the wrong way to seek a solution to desegregation of schools in Virginia. 5 pages Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Delegate Kathryn H. Stone Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-12-02 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_5_2_1_34 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/9f211785f9e172251aaf4bb2afcfd489.pdf 9f7a529bd6eded0a6543e5ddfd38edd3 PDF Text Text ARLINGTON COJNTY PER PUPIL EXPENDITURE \ Actual 195U-5S Local Federal Funds 2 42.05 1. >*275.1+9 51.18 * State Funds (ADA) Estimated 1955-56 59 . 1 + 3 U7.15 35.76 •»3lIo.38 i.370 ! 6 8 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Arlington County Per Pupil Expenditure Description An account of the resource Arlington County Per Pupil Expenditure Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington County Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No date Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant unknown Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_5_2_1_33 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/bb941a366fbc7b1b0847a1d8811d7227.pdf e17c868b21cbb3fec15c09b4dbf71bb1 PDF Text Text ( \ SPEECH OF DELEGATE KATHRYN H. STONE TO THE HOUSE OF DELEGATES GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF VIRGINIA December 2, 1955 Gentlemem I want to state before beginning my remarks that I regret the necessity I find today of differing from the rest of my home delegation. We have stood together on every important issue in the past, and I hope that we shall do so in the future. * * * * * * In beginning, I want to read a precious phrase from our Virginia Bill of Rights. And may I say that next to the Bible and my Christian faith, the Virginia Bill of Rights is, in its origins and in its present meaning, to me the most precious part of my American heritage. The accident of one's birth, whether on the soil of Iowa or Virginia, does not determine the strength of one's feeling for, and dedication to its priceless words, which are without peer in the language of government. It is what is in our hearts, our minds — our acts. The phrase I would read is the concluding portion of the Section on religious freedom — Section 16: . . . "and that it is the mutual duty of all to practice Christian forbearance, love and charity towards each other". I am reminded in these days of a vivid word picture which I recently read of the sectional differences in point of view which existed in Virginia during the years of crisis in the 18th Century, It said that the differences in the composition of the House of Burgesses could be plainly detected from the hats on the pegs at the Raleigh Tavern, which displayed, side-by-side, imported conical felts and shapeless caps of coonskin. The rest of the contrast can be imagined. The felts topped off a mode of velvets, laoes and curled white wigs copied from London and accompanied by the ceremonial sword. The coonskins went with buckskin breeches and matchcoats of Indian pattern, and bespoke the ever ready musket of the frontier. Yet we know from a reading of history that the sectional politics of colonial Virginia were eventually reconciled, and that all Virginians pulled together in days of crisis. From the men in the buckskin breeches came leaders who matched their wits with the gentlemen of tidewater, and were no less Virginians. It was said then, in colonial Virginia, that you could from the name of his county. And perhaps you think this is simply this — that we must cultivate mutual tolerance, and respect for one another's points of view. I am as eager to titude of Christian forbearance, love and charity among the towards all of Virginia as I trust you gentlemen, from your tell a man's politics true today. My point is more understanding and help to attain this at people of my County varying sections, are. I think I need hardly say to you gentlemen that during the session of 1954 I grew to respect and admire you and your dedication to public service. I feel that way about the members of the Gray Commission, even though I believe that it was their misfortune that some important elements of our State were unrepresented. I feel also that some of the energy released here in the public hearing was merely the pent-up reaction of people who had waited many weary months without reports of the thinking of the inner councils. It is one of the axioms of representative government that there must be a two-way flow of action and reaction between representatives and the electorate. When this process is too long deferred, I believe you must expect some �- 2 - degree of explosive reaction, and a natural degree of bafflement, incomplete under standing and bewilderment. This is especially true because many feel that the de tails of the Gray Commission plan are not Spelled out, and that much will depend on how this is done and what the timing will be. I know that many of you — perhaps most of you — believe that the Gray Com mission proposals represent a course of moderation between two extremes, and I for one, would .sincerely seek, a course of moderation. I believe that the 32 men of the Commission labored hard to do what they thought best. It is, the r e f o r e , h a r d for m e t o r i s e a n d sa y w h a t I b e l i e v e — that amending s e c t i o n 1 41 of t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n c a n e a s i l y l e a d to t h e d e m i s e er serious c r i p p l i n g of p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n as w e k n o w it i n V i r g i n i a today. * * * * * * I have a revered and venerable friend who has been the advisor to some five or six Presidents of the United States who has often said that if tomorrow we were to take a vote on universal manhood suffrage the vote would go against it. This is his way of saying that the great accomplishments of our nation, which we take for granted, are not deeply enough appreciated by the citizens. His is the thesis that these great accomplishments of past generations must periodically be freshly re evaluated and that it probably takes crises to produce such fresh thought. It is time, therefore, to think of the meaning of public education to all of u s ---every one of us — . whether we think as parent, as employer or just plain citizen. Our intricate national life cannot maintain itself without an educated citiaenry. We have only half as many doctors as we need, only one-third as many engineers as we need — not nearly enough teachers, or nurses. We have large numbers of people who are dependent upon society — many of them because they received insufficient education or a faulty and inadequate education. Without education today children cannot find themselves. They must be helped to understand better the nature of our complicated world, they must develop skills and competency, they must be prepared to contribute to society — to become self-sustaining — to learn to carry their share of the common burdens of a highly complex world. Out Virginia free public schools have shown remarkable progress in recent years, yet much remains to be done. They are not strong enough - yet - to withstand such blows as the tuition grant plan would likely deal them — if indeed any public school system anywhere would be. Only a few days ago our State Board of Education removed accreditation from 15 high schools. Nearly 100 more were warned that they must show substantial improve ment to retain accreditation. Gentlemens- this is 1/5 of the high schools of the State. Some of our school systems are not yet 12 year systems. V i r g i n i a r a n k s 4 1 s t i n per pu{>il e x p e n d i t u r e s a m o n g t h e states w i t h a n a v e r a g e i n 1 9 5 3 - 5 4 of $ 1 7 7 . 2 4 — other s t a t e s u p t o $360. Our teacher turnover is extremely high and we need 3,500 more qualified teachers than we presently have, if we would maintain good public school education. Gentlemens I am speaking today because I deeply believe that this great Common wealth is embarking on a wrong course of action in taking steps which will result in the payment of public money for private school education. �- 3 I believe that I am voicing the predominant view of my constituents. It is also m y personal conviction. I believe that the attitude of defiance of the Supreme Court’s decision, and the elaborate attempt to circumvent it is the wrong way to seek a solution to the very roal and serious problem which confronts us. I believe also that a sincere first step, however small, would hatte been under stood by our Federal courts, and I cannot believe but that the Supreme Court will be very patient indeed should we evidence such sincerity. Actually, I believe the pupil assignment plan, gently and thoughtfully admin istered in the various localities, according to their circumstances, could be made to do the job. In opposing the amendment of Section 141, may I say first that I am not opposing the use of State funds for the education of those very special groups whose aid has been suddenly cut off by The Virginia Court's decision. The State should probably increase the aid to education of such worthy individuals and ways must be found to 'do so, X would, point out, however, that this problem has been greatly exagerated in respect to the portions of tuition aid which has gone for private schooling. A^out 2&0 physically handicapped students are receiving grants so that they can prepare for vocations. The total cost of the program is $65,000, but of this the Federal Government pays 2/3, and the number of handicapped students using these grants for non-public schooling represents only 1 0 % of the total program. Of the 1,000 teacher scholarships, only 66 are presently used for tuition in private colleges* Only 6 of the 27 war orphans receiving tuition aid are enrolled in private schools. Gentlemen! the problem of these special cases has been exagerated. The case of Almond vs Day was plaihly a handle to clear the way for this Special Session and begin the process of legalizing the way for private tuition grants. This is the more unfortunate because the long-term legality of such grants is highly dubious. WHY DO I FEAR THAT PUBLIC FREE SCHOOLS WILL BE UNDERMINED AND THEIR FUTURE PROGRESS IMPAIRED? I WOULD ASK YOU, HOW CAN A COMPETING, MAKESHIFT SYSTEM OF PRIVATE SCfOOLS, HASTILY ERECTED AMIDST CONFUSION AND EMOTION DO OTHERWISE? This tuition grant proposal would remove from the Stato Board of Education the authority it now has to maintain standards. ’ What would happen to the accredition of high school graduates wishing to enter college? Diplomas from these hastily erected private schools would suroly not be recognized outside the State of Virginia, and probably would not be recognized by many Virginia colleges. This tuition grant proposal removes from the Division Superintendents of Schools administrative powers they need to do their job properly, and it places upon local Boards of Education administrative responsibility for detail which no policy making board should have to handle. Some localities in Virginia, under this plan, may be for some time without public schools — although I agree with several speakers who said yesterday that the State's obligation in Section 129 — that the General Assembly "shall establish and maintain an efficient system of public free schools throughout the State" — would require us eventually to fill such gaps with State-run public schools, as offensive as that would be to our belief in local responsibility. �~ 4 T h a t c omp u l s o r y scho o l attendance l a w could not and w o u l d n o t be enforced. Transportation, provided. so vi t a l to o u r c o n t e m p o r a r y schools, m i g h t or might n o t b e T h e t r a d i t i o n a l school year of n i n e m o n t h s will n o t b e required. T h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of the t e a cher r e t i r e m e n t system w o u l d b e d i f ficult a n d confused. I h a v e b e e n w o n d e r i n g , fo r example, h o w t e a c h e r s p r e s e n t l y t e a c h i n g in p r i v a t e schools — m a n y of th e m w i t h o u t p e n s i o n pl a n s — w i l l f e e l a b o u t b e i n g e x c l u d e d w h e n the teachers f r o m the n e w l y erected p r i v a t e s c h o o l s are being covered. T h e e x p a n s i o n of t h e A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l ' s office, and p r o v i s i o n f o r counsel f o r school b o a r d s , r e c ommended i n t h e G r a y Commission p l a n constitutes f o r e w a r n i n g o f t h e endless le g a l diffic u l t i e s and e x p e n s e to b e expected. T h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of the p r i v a t e t u i t i o n grants ope n u p countless oppo r t u n i t i e s f o r fraud, a n d could no t b u t b e expensive. The G r a y Commission recognises this w i t h its r e c o m m e n d a t i o n t h a t " A n y p erson w h o ex p e n d s a tu i t i o n g r a n t f o r a n y p u r p o s e other t h a n t h e e d u c a t i o n of his c h i l d sh o u l d b e a m e n a b l e t o p r o s e c u t i o n therefor." L i k e t h e G e n t l e m a n f r o m B o t etourt, I a m concerned f o r m y p eople. I know that y o u a r e saying t h a t this priv a t e t u i t i o n syst e m will not r e a l l y be w i d e l y us e d . I h a v e h e a r d y o u r f o r e c a s t s t h a t this e l a b o r a t e proposal is b u t a threat, just i n case t h e p u p i l a s s i g n m e n t p l a n does not w o r k a s y o u hope it will. I also have t h e ri g h t and ind e e d t h e o b ligation to f o r e c a s t wh a t I t h i n k w i l l happ e n . Y o u h a v e h e a r d t h a t the c i t i z e n s of A r l i n g t o n d o n o t c o m p l e t e l y a gree. In t h i s w e are n o t unique. This is w h a t I b e l i e v e is l i k e l y t o h a p p e n in an y C o u n t y . W h e n w e take a m o d e r a t e first st e p - p r o b a b l y b y s p r i n k l i n g some 50 N e g r o c h i l d r e n w h o do n o t l i v e in p r e d o m i n a n t l y Negro n e ighborhoods t h r o u g h o u t the 29 w h i t e elementary schools, I k n o w f u l l w e l l t h a t m a n y a p a r e n t w i l l i m m e d i a t e l y a p p l y for th e p r i v a t e t u i t i o n grant. O u r loc a l e x pendit u r e p e r pupil i n 1 9 5 3 - 5 4 w a s $234. It is h i g h e r now, a p p r o a c h i n g $3 0 0 . Th e in c o m e l e v e l of our c o m m u n i t y is r e l a t i v e l y high. M a n y p arents will n o d o u b t w i l l i n g l y a d d f r o m th e i r own p o c k e t s s u f f icie n t m o n e y t o e n t e r their c h i l d r e n in private schools. W e have about 60 p r i v a t e schools f o r p r e s c h o o l and yo u n g c h i l d r e n now. T h e s e s c h o o l s w i l l att e m p t to e x p a n d b y add i n g m o r e grades. Do n o t t h i n k that the cos t t o Arlington, a£d to the S t a t e will be slight. H o w will our S c h o o l Board b e a b l e to p l a n a budget? S u p e r i n t e n d e n t s m a k e sen s i b l e and e c o n o m i c a l plans? H o w can the D i v ision T h e cost of p a r t i a l l y f illed p u b l i c schools will r e m a i n n e a r l y a s great a s ou r p r e s e n t w e l l f i l l e d schools. Our c o s t f o r e d ucation w i l l s k y - r o c k e t — they would, that is, if the c i t i z e n s of our c o m m u n i t y w o u l d stand f o r it, b u t I ' m a f r a i d t h e y wo n ' t . You Gentlemen have heard of the colonial cry, "NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTA TION". If I understand my citizenry at all, they will quickly raise a new crys "WE WILL NOT BE TAXED TO PAY FOR TUITION GRANTS FOR PRIVATE EDUCATION." » * * * * * ♦ # �I agree with the Gentleman from Fairfax, that the course on which you are about -to embark is legally, morally, and politically wrong. Besides this, it may well turn out to be fantastically expensive. And extricating yourselves from the intolerable muddle which will probably result will consume many more weary hours in this chamber than you have spent in the last few days. The perplexities of these few days in which you launch the Gray Commission plan will seem mild in retrospect when you become engulfed in the infinitely greater perplexities which I believe are sure to result from this course of action,, One final word — many of you are making a great point of submitting the prop osition to the people, I also, in all ordinary circumstances believe in a popular referendum. But I do not believe in buck-passing, and I do not believe in haste in such a grave matter as the amendment of our Constitution. I have had considerable experience in voter education on important issues, and I know that voters as a whole cannot possibly be well informed by early January. We, the representatives of the people, are taking a great responsibility when we put such a far-reaching proposition before the people at any time, let alone in haste. We have the opportunity in this chamber for thorough and mature debate with all of the facts. The people have not had this opportunity and they will not be able to manage full public discussion in the holiday season. I believe the tuition grant plan is wrong. Therefore, I believe, we should find the wisdom to work out our problem in other ways. I believe we should come back for the regular session and enact the pupil assignment plan. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Speech by Delegate Kathryn H. Stone to the House of Delegates, General Assembly of Virginia, December 2, 1955 Description An account of the resource Speech by Delegate Kathryn H. Stone to the House of Delegates, General Assembly of Virginia, December 2, 1955, voicing her person conviction that "the attitude of defiance of the Supreme Court's decision" is the wrong way to seek a solution to desegregation of schools in Virginia. 5 pages Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Delegate Kathryn H. Stone Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-12-02 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_5_2_1_30 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/d3f4b5cea973a02720ea2521c128f683.pdf 5bc903f13ac591d71de95d0f969f603d PDF Text Text \ Ch. 56 Acts of t h e 1956 Extra S e s s i o n of the Vir g i n i a General A s s e m b l y _________________________________________________________________ "An A c t to make a v a i lable to certain counties, cities and t o w n s f unds to be e x p e n d e d in fu r t h e r a n c e of the e l e m e n t a r y a n d / o r secondary e d u c a t i o n of p u p i l s in non s e c t a r ian private schools and for payments to t eachers and other employees u n d e r certain conditions, and to provide for a d e t e r m i n a t i o n of the amount an d conditions f o r receipt of such funds." 1 R a c e R e i s . L. R e p . 1 0 9 2 . §1. A m o u n t s u n d e r I t ems 133, 134, 137, 13 8 and 143 o f Ch. 716 o f t h e A c t s of A s s e m b l y o f 1 9 5 6 to which elementary school systems were entitled which are w i t h h e l d s hall b e a v a i l a b l e f o r i n s t r u c t i o n of pupils in nonsectarian private schools and for pay ment of salaries of unemployed teachers and other public school employees to the extent of the terms and c o n d i t i o n s of t h e i r contracts or t h e end of the s c h o o l year, w h i c h e v e r is longer. §2. Same provi s i o n s s c h o o l systems. as il covering secondary §3. F u n d s p r o v i d e d b y ill & 2 t o b e a l l o c a t e d to each pupil attending a nonsectarian private school on t h e basis of the t otal amount w i t h h e l d divided by the n u m b e r of children f o r m e r l y a t t e n d i n g th e public sch o o l system. §4. An y funds t o be d istributed u n d e r terms of §3 r e m a i n i n g u n d i s t r i b u t e d s h o u l d b e a l l o c a t e d t o c h i l d r e n already r e c e i v i n g grants, but not to exceed th e a c t u a l attendance at the private school, and not to exceed #350 per p upil per year f r o m all public sources. §5. Satisfactory evidence of expenditures for edu c a t i o n a l purposes in nonsectarian p r i v a t e schools must be furnished. §6. If current d a t a mine allocation of funds, s h a l l b e used. Ch. 57 are the not a v a i l a b l e to most recent data deter available Acts of th e 1956 Extra S e s s i o n of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y _________________________________________________________________ "An Act of money b y t o authorize c e r t a i n localities to raise sumes a t a x on property, subject to local taxation, to be e x p e n d e d by local s c h o o l author i t i e s f o r educational purposes, including cost of transportation, and to impose penalties §1. for violations." Authorizes levy 1 of Race such In lieu of such a L. Rep. educational pu b l i c welf a r e m a y r e q u i r e in taxation or appropriation for §2. Reis. 1093« taxes areas w h e r e there public schools. levy, appropriation as the is no for e d u c a t i o n a l purposes m a y be m ade f r o m t h e general coun t y or city levy. The governing b o d y m a y also make appropriation for educational purposes from any other funds available. �r * §3. In any t o w n w h e r e no l evy or a p p r opriation is m a d e f o r o p e r a t i o n o f p u b l i c s c h o o l s , i f it c o n stitutes a separate school district, the governing b o d y is a u t h o r i z e d t o c o l l e c t a d d i t i o n a l t a x e s on p r o p e r t y subject to l ocal taxation, f or educational pur p o s e s , but not t o ex c e e d 1 of t h e a s s e s s e d value of taxable property. I n lieu of such a levy, a p p r o p r i a t i o n m a y be m a d e out of the g e n e r a l t o w n lev y or % any other §4. source. Any town where no levy or appropriation is m a d e f o r o p e r a t i o n o f p u b l i c schools, i f it c o n s t i t u t e s a separate s c h o o l district, is e n t i t l e d t o its s h a r e o f s c h o o l f u n d s , §22-14-1 o f t h e C o d e a n d is a u t h o r i z e d and r e q u i r e d to expend same for educational p u r p o s e s u n d e r t e r m s o f §7 below. §5. If a n y t o w n c o n s t i t u t e s a s e p a r a t e t o w n s c h o o l d i s t r i c t a n d i t s c o u n t y d o e s n o t t a x or a p p r o priate for operation of public schools, an additional t o w n sch o o l levy on l o c a l taxable property, not ex ceeding of the a s s e s s e d valuation, m a y be raised. If the county levies a t a x or makes an appropriation f o r e d u c a t i o n a l p u r p o s e s , the t o w n s h a l l r e c e i v e its s h a r e o f such f u n d s u n d e r §22-141 o f t h e Code. 3% §6. The p r o c e d u r e to be f o l l o w e d f o r obtaining th e e d u c a tional f u n d s p r o vided by t h i s Act shall be t h e s a m e as p r e s c r i b e d b y th e l a w f o r r a i s i n g of f u n d s for public school purposes. §7. The educational funds raised or appropriated u n d e r i l l , 2, 3 , a n d 4 h e r e o f , o r o t h e r w i s e m a d e a v a i l able, s h a l l be e x p e n d e d b y t he s c h o o l b o a r d in p a y m e n t o f a g e n t s f o r th e f u r t h e r a n c e of t h e e l e m e n t a r y or s e c o n d a r y education, as the case m a y be, of the chil dr e n of the county, city, or town in nonsectarian p r i v a t e schools. The local school board m a y by rules and regulations p r ovide for the cancellation or revo cation of any such g r a n t which the board finds was not o b t a i n e d in goo d faith; p r o v i d e d t h a t the action of t h e board in c a n c e l l i n g or r e v o k i n g a n y grant shall be subj e c t to r e v i e w by bill of com p l a i n t against t h e sc h o o l b oard to th e circ u i t or c o r p o r a t i o n court ha v i n g equity jurisdiction. §8. School boards may provide transportation for t h o s e pupils q u a l i f y i n g f o r such grants, and in such event, shall be e n t i t l e d to r e i m b u r s e m e n t out of State f u n d s t o th e same e x t e n t as counties a n d cities are reimbursed for costs expended for transportation to and f r o m the public schools. §9. Provides criminal penalties for misdemeanor of obtaining, s e eking t o obtain, e x p e n d i n g or seeking to expend, any transpo r t a t i o n or e d u c a t i o n grant for any other purpose than the transportation or education of the child for w h i c h th e grant is s o u g h t or obtained. Ch. $8 Acts of the 1956 Extra Sessions of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y ___________________________________________________________________ " A n Ac t to require t h e inclusion in school budgets of amou n t s sufficient f o r t h e payment of g r a n t s fo r e ducational purposes; to provide for local governing bodies raising money for educational purposes and making appropriations therefor; to p r o v i d e for the e x p e n d i t u r e of such f unds fo r payment of 2 �such gran t s and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n costs u n d e r certain ci r c u m s t a n c e s ; to e m p o w e r t h e State Board of Education t o m a k e r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s and p a y s u c h g rants; to provide for the w i thholding of certain funds and the use thereof; and to provide penalties for the violation of this Act." 1 R a c e R e i s . L. Rep. 1 0 9 4 * il. The division superintendent of each school d i s t r i c t shall i n c l u d e i n his budget e s t imates an item for the payment of grants for the furtherance of th e education of t h e children in n o n s e c t a r i a n private schools. §2. Board of supervisors of each school di s t r i c t s h a l l p r o v i d e a l e v y or an a p p r o p r i a t i o n to m e e t t h e e s t i m a t e s r e q u i r e d b y §1. §3. These e d u c a t i o n a l funds are t o be expended by the local school board through payments to par ents, guardians, or o t h e r persons h a v i n g cust o d y of c h i l d r e n w h o have b e e n a s s igned to or are in a t t e n d ance at public scho o l s w h e r e i n both w h i t e and colored c h i l d r e n are enrolled, up o n filing a n affidavit that t h e y object to the a s s i g n m e n t of such c h i l d r e n to such a school. Man d a m u s will not lie t o force p ay m e n t of a grant to a c h i l d assigned o r r eassigned to a school where only p u pils of his race are enrolled. §4. Theanount of t he grant shall of a t t e n d a n c e at a n o n s e c t a r i a n p r i v a t e the current school year, provided that exceed the total cost of operation per d a i l y a ttendance in the public schools ity t h e preceding year. be the cost school for it s hall not p u p i l in of the local §5. The school b oard providing transportation to its p u b l i c schools s h a l l supply like t r a n s p o rtations to a n o n s e c t a r i a n p r i v a t e school, p r o v i d e d that the b o a r d m a y provide a g r a n t for t r a n s p o r t a t i o n equal to the p e r p u p i l cost of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n in th e public s c h o o l d i s t r i c t t h e p r e c e d i n g year. 86. In distributions of State funds, payment f o r g r a n t s shall be c o n s i d e r e d as t h o u g h t h e y were made by the locality for operation and maintenance public schools. of §7. Rules and regulations to c arry out purposes of t h i s Ac t ma y be d r a w n u p by local s c h o o l boards. T h e y m a y p r o v i d e f o r c a n c e l l a t i o n or r e v o c a t i o n of g r a n t s f o u n d not o b t a i n e d in good fait h , p r o v i d e d such acti o n be subject t o judicial r e v i e w in circuit or c o r p o r a t i o n court. S3. It s h a l l b e a m i s d e m e a n o r f o r a p e r s o n t o obtain, seek to obtain, expend or seek to expend any g r a n t f o r a n y o t h e r p u r p o s e t h a n th e e d u c a t i o n or transportation facilities. 19. When the school budget has b e e n prepared in accordance with il and funds secured as provided b y §2, n e i t h e r the s c h o o l b o a r d nor t h e g o v e r n i n g b o d y s h a l l have p o w e r t o c a n c e l or t r a n s f e r an d use for o ther purposes t he funds available f or grants, p r o v i d e d t h a t if at t h e e n d of the e l e v e n t h m o n t h of the school year any f unds are not obligated, they may be e x p e n d e d f o r a n y o b j e c t set f o r t h i n t h e s c h o o l budget. 3 �§10. For so l o n g as children are assigned to or attend schools w h e r e both white and colored c h i l d r e n are enrolled, the State B o a r d of E d u c a t i o n shall authorize and direct the Superintendent o f P u b l i c I n s t r u c t i o n t o p r o v i d e f o r p a y m e n t of g r a n t s o n b e h a l f o f s u c h county, city, or town, out of any funds due said unit for maintenance of its public school system. Records to be filed with State Comptroller. Ch. 59 Acts of t h e 1956 E xtra S e s s i o n of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y _________________________________________________________________ "An Act to provide that attend integrated schools." no 1 child shall be required to Race R e i s . L. Rep. 1096. "1. N o t w i t hstanding any no child shall be r e q u i r e d to any school wherein b oth white are enrolled." Ch. 60 other provision of law, enroll in or attend and colored children A c t s o f t h e 1 9 5 6 E x t r a S e s s i o n of the V i r g i n i a G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y _________________________________________________________________ "An Act to amend and re-enact §22-72, as amended, of the Code of Virginia, r e l a t i n g to the powers and duties of the county s c hool boards, and to amend the Code of Vir g i n i a by a d ding a new section n u mbered 22-72.1, authorizing county schools to provide for transportation of pupils. 1 Race Reis. L. Rep. 1096. §22-72.1. C o u n t y school boards m a y provide the transportation of pupils; but nothing herein con t a i n e d shall be con s t r u e d as r e q u i r i n g such transportation." Ch. 61 for Acts o f the 1956 E x t r a S e s s i o n of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y _________________________________________________________________ "An Ac t to amend an d r e - e n a c t §22-205 of the Code of Virginia, relating to assignment of teachers by division superintendents." 1 R a c e R e i s . L. R e p . 1 0 9 7 . "1. That §22-205 a m e n d e d and r e - e n a c t e d of as the Code of follows; Virginia be "§22-205. The division superintendent shall h a v e authority t o a s s i g n to t heir r e s p e c t i v e p o s i t i o n s in the s c h o o l wherein t h e y hav e been p l a c e d b y the s c h o o l b o a r d all t e a c h e r s . . . including principals . . . and r e a s s i g n them t h e r e i n , provided n o change or r e a s s i g n m e n t s h a l l affect the s a l a r y of such t e a c h e r s , and p r o vided, further, th a t he shall m a k e appropriate r e p o r t s and e x p l a n a t i o n s on the r e q u e s t of the school board." Ch. 62 Acts of the 1956 Extra S e ssions of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y ________________________________________________________ ___________ "An A ct to authorize l o c a l school b o a r d s to funds designated for p ublic school purposes for 4 expend such �grants in furtherance of elementary and secondary edu cation as m a y be p e r m itted by law without first obtain ing authority therefor from the tax levying body.” 1 R a c e R e i s . L. Rep. 1 0 9 7 . "1. The l o c a l s c h o o l board o f e v e r y county, c i t y o r t o w n i s h e r e b y a u t h o r i z e d w h e n i t is d e e m e d t o be for the publ i c benefit, to t r a n s f e r school funds, excluding t h o s e for capital out l a y and debt service, within the total amount o f its authorized b u d g e t , w i t h o u t t h e c o n s e n t of t h e t a x l e v y i n g body, notwithstanding a n y other law to t he contrary, and t o ex p e n d same in f u r t h e r a n c e of t h e e l e m e n t a r y and s e c o n d a r y e d u cation of the children of such county, c i t y , o r t o w n i n n o n s e c t a r i a n p r i v a t e s c h o o l s as m a y be permitted b y law." Ch. 63. Acts of the 1956 Extra Sessions of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y ___________________________________________________________________ " A n Act to provide f or the employment of counsel to de f e n d t h e actions of m e m b e r s of school b o a r d s and to p r o vide f o r the payment of costs, expenses and liabilities l e v i e d a g a i n s t such m e m b e r s out of l o c a l p u b l i c fund s . " 1 R a c e R e i s . L. R e p . 1 0 9 8 . "l.ll. N otwithstanding any other provision of law, the attorney f o r the Commonwealth or other c o u n s e l approved b y the school board of any county, c i t y , o r t o wn, t o d e f e n d it or a n y m e m b e r t h e r e o f , or a n y school official, in any legal proceeding to w h i c h the school b o a r d or any m e m b e r thereof, or a n y school official, m a y be a defendant, w h e n such p r o c e e d i n g is i n s t i t u t e d a g a i n s t it, o r a g a i n s t a n y m e m b e r thereof b y v i r t u e of his a c t i o n s in conn e c t i o n w i t h h i s duties as su c h member. "§2. All costs, expenses and liabilities of p r o c e e d i n g s so d e f e n d e d shall be a c h a r g e against t h e county, city o r t o w n treasury a n d pai d out of f u n d s provided by the governing b o d y of the county, city, or town in w h i c h such school board discharges its functions. "2. An emergency exists f o r c e f r o m its p a s s a g e . " Ch. 64 and this action is in Acts of the 1956 Extra Sess i o n of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y _________________________________________________________________ " A n Act to amend a n d reenact § 5 1 - 1 1 1 . 1 0 as amended of the Code of Virginia, r e l a t i n g to the m e a n i n g of certain w o r d s as u s e d in the V i r g i n i a Supp l e m e n t a l R etirement Act, a n d t o a m e n d t h e C o d e o f V i r g i n i a b y a d d i n g t o it T i t l e 51, Chapter 3.2 thereof, and A r t i c l e 4.1 c o n t a i n i n g S§51-111.38:1 through 51-111.38:3, p r o v i d i n g for the retir e m e n t of certain private school teachers." 1 Race Reis. L. Rep. 1098. §51-111.10 Definitions. - As u s e d in this u n l e s s a d i f f e r e n t m e a n i n g is p l a i n l y r e q u i r e d context: chapter by the "(4) 'Teacher* m e a n s a n y p e r s o n w h o is r e g u l a r l y e m p l o y e d on a s a l a r y b a s i s as a p r o f e s s i o n a l or c l e r i c a l e m p l o y e e of a county, city, o r o t h e r l o cal p u b l i c s c h o o l or of a c o r p o r a t i o n p a r t l c i p a i n g in the r e t i r e m e n t s y s t e m as p r o v i d e d b y A r t i c l e 4 . l V" 5 �"(6) 'Employee' • T e a c h e r ’ ." amended in same fashion as "(7) ’E m p l o y e r ’ m e a n s C o m m o n w e a l t h , i n t h e case of a State employee, . . . the local public s c h o o l b o a r d in t h e c a s e of a p u b l i c s c h o o l teacher, or the l o c a l i t y or corporation partici p a t i n g in the r e t i r e m e n t s y s t e m as p r o v i d e d in Articles 4 and 4.1." Article "Participation of Certain R e t i r e m e n t System. 4-1 [all Education new] Corporations in 51-111.36:1. A n y corporation organized after t h e e f f e c t i v e d a t e o f t h i s act f o r t h e p u r p o s e of p r o v iding elementary or secondary e d u c ation may by r e s o l u t i o n d uly a d o p t e d b y its b o a r d o f directors and approved by the Board of Trustees of the V i r g i n i a Supplemental Retirement System elect to have t e a c h e r s e m p l o y e d b y it b e c o m e e l i g i b l e t o p a r t i c i pa t e in the retirement system. A c c e p t a n c e of the t e a c h e r s employed b y such an e m p l o y e r f o r m e m b e r ship in the retirement system shall approve their participation, t h e n such teachers, as m e m b e r s of t h e r e t i r e m e n t sy s t e m , s h a l l p a r t i c i p a t e t h e r e i n as pr o v i d e d in the provisions of this chapter. §51-111.38:2. T he chief fiscal o f f i c e r of the employer shall submit to the Board such information and shall cause to be performed in respect to the e m p l o y e e s of t h e e m p l o y e r such d u t i e s a s s h a l l be p r e s c r i b e d b y the B o a r d in order t o c a r r y out the provisions of this chapter. §51-111.38:3. The employer contributions rate s h a l l unless o t h e r w i s e fixed by th e B o a r d be the n o r m a l a n d a c c r u e d c o n t r i b u t i o n r a t e d e t e r m i n e d as p r o v i d e d in § 5 1 - 1 1 1 . 4 7 but members of t h e retirement system qualifying under §51-111.10(4). The contri b u t i o n s so c o m p u t e d s h a l l be c e r t i f i e d b y t h e B o ard to the chief fiscal officer of the employer. The a m o u n t s so c e r t i f i e d s h a l l be a c h a r g e a g a i n s t the employer. The c hief fiscal officer of each such emp l o y e r shall p a y to the State T r e a s u r e r the amount certified by the Board as payable u n d e r this article, i n c l u d i n g such charges as the Board m a y de e m neces s a r y t o cover costs o f administration, and the State T r e a s u r e r shall credit such amounts to the appropri ate accounts of the retirement system." Ch. 65 Acts of t he 1956 Extra Ses s i o n of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y _________________________________________________________________ new " A n Act t o amend t h e Cod e of V i r g i n i a section numbered 2-86,1 providing that General boards, Rep. by adding a the Attorney shall render certain services to local school and to appropriate funds." 1 . R a c e R e i s . L. 1100. "1. adding a section That the Code of Virginia be new section numbered 2-86.1, being as follows: 6 amended the new by �"§2-86.1. The A t t o r n e y General s hall give such adv i c e and render such legal a ssistance as he deems n e c e s s a r y w h e n r e q u e s t e d to do so b y resolutions a d o p t e d by a county, city or town s c h o o l board, u p on m a t t e r s relat i n g t o t h e commingling of the races in the public schools of the State. "2. There is h e r e b y a p p r o priated out of the g e n e r a l fund of the State treasury to t he Attorney General for each year of the biennium beginning July one, nineteen h u n d r e d fifty-six, t h e sum of one h u n dred Ch. 66 thousand dollars." Acts of t he 1956 Extra Session of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y _________________________________________________________________ " A n Act to amend and reenact §22-5, as amended, Code of Virginia, r e l ating to minimum school terms." 1 R a c e R e i s . L. R e p . 1 1 0 1 . "That amended and §22-5, as reenacted amended, as of the Code of of Virginia be follows: "122-5. Minimum Term The s c h o o l board of e a c h county and c i t y in the State is empowered . . . to maintain th e public free schools of such c o u n t y and city f o r a period of at least nine m o n t h s or one h u n d r e d and eighty t e a c h i n g days in each school year; provided, however, . . . that if t h e length of t h e t e r m of a n y s c h o o l be reduced . . ., t h e a m o u n t p a i d b y t h e S t a t e s h a l l , u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e p r o v i d e d b y l a w , be r e d u c e d i n th e same p r o p o r t i o n as t h e l e n g t h of th e t e r m h a s b e e n r e duced Ch. 67 from nine months." A cts o f t h e 1956 E x t r a Sess i o n of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y . ________________________________________________________________ " A n A c t to a m e n d a n d r e e n a c t § 1 5 - 5 7 7 o f t h e Code of Virginia, relating to coun t y and city budgets; to amend and r e e n a c t §22-117 of t h e Code of V i rginia, r e l a t i n g to w h e n S tate funds are t o be pai d for pu b l i c schools; to amend and reenact §22-125 of the Code of Virginia, relat ing to procedure when g o v e r n i n g body ref u s e s to provide funds for public school purposes; to amend and reenact § 2 2 - 1 2 6 o f th e Code o f V i r g i n i a , as a m e n d e d , r e l a t i n g to sc h o o l levies and the u s e thereof; to a m e n d and reenact §22-127 of the Code of Virginia, r elating to cash appro pr i a t i o n s in lieu of s c h o o l levies; t o a m e n d and reenact §22-129 of the Code of Virginia, rel a t i n g t o town levies and appropriations fo r publ i c school purposes; to amend and reenact §22-138 of t h e Code of Virginia, relating to unexp e n d e d funds; t o a mend the Code of V i r g i n i a by adding thereto a section numbered §22-127.1 relating to levies and appropriations by the g o v e r n i n g bodies of c o u n t i e s , cit i e s a n d t o w n s fo r s c h o o l p u r p o s e s , so as t o a u t h o r i z e s u c h g o v e r n i n g b o d i e s t o w i t h h o l d funds already made available for school purposes, and to pro vide penalties for violations." 1 R a c e R e i s . L„ R e p . 1101. §15-577. A f t e r p u b l i c a t i o n of a synopsis of a bu d g e t has b een p u b l i s h e d and h e a r i n g s held, the b o a r d s of s u p e r v i s o r s of the c o u n t i e s and the coun c ils of the cities a n d towns s h a l l a d o p t the budget 7 the �covering all te n t a t i v e expenditures [ " T e n t a t i v e 1 w a s i n s e r t e d i n 1956.] 1 for the locality. "The p roposed expenditure for school p u r p o s e s as contained in any budget p r e pared under §15-575 and 15-576 and published under this section shall be te n t a t i v e only and condition ed u p o n a p p r o p r i a t i o n s f o r s u c h p u r poses being made by the board, council or o ther g o v e r n i n g body, f r o m t i m e to time, 129." as a u t h o r i z e d [ A l l New.] by §22-127 and 22- §22-117No State money shall be paid for the public schools until the division Superintendent has filed with the State Board evidence that schools h a v e b een kept in o p e r a t i o n for at l e a s t nine months, "or that arrangements have been m a d e w h i c h will sec u r e the k e e p i n g of t h e m in o p e r a t i o n for that l e n g t h of time or a l e s s period s a t i s f a c t o r y to the State B o a r d " ; p r o v i d e d no county shall be denied participation, ex c e p t as provided b y l a w if the c o u n t y b oard has a p p r o p r i a t e d a f u n d e q u a l to the m a x i m u m l ocal s c h o o l t a x al l o w e d b y l a w , or has l evied the maximum school tax allowed. §22-125. If a governing body refuses to levy s u c h a t a x or m a k e s u c h an a p p r o p r i a t i o n , a p e t i t i o n of not less t h a n 20% of the qualified voters o f t h e county or c i t y m a y r e q u e s t t h e c o u n t y or c o r p o r a t i o n court to order an e l e c t i o n to d e termine w h e t h e r a levy or appropriation should be fixed; "provided that w h e n e v e r any such governing body h as made a cash appropriation on a tentative basis only~as provided by 822-127. no pe t i t i o n hereunder s hall lie and no o r d e r calling an e l e c t i o n m a y be entered, even t h o u g h no resolution authorizing the p a y m e n t or t r a n s f e r o f a n y f u n d s t o t h e l o c a l school board has b e e n made." §22-126. A u t h o r i z e s each c o u n t y and city to l e v y a tax on all p r o p e r t y subject t o local t a x a t i o n at a rate of n o m o r e than 3 % o f th e assessed va l u a t i o n per y e a r f or the support of local schools "and in payment of grants for the furtherance of e l e m e n t a r y or s e c o n d a r y education and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n costs as r e q u i r e d or a u t h o r i z e d b y l a w ; 1 1 but counties w i t h populations of 37,001-38,999, the vote may be v a l u e of the p r o p e r t y per year. 6 ,401-6499 and of the assessed §22-127. A cash appropriation "either tenta t i v e or final" m a y be made in l i e u o f t h e levy p r o v i d e d in §22-126. Thi s was a m e n d e d in the s a m e w a y as § 2 2 - 1 2 6 , p l u s the f o l l o w i n g p a r agraph: " W h e n e v e r such a p p r o p r i a t i o n s hav e b e e n made on a t e n t a t i v e basis, n o p a r t of t h e f u n d s so a p p r o p r i a t e d shall, in any event, b e available to the local school b o a r d except as t he local g o v e rning body may, f r o m time to time, b y reso l u t i o n a u t h o r i z e t h e p a y m e n t or t r a n s f e r of such funds.or any part thereof, t o such local school board." [All New.] 8 �"122-127.1 Notwithstanding any other provi s i o n o f lav; t o t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e g o v e r n i n g b o d y o f a n y county, city or t o w n which has ma d e a levy for s c h o o l p u r p o s e s u n d e r § 22-126 o r § 2 2 - 1 2 9 o r h a s m a d e a cash appropriation under §22-127 or any o t h e r provision of l a w m a y by resolution divest the s c h o o l board of s u c h county, city o r t o w n and the t r e a s u r e r of such county, city or t o w n to make no f u r t h e r expenditures of local school funds until f u r t h e r a u t h o r i z e d t o d o so by s u c h l o c a l g o v e r n i n g body. Any school board, and each m e m b e r thereof, and any treasurer who makes any expenditure of l o c a l school funds a f t e r being so d i r e c t e d not to m a k e such expenditures shall be perso n a l l y liable to m a k e restitution to the county, ci t y or town in v o l v e d of the f unds so expended in v i o l a t i o n of a n y such resolution of the local g o v e r n i n g body and m a y be removed f r o m office under the provisions of A r t i c l e 3. C h a p t e r 1 6 , T i t l e 1 5 o f t h e C o d e . " [All new. ] §22-129. A u t h o r i z e t h e g o v e r n i n g b o d y of an y i n c o r p o r a t e d t own in the state to m a d e a lev y on all property subject to local taxation of of t h e a s s e s s e d v a l u a t i o n p e r y e a r f o r t h e s u p p o r t of schools, or to m a k e a cash appropriation. This w a s a m e n d e d in t h e s a m e w a y as § 2 2 - 1 2 6 a n d 127, i n c l u d i n g the entire n e w paragraph in the latter. 1% §22-138. "All sums of money derived from State f u n d s fo r school or e ducational purposes, w h i c h are u n e x p e n d e d in a n y c o u n t y or city, s h a l l g o i n t o the . . . fund of the S t a t e fro m w h i c h d e r i v e d for r e d i v i s i o n the next year, unless the State Board di rects otherwise. A l l s u m s d e r i v e d f r o m c o u n t y or city funds unexpended in any year shall remain a part of the county or ci t y funds, respectively, f o r u s e t h e n e x t y e a r , b u t n o l o c a l f u n d s s h a l l be subj e c t t o r e d i v i s i o n outside of th e c o u n t y or city in which they w e r e raised. Ch. 65 A c t s o f t h e 1 9 5 6 E x t r a S e s s i o n of th e V i r g i n i a G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y _________________________________________________________________ "An Act t o establish the responsibilities of the Commonwealth of Virginia f o r the control of certain pub lic schools under certain conditions; to that end to state th e conditions that m u s t exist in r e l a t i o n to such schools in order for the Commonwealth to a s sume such re sponsibility; to vest in t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h c o n t r o l of cer tain schools under stated conditions, and to confer powers and impose duties upon t h e Commonwealth to be exercised b y the G o v e r n o r of V i rginia; to provide t h e c onditions under which such powers shall be designated; to empower the G o v e r n o r to act in cases; to confer i m m u n i t y fro m legal p r o c e e d i n g s u pon t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h of V i r g i n i a and th e G o v e r n o r ; to ref u s e t h e c o n s e n t of t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h to certain legal proceedings; to provide for the payment of cert a i n educational grants; and to p r o v i d e fo r the a p propriation and expenditure of funds n e c e s s a r y under this Act." 1 R a c e Reis. L. Re p . 1104. 1.§1 Court ginia Policy statement. As a result of Supreme decisions affecting the public schools, "Vir w i l l be faced w i t h unprecedented obstacles" 9 �if and w h e n destroy the disturb the affected. is i n t e g r a t i o n is enforced, w h i c h could e f f i c i e n c y o f a n inte g r a t e d school and peace and tranquility of the community §2 Uniformity necessary in the of action throughout event of integration the State of the races. §3 " . . . the Commonwealth of Virginia as sumes direct responsibility for the control of any school, eleme n t a r y or secondary, in t h e Commonwealth, to w h i c h children of both races are as s i g n e d by any school authorities acting voluntarily or under com p u lsion of any court order. The m a k i n g of such an a s s i g n m e n t , and th e e n r o l l m e n t of s u c h c h i l d or children,* shall automatically divest the school a u t h o r i t i e s making t h e a s signment a n d enrollment of all f u r t h e r authority, p o w e r and control over such p u b l i c school, its p r i n c i p a l , t e a c h e r s a n d o t her employees, and all p u p i l s then enrolled or ordered to b e e n r olled therein; a n d such sc h o o l is closed and is removed from th e public school system, and s uch authority, p o w e r and control o v e r such school, its principal, teachers and other employees, and all p u p i l s t h e n enrolled or ordered to b e enrolled, shall b e a n d is h e r e b y v e s t e d i n t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h of V i r g i n i a to be e x e r c i s e d by the G o v e r n o r of V i r g i n i a in w h o m reposes t h e chief e x ecutive p o w e r of the State." I4 . " I m m e d i a t e l y u p o n such control; p o w e r and a u t h o r i t y b e c o m i n g v e s t e d in the C o m m o n w e a l t h of V i r g i n i a , by re a s o n of t h e occurrences p r o v i d e d in §3 a f o r e s a i d , s u c h s c h o o l i s clo s e d , a n d s h a l l n o t be r e o pened, as a p u b l i c school, u n t i l in the o p i n io n o f the Governor, and a f t e r an i n v e s t i g a t i o n by him, he f inds and i s s u e s an executive o r d e r that (1) t h e p e a s e a n d t r a n q u i l i t y o f t h e c o m m u n i t y i n w h i c h t h e s c h o o l is l o c a t e d w i l l not b e d i s t u r b e d b y s u c h s c h o o l b e i n g r e o p e n e d a n d o p e r a t e d , a n d (2) t h e a s s i g n m e n t of p u p i l s t o s u c h s c h o o l c o u l d be a c c o m p l i s h e d without e n f o r c e d or c o m p u l s o r y int e gration of the races t h e r e i n contrary to the wishes of any child enrolled therein, or of his or her parent or parents, l a w f u l guard i a n or o t h e r custodian." §5. If the school cannot be opened u n d e r terms o f §4, t h e G o v e r n o r m a y r e o r g a n i z e t h e s c h o o l , a n d r e a s s i g n the pupils, "provided, however, no school w h i c h has b een closed, as aforesaid, s h a l l be r e opened, or reorganized and reopened, b y t h e Governor, unless and until he finds and issues an executive o r d e r t h a t such s c h o o l c a n be r e o p e n e d o r r e o r g a n i z e d and r e o p e n e d in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h the p r o v i s i o n s of §4 * above." A c c o r d i n g t o t h is, t h e a s s i g n m e n t a n d e n r o l l m e n t is the act — off point, not t h e entry into a c l a s s r o o m — if no t changed in *5$ — system that is not "efficient" by other statutes. 10 �§6. If the G o v e r n o r finds that such school cannot be reopened, he is authorized to assign p u p i l s a n d t e a c h e r s i n t h e closed s c h o o l to some o ther school or schools or other facilities. §7. When a ny school has been closed and t h e children cannot be assigned to a n o t h e r school, t he Governor and t he du l y constituted a u t h o r i t i e s f o r m e r l y h a v i n g control of s u c h school are a u t h o r i z e d to p r o v i d e e d u cation or t u i t i o n grants for the children. §8. The Gov e r n o r is authorized to make a s u p p l e m e n t a l a p p r o p r i a t i o n to the e x t e n t that n e c e ssary expenditures exceed the amount the local school board would have expended. that t e r m s o f §4, h e i s t h e control of the M ote; Codified §22.188.12 and as amended in 1 9 5 8 by Senate Bill #337. §9. W h e never t h e Governor is s a tisfied a closed school m a y be r e o p e n e d u n d e r the authorized to r e t u r n l o c a l school board. it to §10. If, a f t e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n t h e G o v e r n o r d e c i d e s , or a local school board, c o u n t y board of s upervisors or c ity council cer t i f i e s by resolution, that a closed school cannot be r e o p e n e d , t h e G o v e r n o r s h a l l so p r o c l a i m , a n d t h e school shall again become part of the school system. ill. The G o v e r n o r is give effect to the Act and sibilities thereunder. given power fulfill the to respon §12. The C o m m o n w e a l t h assumes th e c o n tr a c t u a l obligation f or the duration of the c o n t r a c t of a l o c a l sc h o o l board w h e n one of i t s s c h o o l s is c l o s e d u n d e r t h i s A c t . §13. Every action authorized and taken in c o n f o r m i t y w i t h t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f t h i s Act is t h e a c t i o n of t h e G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y , a n d of the Governor, and in b e h a l f of the C o m m o n wealth. A n y suit, a c t i o n or o t h e r l e g a l p r o c e e d i n g is a g a i n s t t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h , and t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h d e c l i n e s to be s u b j e c t to suc h a suit unless i n s t i t u t e d by t h e Attorney G e n e r a l of V i r g i n i a to enforce the l a w s of the Commonwealth, 2. 3. 4. Ch. 69 Severability clause. R e p e a l e r of a cts in conflict herewith. " A n e m e r g e n c y e x i s t s and t h i s A c t is in force from its passage.” Acts of t he 19 5 6 Extra S e s s i o n of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y _________________________________________________________________ “A n A c t t o d e c l a r e a n e m e r g e n c y t o e x i s t i n a n y school d i v i s i o n in w h i c h a n efficient s y s t e m of elementary or secondary p ublic schools is not oper ated u n d e r local authority, and in such case to involve t he police powers of the Commonwealth and the Constitutional powers of the General Assembly; to e s t a blish in every su c h school district, su b ject to t h e adoption of t h e local g o v e r n i n g b o d y of a r e s o l u t i o n declaring t he need therefor, an efficient sy s t e m of e l e m e n t a r y or s e c o n d a r y public schools operated by the Commonwealth; to provide 11 �that such system be operated and maintained by the Governor for and on behalf of the General Assembly; to define efficient system of elementary public schools ’and* efficient system of secondary public schools; to provide for the use of local public school buildings and related facilities of certain counties, cities and towns; to provide for the pur chase of textbooks, supplies and equipment and to permit local school boards to provide for the trans portation of pupils; to provide for the adminis tration of the schoool system hereby established and the employment of persons therein; to provide for the for the application of this Act to counties, cities and towns; to vest in the State Board of Education the general supervision of such schools and to authorize it, subject to certain limitations, to make rules and regulations applicable thereto; to provide how proceedings against local school boards in matters involving the State established schools may be instituted; to prescribe the effect of certain proceedings brought against local school boards and the members thereof; to provide the circumstances under which pupils may be admitted to the State schools; to provide for the employment and assignment of teachers and other personnel; to prescribe the provisions of Title 22 of the Code of Virginia which shall apply to the State established and maintained schools; to provide the method for admission to the State established schools and the terms and conditions thereof; 1 Race Reis. L. Rep. 1107. §1. to Whenever operate system, of the of the an an any emergency Commonwealth General to established local governing gency exists ed. the A copy Keeper forward turn, tem of Keeper exist copy of of this §2. An system which no in w h i c h §3» provision are involved. Under system the to effect that efficient by an so cease certificate emergency shall Keeper of who who, to be the efficient system of within e a c h county, need to will in sys under school authority certifies the emer is efficient public shall the sent schools local Act the State, Governor, secondary an be is by system shall maintain Rolls by resolution the the and or of Education this Governor ’ hat ’t an of the Powers to reestablished and Constitutional Rolls copy Whenever Board powers the resolution operate elementary been State the the school police a the State-operated the true will Act. has a of and following a fails segregated) State-operated a body and of exists Assembly circumstances, division (i.e. and these be school efficient to the system and the the shall cease apply. A forwarded to true to Rolls. p u b l i c s c h o o l s is c i t y o r t o w n in . . . school consists of a while and colored children student body are taught." This Act shall be controlling over any of any l a w i n conflict w i t h it. Where there is no conflict the other statute shall apply as to the system of p u b l i c free s c h o o l s h e r e b y established. 12 �§4-. The system of State-established schools shall operate in the unused buildings owned, constructed and maintained by the local school boards. The provisions of law applicable to purchase of textbooks, supplies and equipment by local school boards shall continue in effect and the local school board s h a l l be required t o f u r n i s h same t o p u p i l s of State-established schools, and l ocal school boards may furnish transportation to such pupils. §5. The S t a t e - e s t a b l i s h e d p u b l i c free school system shall be administered b y the G o v e r n o r f o r the G e n e r a l Assembly. L o c a l S c h o o l B oards shall have such administration of such s c h o o l s as will not c o n f l i c t wit h t h i s Act or rules and regulations of the State Board of Education. §6. The g e n e r a l supervision o f the S t a t e - e s t a b l i s h e d s c h o o l system is v e s t e d i n t h e State Board o f Ed u c a t i o n w h i c h is authorized to make regulations for the oper ation thereof in an efficient manner. Pro vi d e d , however, t h a t ex c e p t as s p e c i f i c a l l y s t a t e d , n o t h i n g in t h i s A c t shall b e c o n s t r u e d as conferring upon the State Board the power to determine the e d u cational policies of the S t a t e i n c o n f l i c t w i t h t h i s Act. §7. Mo suit, action, p r o s e c u t i o n or p r o c e e d i n g shall b e b r o u g h t against a local b o a r d in any matter i n v o lving the Statee s t a b l i s h e d schools u n l e s s the same be i n s t i t u t e d by the A t t o r n e y General. If any local school b o a r d or member thereof be proceeded against otherwise such shall automatically terminate the powers of the members and such local school board as to any such State schools and the State Board of E d u cation shall appoint a trustee to o perate same until the powers of such local school board be re-established by the General A s s e m b l y as to such S t a t e schools. §8. The e n r o l l m e n t or p l a c e m e n t of p u p i l s in, a n d t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of, s c h o o l attendance districts for the State-established public schools shall be accomplished only by s u c h authority and in suc h manner as n o w or h e r e a f t e r may be p r e s c r i b e d by law, an d the sc h o o l books of th e s e v e r a l counties, cities and t o w n s shall h ave n o power to a d m i t or assign p u p i l s except in a c c o r d a n c e therewith. §9* L o c a l s c h o o l b o a r d s g i v e n p o w e r to employ and assign teachers, under State Board of Education, from a v a i l a b l e funds. §10. Provisions of Title 22 of the Code of Virginia and other laws applicable to oper a tion of public free schools by local school b o a r d s apply to the o p e r a t i o n of S t a t e - e s t a b l i s h e d pub l i c schools, u n l e s s this Act or S tate Board of Education require otherwise. 13 �§11. Funds to support State-established s c h o o l s are to be r a i s e d by levy or c a s h a ppro p r i a t i o n in an amount equivalent to that r e q u i r e d u n d e r Chap t e r 7 1 6 of the Acts o f A s s embly of 1956, as amended. These funds are m a d e avail able to the State B o a r d of Education f or expendi ture by State supported public schools in the l o c a l i t y in w hich t h e y w e r e raised a n d f o r no other purpose. Ch. 70 Acts of t h e 1 9 5 6 E xtra S e s s i o n of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y . ________________________________________________________________ "An Act to create a P upil Placement B o a r d and confer u p o n it powe r s as t o e n r o l l m e n t or p l a c e m e n t o f p u p i l s i n t h e pub l i c s c h o o l s an d d e t e r m i n a t i o n of school a t t e n d a n c e districts, a n d to provide f o r admi n i s trative pr o c e d u r e and rem e d i e s f or pupils seeking en r o l l m e n t i n a s c h o o l or a c h a n g e f r o m one s c h o o l to another school." 1 R a c e R e i s . L. Rep. 1109. § 2 2 - 2 3 2 .1 ment Act amended in 1 9 5 8 by striking the last s e n tence . of §1. All p o w e r of enrollment or p l a c e pupils in and d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f school a t t e n d a n c e districts f o r the public scho o l s in V i r g i n i a is hereby v e s t e d in a Pupil Pl a c e m e n t B o a r d as h e r e i n a f t e r p r o v i d e d for. The local school boards and d i v i s i o n superintendents are h e r e b y d i v ested of a l l a u t h o r i t y n o w or at any f u t u r e tim e to det e r m i n e th e school to w h i c h an y child shall be a d m itted. The Pupil P l a c e m e n t B o a r d is h e r e b y e m p o w e r e d to a d o p t r u l e s and regulations for such enrollment of pupils as are not i n c o n sistent w i t h the p r o v i s i o n s h e r e i n a f t e r set forth. Such rules and r egu l a t i o n s shall not be s u b j e c t to Chap t e r 1.1 of the T i t l e 9 of the Cod e of Virginia, th e short t i t l e o f w h i c h is " G e n e r a l A d m i n i s t r a t i v e Agencies Act." The P upil Placement Board and any of its agents h ereinafter provided for shall have authority to administer oaths to t hose w h o appear b e f o r e said Board or a n y of its agents in connection with the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of this Act." §22-232.2. Act amended in 1 9 5 8 so that P.P.B. members serve during p l e a s u r e of Governor. § 1 . a. The Pupil Placement B o a r d shall consist of three re s i d e n t s of the State, a p pointed by the Governor, and whose t e r m s expire w i t h th e t e r m of th e G o v e r n o r making t h e a p pointment. C o m p e n s a t i o n to be $20 p e r d i e m for each day of actual d u t y and n e c essary expenses. §2. The Pupil Placement Board m a y d e s i g n a t e such agents as it deems desirable, and empower them to ho l d hearings, take t e s t imony and make reports. §2. a . The Pupil Placement B oard m a y promu l g a t e rules and regulations and p rocedures to g o v e r n hearings and prescribe u n i f o r m forms and to require strict adherence thereto. 122-232.5 Amended in 1958 by striking §3. The P u p i l Pla c e m e n t B o a r d i n in g e a c h pupil in a sc h o o l in each s c h o o l shall take into consideration; 14 enroll district �everything after "the P . P . B . " in first sen tence and adding new language. "(1) The effect of the e n roll m e n t on the w e l f a r e and best interests of each child and all other children i n said s c h o o l a s w e l l as t h e e f f e c t on the efficiency of the operation of said school. "(2) compared school. The h e a l t h of the to other children c h i l d as in the "(3) The effect of any disparity between the p h y s i c a l and mental ages of any child to be enrolled especially when contrasted w i t h the average p h y s i c a l an d m e n t a l a g e s of t h e g r o u p with which the child might be placed. "(4) Availability of facilities. "(5) The aptitude of the "(6) Availability of transportation. child. "(7) The sociological, psychological, and like social scientific factors as wi l l pre v e n t , as n e a r l y as possi b l e , a c o n d i t i o n of socioeconomic class consciousness a mong the pupils. "(8) Such other relevant matters as may be pertinent to the efficient oper a t i o n of the s c h o o l s or indicate a clear and present d a nger to the public peace a n d tranquility a f f e c t i n g the s a f e t y or w e l f a r e of the c i t i z e n s of such school district." "§4. A f t e r the e f f e c t i v e date of t h i s Act, each school child who has hereto f o r e attended a public s c h o o l a n d h a s not m o v e d f r o m th e c ounty, c i t y or town i n w h i c h he r e s i d e d w h i l e a t tending s uch school shall a t t e n d the same sch o o l w hich he l a s t attended until graduation therefrom unless enrolled, for good cause shown, in a d i f f e r e n t school b y t h e P upil P l a c e ment Board. §22-232.7. Amended in 1958 by add ing pro vision for filing applica tion under protest. " 85. A n y child who d e s i r e s to enter a p u b l i c school f o r t h e f i r s t ti m e f o l l o w i n g D e c e m b e r 29, 1 9 5 6 , and a n y c h i l d w h o is g r a d u a t e d f r o m o ne s c h o o l t o a n o t h e r within a school division or who transfers to a school division or any child who desires to enter a public school after the opening of the session, shall apply to the P upil Placement B o a r d for e n rollment i n such f o r m as it m a y p r e s c r i b e , a n d shall be e n r o l l e d in such s c h o o l as the B o a r d d e e m s p r o p e r u n d e r th e p r o v i s i o n s of this Act. S u c h a p p l i cation shall be mad e on b e h a l f of the c hild by his parent, g u a r d i a n or o ther pe r s o n ha v i n g cust o d y of the c h i l d . " §6. Appeal procedure. 1. File protest in writing w i t h P . P . B . w i t h i n 15 d a y s a f t e r p l a c e m e n t . 2. A h e a r i n g m u s t be held b y P.P.B. not m o r e t h a n 30 days after r e c e i p t of protest. The Board shall publish notice, once a week fo r t wo weeks, c o n t a i n i n g the name of t he applicant, p e r t inent facts a nd the time and 15 �p lace of hearing. An y parent, etc. of any c h i l d attending t he school in w h i c h the Board enrol l e d an a p p l i c a n t child shall be deemed an interested party and may intervene. 3W i t h i n not mo r e t h a n 30 days after the hearing, the Board must file a written d e c i s i o n setting f o r t h th e f i n d i n g s o n w h i c h t h e d e c i s i o n is based. §22-232.9. Repealed i n 1956. § 22-232.10. Amended in 1958. § 6 . a. Appeal procedure. (Continued). A n y party a g g rieved by a de c i s i o n of the P.P,,.B., o r a n y i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y , m a y o b t a i n a review by filing an application in writing with th e Governor w i t h i n 15 days after suc h decision. The application must specify the decision sought to be r e v iewed, the action t a k e n by the P.P.B., and th e grou n d s of g r i e v a n c e or inter est, a c c o m panied b y a copy of th e P.P.B. dec i sion and a transcript of the p r o ceedings b e fore the P.P.B. 5. Upon the f i l i n g of a p e t i t i o n for r e v i e w , t h e G o v e r n o r s h a l l set the same for hearing, and within 15 days a fter the fi l i n g of th e petition, s h a l l file his opinion in writing, setting f o r t h the findings upon w h i c h his decision is based. 4. §7. Appeal procedure. (Continued). 6. Any party aggrieved by a d e c i s i o n of the G o v e r n o r , or a n y i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y , m a y obtain a judicial review by f iling with the C l e r k of the C o u n t y Circuit C o u r t or City Corporation Court, a petition in writing, specifying the d e cision sought to be reviewed, t h e actions t a k e n b y the Governor, and a s t a t e m e n t of t h e g r o u n d s of g r i e v a n c e or interest, accompanied by a copy of the deci s i o n of the G o v e r n o r and a t r a n s c r i p t of the proceeding befo r e the Governor. § 7 . a. A p p e a l procedure. (Continued). A n y interested p a r t y may intervene and shall b e h e a r d b y t h e C o u r t in its d i s c r e t i o n . §8. Appeal procedure. (Continued). 7Upon the filing of the petition w i t h the C l e r k of the C o u r t , th e P.P.B. s h a l l be notified forthwith, requiring an answer within 21 days. F a ilure of P.P.B. to ans w e r shall not constitute an a d mission of t h e t ruth of the facts or t h e a llegations t h e r e i n . The C l e r k of th e C o u r t s hall p u b l i s h n o t i c e of the filing of th e petition once a week for two weeks, s e t t i n g f orth the n a m e of the applicant, p e r t i n e n t facts c o n c e r n i n g the application, a nd the time and place for the hearing. 8. The proceeding shall be matured for hearing 21 days after notice to the P.P.B. has b e e n issued by the Clerk. 9» The case shall b e heard and d e t e r m i n e d by th e Judge e i t h e r in ter m or vacation. [Note; There is no time limit here.] §9. findings shall be stantial Appeal procedure. (Continued). “The of fact of the Pupil P l a c e m e n t Board c o n s i d e r e d final, if s u p p o r t e d b y s u b evidence on the r e c o r d . ” 16 �§10. Appeal Procedure (Continued) 10. From the f i n a l o r d e r of t h e c o u r t th e a g g r i e v e d p a r t y or an i n t e r e s t e d p arty m a y t ake an appeal as of right to the Supreme Court of Appeals in the manner pre scribed for appeals of right from the State Corpora tion Commission. §10a. Appeal P r o c e d u r e (Continued) "An in junction proceeding m a y be brought in any State court of competent jurisdiction by the Commonweath, o r b y a n i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y [but not b y a n a g g r i e v e d p a r t y ] a s d e f i n e d i n §6, f o r the p u r p o s e o f r e s t r a i n in g t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f a n y act, or a n y i n t e n d e d or t h r e a t e n e d act, w h i c h m a y be in e v a s i o n of, i n d i s r e g a r d of, or at v a r i a n c e w ith, a n y o f t h e f o r e g o i n g provisions." §11. " N e i t h e r t h e P. P. B. n o r i t s a g e n t s shall be answerable t o a charge of libel, slander or i n s u l t i n g words, w h e t h e r criminal or civil, by r e a s o n of any finding or statement c o n t a i n e d in t h e w r i t t e n f i n d i n g s o f f a c t or d e c i s i o n s or by r e a s o n of any written or oral statement ma d e during the Ch. 71 proceedings Acts of the Assembly or deliberations." 1956 Extra Session of the V i r g i n i a General 1 R a c e R e i s . L . R e p . 1 1 1 1 ________________________ "The General Assembly declares, finds and establishes as a fact t hat the mi x i n g of w h i t e and colo r e d children in any e l e m e n t a r y or public schools within a n y county, city or t o w n of the Commonwealth constitutes a clear and present d a n g e r a f fecting an d endangering t h e h e a l t h and welfare of the children and citizens residing in such county, cit y or town, and tha t no efficient s y s t e m of elementary and secondary public schools can be maintained in an y county, city or t o w n in w hich w hite a n d colored c h i ldren are taught in a n y s u c h school loca t e d therein. "An efficient system of elementary public schools m eans and s h a l l be only tha t s y s t e m w i t h i n e a c h county, c ity or t o w n in w h i c h no e l e m e n t a r y school c o n sists of a student bo d y in which w h i t e and colored c h i l d r e n are taught. "An efficient system of secondary public schools m e a n s and s h a l l be only tha t s y s t e m wi t h i n e ach county, c ity or t o w n in w hich no s e c o n d a r y school c o n s i s t s of a student bo d y in which white and colored c hildren are taught. "The G e n e r a l Assembly, f o r the purpose of protecting the health and welfare of the people and in order to p re serve and m a i n t a i n an efficient system of public element ary and s e c o n d a r y schools, h e r e b y declares and establishes it t o be t h e p o l i c y o f t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h t h a t n o p u b l i c elementary or secondary schools in which w h i t e and colored children ar e m i x e d and ta u g h t s hall be e n t i t l e d t o receive or shall r e c e i v e any funds f r o m the State T r e a s u r y for t heir operation, and to t h a t end, forbids a n d p r o h i b i t s the e x p e n d i t u r e of any part of the funds a p p r o p r i a t e d by I t e m s 133> 1 3 4 , 137, 1 3 8 a n d 1 4 3 o f t h i s s e c t i o n f o r t h e establishment and maintenance of any system of public ele m e n t a r y or s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s , w h i c h is no t e f f i c i e n t . The 143 a p p r o p r i a t i o n s m a d e b y I t e m s 133, 134, 1 3 7 , 1 3 8 a n d of this section shall be deemed to be appropriated 17 �separately to the counties and cities and the funds made available and apportioned to the counties and cities severally and separately b y t h e Department of Education a n d the State Board of E d u c a t i o n shall be s e p a r a t e l y sub ject to t h e limitations i m p o s e d in this s e c t i o n for their use, w h i c h limitations and a strict observance thereof shall be a condition pre c e d e n t to their use. "For the purposes of th i s section and a l l other ap plicable laws, the public sc h o o l s of the counties, cities and towns shall consist of t w o separate classes, namely, elementary and secondary schools. "Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Chap t e r o r t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f a n y o t h e r law, w h e n e v e r t h e student b o d y in any e l e m e n t a r y or sec o n d a r y p u b l i c school shall consist of both white and colored children, the Department of Education, the State Board of Education, the State Comptroller, the State Treasurer, local school board, l o c a l treasurer, an d a n y officer of t h e State or of any c ounty or city w h o has power to distribute or ex p e n d a n y o f t h e f u n d s a p p r o p r i a t e d b y I t e m s 1 3 3 , 134, 137, 1 3 8 a n d 143, each s e v e r a l l y and c o l l e c t i v e l y , are directed and commanded to refrain immediately from pay ing, a l l o c a t i n g , t r a n s f e r r i n g or in a n y m a n n e r m a k i n g a v a i l a b l e t o a n y county, city, or tow n in w h i c h such s c h o o l is l o c a t e d a n y p a r t of t h e f unds a p p r o p r i a t e d in I t e m s 1 3 3 , 134, 137, 1 3 8 a n d 1 4 3 f o r t h e m a i n t e n a n c e of any public school of the class [elementary or secondary] of the s c h o o l in which w h i t e and colored c h i l d r e n are t a u g h t w h e n e v e r it is m a d e t o a p p e a r t o t h e G o v e r n o r , a n d he so c e r t i f i e s to th e D e p a r t m e n t of E d u c a t i o n , that all s u c h s c h o o l s o f such c l a s s w i t h i n a n y s u c h cou n t y , city, or t own ca n be m a i n t a i n e d a n d operated w i t h o u t w h i t e and colored c hildren being m i x e d or taught therein, the funds a p p r o p r i a t e d in I t ems 133, 134, 137, 138 a n d 143 t o s u c h county or c i t y shall be m a d e available subj e c t to the limitations contained herein and only for such period a t i m e as it is m a d e to a p p e a r t o the G o v e r n o r t h a t t h e r e is no s c h o o l of that c l a s s b e i n g o p e r a t e d i n s u c h county, city or to w n in which w h i t e and colored ch i l d r e n are mixed and taught, provided that all the limitations herein con t a i n e d s h a l l a g a i n b e e f f e c t i v e i m m e d i a t e l y w h e n e v e r it a p p e a r s t h a t a n y c h i l d r e n ar e b e i n g m i x e d a n d t a u g h t in any public school of the class involved. "It is provi d e d tha t t h e limita t i o n s h e r e i n set forth shall not prohibit the release and d i s t r i b u t i o n of the funds a p p o r t i o n e d and allo c a t e d , or an y u n e x p e n d e d part thereof, to which any county, city or t o w n would otherwise be entitled, to such county, city or t o w n f o r the payment of salaries and wages of unemployed teachers in State and teaching positions, and other public school employees, who are u n d e r contract and for educational p u r p o s e s which m ay be e x p e n d e d in f u r t h erance o f e l e m e n t a r y an d sec o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n of V i r g i n i a s t u d e n t s in n o n s e c t a r i a n private sc h o o l s , a s m a y be p r o v i d e d b y law. . . . . " House Bill # 63 1 Acts of the 1958 Session of the Virginia General Assembly "A B i l l to est a b l i s h t h e policy of t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h of Virginia with respect to the operation of the public free schools when the peace and t r a nquility of the school d i v i s i o n is d i sturbed or the orderly a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of the 18 �e d u c a t i o n a l p r o c e s s is d i s t u r b e d b y r e a s o n o f t h e e x i s t ence of certain conditions; to provide for the closing of s u c h s c h o o l s ; t o v e s t a n d c o n f e r c e r t a i n p o w e r s in t h e G o v e r n o r ; a n d to p r o v i d e t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r r e t u r n of such schools to the local authorities.1 1 il. If m i l i t a r y f o r c e s or o t h e r p e r s o n n e l under Fed e r a l authority e nter the premises of a free public school or the premises thereof, or if such a school sh o u l d be closed as t h e result of suc h action, the G o v e r n o r , at h i s d i s c r e t i o n m a y c l o s e a n y o t h e r sch o o l or s c h o o l s in the sam e division, w h e t h e r t h e y are p o l i c e d b y federal auth o r i t y , if he d e e m s the peace and t r a n q u i l i t y of t h e sc h o o l d i v i s i o n t o be disturbed. §2. Upon such closing the Governor shall assume all c o n t r o l and e x e r c i s e all au t h o r i t y w i t h respect to such school, its o p e r a t i n g personnel and pupils. The local authorities f o r m e r l y in control of such school are vested with the p o wers granted t h e m with regard to payment of tuit i o n grants. §3. "During th e p e r i o d of time a n y public s c h o o l is clos e d p u r s u a n t t o this Act, t h e powe r s a n d d u t i e s of t h e l o c a l s c h o o l board, t h e d i v i s i o n superintendent, the superintendent of public insti tutions, the State B oard of Education and the Pupil P l a c e m e n t Board, as t h e same are p r e s c r i b e d by st a tute w i t h respect to c o n t r o l and o p e r a t i o n of such s c h o o l shall be sus p e n d e d and divested, and all such powers, du r i n g such p e r i o d of time, s h a l l be vested in and exercised by the Governor, Nothing herein c o n t a i n e d shall be c o n s t r u e d as i m p a i r i n g the power of th e l ocal school b o a r d w i t h respect to the sale or e x c h a n g e of p r o p e r t y as provided b y §22- l 6 l of the Code." §4. W h e n e v e r a s c h o o l closed u n d e r t h i s Act can be reopened without the existence of any condi tions w h i c h caused its closing, the Governor, by exe c u t i v e order, s h a l l rest o r e the p o w e r s divested b y §3 a n d r e t u r n t h e o p e r a t i o n , c o n t r o l a n d m a i n t i nance of such school t o the local school board. Senate Bill Acts of the 1958 Session of the Virginia General Assembly #337 "A B i l l t o a m end an d r e e n a c t §10 of C h a p t e r 68 of the A c t s of A s s e m b l y of 1956, E x t r a Session, a p p r o v e d S e p t e m b e r 29, 1 9 5 6 , t h e c h a p t e r r e l a t i n g t o o p e r a t i o n o f c e r t a i n p u b l i c s c h o o l s u n d e r c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s a n d t h e p o w e r s of the Governor in connection therewith; the section, which was codified as 122-188.12, relating to m a n n e r certain scho o l s taken out of the public s c h o o l be returned thereto and the effect thereof." in which system may T h i s a m e n d m e n t p r o v i d e s t h a t if, a f t e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n , the G o v e r n o r concludes, or th e local a u t h o r i t i e s certify to the Gove r n o r by resolution, that in t h e i r o p inion such school cannot be reopened or reorganized and reopened, the G o v e r n o r m a y to proclaim, an d return th e school as a part of t h e public school system. [The a m e n d m e n t u n d e r scored substituted "may" f o r "Shall".] 19 �Senate Bill #120 Acts of "A the Assembly Bill to of 1958 establish the policy of the Commonwealth of Virginia with respect to public schools whenever u n d e r a n y f e d e r a l a u t h o r i t y t h e o p e r a t i o n t h e r e o f is poli c e d b y m i l i t a r y t r o o p s or enforcement officer; to provide f o r the closing of s u c h schools; t o ves t and confer certain powers in the Governor; to provide the conditions for return of such schools to the local authorities." il. S t atement of Policy. No public school shall be operated whenever a n y military f o r c e s or p er sonnel are employed or used upon the o rder or di r e c t i o n of any federal authority. §2. Whenever, except up o n application of the Gene r a l Assembly of Vi r g i n i a or the Governor, m a d e u n d e r the p r o v i s i o n s of A r t i c l e IV, S e c t i o n 4, o f t h e C o n g r e s s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , any military forces or personnel under any fed eral authority occupy a public school, the s c h o o l s s h all a u t o m a t i c a l l y be c l o s e d a n d its operation suspended. §3. U p o n the clos i n g o f an y public s c h o o l under thi s Act, the G o v e r n o r shall assume a l l control. The local authorities shall have power to make p a y m e n t of tuition grants. §4. #637 as §4 of House Bill #631. §5. House Bill Same Same as §5 of House Bill #631. Acts of "A the Bill Assembly of to and amend 1958 reenact 1122-232.1, 22-232.2, 22-232.3, 22-232.5, 2 2 - 2 3 2 . 7 and 22 - 2 3 2 . 1 0 of the Code o f V i r g i n i a , t o r e p e a l S e c t i o n 2 2 - 2 3 2 . 9 o f t h e C o d e of Vi r g i n i a and to add a n e w section numbered 22-232.17, d e c l a r i n g t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f A r t i c l e 1 . 1 o f C h a p t e r 12 of the Code of Virginia to be severable, to authorize i s s u a n c e o f s u b p o e n a s b y t h e P upil P l a c e m e n t B o a r d or its a g e n t s an d p u n i s h as f o r conte m p t i n t h e event of failure or refusal to ob e y such subpoena; and to pre scribe s t a ndards g o v e r n i n g th e Pupil P l a c e m e n t Board in the enrollment of pupils i n the public schools and cer tain administrative p r o c e d u r e s and r emedies for pupils seeking e n rollment in a p u b l i c school o r a change from one public school to another. 1. ence. See §22-232.1. Ch. 7 0 A c t s Amended of 1956 by striking last sent E x t r a S e s s i o n §1. §22-232.2. Amended by providing that members o f t h e P . P. B. s h a l l " s e r v e d u r i n g t h e p l e a s u r e o f t h e Governor" i n s t e a d of "to s e r v e f o r terms to expire at the e x p i r a t i o n of the t e r m o f the Governor making the appointment." S e e Ch. 70 A c t o f 1 9 5 6 E x t r a S e s s i o n §la. 20 �§22-232=3. A m e n d e d by adding p r o v i s i o n that m e m b e r s o r a g e n t s o f t h e P = P. B = m a y a d m i n i s t e r o a t h s or issue s u b p o e n a s an d t h a t a n y c o u r t of r e c o r d of the C o m m o nwealth m ay compel appearance u n d e r subpoena, o r p u n i s h as for c o n t e m p t an y f a i l u r e o r r e f u s a l t o d o so. S e e Ch . 70, A c t o f 1 9 5 6 Extra Session §2. §22-232=5. Amended by striking everything fo l l o w i n g the first fo u r words. It n o w reads; !,T h e P = P . B = s h a l l e n r o l l e a c h p u p i l i n a s c h o o l i n e a c h s c h o o l d i s t r i c t so as to p r o v i d e f o r the o r derly administration of such public schools, th e c o mpetent i n s t r u c t i o n of the p u p i l s enrolled and th e health, s a f e t y and general w e l f a r e of such pupils." See Ch. 70, A c t s of 1 9 5 6 E x t r a Session, §3= §22-232=7= Amended b y adding the following; " p rovided, however, t h a t any parent, g u a r d i a n or o ther person having cus t o d y of a child, w ho co n scientiously objects to the signing of an appli cation, may execute the required application 'under protest* in o rder to secure the proper placement of the child in the public school sys tem, without w a i v i n g a n y right to w h i c h such parent, guardian, o t h e r p e r s o n or child are or may be properly entitled." "I n the event tha t a n y parent, guardian, or other person, in v i o l a t i o n of this section, r e f uses or fails to exec u t e an application for p l a c e m e n t e i t h e r v o l u n t a r i l y o r ’u n d e r p r o t e s t ’ , the Board may issue a subpoena to c o m p e l such parent, guardian or other person to appear before it a n d furn i s h such i n f o r m a t i o n as m a y be n e c e s s a r y to assign the c h i l d to a pr o p e r school; and p e n d i n g the receipt of such information, the Board m a y t a k e such a c t i o n as to the p l a c e m e n t of such c h i l d a s , i n i t s d i s c r e t i o n , it m a y d e e m p r o p e r . " S e e Ch. 70, A c t s o f 1 9 5 ° E x t r a S e s s i o n §5. §22.232,10. A m e n d e d so that e v e r y t h i n g fo l l o w ing "Any party aggrieved by a d e cision of the P.P.B." is s t r i c k e n and t h e f o l l o w i n g s u b s t i t u t e d , " U n d e r t h i s arti c l e or an y p a r t y defined as a n interested p a r t y in §22-232.8 m a y obtain a r e v i e w of such deci s i o n b y f i l i n g i n t h e C l e r k ’s o f f i c e o f t h e C i r c u i t Court of the county or corporation court of the city in the jurisdiction of which such p arty resides, within fifteen days after such decision, a petition in writi n g , spec i f y i n g th e decis i o n so u g h t to be r e viewed, and the actions taken by the P . P . B . , together w i t h a statement of the grounds on w h i c h the petition er is aggrieved or b y r e a s o n of w h i c h h e is an inter ested party. The p etitioner shall file w i t h his peti t i o n a c opy of the d e c i s i o n of the P.P.B. and a t r a n script of the proceeding before the P.P.B. w h i c h shall be f u r n i s h e d to t h e p e t i t i o n e r b y t h e P.P.B. within te n d ays after the r e q u e s t t h e refor u p o n paym e n t of the costs of such t r a n s c r i p t by the p e t i t i o n e r . " S e e C h . 7 0 s A c t s o f 1 9 5 6 E x t r a S e s s i o n § § ° a & 7. 21 �are its "§22-232.17. The provision of this article h e r e b y d e c l a r e d to be s e v e r a b l e . If an y of sections, provisions, clauses, phrases, or parts, be remainder r e m a i n in is held unconstitutional or invalid, the of t h i s article, shall, nevertheless, full force and effect." "2. That repealed." See Ch. §6a. §22-232.9 70, Acts of the of 1956 Code of Extra Virginia Session �REASON and TRUTH in VIRGINIA POLITICS A n A ddress by Colonel Francis Pickens M iller Lee W a rd D em ocratic C lub, Richmond, Va. T u e s d a y E v e n in g , D e c e m b e r 12, 1950 A t this h o u r w h en the storm clouds gro w blacker and w hen a ll th a t we h o ld dear is in m o rta l jeopardy, i t is f ittin g th a t we sh o u ld c o n tin u a lly re-exam ine the c o n d itio n s o f s u rv iv a l o f o u r representative fo rm o f gove rnm ent and o f o u r dem ocratic way o f life . W e k n o w the p ric e o f s u rv iv a l we are g o in g to have to pav in term s o f o u r arm ed forces. A n d we are prepared to pay th a t price. B u t we also kn o w th a t there are m o ra l and in te lle c tu a l q u a litie s necessary fo r s u rv iv a l w ith o u t w h ic h even o u r arm ed forces w i ll n o t save us. I wish to discuss some o f these this evening. T h e dem ocratic fo rm o f representative govern m e n t established in A m e rica by tire C o n s titu tio n of 1787 is in its essence an appeal to reason. A h u n d re d and fifty years ago V irg in ia n s were the forem ost advo cates o f a p o litic a l p h ilo so p h y in sp ire d by th a t appeal. O u r V irg in ia system—o u r A m e rica n system—assumes th a t m a n is, above a ll else, a ra tio n a l and a m ora l being. I t assumes th a t the best gove rn m e n t is one in w h ic h p o lic y decisions are taken a fte r die citizens themselves have had an o p p o rtu n ity to become fa m il ia r w ith the facts and to reflect w ith th e ir m inds upon the facts in the lig h t o f d ie ir beliefs a b o u t die u ltim a te goals o f h u m a n destiny. F alsifica tio n o f fact and ap peals to passion ra th e r th a n to reason constitute a betrayal o f the V irg in ia way o f life C o m m unism is the m ost dangerous external d ire a t to o u r in s titu tio n s . T h is is tru e n o t so m uch because o f the erroneous econom ic views o f K a rl M a rx as because o f its use o f the ‘b ig lie ’, and its ap peal to fear, hate and p re ju d ic e ra th e r d ia n to reason and tru th . T h e use o f the ‘b ig lie ’ and the appeal to passion is u n fo rtu n a te ly b y n o means confined to C om m unists. T h e re has been a w o rld -w id e flig h t fro m reason d u rin g the first h a lf o f the T w e n tie th C e n tu ry . T h is is the most- frig h te n in g and o m in o u s characteristic o f o u r age. F o r flig h t fro m reason is exactly the same th in g as flig h t fro m de m o cra tic representative governm ent. I t means p o lic y im posed fro m above by clever rulers and demagogues ra th e r th a n p o lic y g ro w in g o u t o f ra tio n a l discussions and decisions am ong the people themselves. Enemies o f dem ocracy w h o pro m o te this flig h t fro m reason assume th a t die average m an is litt le m ore than a sm art m onkey w h o can be m ost effectively led by appeals to his em otions and appetites d iro u g h the 1 I h o ld here in m y han d a copy o f a fake p h o to g ra p h used in the recent M a ry la n d cam paign. T h is copy was reproduced in “ T h e N e w Y o rk T im e s ” fo r Sunday, N o v e m b e r 12. T h e p h o to g ra p h p u rp o rts to show Senator T y d in g s conversing w ith E a rl Brow der, fo rm e r leader o f the A m e ric a n C o m m u n is t Party. T h e effect was achieved by ta k in g tw o separate photos and m a k in g a com posite o f them . A c c o rd in g to “ T h e N ew Y o rk T im e s ” this fake p ic tu re was believed to be one o f the factors in d e te rm in in g the outcom e o f the M a ry la n d contest fo r the U n ite d States Senate. T h e fu tu re o f the R e p u b lic is indeed in je o p a rd y i f o u r A m e ric a n electorate is to be dup ed by this k in d o f fra u d u le n t tric k e ry . Those w h o use o r condone such m ethods are as dangerous enemies o f A m e ric a as any o f the gangsters in the K re m lin . H e re in the South we are p a rtic u la rly vuln e ra b le to such tric k s because we have a special problem . W h erever tw o races liv e together in the same te rr i tory, the te m p ta tio n is enorm ous to abandon reason in the in terest o f arousing the basest passions know n to m en. T h e despicable appeal to race hatred and V irg in ia n s as a ru le feel su p e rio r to such sordid activ itie s in n e ig h b o rin g states. W e are sorry th a t p o litic ia n s elsewhere cond uct th e ir affairs on such a lo w level and we p retend th a t ours are conducted on a m uch h ig h e r plane. A c tu a lly , the flig h t fro m reason in V irg in ia p o li tics has been as pronou nced as anyw here else, and for this Senator H a rr y F lood B y rd is m ore responsible than any o th e r m an in the C o m m onw ealth. H e is in this respect one o f the m ost a u th e n tic demagogues in the c o u n try —a ll the m ore dangerous because o f the facade o f aris to c ra tic re s p e c ta b ility be h in d w h ic h he operates. M a n y people w i ll be startle d to hear H a rry B yrd called a demagogue. W h y is he a demagogue? H e is a demagogue because his appeal is n o t to reason b u t to passion, fear, and p reju dice. T h e technique o f the demagogue is to d iv e rt ra tio n a l a tte n tio n fro m the real issues by focusing the e m o tio n a l a tte n tio n o f peo ple on a hated g ro u p o r person too week o r too distan t to fig h t back o r re ta lia te effectively. H itle r used this technique w ith m ore d ia b o lic a l c u n n in g and satanic ruthlessness than any o th e r m an in history. H e gained and m a in ta in e d his p ow er by focusing the fu ry o f the G erm an people on the helpless lews. C o m in g closer hom e, there is a prize story about th a t e m in e n t Southern demagogue, B ilb o o f M issis sip p i. P rio r to one o f his campaigns, he is alleged to have been asked by a new spaperm an if he knew w ho was g o in g to r u n against h im . “ M y son,” re p lie d B ilb o , " th a t is n o t the que stion. T h e que stion is w ho am / g o in g to r u n against. I m ig h t r u n against the C IO . I m ig h t r u n against W a lte r W in c h e ll. So far, I ju s t h ave n’t m ade u p m y m in d .” B ilb o kn e w th a t in M ississippi he c o u ld easily w in by r u n n in g against e ith e r one, and he always d id . H a rr y B y rd has used exa c tly this same technique in V irg in ia . M a n y years ago he chose the C IO as the g ro u p against w h ic h he was g o in g to ru n , o r have his m an ru n , in o rd e r to d iv e rt the a tte n tio n o f V irg in ia n s fro m the real issues. H e has been r u n n in g against the C IO ever since. T h e C IO is his fa v o rite w h ip p in g boy, and he has a p p lie d the lash to good effect. I n 1937 R o b e rt W . D a n ie l o f “ B ra n d o n ” decided to r u n fo r lie u te n a n t gove rno r. R o b e rt D a n ie l had been a W a ll Street b a n k e r and had no m ore in com m o n w ith d ie C IO th a n had H a rr y B yrd , b u t he was a m an o f great in te llig e n c e and in te g rity , and he d id n o t believe in a llo w in g one c liq u e to d o m in a te the state w ith o u t c o m p e titio n . C o nsequen tly he decided to r u n against the B yrd m achine. I t is generally kn o w n in the V a lle y o f V irg in ia that, sh o rtly a fte r he ann ounced, w o rd was passed o u t th ro u g h a ll the ru ra l d is tric ts th a t D a n ie l was the C IO -su p p o rte d candidate. T h e tric k w o rked. D a n ie l was defeated a t the polls. I n fact the tric k w o rke d so w e ll th a t i t was h e ld over fo r to p b illin g n e x t tim e. In 1946 M a rtin A . H u tc h in s o n offered h im s e lf fo r the U n ite d States Senate. T h e same w h ip p in g boy was tro tte d o u t. T h e B y rd m achine covered the state w ith advertisem ents d is p la y in g such scare headlines as, “ S hall the C IO -P A C Inva d e V irg in ia ? ” and con c lu d in g , “ V ote A m e rica n . . . R e tu rn H a rr y F. B y rd ,” th e clear im p lic a tio n b e in g th a t i f anyone voted against B y rd , he was v o tin g un-A m erican . A g a in the tric k w o rke d b e a u tifu lly . So we come to the g u b e rn a to ria l cam paign o f 1949. Y o u w i ll re ca ll th a t in M ay, June, and the e a rly p a r t o f J u ly , 1949, the outcom e o f the cam paign was in real d o u b t. F o r the firs t tim e in its existence, the B yrd m achine had been forced to fig h t fo r its life . T h e Senator’s personal prestige and his c o n tro l o f the state were a t stake. T h e w h ip p in g boy technique had p a id o ff w e ll in the past; there was no reason w h y it s h o u ld n o t pay o ff again. A n d so on J u ly 9, 1949, the Senator w e n t d ow n to H a rriso n b u rg , go t o u t his lash and had his fa v o rite w h ip p in g boy tro tte d out. I n o rd e r th a t he m ig h t c o n tin u e to name his ow n ca n d i date fo r go ve rn o r and in o rd e r to d iv e rt die a tte n tio n o f the people o f V irg in ia fro m the real issues o f the cam paign, he w a rne d against “ p e rm ittin g die election o f a C IO -su p p o rte d candidate by a m in o rity g ro u p .” H e said th a t the “ v ita l issue” in the cam paign was w h e th e r V irg in ia w o id d c lin g to its p h iloso phy o f “ sound g o ve rn m e n t” o r w h e d ie r "outsid e la b o r lead ers” w o u ld g a in a fd o th o ld . T h is was the o n ly issue 2 3 4 use o f techniques o f mass suggestion w h ic h the ad vance o f science has m ade possible. T h e flig h t fro m reason is the same as the flig h t to w a rd to ta lita ria n is m w h e d ie r in Russia, G erm any, I ta ly o r the U n ite d States. A n d in spite o f A m e ric a ’s vast system o f p u b lic and p riv a te edu cation, and in spite o f o u r su p e rio r s cie ntific s k ill and know -how , the flig h t fro m reason in the U n ite d States has reached te rr ify in g p ro p o rtio n s . I f i t continues unarrested, o u r d e m ocratic system o f representative gove rn m e n t w ill cease to fu n c tio n . A n yone w h o is fa m ilia r w ith recent p o litic a l cam paigns in this c o u n try is aware o f the e x te n t to w h ic h appeals to reason and tru th have given place to ap peals to passion and p re ju d ic e . D u rin g the past year we have observed on the n a tio n a l scene a phenom enon c alled M c C a rd iy is m . N e ver before in o u r n a tio n a l life has the lie been used m ore brazenly o r w ith such u tte r disregard fo r tru th and reason. T h e techniques em plo yed are alrea dy e a tin g lik e a cancer in to the life o f the body p o litic . Since, how ever, M cC a rth yism has p a id o ff at the polls, as in the defeat o f Senator T y d ings in M a ry la n d , we can a n tic ip a te th a t i t w ill con tin u e to th riv e in the m onths ahead w ith even greater, v iru le n c e . I n com m e n tin g on the recent n a tio n a l elections, M r. James Reston o f “ T h e N e w Y o rk T im e s ” w rites: “ . . . T h e means adopted in this contest were n o t he a lth y ; the suspicions in the p u b lic m in d have n o t been rem oved b u t have been increased by as ig n o b le a series o f p o litic a l tric k s as this c o u n try has seen since the A1 S m ith cam paign in 1928_____ ” fear em ployed in N o r th C a ro lin a last s p rin g and sum m er d u r in g die p rim a ry contest fo r a seat in the U n ite d States Senate serves as a so lu m n w a rn in g o f the dangers w h ic h lie ahead unless we recover o u r perspec tiv e and m ake o u r appeal to reason. In com m e n tin g on the m ethods used in the Senate race, " T h e C hapel H i l l W e e k ly ” o f C hapel H ill, N o rth C a ro lin a , said in an e d ito ria l p u b lis h e d on Ju n e 30, 1950: " A p ro m in e n t c itiz e n o f an eastern N o rth C a ro lin a tow n, a m an w h o bears a nam e hon ore d in N o rth C a ro lin a fo r generations, b ro u g h t to R a le ig h one day this week specimens o f circulars and o th e r p rin te d m a tte r th a t had been c irc u lated. . . . .One c irc u la r spread a ro u n d in the east showed Negroes s ittin g id le on a p o rc h lo o k in g a t w h ite people w o rk in g in a field, w id i te x t saying th a t people w h o voted fo r G raham w o u ld be v o t in g fo r that. T h e re were h a n d b ills saying th a t a vote fo r G raham was a vote fo r the m in g lin g o f w h ite and N e gro c h ild re n in schoolroom s and o th e r places. . . . I t was a m isrepresentation cam paign on the u p p e r level; and on the lo w e r level, where i t was w on, i t was a hate cam paign in v ir u le n t fo rm .” �he discussed, and he elaborated on i t in every con ceivable way. T h e “ R ic h m o n d T im es-D ispatch” ac c o u n t o f the Senator’s speech noted th a t B y rd was ap p a re n tly re fe rrin g to m e in his reference to “ the c and i date w h o is kn o w n to be su pp orted by the P o litic a l A c tio n C o m m itte e o f the C IO .” A g a in B y rd ’s use o f the w h ip p in g boy paid off. Some weeks a fte r the p rim a ry o f 1949 was over, I was v is itin g frie n d s in the V a lle y, and a m an w h o m I had n o t m et before was ta lk in g to me a b o u t the cam paign. A f te r we chatted fo r some tim e he said, “ C o lone l, I d id n o t k n o w you and was com ple tely m isin fo rm e d a b o u t the issues o f the cam paign. I knew the B yrd m a ch in e was bad, b u t I fe lt th a t to have V irg in ia ru n by die C IO w o u ld be worse, and I had been to ld d ia t the choice was between h a v in g the state ru n by the B y rd m achin e o r h a v in g it r u n by the C IO , so I voted fo r the B y rd m achin e.” T h is gen tlem a n’s story c ould be c o n firm e d b y thousands o f o th e r people w ho were delu d e d by H a rr y B y rd in to b e lie v in g th a t the issu was, “ S h all V irg in ia be ru n by the B y rd m achine o r sh a ll i t be r u n by die C IO ? ” I t was a close c a ll fo r the B yrd m achine on the second o f A u gust, 1949. I t is g o in g to be closer s till in A u gust, 1953. T h e boys in the m achine are aware o f d ia t, and are alrea dy ta k in g p re ca u tin a ry measures. As everyone knows, the e d ito ria l page o f “ T h e D a n v ille R e gister” is distin g u ish e d by the faithfu lness w ith w h ic h i t fo llo w s die B y rd m achine line. A p p a r e n tly the e d ito r o f th a t pap er had heard a ru m o r th a t R o b e rt W h ite h e a d m ig h t r u n fo r G o v e rn o r in 1953. T h is te rr ify in g prospect re q u ire d in s ta n t action. T h e one tric k th a t had w o rked in the past and the one tric k th a t the B y rd m achine hoped w o u ld con tin u e to w o rk in the fu tu re was its use o f the C IO as a w h ip p in g boy. So, on O cto b e r 4, 1950, an e d ito ria l appeared in “ T h e D a n v ille R e gister” headed, “ Does W e b b e r Seek C a n n o n ’s F o rm e r R ole?” (Charles C. W e b b e r is C h a irm a n o f d ie V irg in ia In d u s tria l U n io n C o u n c il, C IO .) T h is e d ito ria l was given the widest possible c irc u la tio n by being re p u b lis h e d in the “ R ic h m o n d T im e s-D isp a tch ” fo r O ctobe r 12, 1950, u n der the hea ding, “ W e b b e r A n o th e r Bishop Cannon?” T h e e d ito ria l concludes as follow s: N o greater falsehood was ever c o m m itte d to p r in t. T h e w r ite r o f this e d ito ria l knew p e rfe c tly w e ll th a t R o b e rt W h ite h e a d is one o f the m ost e m in e n t lawyers in V irg in ia w ith a ll o f the w isdom and und e rsta n d in g th a t a m an acquires w h o has spent his life in the ser vice o f a g ric u ltu ra l c o m m u nities. H e also knew th a t R o b e rt W h ite h e a d has as lit t le c onn ection w ith the C IO as d id R o b e rt W . D a n ie l o f “ B ra n d o n .” O n seven successive occasions, b e g in n in g in 1935, R o b e rt W h ite head has been elected by the people to p u b lic office. I d o u b t i f there are seventy-five C IO votes in his e n tire d is tric t. H ow ever, the e d ito ria l w r ite r ’s in terest was n o t in these p la in facts b u t in d o in g the m a x im u m a m o u n t o f damage to anyone w ith the guts to c h a l lenge the B y rd m achine. So he in v e n te d this cocka n d -b u ll story and p u b lis h e d it. Such is the record o f the one cam paign issue on w h ic h H a rr y B yrd and his henchm en have re lie d to c o n tro l V irg in ia d u r in g the past fifteen years. I f any one to o k this record a t its face value, w h a t w o u ld he im a g in e the C IO in V irg in ia to be? Surely, a m an in Senator B y rd ’s p o s itio n w o u ld n o t make tire C IO the exclusive issue o f V irg in ia p o litic s fo r fifteen years unless the C IO in V irg in ia were a very p o w e rfu l o r g a n iza tio n ! Since the C IO has been p ic tu re d as the m a in th re a t to the a ll-p o w e rfu l B y rd m achin e, it m ust indeed have enorm ous strength. W h a t is its strength? T h e “ R ic h m o n d T im e s -D is p a tc h ” in an e d ito ria l on J u ly 17, 1940, said: “ R o b e rt W h ite h e a d , as d id Francis Pickens M ille r , is lo o k in g to w a rd the gove rno rship and is c o u n tin g h e a v ily u p o n the Rev. M r. W ebber in m a k in g his plans fo r 1953. Just as C o lo n e l M ille r insisted he was n o p o litic a l fro n t fo r W ebbe r and his PA C , so w i ll W h ite h e a d say and believe he is his o w n fro n t. B u t n e id ie r m an, being pra c tic a l as w e ll as a m b itio u s , w o u ld deny th a t he co u ld seek such an office and be certa in o f a sizable vote o n ly w ith the a ll-o u t bush-beating s u p p o rt o f C h a p la in W e b b e r.” 5 L W h a t was tru e in 1946 was s till tru e in 1949. A f te r the m ost ca re fu l checking and rcchecking, i t is clear th a t n o t m ore d ia n e ig h t o r n in e thousand m em bers o f the C IO voted in the g u b e rn a to ria l cam paign o f 1949, w h ic h is tw o and three-quarters per cent o f a ll the votes cast in th a t p rim a ry . A vote as sm all as th is w o u ld be u tte rly in capable o f c o n tro llin g any m a jo r cand idate and is n o t la rge enough to influence decisively the outcom e o f an election. F u rd ie r, as recent events in O h io have m ade a b u n d a n tly clear, it is q u ite in c o rre c t to assume th a t die votes o f u n io n m embers can be d elivered by anyone in a block. T h e A m e ric a n w o rk in g m an is too in te llig e n t and too in dependent fo r that. P a re n th e tic a lly , i t is a fact th a t in Ju n e and J u ly, 1949, i t was m y r u ra l s u p p o rt th a t was the real th re a t to the m achine, and the boys w h o c o n tro l die m achine were w e ll aware o f that. These are the facts. T h e y ca n n o t be reconciled w id i the p ic tu re B y rd has dra w n . T h e im pression he has created in the m in d s o f thousands o f V irg in ia n s is th a t the C IO in d iis state is a g ig a n tic , sin ister o rg a n i zation w h ic h musters sufficien t s tre n g th to m atch its votes w ith the votes o f the B y rd m achine, and th a t anyone w ho challenges the B y rd m achin e m ust neces sa rily be a C IO -c o n tro lle d cand idate to secure enough votes to w in . T h is is an u tte rly false and rid ic u lo u s p ic tu re o f the s itu a tio n . As everyone knows, I am abso lutely opposed to gove rnm ent by pressure groups, w h e th e r the g ro u p be the C IO o r die N a tio n a l Association o f M a n u fa c turers. I am as m u c h opposed to “ la b o r” gove rnm ent as 1 am to gove rn m e n t by in d u s tria l corp o ra tio n s and fo r exactly die same reasons. A “ la b o r” p o litic a l m a c hine c o n tr o llin g the state w o u ld be as a b h o rre n t to me as the B yrd m achine c o n tr o llin g the state, and I w o u ld fig h t the one as w h o le h e a rte d ly as the other. T o receive die s u p p o rt and votes o f w o rk in g m en w h o belong, to la b o r u nions is, how ever, a very d if fe re n t th in g fro m b e in g c o n tro lle d by a C IO p o litic a l m achine. A p p a re n tly , m any u n io n m embers in O h io recently voted fo r R o b e rt A . T a f t fo r the Senate, yet I never heard o f anyone accusing h im o f being con tro lle d by the C IO . T h e w o rk in g m en w h o belong to the C IO have exactly the same r ig h t to organize as the lawyers o f V irg in ia , o r the doctors, o r the p e a n u t and hog growers, o r the dairym en, o r as any o th e r professional o r p ro d u c in g g ro u p . T h e y also have exa ctly die same r ig h t to vote. As V irg in ia n s , they s h ou ld be treated lik e V irg in ia n s by everyone w h o aspires to p u b lic o f fice. I k n o w o f n o d iin g m ore c o n te m p tib le th a n fo r die ric h and p o w e rfu l, w h o also consider themselves the* w e ll-b o rn , to k ic k w o rk in g men a b o u t as H a rry B y rd has done in o rd e r to secure and m a in ta in p o lit i cal c o n tro l. F u rth e r, i t is an e v il day in the h isto ry o f this C o m m onw ealth w hen a candidate is a u to m a tica lly brande d as un -A m e ric a n because he receives supp ort fro m V ir g in ia ’s organized w o rk in g m en. T h e record o f the B yrd m achine in this respect is an in s u lt to h u m a n in te llig e n c e and an a ffro n t to the C h ris tia n conscience. W e have had enough o f it. By using the C IO as a w h ip p in g boy, H a rry Byrd has, fo r the tim e being, reta ined c o n tro l over the state, b u t he has re ta in e d c o n tro l at te rriffic cost to the peo ple o f V irg in ia . Perhaps the greatest in ju r y he has in flic te d on o u r beloved C o m m onw ealth has been the e x te n t to w h ic h the p o litic a l m ethods used by h im and his m achine have discouraged good m en and 6 7 “ H e re in V irg in ia the emphasis b e in g p u t u p o n the a ttitu d e o f die u nions in the c u rre n t sena toria l cam paign seems exaggerated. ‘T h e T im e s -D is p a tc h ’ has c ritic iz e d them fre q u e n tly and is o u t o f sym pathy w ith m uch th a t they are d o in g , b u t la b o r is too weak in the State to be the fa c to r in d e te rm in in g the outcom e o f die sena to ria l contest th a t some im agine. T h e horrendous C IO -P A C , fo r exam ple, p ro b a b ly can d e liv e r n o t m ore tiffin 10,000 votes in the State, a t the outside. F ro m a ll the u p ro a r a b o u t it, one w o u ld suppose th a t i t c ould th ro w 50,000 votes a ro u n d a t w ill. ” w om en w h o d iffe r w ith h im fro m o p e n ly expressing th e ir differences and fro m o ffe rin g fo r p u b lic office. N o decent c itiz e n likes to be smeared p u b lic ly . Yet, th a t is exactly w h a t happens to everyone w h o ch a l lenges the ru le o f th is d ic ta to ria l cliq u e . T h e effect ove r the years has been to d e p rive V irg in ia o f some o f h e r ablest and m ost in te llig e n t leadership. M a n y a y o u n g m an wrh o co u ld have served us w e ll has had no a lte rn a tiv e b u t to leave the state o r else to b u y his liv in g a t the p ric e o f silence. In lig h t o f V irg in ia ’s g reat tra d itio n s o f tolerance and fa ir play, th is is a d e p lo ra b le situ a tio n . H a rr y B y rd ’s m ethods o f m a in ta in in g c o n tro l have had o th e r e q u a lly serious consequences. H e has discouraged the use o f reason in p u b lic affairs and, by so d o in g , has u n d e rm in e d the process o f dem ocratic representative gove rnm ent. H e has d iv id e d m any V irg in ia c o m m u n itie s in to tw o hostile camps, re c re a tin g a class society and s e ttin g class over against class. A n d fu rth e r, he has d iv e rte d a tte n tio n fro m the real issues w h ic h are c ry in g to h ig h heaven fo r statesm anlike s o lu tio n , and w'hich o u g h t to have been d e a lt w ith a g en era tion ago. Senator B yrd know s w h a t the real issues are as w e ll as anyone. B u t they are the la st issues in the w o rld he wants the people o f V irg in ia to discuss, because once they are considered and resolved by an appeal to reason, the B y rd m achine w i ll cease to exist. I challenge the leaders o f the B y rd m achine to discuss real issues in place o f spurious and false issues. F o r exam ple. South C a ro lin a has ju s t abolished the p o ll tax. W h y -have o u r m achine p o litic ia n s in V i r g in ia k e p t s ile n t now fo r m ore than a year on this great issue? W h e n w i ll V irg in ia resume h e r leader s h ip o f th e S outhern States in m atters o f this kind? O u r V irg in ia tra d itio n lives. I t w i ll su rvive the assaults o f any demagogue, how ever p o w e rfu l he m ay be. Deep in o u r souls we believe in the appeal to reason and the appeal to tru th . W e m ake th a t ap peal, and th a t appeal w i ll even tu a lly be victo rio u s. J o h n M ilto n said in 1644: “ A n d th ough a ll the w inds o f d o c trin e were le t loose to p la y up o n the earth, so T r u t h be in the field, we do in ju r io u s ly by licensing and p ro h ib itin g , to m isdou bt her strength L e t her and falsehood grapple. W h o ever knew T r u t h p u t to the worse in a free and open encounter?” T h is saying is as tru e in 1950 as it was three h u n d re d years ago. A d d itio n a l C o p ie s C a n B e S e c u re d F ro m B o o m 301, 416 E a s t M ain S tr e e t C h a rlo tte s v ille , V irg in ia 8 �STATEMENT BY THE ARLINGTON SCHOOL BOARD December 15, 1955 We, County School amendment be is the members Board, and believe enacted^ the members-elect that public if the school of the proposed system Arlington constitutional of Virginia will weakened. We are payment of public We it would fear tax lack burden, of the effective breakdown throughout of unalterably tax monies result in impairment state disciplines Virginiar a opposed for tuition substantial of the the in of principle private increase educational control^ in to education of our the schools. in the standards curriculum, of and through in children the �The members of the Fairfax Citizens1 Council ask your support of legislation to provide for State investigation of organizations which exert pressure to change the laws and way of life of Virginia and its people. Organizations such as Freedom House, Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, NAACP, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, Delegate Assembly for Civil Rights, American Civil Liberties Union, national Urban League, Fund for the Republic, Southern Regional Council, Virginia Council on Human Relations, American Friends Service Committee and many others, including commercial organizations which have given their support, finan cial and otherwise to the above groups. We welcome any investigation of our organization, our motives, our operations or our membership. We denounce the ridiculous suggestion that other organizations, such as the League of Women Voters, Parent-Teacher Organizations, Virginia Education Association and so-called "Civic" groups, etc., be excluded from investigation. These groups certainly should be investigated; individually and collectively, including their national and international affiliations. Why should they be excluded though they have not even asked to be excluded? If they feel they should not be investigated, they must have something to hide. FAIRFAX CITIZENS' COUNCIL Fairfax County, Va. Address: Route 2, Box 592 McLean, Virginia Phones: Crescent 3-1809 Jefferson 2-7879 Elmwood 6 - k b 8 6 �REMARKS OF EDMUND D. CAMPBELL BEFORE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF VIRGINIA AT PUBLIC HEARING ON BILL PROPOSED BY GOVERNOR THOMAS B. STANLEY TO WITHHOLD STATE TAX FUNDS FROM COUNTIES OR CITIES WHICH PERMIT ANY INTEGRATION OF PUPILS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS September 5, 1956 I come before you today as a native Virginian, born on a college campus in Lexington within a stone's throw of the last resting place of the South's greatest hero. General Robert £. Lee. Dean Harry Campbell of Washington and Lee was my father. It goes without saying that the problem which you have to meet in this special session is an extraordinarily difficult one, and I am convinced that you are approaching it with real sincerity of purpose. It is my plea to you, however, that in the white-hot urgency to enact effective legislation on the racial problem you do not forget or repudiate the great and fundamental principles on which the commonwealth was founded. Mr. Chairman, I would ask the members of this Assem bly to glance at the dedication plaque on the wall of this room immediately behind the speaker's chair. "To Nathaniel Bacon * * * a great patriot leader of the Virginia people." It was this Nathaniel Bacon, whom you honor here, who fought a rebellion against the Qovernor of Virginia and its �then House of Burgesses for the right of the Individu«l counties to local self-government. Under the law as it was then. Governor Berkley, with the House of Burgesses, appointed all members of the so-called county courts. These county courts were not only courts, — they were the very governing bodies of the counties themselves. They fixed the tax levy for their counties. It was in the historic Grand Assembly of Burgesses headed by Nathaniel Bacon that Virginia established once and for all the fundamental right of local self-government, by providing that the people of each county could elect their own officials to have a say in the levying of their local taxes. I respectfully suggest to you that this September afternoon we are in grave danger of losing the fundamental principle of government for which you honor Nathaniel Bacon and for which cause he gave his life. For in the plan now recommended to you by the present Governor of Virginia, there are the same aspects of tyranny against the individual counties and cities of this commonwealth as existed under Governor Berkley. Punitive taxation against any locality in this state, whatever the guise, whatever the provocation, is tyranny. It is un-American. It is un-Virginian. It would make tragic sport of the motto, "Sic Semper Tyrannis" which 2 �we proudly display on our state flag. I hope you will de feat the Governor's proposals and uphold Virginia's proud tradition of local self-government which has been the pride of this commonwealth since a century before the American Revolution. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Acts of the 1956 Extra Session of the Virginia General Assembly Description An account of the resource Acts of the 1956 Extra Session of the Virginia General Assembly, including act "to provide no child shall be required to attend integrated schools" and other race related legislation. 27 pages Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Virginia Acts of Assembly Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_5_2_1_2 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/a832786a01ed71ea4d468c0d1e0c78ee.pdf fec4c85d650f76722cee79ae1870223a PDF Text Text UPI-152 UPI-152 FOR A ’S SUNDAY, FEB, 1 M B H,L. STEVENSON Y UNITED PRESS INTERNATIONA!. RICHM OND, VA., JAN. 31 •— <tIPI>-•-VIRGINIA»5 PUBLIC SCHOOL EGREGATlOI! BARRIERS' WILL FALL M N A fT K M O D Y A Y ILES FR M THE LITTLE T W W ER O ON H E THE FIRST D A D FO INTEGRATION W EM N S R ERE M D A E, A GROUP OF NEGRO PARENTS A D CHILDREN FILED SUIT IN PRINCE ED A N U RD COUNTY, VA,, O M Y 23, 1951, CHALLENGING THE VALIDITY O THE O D M A F L "SEPARATE BUT EQUAL" DOCTRINE OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. IT W S O THIS, CASE, A D FOUR OTHERS, THAT THE U.S. SUPREM COURT A H N E STRUCK D W THE DOCTRINE O M Y 17, 1950, PLUNGING VIRGINIA A D O ER ON H A N TH SOUTHERN STATES INTO A DRAW N-OUT BATTLE TO M AINTAIN SEGREGATIflr:. M DAY, NEGRO A D W M N HITE STUDENTS UILL G TO RIGIDLY SEGREGATED O SCHOOLS It! FARMVILIX A D OTHER COM UNITIffi IN PRIILCE ED A D COUNTY, N M WR ' JUST A TH H V D N FO NEARLY EIGHT Y RS SINCE THE FIRST SUIT* S EY A E O E R EA CO RT APPEALS A D A SEVEN CCQ} Y R D Y GRANTED-BY A FEDERAL J ’OGE U N EA ELA HV H A E ELD UP INTEGRATION I!! PRINCE EDUARD. A APPEAL O THE L N N F OG DELAY G N RA TED B JUDGE STERLING H TCH N IS STILL PENDING. ALL OF THE Y U ESO STUDENTS IN TIE ORIGINAL CASE, H V G O N UP. M N H V PARRIED. A E RW AY A E OE M H V M V D AUAY. A E OE M N A 'S INTEGRATION WILL CO E IN TH M ODY M E ETROPOLITAN A S OF NORFOLK REA A D ARLINGTON, FAR R M V D FRO THE ROLLING FA LA D O PRINCE ED A D N E OE M RM N F WR COUNTY. SEVENTEEN NEGROES A SCHEDULED TO ENTER SIP NORFOLK SCHOOL’ . FO L RE U WILL ENROLL IN A ALL-WHITE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL II! ARLINGTON. N W A H S THE STATE D N SINCE MAY 17, 10 5ft, TO TRY T CIRCUM HT A OE O VENT INTEGRATION? W A W H T ILL IT D IN THE FUTURE IP ITS DETERM O INATION TO, FIND A N W BATTLEGROUND? E THE FIRST QUESTION C N B A SW A E N ERED IN A M OUNTAIN OF LEG BRIEFS, AL MILLIONS OF W R S O C U TR O TESTIMONY, T O CONFLICTING 3CCR- ir*S O OD F OR OM W F RESISTANCE A D TO COURT RULINGS W ICH TOPPLED THE W O W R S . N O H H LE O K THE SE O D C N NOT B A SW CN A E N ERED TODAY. GOV. J . LINDSAT A M N H S L OD A PLEDGED THAT THE STATE WILL USE EVERY LEG M N IT CA M STER TO AL EA S N U INSURE THAT INTEGRATION D ES NOT < O PLEAD. �AUICKD il/e STRONGLY HINTED THAT 11.:: . TATE ..A* ABANDON TAiiY 0.- ITS * PUBLIC ICHOOLS At!D TUB!! TO :O E COLT O PRIVATE , Y' TEH TILL TC BE M F DE3IGNED BY A LEGISLATIVE COMMISSION. IT WILL G TO VOLK It: THE NEAR O FUTURE. A O D SU M N D A SPECIAL SESSION OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY TO TEAL LM N M OE W ITH TH CURRENT CIRIS. E HE PROPOSED TUITION GHAUTS FO STUDENTS TO E ATTEND PRIVATE SCHOOLS, AN OUTLET FO THE PARENTS W O DO NOT WISH TO R H SEND THEIR CHILDREN TO INTEGRATED CLASSROOMS. IT REPRESENTED, IN EFFECT, THE GOVERNOR’ S CONCESSION THAT TOKEN INTEGRATION W S INEVITABLE AND HE BLUNTLY TOLD A SOM A BER OPENING DAY SESSION OF THE ASSEM BLY THAT THE STATE H AD EMPTIED ITS LEGAL ARSENAL. TH Oil) C M W E A SPECIAL THREE-JUDGE FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL E A E HN COURT AND THE VIRGINIA SUPREME COURT RULED 12 DAYS A O THAT THE STATE'S G SO-CALLED "MASSIVE RESISTANCE" PRO RAM W S UNCONSTITUTIONAL. G A "IN THIS STRUGGLE VIRGINIA H SEEN. 3 UBJECTED TO PRESSURES M R ■ AS OE RELENTLESS, BRUTISH A D FORMIDABLE TH N THAT APPLIED TO ANY OTHER STATE. M A SHE H S PRESERVED H SYSTEM. OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS LO G TH N ANY STATE A ER N ER A . W E E THE ISSUE H BEEN PRESSED. HR AS SHE H NOT SURRENDERED AND SHE DO AS ES NOT SURRENDER NOW," A O D SAID, LM N THE "MASSIVE RESISTANCE" PRO RAM W S EVOLVED IN 195S, LARGELY THE G A RECOM ENDATION OF POW M ERFUL DEM OCRATIC SEN. HARRY FLOOD BYRD. IT’ S K Y E FEATURES W ERE L W CUTTING OFF FUNDS TO SCHOOLS W A S HICH INTEGRATE, TUITION GRANTS FOR PRIVATE SCHOOLS AND AUTHORIZATION TO THE GOVERNOR T CLOSE ANY SCHOOL W ERE INTEGRATION OCCURRED. O H TH LA S W E W ERE NOT CHALLENGED DIRECTLY AT FIRST. FEDERAL DISTRICT JUDGE W ALTER E. HOFFMAN, W O O H RDERED INTEGRATION IN NORFOLK, FIRST OBSERVED THAT TH L W GIVING A THREE-M BER STATE BO RD THE PO E T E A EM A WR O /ASSIGN STUDENTS FO TH ENTIRE STATE SEEMED "UNCONSTITUTIONAL O ITS R E N FACE FINALLY, IN TH A TU N OF 195S, A O D W S FORCED TO USE HIS SCHOOL E U M LM N A CLOSURE POW ERS TO SHUTDOW SCHOOLS IN NORFOLK, CH LOTTES ’' ILLE AND N AR FRONT ROYAL. TH KEY L W W R IMMEDIATELY CHALLENGED. E A S EE AND, AS A O D PUT IT, LM N TH "H M ER OF FEDERAL INTERVENTION FELL WITH DEVASTATING FORCE" O E A M N JAN. 19, 1959. "MASSIVE RESISTANCE" W S DEAD. A CM138A � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Copy of UPI article regarding upcoming desegregation of Arlington and other Virginia schools on February 1, 1959. Description An account of the resource Copy of UPI article regarding upcoming desegregation of Arlington and other Virginia schools on February 1, 1959. 2 pages Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United Press International Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1959-02-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_5_2_1_1 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/1bf5298d2373f6605d372fe450cc058d.pdf 4e99d79b8b7add66add01958f0d02399 PDF Text Text THE NEGRO CITIZEN IN ARLINGTON A Negro in Arlington, Virginia can, like any of the white residents of his community, call an efficient Fire Department if his house is burinig. He can send his child to school and know that an alert officer will stop traffic if need be so that his son or daughter may make a safe street crossing. His wife can buy meat at the nearest super-market with the assurance that it has been inspected and is fairly weighed and priced. In most matters the Arlington Negro lives out his days with the same elements of risk and with the same measure of civic pro tection threatening him on the one hand and supporting him on the other as is the common lot of all men in modem situations. But there are areas of his life where being a Negro makes a difference in his days. Believing that many people may be unaware of this difference, the Arlington County Human Relations Council would bring the following facts to the attention of concerned people. 1. If an Arlington Negro man wants to take his family out to dinner, he will have to go to the District of Columbia to find a restaurant of high quality where they may be seated. They would be turned away from all the better eating pla ces in Arlington. If his family is in the mood for an informal meal, he m y abuy food to carry home at an Arlington Drive-in Restaurant but ha cannot ex pect the kind of curb service which many white families enjoy at the end of a busy day. It is not clear to what extent restaurant restrictions are related to the legal ban on mixed seating in public and to what extent they are re lated to the prejudices of white patrons. 2. If an Arlington Negro wants to see a movie, he must also go to Washington. He cannot walk to a neighborhood movie or go to any Drive-in-theatre in the Arlington area because they are all closed to Negroes. Nor can he go to a public bowling alley or skating rink. He cannot stop for his children to have pony rides at a public pony lot. 3. Highly qualified personnel direct the Arlington recreation program for Negroes but whereas the playgrounds and summer recreation programs for vi i e children it are located in the neighborhoods where white children live, only two small playgrounds are available for Negroes. Both of them are inadequate and the largest one, where full scale ball games might be played, is in the southern tip of Arlington, inaccessable to the large number of Negro youth in North Arlington. Negro children live very near some of the large playing fields designated for white children. They can only watch from the sidelines. If friendly youngsters call out to them to Join the games, they must ignore the invitation or accept it knowing that they will be sent home in a police car if they are seen by a cruising officer or if a neighbor or passer-by makes a complaint. A. A Negro man may rush his child to Arlington Hospital for emergency treatment or for hospitalization in the non-segregated pediatrics ward and he may go himself as an out-patient or as a bed patient in the Negro Ward. But when his wife is ready to give birth to their baby, he cannot take her to the com munity hospital where white babies are born* He must take her miles away to a hospital in the District or in Alexandria. Perchance her baby can't wait for the Washington hospital, the Negro mother will be attended as an emergen cy case in the Arlington Hospital but she cannot then be placed in the mater nity ward. She will be put in the general ward for Negroes where she might be exposed to any one of a variety of infectious diseases. The general ward for Negroes actually becomes a receiving ward for all overflow patients be cause though a Negro may not be placed in sections of the hospital desig nated for whites, if the white sections are full, the white patients needing space are placed in the Negro ward. This ward is not as carefully controlled for visitors as the maternity ward is, making it the more unsuitable for post delivery cases. �- 2- 5. Many Negroes In Arlington own their homes and heme ownership ii a thing of special pride te them. Many of Arlington's Negro citizens are native resi dents of the county and live on property which was owned by their parents or grandparents. But when young Negroes marry, even though they are well educated and have good jobs, they cannot find in Arlington, homes which they may buy or land where Negroes may build. There is little rental property available to them. So they must leave neighborhoods where they have friends, must leave churches where they have roots and responsibilities and, whether they like it or not, must live in Washington. Older Negroes sit precariously on their front porches in Arlington because they feel that expansion of pub lic building in the past has been at the expense of Negro land and they won der when some new expansion will take their property and leave them homeless. 6. It is the uncertainty about so many aspects of his life that is most trying for a Negro in Arlington. Some years ago he knew exactly what his limita tions were. He didn't like being limited but he knew what to expect. Now he is tired of being unknowing about his status. The Negro knows that merit hiring permits him to apply for and, if he is qualified, to receive a Civil Service job in the Arlington community. He does not know to what extent racial prejudice may influence the decisions of the department head who is responsible for his promotions. The Negro knows that by Federal Law his children are now guaranteed public school education on a non-segregated basis. He does not know how long it will be before Negroes in Arlington can expect that without individual court appeals, their children will all be accepted in neighborhood schools just as other children are. These certain limitations and uncertain opportunities which daily confront Negro citizens in Arlington are felt by those who participated in the survey, to be a blight upon the county and a burden upon all of its residents. How change and improvement may best be brought about will be a matter of continuing concern to those persons of several races and of various faiths who compose the member ship of the Arlington County Human Relations Council. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Report, The Negro Citizen in Arlington, 2 pp, n.d. Description An account of the resource Problems of Negro Citizens in Arlington, segregation in restaurants, movies, playgrounds, segregated recreation programs, hospitals, rental properties, job hiring, Arlington County Human Relations Council Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No date Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Unknown Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_4_1_41 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/3524193fd55df90cf36ba48e1cde8e0d.pdf 68409bc446564df5d4b8330bc6385807 PDF Text Text JULY, 1959 NEWSLETTER CITIZENS C O M M I T T E E FOR S C H O O L IMPROVEMENT Central Station, P.O. Box 3542, Arlington 3, Virginia (Chairman: Robert E . Reynolds [JA.4-1320] - 2600 North 16th Street, Arlington 1, Va.) . CCSI PLANS: Kindergartens Fi rst ! As long as there are schools, there will be a need for a citizens committee for school improvement. Arlington schools are good. They are a vast improvement over what we had in 1947. But they can still be improved. The day we sit back in selfsatisfaction, the day we citizens think that the board will take care of everything -- that is the day the schools will start downhill. The School Board and the school administration are certainly aware of improve ments that can be made. But they need public support, and [whether they like to admit it or not] they often need a good bit of public prodding -- urging, cajoling, persuading -- call it what you will. So we hope there will always be a CCSI. Among the things many of us want to see done are these: o c o New programs instituted (kindergartens, study of foreign language in elementary schools, advanced programs in grades 4-6 for gifted children) = = = Existing programs strengthened (music, art, psychological services among them) < n a improvement in teacher qualifications and in the salaries of teachers (further = strengthening of in-service training; higher salary ceiling; removal of principals from county pay scale so as to keep pay in balance with teachers') * = 5 Addition of 7th period to the high-school program 3 We are not all-or-nothing reformers, and we don't expect to be able to accomplish all of this in one year, or maybe even in five, but we expect to start pushing, and to keep pushing. So = = = the program for the year 1959-1960 which will be submitted to the new CCSI Executive Committee -- and to the members in future meetings -- will contain these main elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5# 6. Establishment of kindergartens. Support of other new and strengthened programs. Budget study of all elements of school costs. Drive for increased membership in CCSI. Revival of "School Improvement". "Board Watching"• 1, Kindergartens. ,We have waited during frustrating years through one type of obstacle after another for the beginning of kindergartens. We now believe that there is no longer any valid objection. All the parts of the puzzle seem to have fallen * * * * * * * Enclosed with this NEWSLETTER is a bill for your dues for the School Year 1959-1960, at the usual rate of $1 per member. If we have billed you for $1 and you would like your spouse to be a member, we will cheerfully accept $2. But please disregard this bill if you have already sent in your check. �into place, and we expect the new School Board, in the budget it will approve next Spring, will authorize a full kindergarten program. Thus next year, in September, I960, we WILL HAVE kindergartens, and we expect to make that very plain to the School Board and to every one connected with the school administration. Unless some major catastrophe arises which is not yet over the horizon, no excuses will be accepted. 2. Support of new and strengthened programs. This element of our program is fairly obvious, but you will be hearing more about the details throughout the year. 3. Budget Study. Our work on school budgets over the years led us this Spring to the conclusion that our recommendations on future school board budgets will perhaps be more persuasive if we are able to develop standards which the school authorities recognize as valid. Then we will be able to point to the gap which exists, and demand some progress. As stated above, we are not do-or-die reformers. But we do like to see some progress, and there has been doggone little in the past three years, 4. Increased membership in CCSI. Memberships at $1 per member (have you paid yours yet?) are our sole source of income. We want to revive our printed publication, and this will cost more than we can finance from our present income. 5. Revive MSchool Improvement” . This important element of previous CCSI programs, edited with distinction by Leon Crutcher and Roberta Cox, was reluctantly dropped three years ago. We lost our editor and we ran down in the pocketbook. Now we have decided that we JUST MUST HAVE this publication. 6. "Board Watching". CCSI's new hobby "board watching" is as enthralling as bird watching. It takes us down as many by-paths and blind alleys. Its wear and tear is on other parts of our anatomies than feet. During the past year, Cora Mae Fritz, our new vice-chairman, has been chairman of our board-watching group. She has always filled our self-imposed quota of four CCSI members to watch the board during board meetings. Sometimes the CCSI members have been the entire public. We intend to continue as the conscience of the Board. Please mark down these Board meeting dates: August 20 September 17 October 15 November 19 December 17 January 21 i t i t i t i t February 18 March 17 April 21 i t i t May 19 June 16 i t NEW OFFICERS INSTALLED AT PICNIC The new officers for CCSI’s 14th year were installed by Dr. Jim Pettee at the annual reunion and picnic in Glencarlyn Park on June 13. June Lehman, the retiring chairman, and CCSI's first woman chairman, was given a bouquet and a certificate for her work for school improvement during her successful year as chairman. Fofty-eight members and twenty-nine children attended, and enjoyed talk and fried chicken. Renewed evidence that there gravitates toward CCSI those citizens who work hard for the improvement of Arlington, and in particular for the improvement of Arling ton's schools, was shown by the presence at the picnic of seven CCSI members who have been awarded the Star Cup Trophy by the Arlington County Civic Federation: Oscar LeBeau, Bob Cox, Ruth Cox, Bill Backus, Lorna Hutchings, and Bob Reynolds. While we are at it, several other winners were also CCSI members: Ruby Simpson, Malcolm Miller, Harley Williams, Shirley Wheeler, and Diddy Hackman. Of course, not all of these eleven cup winners were representing CCSI the year they were awarded the cup, but to us the important thing is that they all were, and most still are, members of CCSI. Officers for the coming year are: Cora Mae Fritz Elsie Knott Robert E, Reynolds, Chairman JA.4-1320 Vice-Chairman JA.2-9169 Ernest Grove Treasurer JA.5-4409 Secretary JA.2-4850 Oscar LeBeau Historian JA.2-1421 The old and new officers extend to Esther Grove their thanks for her excellent job of arranging the picnic -- a time-consuming job of numerous details. Thanks lots. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Newsletter, Citizen's Committee for School Improvement, 7/1959, 2 pages Description An account of the resource Establishment of Kindergartens, other programs Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Citizen's Committee for School Improvement Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1959-07 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_4_1_40 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/a613d146690b77fa9cf02123a9c9bfbd.pdf 33dcba8b2a979acd97c2aafb54dd0d27 PDF Text Text r THE CITIZENS’ COMMITTEE F o h SpHOOL IMPROVIDENT \ Central Station, Box 1662, Arlington, VaI Dec, 31, 1946 To All Civic Groups of Arlington And Interested Individuals: Arlington County is badly in need of a more direct and democratic method of selecting its School Board, At present the School Board Is appointed by a School Trustee Electoral Board, which is in turn appointed by the Judge of the Circuit.Court, who is elected by the General Assembly, Change' in the present method of selection was expected from the 1946 session of the Genera'. Assembly in view of the recommendaticn: of the Virginia Education Commission that all County School Boards be made appointive by elected County Boards, but b^lls embodying this recommendation failed of passage. The Assembly is being convened in special session January 6 to deal with the problem of increased teacher salaries and there is a possibility of securing, a year prior to the next regular session, legislation in the form of local law applying to Arlington County only. That is, if we can get Governor William M. Tuck to recommend the session not be limited to exclude this type of matter from consideration. Our Legal Sub-Committee has drawn up a bill which is d e s i g n e d t o e l i m i n a t e the necessity of hearings in Richmond or any lengthy legislative proceedings, and yet give .adequate consideration to all points of view. THIS BILL PROVIDES F'a A REFERENDUM ON WHETHER THERE SHALL BE A CHANGE FROM THE PRESENT M E T H O D OF SELECTING SCHOOL BOARD MEMBERS, AND IF SO, WHETHER THE SCHOOL BO,iRD SILJjL BE APPOINTED BY THE COUNTY BOARD OR ELECTED DIRECTLY BY THE PEOPLE. Time is of the essence, since to be effective the Governor should hear from your organization Before January 6, as the General Assembly usually adopt a resolution on the first day of a special session specifying what subjects shall be considered. He can be addressed at the State Capitol, Richmond, Va. State Senator William D. Medley and Delegates George Damm and J. Maynard Magruder have indicated their willingness to consider sponsoring the prepared legislation. Please communicate to them your desire that they do so if on opportunity is afforded them. Enclosed is an account of recent voice in the handling of local school narrative of the struggle between the responsive) officialdom will serve to legislation. efforts made by the people to obtain a affairs. We believe that this brief people and appointed (and not too clarify the urgency of this type of Cordially, .... i THE CITIZENS’ COMMITTEE FOR SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT I �The Citizens1 Committee for School Improvement Immediate Background The joint public hearings held by the C*unty and School Soards on April 15, 1946't'o consider a budget for the coming fiscal year turned the spotlight‘ on an apathetic School Board. The County -Council of PTA's at its February meeting had adopted a resolution, commonly known as the Kate Waller Barrett resolution, urging increased appropriations to provide for an extensive building program that would make possible kindergartens, full day sessions in the first and^second grades, and a more adequate and better paid teaching force. The Arlihgton-Alexandria League of Women Voters, through its Education Committee, had conducted a parent opinion poll, the results of which were presented at the hearings, also pointing to widespread citizen sentiment for a modernized and expanded school plant and program. Citizen after citizen rose at the hearing urging that more money be raised for school purposes. The reply of the School Board was a niggardly recommendation for a five cent increase in the school tax rate, to cover additional operating expenses only, and a so-called "supplementary budget,” which proved to be rough estimates of the costs involved in a program such as that envisaged by the Kate Waller Barrett resolution without any recommendations for implementing the program. The New Organization is Launched Three weeks after the hearing, the Citizens' Committee i^or Scliool improve® nt was launched. Newer citizens disgusted with School Board apathy at the recent hearings plus older inhabitants, including those who had vainly attempted to infuse new blood into the School Board two years before, placed high among the objectives of the new organization: ”To encourage the adoption of a more direct and democratic method of selecting ••..embers of the School Board.” Coming Events Cast Their Shadows Before The expiration at the end of June of the four year terms of the three member Trustee Electoral Board, appointed by Circuit Court Judge Walter T. McCarthy, loomed large on the Citizens* Committee calendar. One member, Mrs. Amos Donaldson, had served twenty three years on the Board, and her husband for several years prior to his demise had been carried on the sohool payroll as a janitor. Earle G. Beale, whose formal education was limited, had served ten years, and he, too, had near kin in the School Board's employ— a sister, currently principal of the Cherrydale Elementary School. Chairman Dr. E.L.Kirkpatrick had been appointed to fill the unexpired term of the minority member, William K. McMahon. The Citizens' Committee felt that their presentation of the case before Judge McCarthy for a new Electoral Board would be further strengthened if a test were made of that Board's willingness to appoint a people's candidate to the School Board post about to be vacated by Benjamin M. Smith, who finally announced that he would not be a candidate for reappointment. The test would demonstrate £nce again to the public the flouting of the people's will by the two members of the School Trustee Electoral Board responsible for the 1944 appointments. The Fight for New Blood on the School Board Accordingly, soon after organTzation, the Citizens' Committee entered a candidate for School Board membership, the Rev. Paul R. Hunter, long distinguished for his active interest in education and participation in community affairs, pcd the Committee solicited the support of Arlington organizations and individuals. The Kemp forces, in their search for a candidate who would look well in the public eye, rediscovered at the last minute Harry W. Porter, former School Board member, after trotting out two stalking horses in the persons of Leon W. Brown, a financial clerk in the school department for ten years, and Harry C. Cook. Despite torrential rains, the court-room on the night of the School Trustee Electoral Board's hearing was packed--the bulk of the audience consisting of spokes men from organizations and individuals endorsing Rev. Hunter, with a number of school employees again mobilized to create the semblance of a public demand for Porter. Two other candidates were independents .Mrs. Elmer Carson and r'Lwood Clements. �- 2- Organizations represented at the hearing who supported Rev. Hunter included; Kate Waller Barrett School District, the Wemen's League of the Arlington Jewish Center, Rock Springs Cooperative School, James Madison School District, Arlington Child Study Group, Nauok Citizens Association, Ashton Heights Women*s Club, Kemper School District, Fairlington Citizens Association, Courtland Citizens Association, Allencrest-Berkshire Citizens Association, School Committee of Columbia Pike Citizens Association, Jefferson Civic League, New Arlington Citizens Association, Westover Citizens Association, Cherrydale Citizens Association, Church of Latter Day Saints, Patrick Henry Citizens Association, and Arlington Ridge Citizens Association. Several individuals also spoke in favor of Rev. Hunter including Charles E. Planck, H.H.Howe, Mrs. John H. Woodworth, Major Albert Lazure, John Visher, Harley M. Williams, and the Rev. Berwyn Jones, pastor of the Pershing Drive Christian Church. Thomas W. Phillips presented the name of Mr. Porter. Among those with varying interests who supported him were*. Mrs. Frederick 0. Appleton, secretary to the School Dentist; ,John Go Mallott, husband of a Tfashington-Lee teacher; Mrs. Frances Bell, Asst. Principal of Washington-Lee High School; I.J.Manning, father of another teacher; C.N.Campbell, school contractor; Ashton C. Jones, Sr.; A. Leon Richardson, representing Arlington Civic League (colored); Mrs. C. H. Studebaker; J.C.Hanley; John Balster; William I. Keiter; N.W.Biddle; H.C.Lytton; and Mrs. Ruth Marcey. The decision of the Board was rendered that night. This promptness, contrary to the usual practice, was the result of tho action of the Citizens* Cimmittee, who, through Chairman Harley M. Williams of the Nominations Sub-Committee, sent a letter, widely publicized, to the Board demanding that tho appointment be made at the hearing instead of after adjournment and citing the legal requirement that the board shall give public notice of the time and place of any meeting called for the purpose of making such appointments. What happened when the decision in favor of Mr. Porter was announced is described by tho Arlington Daily as follows: (May 28, 1946) nA near riot climaxed the public hearing held last night in the Count, Courthouse to appoint a successor to School Board Member B.M.Smith, whose term expires June 30. Chagrined by the School Electoral Board's selection of Harry W. Porter, tempers reached a feverish pitch and citizens stubbornly refused to leave the premises after Dr. E.L.Kirkpatrick, chairman of the S°hool Electoral Board, moved for an adjournment. Angry citizens demanded to know how the Board eliminated the Rev. Paul R. Hunter, who had been heartily endorsed by the majority of civic organizations present. Dr. Kirkpatrick explained that correspondence and petitions previously received had created a 'tally* favorable to Porter. This statement drew challenges from all sides. Chairmen of the various groups demanded that the correspondence be made public and a more open accounting arranged... Dr. Oscar R. LeBeau, Chairman of the Citizens Committee for School Improvement, was allowed to inspect the correspondence, but a bid by the Arlington Daily to publish the names affixed to the letters and petitions was denied." Dr. LeBeau, after scanning the correspondence, said the letters came largely from individuals, but that there was a group endorsement sent by the Arlington Education Association, an organization of teachers, and that some of the letters and petitions were signed by clerical employees of the office of the Superintendent of Schools Fletcher Kemp, and by school janitors. The refusal of the Board to publicize the basis for its decision bore strong witness, in the minds of'.those present, to the shaky support mustered for Mr.Porter. �r 3The further refusal of the Chairman of the Board to announce the vote, saying "I believe that to be the business ef the Trustee Board and not of the public," pointed up the wide gulf that yawned between the public and the Board. The drawing of the veil by the Trustee Board members over their own proceedings led to the castigation of the hearing as a star-chamber performance by individuals presente The Struggle for a Renovated School Trustee Electoral Board The following night a 1a rgoTv~atTended protest meo-fcing was~TTeTd by the Ci"Sizen's1 Committee. Resolutions were passed condemning the action of the Board in ignoring the public will. The Circuit Court Judge was respectfully petitioned to appoint to the Board only "those persons who have demonstrated civic responsibility and leader ship, mcruj integrity, and who possess extensive educational background and a keen interest in public education." Next morring. May 29th, a small group waited on the Judge, and asked him to take note of the resolutions. The delegation included Dr. Oscar R. T-eBeau. C. Harrison Mann, President of the Arlington Ridge Citizens Association, Mrs. Harold Stone, Vice-President of the National League of Women Voters, and Mrs. Edmond E, Odcm, former President of the Organized Women Voters. The Arlington Civic Federation at its meeting on June 4th adopted a resolution offered by Lomuel Banks petitioning Judge McCarthy to appoint to the Beard resident qualified voters,"preferably who possess extensive educational training, who have demonstrated some present interest in public education and who are not relatec by blood or marriage to paid employees of the school system." Mr. Banks delivered the resolution in person to the judge. Meantime, Mrs. Charles E. Planck, President of the Arlington-Alexandria League cf Women Voters, released a letter written to her predecessor by Judge McCarthy j. April, wherein he stated: n "I have not heretofore established any additional qualifications to those set forth in the statute, but I am now inclined to the view that hereafter such persons shall have a college degree, the higher the better, and some present interest in education." The Citizens’ Committee proceeded to nominate eight persons for consideration by Judge McCarthy for Electoral Board posts and invited other organisations to endorse these nominees or suggest others-, Nominees included: Mrs. Edmund D. Campbell, C. Harrison Mann, Mrs. Edward E. Odom, William G. Watt, Mrs. John H. Woodworth, George H. Hieronymous, Dr, T»M.Sogge, and Harold Stone. Nominations were made by other organizations and individuals until a total of more than thirty names had been submitted, some of whom were well-known stalwarts of the Kemp "machine." The next development was the repudiation by Judge McCarthy in an open letter to the School Improvement Committee of the commitment made with respocc to the desirability of high educational qualifications for School Trustee Electoral Board members. Thereupon, he reappointed Earle G. Beale to the Board, appointed one nominee of the Citizens’ Committee, Harold Stone, and another new member, Mrs. Paul Smith, well-known Kemp adherent. The Citizens Committee and Dan Dugan, Independent County Board candidate, then publicly pointed out that the Electoral Board remained under the domination of the same clique by which it had been controlled for years. End of a Chapter The Citizens’ Committee in its efforts to utilize existing machinery to achieve a school system nearer to parent desires, has moved from School Board to School-Trustee Electoral Board to Circuit Court Judge.- It has been blocked at each step. There remains but one alternative— that of scrapping the machinery, by pressing for legislation that will give Arlington citizens some control over their school system. I I � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Memo, Citizen's Committee for School Improvement, to All Civic Groups and Interested Individuals, 12/31/1946, 4 pages Description An account of the resource Need for change to Virginia law in selection of School Board Members, background information of individuals and civic groups supporting efforts Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Citizen's Committee for School Improvement Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946-12-31 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1940s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_4_1_36 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/38eff7e860a56e328b661044b4a94817.pdf 19ab3636d402976c492b75439582451a PDF Text Text C a llin g A ll R ig h t-T h in k in g C itizen s a n d P a ren ts ! ! ! l/ftiirr V U I t m H /PR m r Klblfl I T on these G U ID E B A L L O T i9lfo< l -®SaiaOlB ■s»dfsif»\foW lo o rb S z 'n o i B n i h A b lu o r lz T hree Im p o rta n t Local I ss u e s yt\V/ b r^ p _ ,io d n T O v o l^ n i M o d -n o D X X :V ‘!w VO TE F O R LEE P O T T E R S ------------- > ■ LEE POTTER a i F .a T T O * ? ic lfo d c io f y llc T b lu c riz nr) FOR COUNTY BOARD MEMBER ___ .9ldizzoq zd id* zd O nljt)1 *> Y^ q rbo9T iDllob XDt yieve L j ALFRED E. FRISBIE n o fii2 2 9 f:i;u d n o tg n ih A tn o n im o iq L J JACOB =Gri BECHTEL _ ____ . .1 n 9 m m 9 v o e Id d o I o zi f lS T T O H gnnd iu o lliw ot o rlw z o lq iD n h q L J FRANCIS J. CLAIR ^ !t n i O D n o i i o q x e g n o l b o d 0 LEE PO T T E R z e d fl3 T T 0 9 bnD In o n m o v c O -^n czu cH t Independent Non-Partisan Candidate for the County Board edt (The last name on long ballot) (2) SCHOOL BOND ISSUE LET’S PASS THE SCHOOL BOND ISSUE The Need Is Great: 1951 our enrollment W here will we put tional classrooms so oH t 6 n ■^(sfS bottom ori6ag:6ffid’ l'baU a ot. 'V ofo tor DCUOIi I .Jk LEE POTTER is the ONLY candidate who is actively fighting for adequate schools. eeaieoil In o b n aq sb n i .n o tg n iliA LET’S ELECT LEE POTTER TO THE COUNTY BOARD LEE POTTER is the ONLY candidate who has offered a positive', well-rounded program for County improvements. Y tn u o o "ADEQUATE SCHOOLS od FOR GOOD GOVERNMENT AND ADEQUATE SCHOOLS b io o d (For full text, soo official ballot) The children are here. The classrooms are overflowing. By is expected to be 17,200, or 6,350 more than present capacity. them? The proposed bond issue is designed to provide addi urgently needed. F O R A D EQ U A TE SCH O O LS V O TE F O R T H E ROND I S S U E D Will you come to the aid of your community by voting your approval? > LET’S KEEP OUR SCHOOL ELECTION IN NOVEMBER To assure adequate schools in the years ahead, it is imperative that the school elections be well attended. This makes it important to defeat the tricky proposal to get your school board election shifted from the well attended general election In November to a new separate election in May. For a larger vote — better schools — and lower cost . . . Shall Arlington . . . issue its bonds in the amount o f . . . $4,750,000 . . . for the purpose o f provid ing funds for . . . (a ) an expansion of elem en tary school facilities, and (b ) and expansion of secondary school facilities . . . ? \E \ FO R TH E PROJECT AGAINST THE PROJECT (3) SCHOOL ELECTION DATE (Look for a s e p a ra te sh o rt ballot) Shall a non-partisan election for members of the County School Board be held on the second Tues day in May of the odd numbered years instead of at the general election in the odd numbered years? yes V O TE " N O " ON CHANGING SCH O O L ELEC TIO N T O M A Y S ------------- > - 0 NO VOTE EARLY • AVOID THE RUSH • POLLS WILL BE OPEN 6:00 AM. to 6:00 P.M. TAKE THIS TO THE POLLS WITH YOU General Election, Tuesday, November 2, 1948, Arlington, Va. Mark Each Ballot Carefully �Progress With Potter November Election Best POTTER is the independent county board can didate behind whom ail right-thinking citizens Why should Arlington's School Board elections be held in November, and NOT in May? Here's why: POTTER is a long-time homeowner and tax payer who appreciates the importance of making every tax dollar reach as far as possible. POTTER is a prominent Arlington businessman who will bring sound business practices and principles to our local government. POTTER has had long experience in the Federal Government and understands the viewpoints of the thousands of government workers and others who desire adequate public service for their community. POTTER is the non-partisan candidate whom the Citizens Committee for School Improvement voted to support after Frisbie, DeLashmutt, and Chew slashed the elected school board's recommended budget; after Frisbie became the partisan nominee to succeed himself; and after considering all of the candidates in the field. POTTER is the independent county board can didate who will best represent all segments of Arlington’s rapidly expanding population. VOTE FOR @ LEE POTTER The only County Board Candidate With a Program ! c^ |^ d1 6 1. A special election always attracts fewer voters. We are used to voting in November. 2. Thousands of Federal workers and others would be disinclined to take time off for an extra, one-issue, purely local election. 3. A small vote would give machine politicians a chance to control the outcome. It would put the school board election in "politics" — bad politics. 4. A small vote is generally an ultra-conserva tive vote — and Arlington's chances for adequate i o o I s would be severely jeopardized. 5. As long as the County Board retains veto wer over the School Board's budget, nothing )uld be gained by moving the school board jction away from November without also mov ing the County Board election. 6. Why spend thousands o f dollars for a separate election when Arlington needs so many other things? For these reasons the Arlington Civic Federation, the Better Government League, the Citizens Com mittee for School Improvement, and numerous local groups— the same organizations and indi viduals that worked so hard in 1947 to win for the people the right to elect a school board— are vigorously opposing the threatened change. De feat this tricky proposal. It would gain nothing and lose muchl i & z uj £ UJ > o o 5 £ Z 2 FOR ADEQUATE SCHOOLS VOTE 0 “NO” ON A MAY ELECTION o' O a. s Of X AWAIT YOUR DECISIONS . should rally for a better Arlington. �CITIZENS COMMITTEE FOR SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT Arlington, Virginia Canvassing Organization October 15 , 19^8 Mr, & Mrs. JosenhC. Tilheeler, Co-chairmen 3538 18th St., S., Glebe 5368 Mrs. Malcolm !S.llor I838 S. Quintana, Ch. 1696 Mrs, Sue Arcardo 3J I . Glebe Road, Ch. 571+2 +6 I Mrs. Herbert Thatchor 30I . N, Quincy St., Ch. 0591 49 ASHTON HEIGHTS Mrs. 17. H, Gammon Precinct Loader . U 019 S. 18th’St, ch. 9109 Mrs. Charles Planck Precinct Leader 323U Pershing Drive Ch. 6533 Mrs. C . IT. Bryant Mrs. Mary K, Kclehan Mrs. V. F. Von Lcuiingham Mr. Lyle D. YJylie Mr. Franklin Clarke Mr, Arthur True Mrs, Arthur Conrad Hr. ITard I . Beard Mr. & Mrs. James Goding Hr. David J. Barry Mrs. Earl Gideon Mrs. ' . G. Fritz 7 Mr. S ebert Holl cnbcck Mr. & Mrs. R. L* Horavitz Mr. & Mrs. Robert Biren Mrs. Chas. Colony Mrs. Louis Andorlot Mrs. Chas. Goodo Mrs. Ralph Burge Mrs, Murray Goisler Mrs. Margaret Finner Mrs. Stanley Field Mr* & Mrs. Ilezlep Mrs. Ignatius Rutkoski Mr. Ralph Arble Mrs. John Peurifoy AURORA HILLS Mrs. Glen Barton M rs. Raymond Smith Harold Stone Mrs. F. V. Taylor Precinct Leader Mr, 0. B. Allon 1051 26th Rd., S. Mrs. Naylor Fitzhugh Ot. 8078 Hr. Edmund St ruther Mrs, Lillian Thompson Shirley Homes; Mrs. Yfillar Lewis Mrs. Irene Flack Y c . C. Burrell fi Mr. Jesseo Pollard Mm. H. Mitchell Mr. & Mrs. J. N. Ciganeclc Mrs. G. 17. TJassmcr Mrs. Mort Chiles Mrs. R. rT Tufts . Mrs. Percy Lum Mrs. VJ, C. Guthrie Mrs. Mary Kirschncr BALLSTON Mr. Lorn Banks Prcoinct Leader 717 N* Edison Ch. 9210 Mr. Bruce Easton Mrs. Henry Clapper Mrs. Murphy Barnes Mrs. E. D. Bell Mrs. Lem Banks BAROROFT Joseph Ingram Precinct Leader 1+20 K. T h oms, Gl. 1621+ John B. Schlotter Josephine Diliberto Ruth Greeno Alice P. Letzler Ayma Torrance Mrs. Ruth Mard Mrs. Edith Gory Hr. & Mrs. Sheble Jack Hoirard CARNE Mr. & Mrs. James Pettee Precinct Loaders 4817 25th Rd.,H., Ch. 1+239 Mrs. Josephine Smith Mr. Charles Grant Mrs. H. C . Tschirge Hargarot November �- CHERRYDALE 1 Ir. Ralph Clark Precinct Leader 1502 N. Utah St. Ch. 2161 Mrs. F. V. Ferguson Mrs. A. Cullers Mr. Harry Booth Mrs. Claude Wade Mrs. Ralph Waul is s Mrs. James 0. Taylor Mrs. Guy L. Arnold Mrs. H. A. McMillan CLARENDON Mr. Harold Lewis Precinct Leader 533 N. Oakland' ch. 0967 Chris Vanturo Paul R. Glover Raymond W. Colton Cecil Taylor Mrs. I. A. Whitney Mrs. John Morrisey Mrs. Win. T, Curtis Mrs. W. Albrecht Mrs. Robert Brown Mrs. Sheldon Dean Thomas English Mrs. Carroll E. Upperce Mrs. Ruth Gill Ivan A. Booker Mrs. Marvin Hilter Mrs. Ivan Washburn Mrs. Harry Littman Chas. Yates Matt Huppuch COLUMBIA I (So. of Columbia Pike) Arlington Village*. Mrs. Alice Mintz Leader, Apt. 3 19 2 - A rlington Village, Contd.: Mrs. Emily Fine Mrs. B. Foster Mrs. Alice Mintz Mrs. Barbara Hunter Mrs. Jay Hawkins Mrs. Harriet Tarel, Mrs. Eva Pollack Mrs. C. K. Althaus Mrs. Adelle Lang Mrs. Ileno Elder Mr. E. Burns Mrs. Janette Zisman M r s . Betty Mitchell Mr. J. Lewis Hobson Mrs. T, Ring Mrs. J. G. Blake C OLUIiBLV II Mrs. Edward Manwaring Precinct Leader 3712 1st Rd. S. Glebe 2513 Mrs. Mrs. Mrs. Mrs. Mrs. Mrs. Mrs. Mrs. Mrs. Mrs. Mrs. James Jester Lee Zeitlen Edgar Walters 0, E. Schneeman Virgil Couch * Howard Kullmann H. H. Mann G. A. Fruit Carl Hafen Nora E, Hall Earl B. Lowder COURT LAND Mrs-. Edward B. Hincks Precinct Leader 1307 N. Cleveland St. Gl. SG 50 EAST FALLS CKUROH Mrs. Theodore Pryor Precinct Loader 6721 N. 19th St. Fa. 06i|2 Mrs. A. Norwood Adams PAIRLINGTON Irvin Schmitt Precinct Leader iB 08 S. 30 th St. 4 Te. 38 O8 Mrs. Geo. Engeman Mrs. Trunan Benedict Abraham Hyatt Robert Young Lee R. Paramore Mr.& Mrs. K. S. Coulter Robert Reynolds Mrs. Wm. Moses Mrs. TTm. Lawson Mrs. Robert Day Mrs. Karl Fox Mrs. R o y Wilson John P. Haughey Mr.& Mrs. Donald Murtha John Vr Shively ., GLENCARLYN Arling^bn'Tore’ st Portioh George Parker, Leader 313 N. Greenbrier Gl. 8962 * Mrs. Harold Rothrook Mr.& Mrs. Robt. Merchant Mrs. Frank Taylor Scott Crampton James R. HcGlathery Mrs. Melvin Brown Eugene Henning Ernest Lyons George E. Gautney Mrs. Ernest Lathram Mrs. Samuel Entriken Mrs. Eric Stewart Mrs. Libby Green Balance of Precinct: Mrs. Florence Eackus Precinct Leader 5U 32 5 th St., s. Ox. 03 18 Mrs. L'm, A. Talley Mrs. Betty Keister �-3OLESCARLYH OVSRLEB KNOLLS, Contd. Balance of Precinct Contd. : Hr, & Mrs. Irvin Cooter Mrs. Jean Kalmanoff Mrs, R y . a d a'Tr Mrs. Josephine Vernon Mrs. K ermit Overby Mrs. Geo. Hersey Harry Trelogan Mrs. Mary Elan Vic Vaughn Mrs. James Baker Mr. & Mrs. C Gull . Mrs. Mary Hebb Ross Davidson Miss Sally Hiceli Cutler Smith Mrs•Austin Suffer LEE Marvin Toombs Mrs. ' i b r Extrand Tlo Mrs. Sue Aocardo George Sallee Norman Schmidt (Acting) j+6 K. Glebe R . l d Mrs. Betty J a s o irtn Ch. 57^2 Mr,& Mrs. Stanley Clabaugh LYOH PARK Ilarg r t Geisler ao Precinct Leader 222 N. Piedmont S . t Ch. 3218 LYON VILLAGE Mrs. F, M# Hinshaw Precinct Loader 3191 18th St. N , Gl. 2801 Mr. J C. Duval . Mrs. C. R. Newton Mrs. J P. Veatch . Mrs. Beverly Martin Hr.& Mrs. R Y. Stoehe . T Mrs. Betty Tomlinson Mr. David Yeuter Mrs. August Keuland Mrs. Stanley Haver l r , A. Y. Edwards is f Mrs. T. M. Cahill Mrs. G P Champion . . Mrs. Edward Eady Mrs. C. D. Leatherman Mrs. Herbert Mitchell 0VERLE5 KNOLLS Mr. Carl Sapp Precinct Leader 60U7 21st St., N. Ko. 6061 PARK LINE Colonial Village: ? r . Larry Masoner is Precinct Leader, Apt, Mrs. Mildred Crew Mrs, N r r n Zarky oia Hr. Patrick O'Donnell Mrs. I a g r t Ray lrao Mrs. Margaret Bergc Mrs. Helen Salct Mrs. T 0 Stark . . ! r . Frances Smith ls Mrs. Mollie Schochter ROSSLYIT P J Dodgo . . Precinct Leader U+15 I. Scott St. f Gl. 5888 THIFTON Mrs. Herbert Thatcher Precinct Leader 3C4 9 N. Quincy St. I. Ch. 0591 21. 84 VIRGINIA HIGHLANDS Mr. Stephen Smith Precinct Leader 619 S 20th St. . Ch. 1 8 ; 61 Mrs. Glen Gideon Mrs. Ray Cline Mrs. Everett Roberts Mrs. Katherine Myers Miss Katherine F.Bradfield * TALKERS CHAPEL Mrs. Virginia S i z n e g r ttcbrp Precinct Leader UBIO Roch Spring R . d Ch. b9k5 Mrs. Y. H. Hamilton f Mrs. Sanders Mrs. Alfred Churchill Mrs. Wayne Miller M r . John Alcott s Mrs. William Shores Harris Hr. Dudley Babcock YJESTQVER Mr. Frank Brewer Precinct Leader 10( 7 H HcKinloy Rd. 4 . . Fa. 1 8 6 ^0 Harold Vindal Mrs. Irene Pilger Mrs. J E. Rice, Sr. . F, G DeAngelis . J S Tomlin , , James G. Stockard Carl Smith A. ". Anderson r Harold P Straka . Mrs. M. R McCormick . Claude Turner Clyde E. I e r m n Tria David Edison Mr. J C. Boling . Mrs. J Reed Key . * r . John Broughor !s Mrs. Wm. Steinacker l r . Clarence Jennings is Robert Richardson James Minicus �TTOODLATTN Mr. & Mrs. Buis Imnan Precinct Leaders 1818 f • ..I'vafthoe t G i . U 901 Mrs. G. H. Child Mrs. L. E. Brookings Mr. John Mason Mrs. James IIcBee Mrs. Mary Hicks Mrs. James V. Loughran Mr. Hoyle U. Scott Mrs. John C. Cooper, Jr. Mr. Robert Killcary Mrs. Robert % l s h Mr. 0. L. Mims Mr. Carl Deskins Mr. Dennis Greene Mr. Millie Pelham � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flyer, Guide Ballot for General Election, 11/22/1948, 2 pages Description An account of the resource Ballot Advocating Election of Lee Potter to County Board, School Bonds, School Election date in November Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1948-11-22 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1940s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_4_1_33 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/d90bb57a3f9e0212a4fb3c76f79d1e8f.pdf 10df6aa78ee311ec81c419c1c716d417 PDF Text Text CITIZENS COSI All CCSI members COMMITTEE F O R SCHOOL I M PROVEMENT NEWSLETTER - MARCH 1955 MEMBERSHIP are urged MEETING, to attend TUESDAY. the MARCH March 23 member-shin meeting on T u e s d a y , M a r c h 22; a t 8 * 3 0 n , m „ a t the S c h o o l B o a r d O f f i c e , The pro gram will include voting on the constitutional amendments discussed l a t e r in t h i s N e w s l e t t e r a n d d i s c u s s i o n of t h e p r e s e n t status of the school b u d g e t r e c o m m e n d e d to the County B o a r d b y the School B o a r d u p o n the p r o s p e c t s for better schools in Arlington will be reviewed. The strategy of CCSX in seeking an adequate school budget will be con sidered. Come a critical year. bring a friend SCHOOL BOARD I Tell him APPROVES to bring $2,00. This is BUDGET O n Sat.,, M a r c h 1 2 , t h e S c h o o l B o a r d a p p r o v e d a b u d g e t o f $ 9 , 0 5 0 , 3 1 5 f o r t h e ’fisc a l yea r 1955-56This represents an increase of $ 1 , 2 5 7 , 0 0 0 o v e r t h e comp&rab'-i e b u d g e t f o r 1 9 5 4 - 5 5 , The budget will now be sub m i t t e d to t he C o u n t y B o a r d f o r f i n a l action, Public hearings w i l l be h e l d b y b o t h b o a r d s at d a t e s to be ann o u n c e d later. Copies of the b u d g e t , a s a p p r o v e d by the S c h o o l Board, w i l l b e a v a i l a b l e to m e m b e r s of the p u b l i c o n request at all elementary s c h o o l s a fter Tuesday* 3/15. T h e r e is l i t t l e change in the educational s e r v i c e a f f o r d e d A r l i n g t o n in the n e w year. The increase is a c c ounted f o r p r i m a r i l y b y in creased salaries of t h e I n c r e a s e - i n c l u d i n g n o r m a l s a l a r y i n c r e m e n t s , a d j u s t m e n t of n o n - t e a o h i n g s a l a r i e s to c o u n t y level, i n c r e a s e d t e a c h e r s salaries, a n d I n c r e a s e d p e r s o n n e l to take c a r e of the enlarged enrollment. The o n e m a j o r I m p r o v e m e n t in service p r o v i d e d In t h i s b u d g e t a c c ounts f o r 1 8 $ of the i n c r e a s e in f unds $235,000 for a kindergarten program. The o t h e r increases in c osts w e r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y as l i s t e d i n Mr, R u t t e r * s l e t t e r of Janu a r y 1 5 , 1 9 5 5 . H e r e is a c o m p a r l s o m o f the s a l a r y scale r e c o m m e n d e d b y the S c h o o l B o a r d w i t h the scale a p p r o v e d at the F e b r u a r y m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g of CCSI, a f t e r i n t e n s i v e study of the problem b y CCSI committees; I School B o a r-d R e c o m m e n d s ill For For A U B A Degrees Degrees CCSI nl m a m $3500 $3800 C C S I -R E P R E S E N T E D A T $6300 ?5800 SCHOOL BOARD Recommends Minim u m $4000 $4300 BUDGET $7000 $7300 SEARING- P r i o r to a p p r o v a l of t h i s b u d g e t , the School B o a r d h e l d a h e a r i n g on F e b , 24. COST, p r e s e n t e d i t s p o s i t i o n f u l l y t h r o u g h C h a i r m a n I r v i n g Schwartz together with Spencer Smith and Bob Reynolds. CCSI r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s s u p p o r t e d a l l of t he i m p r o v e m e n t s c o n t e m p l a t e d I n the b u d g e t , b i t e x p l a i n e d f u l l y the desire of CCSI for a m o r e a d e q u a t e t e a c h e r p a y plan. They explained that the CCSI r e c o m m endations were b a s e d u p o n I n t e n s i v e s t u d y of the s i t u a t i o n in A r l i n g t o n a n d of the s t a n d a r d s estab l i s h e d by the N E A and o t h e r expert groups. They specifically e m p h a s i s e d the n e e d for K i n dergartens; they stat e d that they w o u l d rate the item f or Improvement of school grou n d s the lowest priority, b u t only b e c a u s e they thought t h a t no item of direct e d u x a t l o n a l i m pact should be sacrificed. �A Page 2 MEMBERSHIP CCSI POSITION ON QUESTIONNAIRE COUim BOARD CANDIDATES A t t h e C C S I m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g o n Feb. 22, a r e s o l u t i o n w a s p a s s e d r e q u i r i n g that the m e m b e r s h i p be p o l l e d f o r Its views as to wha t action, If any, sh o u l d b e t a k e d by CCSI In c o nnection w i t h the 1955 e l e c t i o n c a m p a i g n f o r t w o s e a t s o n the. C o u n t y B o a r d . The resolution r e q u i t e d formu l a t i o n of the basic q u e stions by a special committee, to b e s u b m i t t e d to t h e m e m b e r s h i p t o g e t h e r w i t h e x c e r p t s f r o m t h e C C S I C o n s t i t u t i o n c o n t a i n i n g the o b j e c t i v e s of the organi z a t i o n . A s e cond r e s o l u t i o n w a s p a s s e d which requires the results of the ques t i o n n a i r e tb be s u bmitted to the m e m b e r s at a m e m b e r s h i p meeting. T h i s s t a t e m e n t a n d ' t h e ^ u e s t l ’ hncJire were, a p p r o v e d a t t h e C C S I E x e c . S C o m m , m e e t i n g M a r . 8. The I s s u e s I n v o l v e d h ave b e e n actively d i s c u s s e d at m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g s lntthe past. A discussion last Spring p r o v e d Inconclusive. CCSI p r e c e d e n t s In p rior ca m p a i g n s are also Inconclusive, since CCSI has on one occasion endorsed a County Board candidate, has more than once dis s e m i n a t e d candidates' r e c o r d s a n d p o s itions o n school Issues, a n d h a s o n o n e o c c a s i o n taken no a c t i o n other t h a n to Indicate n e u t r a l i t y . Publication of the results of this questionnaire will enable all CCSI m e m b e r s to kn o w how their fell o w members feel on this subject. This i n f o r m a t i o n s h o u l d b e a v a i l a b l e v/hen C C S I p o l i c y o n t h i s s u b j e c t i s d e t e r m i n e d b y a vote of m e m b e r s at a m e m b e r s h i p m e e ting. T h i s sub ject w i l l be scheduled for d i s c u s s i o n at a m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g f o l l o w i n g r e c e i p t a n d t a b u l a t i o n o f th e replies, to t h i s q u e s t i o n n a i r e . The I n c l u s i o n of this subject o n the agenda w i l l be p u b l i c i z e d In the CCSI B u l l e t i n preceding the m embership meeting. Excerpts from CCSI Constitution Article II - OBJECTIVES; - The objectives of the Citizens’ Committee shall b e to a d v a n c e the e s t a b l i s h m e n t a n d m a i n t e n a n c e of a n e d u c a t i o n al s y s t e m w h i c h s h a l l b e a p p r o p r i a t e to t h e n a t u r e o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n , t he n e e d s of th e times, a n d th e r e s o u r c e s of th e community.To this end, the Committee shall: la ) o b t a i n a n d p u b l i c i z e r e l e v a n t f a c t s c o n c e r n i n g t h e p r o b l e m s o f p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n a s t h e y r e l a t e to t h e s c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , the teachers, the children, the parents, an d the taxpayers; (b) e n c o u r a g e c i t i z e n s to p a r t i c i p a t e in t h e g u i d a n c e of t h e i r school a d m i n i s t r a t i o n t h r o u g h a t t e n d a n c e at S c h o o l B o a r d m e e t i n g s a n d a t public h e a r i n g s on questions of educational and fiscal policy, and t h r o u g h s u p p o r t of w e l l - q u a l i f l e d c a n d i d a t e s f o r e l e c t i o n to the School Board; (c ) c o o p e r a t e w i t h o t h e r c i v i c , p r o f e s s i o n a l , cultural and parentt e a c h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n s to e x t e n d a n d c o r r e l a t e t h e i r w o r k f o r s c h o o l I m p r o v e m e n t , a n d m o b i l i z e p u b l i c support Of e f f o r t s by the School B o a r d to p r o v i d e a n Improved- e d u c a t i o n a l s y s t e m f o r A r l ington; a n d (d) f o s t e r a p p r o p r i a t e l e g i s l a t i o n f o r I m p r o v e m e n t o f e d u c a t i o n s,nd .for r e v i s i o n s o f g o v e r n m e n t a l s t r u c t u r e a n d p r o c e d u r e w h i c h w i l l c l a r i f y a n d s t r e n g t h e n the a u t h o r i t y a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of the S c h o o l B oard I n al l m a t t e r s of school administration. �& Page A R T I C L E I I I - M E M B E R S H I P A N D D U E S' S e c t i o n 1. Any a d u l t citizen of A r l i n g t o n Cou n t y w h o l a in s y m p a t h y w i t h the g e n e r a l o b j e c t i v e s of th e C i t i z e n s C o m m i t t e e shall be e l i g i b l e f o r membership,, ARTICLE VII - EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE: Section 2. The duties of the E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t t e e s h a l l b e to f o r m u l a t e t h e g e n e r a l p o l i c i e s of t h e Citizen's C o m m i t t e e -within t h e o b j e c t i v e s s t a t e d I n A r t i c l e II.. . . T h e E x e c u t i v e 'Committee shall also act f o r the C i t i z e n s C o m m i t t e e b e t w e e n membership meetings, but the Citizens Committee m a y not be c o m m i t t e d to e n d o r s e m e n t o f l e g i s l a t i o n o r c a n d i d a t e s f o r p u b l i c office, nor committed to-take joint action w ith other organizations solely by action of the Executive Membership Members are requested to Committee. Action study on the Questionnaire questions carefully and Indicate t h e i r answers on the enclosed postcard. Consideration should be g i v e n to the m e m b e r ^ concept of the p u r p o s e s of CCSI In the light of the co n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s q u o t e d above, the p r a c t i c a l effect on 'CCSI’s program, I t s m e m b e r s h i p e x p a n s i o n efforts, a n d o n the S c h o o l B o a r d a n d C o u n t y B o ^ r d c a m p a i g n s n e x t Nov. The p o s t c a r d should b e m a i l e d p r o m p t l y so t h a t t a b u l a t i o n c a n b e c o m p l e t e d a s r a p i d l y a s possible - ** TOO CCSI CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT MARCH M E E T INS TO BE VOTED T w o a m e n d m e n t s to t h e C C S I C o n s t i t u t i o n w e r e p r o p o s e d a t t h e F e b . b e r s h i p m e e t i n g f o r s u b m i s s i o n to t h e m e m b e r s h i p f o r f i n a l a c t i o n t h e m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g o n M a r c h 22. mem at T h e a m e n d m e n t s 'would r e q u i r e a m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g I n M a y o f e a c h y e a r , an d the election of C C S I officers at the Ma y meeting, w i t h their In s t a l l a t i o n at the a n n u a l June meet i n g . U n d e r the p r e s e n t constitu tional provisions, the officers are b o t h e l e c t e d a n d i n s t a l l e d at the June meeting. The p u r p o s e of the 2 a m e n d m e n t s is to p r o v i d e a m o n t h b e f o r e the I n s t a l l a t i o n d u r i n g w h i c h the n e w o f f i c e r s c a n m a k e a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r the n e w executive c o m m i t t e e before I n d i v i d u a l s accept a s s i g n m e n t s In o t h e r organizations o r leave town on summer vacations. This would e n a b l e C C S I to b e f u l l y o r g a n i z e d I n J u n e . The 2 proposed amendments are as folio',vs: ARTICLE IV - OFFICERS AND THEIR ELECTION. The provision In Section 1 (a) that "These o f f i c e r s shall be e l e c t e d annually, by ballot, at the a n n u a l m e e t i n g to b e h e l d I n J u n e e a c h y e a r " w o u l d b e r e p l a c e d b y a new p r o v i s i o n that "Th e s e officers shall be elected annually, b y ballot, at a n e l e c t i o n m e e t i n g to b e h e l d in M a y e a c h year. I n s t a l l a t i o n of o f f i c e r s shall be a t t h e a n n u a l m e e t i n g to be h e l d In J u n e e a c h y e a r . " ** (Questionnaire on last page) �Page 4 ARTICLE mittee cluding VI - shall one MEETINGS. hold in the at Section least fall for four 1 provides (4) that meetings election of "The during Citizens the members~at?-large year, to Com in the Ex e c u t i v e Committee; one in the spring f o r r e p o r t of the n o m i n a t i n g c o m m i t t e e a n d e l e c t i o n of a u d i t i n g c ommittee; and annual m e e t i n g in J u n e f o r e l e c t i o n a n d i n s t a l l a t i o n of o f f i c e r s . " The p r o p o s e d amend m e n t w o u l d strike out "and annual m e e t i n g in June for ele c t i o n and i n s t a l l a t i o n of o f f i c e r s " a n d s u b s t i t u t e " t h e m e e t i n g to b e h e l d in M a y f o r the election of o fficers and the a n n u a l meeting in June for the i n s t a l l a t i o n of o f f i c e r s . " In a c c o r d a n c e w i t h A r t i c l e XII, the a m e n d i n g article of the Constitu tion, these proposed amendments were s p o n s o r e d by three members (Elolse Newdorp, John P almer and Paul N e tzer) and will be submitted to a v o t e at the M a r c h m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g . PLANNING CONFERENCE FOR SCHOOL BOARD NOMINATING CONVENTION A m a j o r i t y of the S c h o o l B o a r d . i s at s t a k e i n the e l e c t i o n s t h i s year. All School Board members since Arlington wo n an elected School Board i n 1 9 4 7 h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t e d to the p u b l i c b y th e Sch o o l B o a r d N o m i n a t ing Convention. The Convention is p r e c e d e d b y a Planning Conference, w h i c h s e t s u p the p r o c e d u r e f o r the C o n v e n t i o n a n d seeks o u t q u a l i f i e d c a n d i d a t e s f o r the B o a r d to b e p r e s e n t e d t o t h e C o n v e n t i o n f o r n o m i nation.. CCSI i s . p r o u d of it s active rol e in these c o n v e n t i o n s ove r the y e a r s a n d will be r e p r e s e n t e d l n - t h e - l S 5 5 P l a nning Conference, w h i c h is Just getting under way by a strong delegation. H e a d e d by f o r m e r CC S I Chairman Shelby R o b e r t , the d e l e g a t i o n I ncludes as m e m b e r s the followings Alternates Delegates Alice Campbell Jerry Doster Althea Motz JosepJ Newman Irving Schwartz Herbert Sholar Edward Strother Arthur Vogel Leon Crutcher , D. A . L l l l y w h l t o Martha Gammon Paul Netzer Mrs. E m e r y Hackman Jo Sanders Peter Henle Elolse Newdorp Kenneth Weaver IF Y O U H A V E NOT PA I D Y O U R D U E S F OR THE C U R R E N T YEAR? N O W IS THE A S K Y O U R FRI E N D S TO JOIN CCSI. LET'S GET THE JOB DONE IN THIS CRITICAL YEAR. S e n d dues, {2.00 f o r m e m b e r s h i p , .t o g e t h e r family membership, w i t h name, a d d r e s s CCSI Central Station A r l i n g t o n , Va. o r '{1,00 f o r s i n g l e a n d t e l e p h o n e no. to - Box , 1542 TIME. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Newsletter, Citizen's Committee for School Improvement 3/1955, 4 pages Description An account of the resource School Board Budget, Membership Questionnaire CCSI Position on School Board Candidates, CCSI constitution, candidates for School Board Nominating Convention Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Citizen's Committee for School Improvement Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-03 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_4_1_31 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/4e2bb752971bce5a19754421978faa7f.pdf 0880ffa01d9ef9d1849b4fc3745f33d4 PDF Text Text THE CITIZENS COMMITTEE FOR SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT WHAT • H O W . W H Y • WHO W H A T IS T H E C.C.S.I. ? T H E CITIZENS C O M M I T T E E F O R S C H O O L I M P R O V E M E N T is a voluntary organization of citizens w h o are interested in improving Arlington's schools. It is county-wide and non-partisan in character, with m e m b e r s of both m a j o r political parties f r o m all parts of the County. W H A T H A S IT D O N E ? T h e C.C.S.I. w a s organized in May, 1946, and since that time has spearheaded the fight for adequate buildings and for an up-to-date school system in every respect. In co-operation with other groups, it has brought about: 1. A change in the system of selecting the County School Board, to provide for election by the voters. 2. Establishment of democratic methods through which a nominating convention selects representative candidates for the School Board. 3. Election of School Board members having the background, interest, and convictions required to raise standards of education throughout the system. 4. Passage of bond issues for school construction in 19^7> 19^8* 1951 and 1952. T h e biggest job immediately ahead is to elect school board m e m b e r s w h o will carry further the progress attained in the last seven years. Only with the conti nuity of the present policies can w e achieve the additional i m p r o v e m e n t s in our s y s t e m w h i c h our children need. W e need to w o r k toward completion of our building p r o g r a m , a goal which is being reached under present pupil loads. W e need further i m p r o v e m e n t s in instruction. W e need extension of public schools into the areas of kindergarten and junior college. H O W D O E S C.C.S.I. W O R K ? T h e m e m b e r s h i p of C.C.S.I. determines the p r o g r a m at regular m e m b e r s h i p meetings. B e t w e e n those meetings, the w o r k is carried on by an Executive C o m mittee c o m p o s e d of the officers and the ch a i r m e n of 15 standing committees, and by c o m m i t t e e s which study and report on every phase of the school p r o g r a m . F or finance, C.C.S.I. relies largely on the annual dues of $2 per family. W H Y IS IT N E E D E D ? G o o d schools always require active citizen 'support. T he kind of schools w e want for our children don't just h a ppen- they m u s t be fought for, as experience in the last ten years in Arlington has shown. O u r school s y stem can only continue on the w a y u p w a r d if those w h o believe in good schools organize and w o r k together. W H O B E L O N G S T O C.C.S.I. ? T h e m e m b e r s h i p , w hich has averaged about 800 paid each year, Arlingtonian. Present officers are: Shelby A. Robert, Jr. Irving S. Schwartz Mrs. Jo Sanders .... Paul M. Netzer .... Mrs. Mildred Crewe is open to any ____ Chairman Vice-Chairman Secretary Treasurer Historian Oscar R. LeBeau was the Founder and first Chairman. B.Alden Lillywhite, Reed K. Pond, Dr. John Newdorp and James C. Pettee are past Chairmen. �Do You B e lie v e O u r C h ild re n H ave th e B e s t E d u c atio n We C an G ive T h e m ? Do You B eliev e A rlin g to n C an A fford A nything L e s s th a n a F i r s t - R a t e S ch o o l S y ste m ? A R LIN G TO N m u s t face th e s e p ro b le m s NOW and find th e a n s w e rs , w h ich ---- f o r b e t te r o r w o rs e -----w ill be binding on o u r c h i ld r e n fo r y e a rs to c o m e . T h e CITIZEN S C O M M IT T E E FOR SCHOOL IM PRO V EM EN T b e lie v e s th a t th e s e a n s w e r s sh o u ld be m ad e in th e lig h t of th e follow ing c o n v ic tio n s: 1. 2. 34. 5 . 6. That our c h ild ren must have th e b e s t education we can g iv e them. T hat A rlin g to n County can a ffo rd f i r s t - r a t e sch o o ls. T hat A rlin g to n County should b u ild schools which make p o s s ib le a complete school program . T hat classroom loads should be reduced to th e p o in t where s a ti s f a c to r y te a c h in g and le a rn in g are p o s s ib le . That good te a c h e rs can b e s t be secured when working c o n d itio n s , s a la ry , and school p la n ts compare f a v o r a b ly w ith th o se o f o th e r com munities. T hat we need school board members w ith broad v is io n and a b i l i t y to p la n f o r long range as w ell as immediate needs w ith courage to make re s p o n s ib le d ec isio n s and s ta n d by them in th e fa c e o f c r itic is m s . If you w ant to m a in ta in th e im p ro v e m e n ts in o u r s c h o o ls th a t have b e e n m a d e in th e la s t six y e a r s you a r e in v ited to jo in th e C itiz e n s C o m m itte e fo r School Im p ro v e m e n t. B y doing so, y o u w ill add s tre n g th to th e in t e r e s t s of b e t te r s c h o o ls in A rlingto n , you w ill add to y o u r e ffe c tiv e n e s s in o b tain in g th e kind of good sc h o o ls you w a n t; and, as a r e c ip ie n t of o u r m e m b e rs h ip b u lle tin s , you w ill b e c o m e b e t te r in fo rm e d on A rlin g to n School a f f a ir s . W E N E E D YOUR OPINIONS a t our membership m eetings to make o u r views in c re a s in g ly re p r e s e n ta tiv e of th e views o f A rlin g to n c itiz e n s . W E N E E D YOUR P A R T IC IP A T IO N in committee work. WE N E E D YOUR H E L P in u rg in g your frie n d s and n eig h b o rs t o support th e cause o f good schools. WE N E E D YOUR DUES — modest though they are — to su p p o rt our a c t i v i t i e s in th e coming weeks when a new th r e a t to th e cause o f good sch o o ls must be met a t th e p o ll s . WE N E E D YOUR M EM B ER SH IP — NOW! Why not join h an d s in a c o m m o n e ffo rt to s e r v e th e b e s t in t e r e s ts of a l l o u r c h ild r e n ? in th e b la n k below and r e t u r n it w ith the $2. 00 d u e s p e r fam ily . F ill If you r e a l ly b e lie v e in good s c h o o ls fo r A rlin g to n , s u p p o r t y o u r c o n v ic tio n s w ith A CTIO N — NOW! Name(s) A ddress _____ Telephone Amount Enclosed $_________ ($2 .0 0 p e r fam ily annual d u e s). M ake ch e ck s p ay a b le to : C . C . S . I . M ail re m itta n c e s to : C IT IZ E N S C O M M ITT EE FO R SCHOOL IM P R O V E M E N T , P . O. B ox 1542, C e n tr a l S tatio n , A rlin g to n , V irg in ia � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Membership Flyer, The Citizen's Committee for School Improvement, What How Why Who, n.d. 2 pages Description An account of the resource Membership recruitment flyer for Citizen's Committee for School Improvement describes goals, lists officers Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Citizen's Committee for School Improvement Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No date Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_4_1_30 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/5f0ea386165281768d7f5ba2144c06f3.pdf 21ba4193f5193c16608517767104935e PDF Text Text T H E C I T I Z E N S C O M M I T T E E F O R S C H O O L I M P R O V E M E N T Central Station P. 0. Box 3542, Arlington 3, Virginia S E P T E M B E R . 1 9 5 8 N E W S L E T T E R MEET THE COUNTY BOARD CANDIDATES Thursday, September 25th - 8:00 pm Walter Reed Elementary School - McKinley & Washington Blvd. Important School Issues Will Be Discussed Three School Board seats will be filled during the term of the County Board member elected this November! BRING YOUR FRIENDS AND NEIGHBORS. (CCSI membership meeting is scheduled for 9:30 pm.) AT NO TIME in the twelve-year history of CCSI has a meeting announcement been pre pared under such unstable conditions. It is regrettable that we must watch our School Board supply passive assistance to massive resistance. We are now facing those who flippantly say, "I don't care whether school keeps or not," with our purpose as strong and as true as it was in 1946 and in all the eventful years since. The over-riding purpose of CCSI is SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT. It will remain our cause long after disastrous side issues have subsided into a legal truce. We have seen recent departures from good practice in decisions to change the report card system, and to splinter related parts of the General Education courses. The need for SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT will be all the more compelling as we face further changes of this character in the near future. It is difficult to be wise and patient when we care so much about the fate of these schools for which we worked to bring to their present excellence. Bound up in the concern about keeping schools open is the moral issue which casts a shadow over all. Your chairman regrets that CCSI has not taken its stand with the twenty-seven minis ters and two youth groups who have spoken on the side of liberty and justice for all. Won't you come to this meeting and state your convictions so that the Executive Committee will have guidance^,. you cannot come, please phone or write to any of those listed below, or simply/tol .0. Box 3542. Lastly, as much as I would like to talk with each of you to discover where you might be helpful on any of the various committees, that is impossible. Won't you please volunteer?_ This_is a critical_year. ____________________________ JUNE_LSC1AN 1958-1959 CCSI EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN: June Lehman (Mrs. Howard W.) JA 2-0105 VICE CHAIRMAN: George R. Vials KE 6-9358 TREASURER: Ernest Grove JA 5-4409 SECRETARY: Joy Tod (Mrs. Carrel I.) JE 2-8114 HISTORIAN: Oscar LeBeau JA 2-1421 PAST CHAIRMAN: Curtis Tuthill KE 6-9368 CHAIRMEN, STANDING COMMITTEES: Educational Programs - Gertrude Friedman (Mrs. Herbert) JA 2-5810 School Finance - Robert Reynolds JA 4^1320 Community Relations - Towner Stevens JA 8-8126 Publicity - Gerald Pagano JA 7-3187 Publications (uot yet appointed) Membership - Belen Patton (Mrs. David A.) KE 6-7408 Secretarial Services - Rose Langbein (Mrs. Vi B.) . KE 8-4260 CHAIRMEN, SPECIAL COMMITTEES: School Board Monitoring - Cora Mae Fritz (Mrs. Wilbert G.) JA 2-9169 Mail-Outs - Mrs. George Schwarzwalder KE 6-7059 ARLINGTON CIVIC FEDERATION (Federation Committee Assignments) Delegates - June Lehman (member. Executive Committee) Robert Reynolds (member, Schools Committee) Reed Pond (Chairman, Executive Committee) Oscar LeBeau (Chairman, Schools Committee) _________ Alternates z Ernest_Grove_1 Rose_Langbein,_Rubje_Sim£Soni Joj T o d __________ MARK YOUR CALENDAR AND PLAN TO ATTEND SCHOOL BOARD MEETINGS Tuesday evening (8:00 pm) at V & L Little Theater i September 23, 1958 Change of meeting schedule now under consideration - the new schedule will be distributed to CCSI members as soon as it is available. ISSUES OF VITAL IMPORTANCE TO THE FUTURE OF OUR SCHOOLS WILL BE DISCUSSED. It is important for the friends of our public schools to attend. �CCSI NEWSLETTER - 2- September, 1958 THE BISNNIEL ELECTION REFERENDUM Here is a recent example of the service CCSI can render the community by being active in all matters that concern the welfare of our schools. Under the leadership of Dr. LeEeau, with Harold Stone as chairman and Ruth O'Dell Cox as coordinator of the Committee to Defeat Annual Elections, a county-wide organization such as we have had in support of school bond issues brought about a tremendous victory for friends of school improvement. During the campaign it was pointed out that electing a majority of the County Board at one fell swoop would mean that voters would have no effective recourse against unpopular School Board appointments, undesirable zonings, inequitable taxes, or any other Board actions for four lone years. Electing a majority of the County Board in a presidential election year would be doubly bad. Local issues receive far too little attention in the midst of national contests and we have seen how not-so-good candidates can ride to victory on the coattails of national nominees. The voters of Arlington expressed themselves forcefully on this matter by defeating the proposal two-to-one. WRITE TO THE GOVERNOR11 To quote the NORTHERN VIRGINIA SUN editorial, "Governor Almond ought to have the benefit of the views of as many Arlingtonians as possible if he is to have an accur ate basis for responding to the will of this community." Will you do so, and urge others to do so, also? Today it would seem that stressing local option would be a logical point, but who knows what will have developed by the time you read this. Consult your SUN for an accurate and complete reporting of the latest developments. For that matter, also write to your SCHOOL BOARD. Urge them to prepare to join the County Board in petitioning the Governor to return public schools to local control should they be closed under applicable State law. LISTEN TO THE CANDIDATES! Now, in regard to the good old American custom of listening to campaign speeches. Listen closely this year for indications of a sincere desire for continuing SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT in curriculum, in services, and most particularly sound out the candi dates views on School Board appointments. Remember, three School Board seats will be filled during the term of the candidate we elect in November. ABOUT YOUR DUES DOLLARS A treasurer's report is usally dull a t best and funny at worst (witness the Robert Benohley classic). Maybe we can avoid some of the dullness by skipping over the details. An accountant would insist on listing everything to the last cent, but we are going to use the statistician's trick of rounding everything to the nearest dollar. Rest assured, the books do balance to the last cent. Money in the treasury at the time of the annual picnic was $311. Membership dues paid at or since the picnic total $232. Expenditures amounted to $159, leaving net receipts of $73 to be added to the previous balance and bringing the total on hand (September 15) to $384. The largest expense item was the $100 contributed to the Committee to Keep Annual Elections. Second largest was the $20 for CCSI's membership dues in the Arlington Civic Federation. Supplies for the picnic and installation of officers in June were $9; cost of this and other communications, $15; rent for post office box, $7; and, finally, fee for Walter Reed school September 25th, $8. MEMBERSHIP CARDS are enclosed for those members who have paid their dues since the picnic and up to and through September 14th. If you have not yet paid yours, use the form below - if you have, pass it along to a friend or neighbor. Dues are $1.00 per member per year beginning July 1st. HELP PROMOTE MEMBERSHIP IN CCSI. OFF AND SEND WITH CHECK TO The Citizens Committee for School Improvement Central Station P.0. Box 3542, Arlington 3, Virginia N a m e ______ ____________________________ _ Telephone Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Z o n e ____ School District Dues enclosed for 1958-59 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Newsletter, Citizen's Committee on School Improvement, 9/1958, 2 pages Description An account of the resource List of Officers, Treasurer's Report Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Citizen's Committee for School Improvement Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958-09 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_4_1_29 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/b76b44888c23ccd1f0bbacdeac53b178.pdf 65490bab1326c8aec5bb7e073da15af2 PDF Text Text ^Rotfe Spring Congregational Ciptrct] JKoch s p r i n g a u b I jitl le JF allo IR o n h o . ^Nurtlj Arlington, Virginia October 8, 1959 Dear friends: On behalf of the directors of the Arlington Council on Human Re­ lations, I want to invite you to an open meeting to be held on October 19 at 8 o'clock in the Auditorium of the Rock Spring Nei­ ghborhood House, Many of you will remember our organizational meeting last year at which time we decided not to organize completely; a brilliant move in that it has caused the directors to review carefully some of the concerns here in our county. The fruits of our study are to be found in the enclosed document which we hope to discuss and further revise at the meeting on the 19th. We feel that there are many citizens of our county who have not been touched meaning­ fully by the facts of continuing discrimination and believe it to be a worth while purpose to bring the situation to their attention. Please read this report carefully and bring suggestions for im­ provement to the meeting. Secondly, we now believe that the time for more formal organiza­ tion has come and we would like to have the election of a nominat­ ing committee made on the 19th. This committee would bring back nominations at a later meeting. I hope you will be present on the 19th and will join with the rest of the individuals who are concerned as we begin to move out in the public expressions of our concerns and actions. sincerely yours. SL:dh For the Directors: Mr. James E. Browne Mrs, A. J. E. Davis Mrs. Martha H. Hynning Mr. Edward W. Kelly Mrs, Frank Piovia Mrs. Abby Hadley Mrs. Helen Raby Father David T. Ray Rev. and Mrs. J. Reinheimer Mr. Frank Ridge Rev. Henry H. Sink Mr. Edward D. Strother � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter, Sidney Lovett, Rock Spring Congregational Church to Friends, 10/8/1959 Description An account of the resource Meeting invitation to Arlington Council on Human Relations Meeting, 10/19/1959 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sidney Lovett, Rock Springs Congregational Church Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1959-10-08 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_4_1_28 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/937d4ba47a214a9ad45fb2855a22bfde.pdf 1b67bef5367bdd395ff84bc53d202cbe PDF Text Text Membership List - ARLINGTON MAILING AND DUPLICATING ASSOCIATION - June, 1958 Ashbrook, Paul R. Berlin, Sylvia (Mrs Eugene A) Bove, Isabel F (Mrs LaRoy J) Brown, Herbert L, Jr Campbell, Alice (Mrs Ralph B) Campbell, Elizabeth P (Mrs Edmund) Carrier, Paul V Clark, Ralph L Cohen, Hyman J Covel, Jean C (Mrs) Cox, Roberta C (Mrs Warren) Cox, Ruth 0 (Mrs Robert) Danforth, Robert C Dankers, Lauretta S (Mrs George A, Jr) Dean, Vera A (Mrs Alan L) Draeger, Lawrence V I Dresser, Marie (Mrs 0 C Jack) Ellis, Frank R Estabrook, Madeleine E (Mrs Carl G) Fortney, Gordon Franz, Richard L Gammon, Martha (Mrs Howard) Goldberg, Alfred Grimaldi, Gloria J (Mrs Frank S) Hackman, Mary C (Mrs Bnory E) Hanchette, Jean (Mrs Markham W) Hincks, Florence T (Mrs Edward B) Ingram, Joe Irish, Robert J Kaul, Betsy (Mrs Ralph) Krupsaw, Irene S (Mrs David L) Lampshire, Harvey R Lehman, June (Mrs Howard) Leichtman, Dorothy M (Mrs) Liftin, Morton Lightsey, William M Marx, Barbara S (Mrs) McCoy, Laura 0 (Mrs Harold D) Morse, Edna R (Mrs Wilbur) Motz, Althea (Mrs John D) Murtha, Miriam (Mrs Donald i ) i Newdorp, Eloise B (Mrs John) O'Donnell, Patrick E Rebold, Lily (Mrs Joseph) Reynolds, Robert E Ross, Ann (Mrs Ronald) lloi^/e^reav*Salisbury, Clarence Series, Julian R, Jr Sholar, Herbert Simpson, Ruby G (Mrs.) Smith, Essa E (Mrs Charles D, Jr) Stahl, 0 Glenn Stewart, John D Stockard, Nadine (Mrs James G) Taff, James P Taylor, Theodore W Tod, Joy M (Mrs Carrel I) Tuthill, Mary (Mrs Curtis E) Walz, George R Wasserman, Jacob N Weihe, Elizabeth (Mrs Vernon) 4840 N 30th St, Arl 7 4206 Columbia Pike, Arl 4 5840 N 21st St, Arl 5 2710 S Hayes St, Arl 2 1914 S Arl Ridge Rd, Arl 2 2912 N Glebe Rd, Arl 7 4141 Lorcom Lane, Arl 7 1502 N Utah St, Arl 7 5300 N 36th St, Arl 7 3407 S Wakefield St, Arl 6 2808 S Ives St, Arl 2 3180 N Quincy St, Arl 7 5928 N 15th St, Arl 5 3461 N Edison St, Arl 7 3037 N Stafford St, Arl 7 2409 N Military Rd, Arl 7 4109 N 33rd Rd, Arl 7 1076 N Montana St, Arl 5 6037 N 29th St, Arl 5 908 N Cleveland St, Arl 1 3050 S Woodrow St, Arl 6 5740 N 18th St, Arl 5 3433 N Edison St, Arl 7 3101 N Toronto St, Arl 13 3104 N Inglewood St, Arl 7 5763 N Fairfax Dr, Arl 5 1307 N Cleveland St, Arl 1 4774 N 33rd St, Arl 7 3501 N Dinwiddie St, Arl 7 1301 N Nash St, Arl 9 1057 S 26th Rd, Arl 2 2159 N Quebec St, Arl 7 115! S Aberdeen St, Arl 4 3107 N Taylor St, Arl 7 5727 N Carlyn Spring Rd, Arl 3 231 N Evergreen St, Arl 3 6897 N Washington Blvd, Arl 13 2130 N 21st Rd, Arl 7 3408 N George Mason Dr, Arl 7 612 S George Mason Dr, Arl 4 3111 N 1st Rd, Arl 1 2811 N Westmoreland St, Arl 13 2378 N Fillmore, Arl 7 1412 S Walter Reed Dr, Arl 4 2600 N 16th St, Arl 1 43 K-Fonwlck St, Arl 3Ti 1925 N Wayne St, Arl 1 4225 N 31st St, Arl 7 3500 N Jefferson St, Arl 7 2115 N Military Rd, Arl 7 2301 N Monroe St, Arl 7 3600 N Piedmont St, Art 7 2869 N Beechwood Circle, Arl 7 5920 N Washington Blvd, Arl 5 5501 N 31st St, Arl 7 706 N Frederick St, Arl 3 1908 N Qjiintana St, Arl 5 5612 N 24th St, Arl 5 5214 N 25th PI, Arl 7 4298 N Vacation Lane, Arl 7 4133 N 33rd Rd, Arl 7 KE 8-5508 JA 5-1895 KE 8-6832 0T 4-8167 0T 4-8667 KE 6-8651 JA 8-6527 JA 2-2161 KE 6-9771 TE 6-9232 0T 4-8319 JA 2-7396 KE 8-6135 KE 8-4148 JA 7-5748 JA 2-5660 JA 2-9559 JE 2-7069 KE 8-6080 JA 8-2968 ov 3-0643 KE 6-6559 KE 8-5267 JE 3-2815 KE 8-7188 KE 8-6530 JA 8-8850 KE 8-2782 KE 8-7003 JA 8-7937 OT 4-8071. JA 2-2157 JA 2-0105 JA 2-7034 JA 2-3373 JA 8-4592 JE 2-4387 JA 8-1741 KE 8-2623 JA 4-0572 JA 8-0757 JE 2-5702 JA 2-0768 JA 7-0270 JA 4-1320 JA 8-0950 JA 2-1792 JA 7-5813 KE 6-9725 JA 2-0204 JA 2-8944 JA 8-0761 JA 2-0548 KE 8-6382 KE 6-9488 JA 2-5136 JE 2-8114 KE 6-936* KE 6-935* JA 5-012c JA 7-514' � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Membership List -Arlington Mailing and Duplicating Association 6/1958 Description An account of the resource Membership List, organization not mentioned Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958-06 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_4_1_27 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/d1d5dd5331c9d609dc2e8467a1ddf451.pdf d534ff731ab909f4bbb50de7d5aeb915 PDF Text Text NEWSLETTER SEPTEMBER, 1959 CITIZENS COMMITTEE FOR SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT Central Station, P.O. Box 3542, Arlington 3, Virginia (Chairman: Robert E. Reynolds [JA.4-1320] - 2600 North 16th Street, Arlington 1, Va.) CCSI CALENDAR September 17, 8 pm School Board Meeting (at School Administrative Office) Wednesday, September 23, 8 pm CCSI C A N D I D A T E S ’ MEETING at Kenmore Junior High School, which is on Carlyn Spring Road just So. of Arlington Boulevard 8 pm School Board Meeting (at School Administrative Office) Thursday, Thursday, October 15, + + + + + + + + + + + MEETING OF CANDIDATES FOR COUNTY BOARD CCSI will sponsor a joint Candidates' Meeting for candidates for the Arlington County Board on Wednesday, September 23, at 8 pm in the auditorium of Kenmore Junior High School. This will be the first county-wide Candidates' meeting of the 1959 campaign. There is an advantage in getting acquainted with the candidates early in order to follow newspaper reports with more intelligence. People interested primarily in schools must now look to County Board members who will be receptive to the budget recommendations of the Schools Board, and who will appoint qualified and respected people to the School Board, The present Board will appoint the three School Board members who take office January 1, 1960. The two County Board members elected this November will determine the complection of the Board which will appoint the two . School Board members who take office January 1, 1962. It is for these reasons that CCSI offers this County-wide Candidates' Meeting as a public service to Arlington voters. This year the CCSI is going to use a different format for the meeting in order to get away from the al 1-too-f ami liar routine, and to help assure covering the main issues. This will be the order of the meeting*: 1. A period of 50 minutes for the moderator to introduce questions, one at a time, and give each candidate two minutes to state his views. There will be at least five questions, and perhaps more. Candidates will have the questions before the meet­ ing. This will assure fairness since some CCSI members are on the A B C Campaign Committee, and we wish to avoid any charge of favoritism. 2 A period for each candidate to speak for five minutes on any topic he desires, including rebuttal of the views of other candidates if he so chooses. 3. A period for questions from those at the meeting. The moderator will be Dr. Ernest V. Hollis, Director of the College and Univer­ sity Administration Branch of the U. S. Office of Education. Dr. Hollis is an inter­ nationally known educator who has long been a resident of Arlington. The elected officers and executive committee of CCSI carry on CCSI affairs throughout the year, but we must depend on you to help assur a large attendance on the 23rd. Our reputation as a force for good schools with the press, the candidates, the public, and Dr. Hollis rests in part with YOU Please come ! Membership Reminder Dues are coming in very well -- but if you have forgotten to send yours in, do so to: CCSI, Box 3542 Central Station, Arlington 3, Va. Dues are $1 per member. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Newsletter, Citizen's Committee on School Improvement, 9/1959, 2 pages Description An account of the resource Meeting of Candidates for County Board Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Citizen's Committee for School Improvement Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1959-09 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_4_1_26