1 20 235 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/e5b83a622e6ecb1d6a3a978ec4bcdd20.pdf 8131d8a49970b2d45078f4b8c48704b3 PDF Text Text Arlington County Public Schools TUCKAHOE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL Office of the Principal 6550 North 26th Street Arlington 13, Virginia JEfferson 2-7130 M R H 6, 1954 AC Y U A E M ST CORDIALLY INVITED T BE PRESENT FO TH O R O O R E DEDICATION A D OPEN H U O TU K H E SC O L O SAT­ N O SE F C A O HO N URD Y, M R H 13th F O 2:00 P, M, T 4:00 P, M A AC RM O . 4 W A E ASKING ALL SPECIAL GUESTS T BE SEATED O TH E R O N E PL T R AFTER TH SIXTH G A E C R L G O P SINGS. A FO M E RD OA RU W E Y U EN HN O TER THE AUDITO RIUM PLEASE SIT IN TH FIRST E T O R W O CHAIRS. W OS F AFTER TH SING G O T O TH AUD­ EY O U F E ITORIUM U TH RAM TU N LEFT, A D O TH PLATFO . , P E P, R N N E RM PARENT-TEACH ASSOCIATION, ER T C A O STAFF UKHE ADVISORY CO M M ITTEE, � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Invitation to the Dedication and Open House of Tuckahoe School, March 13, 1954. March 8, 1954. Description An account of the resource Invitation to the dedication and open house of Tuckahoe School, March 13, 1954 from Parent-Teacher Association, Advisory Committee and Tuckahoe Staff. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington County Public Schools, Tuckahoe Elementary School Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_2_1_5 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/fd3e17b3dd9b0c96a2d299c386e51245.pdf 8740f5a00c7e121c3bc49d59531b2f51 PDF Text Text The student body of the Came School in 1921. Standing at the rear, ju st right of center, i s Mrs. L ily Rice, f ir s t principal o f John Marshall School. ‘ H mAojC Sc/t&ol To I Mary Barbour, who spent 26 years as principal o f John Marshall, earning the res pect and friendship o f a l l . John Marshall as i t appears today with additions added in 19-45. Right. The Annex is now an integrated part of the John Marshall plant. by MRS. E. A. BUCHANAN �A BRIEF HISTORY OF JOHN M A R S H A L L FO EW R . Most H istories are written only a fter long hours of research work R OD among the Archives. This History can claim no such d is tin c tio n . With the exception of fa cts recorded in Minutes of past PTA meetings, dating from September 1944* background material for th is H istory was neces sa r ily collected in the old-fashioned wav — word of mouth. The H is torian i s grateful to the many 'old-tim ers1 who shared their memories, esp e cia lly to Mrs. H. G. Bates who p atien tly searched for answers to the innumerable questions asked in a struggle for a u th en ticity. A sp ecia l 'thank you' i s also due Mrs. Lansing Parker who volunteered her services to th is Committee and helped by taking notes on m aterial c o l lected verbally. Of the many who helped in making th is History p o ssib le . Miss Mary Barbour was of the greatest a ssista n ce. VJithout b en efit of Miss Barbour's wealth of memories of bv-pone davs at John Marshall. there could be no History. — Mrs. E. A. Buchanan > r .A IN the history of John Marshall T C G School, we go back a whole century to the days when there was no school building for the children of th is area and cla sses were held in the lo f t of Mt. O livet Church. These f a c i l it i e s were adequate for the scattered population of North Arlington u n til shortly after the close of the C iv il War. By that time school standards had progressed to such an extent that th is area soon boasted three elementary sch o o ls. One of these three was the "old" Carne School, so named for the f i r s t superin tendent of County Schools. The Carne School was located ju st across 2.5th S treet from the present John Marshall where the United Brethren Church now stands. Al though i t i s reported that "city slick ers" rid iculed the barn-like appearance of the school, that two-room wooden structure with a center h a ll plan served i t s purpose fa ith fu lly u n til i t was condemned in 1922. John Marshall School was b u ilt during the school year 1922-23 to replace the Carne School. I t was named in honor of a prominent V irginia statesman, John Marshall, who served as Chief Justice of the United States from 1831 u n til h is death in 1835. The land on which John Marshall was b u ilt was a part of the Birch family farm. The o r ig in a l building had four classrooms, the center four of the present building. Since zoning was a t that tine no problem, children came from miles around to attend th is up-to-date school. In fa c t, there were 30 pupils enrolled at John Marshall when i t f i r s t opened i t s doors in September 1923. One o f the two teachers who divid ed the r e sn o n s ib ilitie s of the 6 grades was Mrs. L ily Rice (nee Sanderson) who served as orin cip al of John Marshall during th a t f i r s t school year. In 1924, Miss Mary Barbour took over the iob of teacher-principal. John Marshall had inherited from the Carne School a mam moth Chickering piano — quite beyond r e pair, an h isto r ic hand b e ll — r e l i c o f C iv il War days, and, the proverbial "problem parent," who had been quite su c c e ssfu l in causing teachers to resign. Miss Barbour was fresh out of school, and, by her own admission, scared to death. She d id , how ever, survive her f i r s t encounter with th e problem parent and eventually won th a t parent's friendship and respect* This would seem prophetic, since throughout her 26 years as principal of John M arshall, Miss Barbour weathered many storms and earned the respect of a l l . The Marshall PTA was organized in 1924 with Dr. George Lake as the p resid en t. Other workers during those f i r s t years i n cluded; Mrs. E. E. Otum, Mrs. Charles Crawford, Mr. and Mrs. Harry C. B a tes, Mr* and Mrs. John Petty, Mrs. Montith, and Dr. and Mrs. R. N. Sutton. One o f the e a r lie r presidents, a Mr. Hutchison, was p r e sid e n t of the National Geographic S ociety and made these magazines available to the p u p ils. Other past presidents, each serving a t le a s t two terms, were: Mr. W illard Kipplin p er, Mrs. McFall, Mrs. Wilson Camp, �* H isto ry . 0„f John Marshall > Mrs. V A. Jewby, and Mr. Howard Massey. J. As the population of th is area in creased, John Marshall School was ex panded. In 1932, when the enrollment had increased from the original 30 to 270, four rooms were added on to the original b u ild in g . In 194-5, when the enrollment fo r morning and afternoon sessions totaled 334-, the Marshall PTA's recommendations to the School Board were accepted and the school was enlarged to i t s present capacity. Available minutes of past PTA execu t iv e and regular meetings (dating from September 1944-) show that the parents and teachers of John Marshall School worked d ilig e n tly to bring about improvements in both County educational standards and Marshall School f a c i l i t i e s . The John Marshall PTA in the past has supported the following Countv^wide issu es: a non-partisan primary and election of the School Board; the Teachers Fair Dismissal P ractices; the 194-7 School Bond issu e; and a f u l l day school's session program. Marshall PTA's of the future can be gra tefu l to the PTA's of the past for th e ir work in bringing about the follow ing improvements at John Marshall: organi zation of a Safety Patrol system: d is continuance of teaching duties for the princip al; and the founding of the Mary Barbour Library with a minimum of fiv e books per pupil, making John Marshall e lig ib le for a fu ll-tim e librarian. Current Problems and A ctiv ities John Marshall opened i t s doors th is cur ren t school year only to discover that i t could barely close them due to i t s overwhelming enrollment. This, in sp ite o f having "annexed the Annex" on Old Do minion to house the fifth and sixth grades, and in sp ite of pre-school effo rts by Miss Grace H all, our new prinicpal, and members o f the School Board to rezone th is area more evenly. The f i r s t few weeks of school were an unhappy version of "fruit basket turnover" with our teachers struggling to keep up with the sh iftin g enrollment. Eventually the matter of who would attend what school was se ttle d as sa tisfa c to r ily as school f a c i l i t i e s allowed, leaving Mar s h a ll playing host to pupils from four other school areas — Woodlawn, Madison, Cherrydale, and Yorktown. In April 1951, the enrol'ment of Marshall with i t s Annex to ta led 584. Page Three Miss Grace H all came to us a t the beginning of th is school year with 16 years of experi ence and a rea l love of the job she i s w ell trained to do. Her duties th is year as principal of both Marshall and Madison — a ctu a liy three school buildings — would have staggered any person lacking Miss H all's a b ility and enthusiasm. Of the 16 on our teaching s t a f f , fiv e have earned th eir "veterans" rank: Mrs. Gertrude Erdman, Miss L elia Foster, Mrs. Dorothy Louraine, Mrs. Esther T ippett, and Mrs. Maude Walling. Our teachers have proved most capable th is year — the more so for having r e siste d any tempta tion to post signs on the c la s s room doors warning: "Standing Room — Maybei" With Mr. M Seth Horne as president head . ing the la rg est Executive Committee on record, the John Marshall PTA s e t out to make th is year a successful one. This PTA, with members representing 210 fa m ilie s, has been much concerned with the need for im provement in County educational f a c i l i t i e s , and, as always, has kept the welfare o f John Marshall uppermost in i t s mind. Realizing from first-h an d experience the need for ad d itio n a l school f a c i l i t i e s in the County, the PTA a c tiv e ly supported both the defeated &7,4.50,000 bond issu e of November and the su ccessfu l $4-,875,000 bond issu e o f April 17, 1951. During the intervening months, i t s Construction Committee members, headed by Mr. Charles Medford, contributed their p rofession al talen ts and much of th eir time to the study of every aspect o f County school construction. Their recommendations and blue p rints of a sample school b u ild in g, showing a p ossib le savings of $83,511 without sac r if i c e o f cla ss room space, were presented to the School Board by d irection o f the Marshall PTA. In support of the teachers of the County, the John Marshall PTA in dorsed the four-point recommendation of the AEA c a llin g for a $4-00 teacher salary in crease. Through i t s Safety Committee, th is FTA shared in the joys and trib u la tio n s of the new County school bus system. At the beginning of the year, a Progress 1 eport card system was adopted for John Mar 1 s h a ll. Although th is system i s the subject of considerable controversy, i t i s generally accepted as a step in the rig h t direction — fa ire r evaluation of pupil progress in rela tion to individual a b ilit y . I t may be sa fely stated that th is new report card system is most popular with those pupils who arb re warded in cash for each "S" a t the rate pre vio u sly prevailing for each "A." �Page. Sour History of John Marshall The recen tly organized Defense Committee, with Comdr. Robert Renrston as chairman, has already la id the groundwork for future a ir raid d r ills a t Marshall. T t r i a l runs have wo been made recently to introduce the pro cedure to the pupils. In the second of th ese preliminary d r i ll s , a l l the pupils in John Marshall prorer were conducted from th e ir c la ss rooms and seated in the auditorium in 9 minutes. Pupils from the Annex were con ducted to John Marshall and seated in the c a feteria -to -b e in 12 minutes. The Defense Committee reports that th is o v e r -a ll timing of 21 minutes w ill be improved considerably with further training. The 1950-51 school year i s almost over. The h is to r ic old Hand B ell is s t i l l with u s. P er haps the "problem parent" i s tooj but c h ie f ly we ai*e ju st parents with a problem. The problem that s t i l l confronts us i s : How can our school best cope with i t s share o f the add ition al 1500 pupils expected to e n r o ll in the County schools next f a ll? The arts and cra fts c la sse s, directed by Mrs. A. C. Levin, were a favorite a fter school a c tiv ity of many John Marshall pupils. The John Marshall PTA B u lletin , edited by Mr. Joseph Kuney, has been one of the most popular innovations of the year. Com ing to us — hot o ff the press— once a month, i t has been a pleasant source of information. The Fine Arts Committee, headed by Mrs. Mary R. Snow, made outstanding contribu tio n s to the cultural advancement of the school. Inspired by th is committee's worthwhile aims and enthusiasm, Marshall PTA adopted "Fine Arts" as i t s project of the year. Through i t s Fine Arts Committee, th is PTA purchased 12 frames with in te r changeable pictures for use in the school corridors and a reproduction of Winslow Homer's "Breezing UP" which has been awarded each month to the class with the h igh est percentage of parents present at the PTA meeting. The enthu siastic pride of each winning c la ss i s a tribute to the success of th is p roject. fc * # — Mrs. E. A. Buchanan * # % � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "A Brief History of John Marshall School", Mrs. E.A. Buchanan, 1950, Page 1 and 2. 4 pages. Description An account of the resource History of John Marshall School in Arlington, Virginia. Page 1: photos of student body of Carne School, 1921; Mary Barbour, first Principal; John Marshall School as it appeared in 1950. Page 2: Forward and first page of history. Page 3: continues history; page 4, continues history highlighting "Current Problems and Activities". Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mrs. E.A. Buchanan Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_2_1_1 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/658e74f2e10a366beb8ee7fef7ca01f1.pdf ce06ca1c4c3cc17f68eb95c0afa52d6d PDF Text Text A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA R e p o r t of the COMMISSION To THE GOVERNOR and The GENERAL ASSEMBLY of VIRGINIA . » (SENATE DOCUMENT NO. 13) Co mmonw ea l t h of V ir g in ia Division of Purchase and Printing R ichm ond 1953 �A F O U N D A T IO N E D U C A T IO N PR O G R A M F O R VIRG IN IA R e p o r t o f th e C o m m is s io n to th e G O V E R N O R A N D G E N E R A L A S S E M B L Y O F V IR G IN IA M e m b e r s o f C o m m i s s io n R IC H M O N D , V IR G IN IA N o v e m b e r 2 6 , 1951 TO: E. BLACK BU RN M O O RE, C h a irm a n L L O Y D C . B IR D , V i c e - C h a i r m a n LE W IS P R E S T O N C O L L IN S J. M AY NA RD M A G R U D E R J. D. M EADE W . T A Y L O E M U R PH Y L E O N A R D G . M U SE H . H. W ALK ER LA N D O N R . W YA TT S ta ff JO H N B . B O A T W R IG H T , J R . G. M. LA PSLEY W IL LIA M R . M IL L E R H O N O R A B L E JO H N S . B A T T L E , G O V E R N O R O F V IR G IN IA and T H E G E N E R A L A S SE M B L Y O F V IR G IN IA In th e p r e c e d in g tw e n ty y e a r s th e S t a t e 's e x p e n d it u r e s f o r p u b lic s c h o o ls in V i r g in i a h a v e r i s e n f r o m $ 7 , 3 3 5 ,9 4 1 in 1931 to $ 3 7 , 134, 173 in 1950. T h is r e p r e s e n t s 3 8 .7 9 % o f th e S t a t e 's g e n e r a l fu n d r e v e n u e s , * a s c o m p a r e d w ith a f ig u r e o f 3 7 .5 6 % a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e p e r io d . M a n y f a c t o r s h a v e c o n tr i b u te d to t h i s i n c r e a s e in S ta te s c h o o l c o s t s . D u r in g t h e s e y e a r s th e S t a t e 's p o p u la tio n h a s g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d a n d th e s c h o o l p o p u la tio n in V i r g in i a h a s l ik e w is e s h o w e d m a r k e d g r o w th . In a d d itio n , th e G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y h a s m a t e r i a l l y a s s i s t e d th e l o c a l i t i e s in r a i s i n g t e a c h e r s ' s a l a r i e s , a n d th e a v e r a g e s a l a r y o f c l a s s r o o m t e a c h e r s (w h ic h i s p a id f r o m fu n d s p ro v id e d b y th e S ta te a n d l o c a l it y jo in tly ) h a s i n c r e a s e d f r o m $ 9 0 9 in 1931 to $ 2 ,3 9 1 d u r in g th e l a s t f i s c a l y e a r . T h e G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y h a s a ls o p r o v id e d s u b s t a n t i a l s u m s f o r t e a c h e r s ' s c h o l a r s h i p s , i t h a s i n c r e a s e d S ta te a s s i s t a n c e to l o c a l i t i e s b y p a y in g p a r t o f th e c o s t o f t r a n s p o r t i n g c h il d r e n to s c h o o l, a n d i t h a s h a d o t h e r p r o g r a m s w h ic h h a v e g iv e n f in a n c ia l a id to lo c a l s c h o o ls . T h e g r e a t e s t s in g le f a c t o r in th e i n c r e a s e d s c h o o l c o s t s h a s , o f c o u r s e , b e e n in f l a ti o n . T h u s , w h ile a v e r a g e s a l a r i e s h a v e g o n e u p in d o l l a r s a n d c e n ts , f a r b e y o n d w h a t m ig h t h a v e b e e n r e a s o n a b ly a n ti c ip a t e d tw o d e c a d e s a g o , d e c li n e s in p u r c h a s in g p o w e r h a v e to a m a j o r e x te n t n u l l i f i e d t h i s i n c r e a s e . A l a r g e p a r t o f th e S t a t e 's c o n tr i b u ti o n s to w a r d s c h o o l b u s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n h a s lik e w is e b e e n a b s o r b e d b y i n f la te d c o s ts w h ic h th e l o c a l i t i e s h a v e e x p e r i e n c e d . T h e c o n s id e r a b l e i n c r e a s e in th e n u m b e r o f c h i l d r e n a tte n d in g s c h o o l a l s o h a s h a d a n in flu e n c e o n th e r i s i n g c o s ts o f p u b lic e d u c a tio n . In th e s c h o o l y e a r 1 9 3 0 -3 1 t h e r e w e r e 4 7 3 ,0 7 7 c h i l d r e n i n a v e r a g e d a i l y a tte n d a n c e in th e s c h o o ls . B y 1 9 5 0 -5 1 t h is n u m b e r h a d r i s e n to 5 5 0 ,0 3 6 , n e c e s s i t a t i n g i n c r e a s e s in th e i n s t r u c t i o n a l s ta f f a n d a n e x p a n s io n o f s c h o o l p la n t. A n o th e r f a c t o r w h ic h h a s h a d s o m e in flu e n c e on s c h o o l c o s t s h a s b e e n th e b r o a d e n in g o f c u r r i c u l u m o f f e r in g o f th e s c h o o ls . W h e r e a s t h i r t y - f i v e y e a r s a g o c o m m e r c i a l a n d o t h e r v o c a tio n a l s u b je c t s w e r e o f f e r e d o n ly in th e l a r g e r c i t i e s a n d s p e c i a l s u b je c t s s u c h a s m u s i c a nd a r t w e r e u n h e a rd of a t p u b lic e x p e n s e in m o s t o f th e r u r a l a r e a s , to d a y h o m e e c o n o m ic s a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l o f f e r in g s a r e g e n e r a l th r o u g h o u t th e S ta te a n d a g e n e r a l l y m o r e d i v e r s i f i e d c u r r i c u l u m h a s b e c o m e w id e s p r e a d . * N o te : T h e g e n e r a l fu n d in c lu d e s a ll r e v e n u e s o f th e S ta te w h ic h a r e n o t s p e c i f ic a ll y e a r m a r k e d f o r th e o p e r a t io n o f s u c h S ta te d e p a r t m e n t s a s th e A B C B o a r d , D e p a r tm e n t o f H ig h w a y s , C o m m is s io n o f G a m e & In la n d F i s h e r i e s , I n d u s t r i a l C o m m i s s io n , U n e m p lo y m e n t C o m p e n s a tio n , e tc . �A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA B ecau se of th is d iv e rsific a tio n , m any p e rso n s h av e c ritic iz e d the scho o ls on the ground th a t th ey have b ee n try in g to do too m uch w ith the funds av a ilab le. O pinions a re fre q u e n tly e x p r e s s e d th a t the s c h o o ls ' e ffo rts a re sp re a d too th in , and th a t in an e ffo rt to affo rd a b ro a d e r p ro g ra m w hich would ap peal to and be v alu ab le fo r all ty p e s of p u p ils, the sch o o ls a re neglecting a re a s w h ich in the opinion of su ch c r i tic s a r e m o re im p o rtan t. In ad ditio n , a tre n d w as n o ticed in h ig h e r s a la r ie s paid te a c h e rs in the v o ca tio n al fie ld s . Due to s e v e ra l c a u s e s , including fe d e ra l p a rtic ip a tio n in th is p ro g ra m and in m any c a s e s d iffic u ltie s in obtaining co m p eten t p erso n n el, th e re w as so m e ind icatio n th a t a h ig h e r s a la r y incentive w as being p re se n te d to te a c h e r s of th e se s u b je c ts than to te a c h e r s in s tru c tin g in the tra d itio n a l "fu n d am en tal" c o u rs e s . As a r e s u lt of th e se and so m e o th e r c a u s e s , m any people w ere of the opinion th a t the sch o o ls w ere n ot ad e q u ately fu lfillin g th e ir ro le in providing b a s ic , fu n d am en tal tra in in g fo r a ll th e c h ild re n of the S tate. C om plaints h ave been fre q u e n t th a t high sch o o l g ra d u a te s going into b u s in e s s a r e not able to w r ite , s p e ll and punctuate c o r r e c tly , and th a t th o se e n te rin g co lleg e a re n ot able to cope w ith the college c u rric u lu m b e c a u se of th e ir in ab ility to read w ell and to study. The G e n e ra l A ssem b ly in 1950 w as co n fro n ted by an obvious need for in c r e a s e d a p p ro p ria tio n s fo r the public sc h o o ls. R isin g b ir th r a te s w ere o v e rta x in g av a ilab le school fa c ilitie s in m any lo c a litie s . The need fo r m o re te a c h e r s w as c r itic a l, and ac tio n to m e e t th e se co nditions w as im p e ra tiv e . E a ch su c c e s s iv e s e s s io n of th e G e n e ra l A ssem b ly d u rin g re c e n t y e a rs h as b een faced w ith the need fo r in c re a s e d funds to m a in ta in o r e n la rg e im p o rta n t S tate s e r v ic e s , b ut the re s o u r c e s of the S tate a r e not in e x h au stib le. In th e face of su ch co n d itio n s, it w as v ita lly im p o rta n t to in s u re th a t the S tate re c e iv e the u tm o st r e tu r n in ed u c atio n a l value fo r ea ch d o lla r sp en t fo r public sch o o ls and th a t it d is c h a rg e its obligation to w ard th e sch o o ls in a m a n n e r w h ich would in s u re , to the lim it of its fin a n c ia l a b ility , adequate tr a in in g in fu n d am en tal s u b je c ts . It w as a lso d e s ira b le to know the ex te n t to w hich the lo c a litie s w ere b e a rin g th e ir p ro p e r p a rt of the c o s t of the sch o o ls. The G e n e ra l A ssem b ly a c c o rd in g ly , a t its 1950 s e s s io n , adopted Senate Jo in t R eso lu tio n N o. 26, w hich is as follow s: SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION NO. 2 6 C re a tin g a c o m m issio n to study the e s ta b lis h m e n t of a foundation p ro g ra m in ed u catio n . W h e re as, the G e n e ra l A ssem b ly should if p o ssib le define m o re c le a r ly the re s p o n s ib ility of the S tate to fin an ce public education; and W h e re as, the d is trib u tio n of S tate school funds la rg e ly on the b a s is of av e ra g e d aily atte n d a n c e , as a t p r e s e n t m a y r e s u lt in in e q u ities in so f a r a s ed u c atio n a l o p p o rtu n itie s o ffered in th e v a rio u s p o litic al s u b d iv isio n s; and W h e re as, it s e e m s th a t the S tate in co o p e ra tio n w ith the lo c a litie s should define a foundation p ro g ra m fo r education in the public fre e sch o o ls in te r m s of the s e r v ic e s the people of the S tate c o n s id e r e s s e n tia l 2 A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PROGRAM F O R VIRGINIA fo r the c h ild re n ; now , th e r e f o r e , be it R eso lv ed by the S en ate, the House of D ele g ates c o n c u rrin g , th a t a c o m m is s io n b e , and it h e re b y is , c r e a te d to stu d y and r e p o r t upon the e s ta b lis h m e n t of a foundation p ro g ra m co n tain in g the fu n d am en tal c o u r s e s w hich a r e b a s ic to ed u catio n to be fin an ced by the S tate, in c o o p e ra tio n w ith the lo c a litie s , and the c o s ts th e re o f including the d is trib u tio n of sch o o l funds g e n e ra lly . The c o m m issio n s h a ll c o n s is t of nine m e m b e rs of whom th r e e s h a ll be appointed by the G o v ern o r of w hom one s h a ll be fro m the S tate B o ard of E d u catio n and two s h a ll be P r o fe s s io n a l E d u c a to rs in th e P u b lic School S y stem of V irg in ia, one s h a ll be appointed by th e P r e s id e n t of the S enate fro m the m e m b e rs h ip of th e S en ate, and th r e e s h a l l be appointed fro m the H ouse of D ele g ates by th e S p eak e r th e re o f; the P r e s id e n t of the S enate and S peaker of the H ouse of D ele g ates s h a ll, ex o fficio , be m e m b e r s of the c o m m is s io n . The c o m m is s io n s h a ll a d v ise and w o rk w ith th e S tate B o ard of E d u catio n in o r d e r to d e v ise a fo u ndation p ro g ra m in the fu n d am en tals of ed u c atio n to be fin an ced by the S tate and lo c a litie s jo in tly . T he c o m m is s io n s h a ll com plete its study and m ak e its re p o r t to the G o v ern o r and G e n e ra l A ssem b ly n o t la te r than N o v em b er one, n in e teen h u n d red fifty -o n e . The m e m b e rs of the c o m m is s io n s h a ll r e ceive no c o m p en satio n fo r th e ir s e rv ic e s b u t s h a ll be paid th e ir n e c e s s a r y ex p e n ses in c u r r e d in the p erfo rm a n c e of th e ir d u tie s , fo r w hich th e re is h e re b y a p p ro p ria te d fro m the co n tin g en t fund of the G e n e ra l A ssem b ly the sum of fifteen hu n d red d o lla r s . In co m p lian ce w ith th is re s o lu tio n , the G o v ern o r ap pointed J . D. M eade, of P e te r s b u r g , L e o n ard G. M u se, of R o an o k e, m e m b e r of the S tate B o a rd of E d u catio n , and H. H. W a lk er, of C h a rlo tte s v ille ; the P r e s id e n t of th e S enate appointed Lloyd C. B ird , of C h e s te rfie ld ; and the S peaker of the House ap pointed J . M ay n ard M a g ru d e r, of A rlin g to n , W. T ay lo e M urphy, of W arsaw , and Landon R. W yatt, of D an v ille. The P r e s id e n t of the S en ate, L . P re s to n C o llin s , of M ario n , and the S p eak e r of the H ouse, E . B la ck b u rn M o o re, of B e rry v ille , s e rv e d a s m e m b e r s ex officio. The C o m m issio n o rg an ized and e le c te d M r. M oore C h a irm a n and S en ato r B ird V ic e -C h a irm a n . John B. B o atw rig h t, J r . , D ire c to r of the D ivision of S tatu to ry R e s e a rc h and D raftin g , s e rv e d as S e c re ta ry . The C o m m issio n c o n su lted w ith Dowell J . H ow ard, S u p erin ten d en t of P u b lic In s tru c tio n , and m e m b e rs of h is staff; it m e t jo in tly w ith the S tate B o ard of E ducation and a t o th e r tim e s co n su lted w ith individual m e m b e rs of th a t B o a rd . The C o m m issio n d e s ir e s to e x p re s s its s in c e r e a p p re c ia tio n to M r. H ow ard and to the m e m b e rs of the S tate B o ard of E d u catio n fo r th e ir a s s i s t ance in connection w ith th is study. T he S tate D e p a rtm e n t of E d u catio n c o o p e ra te d in fu rn is h in g in fo rm atio n re q u e s te d of it and in co m p ilin g fa c tu a l in fo rm atio n fo r the use of the C o m m issio n . In addition, the S u p erin ten d en t of P ublic In s tru c tio n and h is s ta ff and the m e m b e rs of the State B o ard of E d u catio n m a te r ia lly aid ed the C o m m issio n by th e ir ad v ice and c o u n s e l. The C o m m issio n w as a lso g re a tly a s s is te d by the sta ff of th e D iv isio n of S tatu to ry R e s e a rc h and D raftin g and d e s ir e s to r e c o r d its a p p re c ia tio n fo r the s e r v ic e s re n d e re d by the p e rso n n e l of th is ag en cy . The C o m m issio n a lso sought the a s s is ta n c e of lay and p ro fe s s io n a l in d iv id u als and g ro u p s co n c ern ed w ith the s c h o o ls . It re q u e s te d and o btained 3 �A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA A F O U N D A T IO N ED U C A T IO N PR O G R A M F O R VIRG IN IA th e w r i t t e n v ie w s of P a r e n t - T e a c h e r A s s o c ia t io n s , th e V i r g in ia E d u c a tio n a l A s s o c ia t io n , th e V i r g in i a T e a c h e r s A s s o c ia t io n , a n d o t h e r o r g a n iz a tio n s and p e r s o n s u p o n th o s e m a t t e r s w h ic h i t c o n s id e r e d th e g i s t o f i t s p r o b le m and q u e s ti o n s s u g g e s te d b y th e r e s o l u ti o n . T h e r e p l i e s r e c e i v e d w ill be d e a lt w ith l a t e r in t h i s r e p o r t . A f te r d u e n o tic e in th e p r e s s i t a ls o h e ld a p u b lic h e a r i n g to w h ic h a ll i n t e r e s t e d p e r s o n s w e r e in v ite d . d e m o n s t r a t e d e ff i c i e n c y , t h e s e s h o u ld be e li m in a te d ; a nd s a l a r y i n c r e a s e s s h o u ld b e b a s e d o n t r a i n i n g , e x p e r i e n c e a n d d e m o n s t r a t e d e f f ic ie n c y a s w e ll a s o n le n g th o f s e r v i c e . T h e C o m m is s io n h a s c a r e f u ll y c o n s id e r e d th e f a c t s a s i t h a s b e e n a b le to l e a r n t h e m a n d th e v ie w s of th o s e w h o w e r e k in d e n o u g h to s u b m it th e m and now p r e s e n ts its r e p o r t. FIN D IN G S T h e C o m m is s io n f in d s th a t: (1) In 1944 th e V ir g in ia E d u c a tio n C o m m is s io n (th e "D e n n y C o m m is s io n " ) r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t i n c r e a s e d e m p h a s i s b e p la c e d u p o n th e te a c h i n g o f th e f u n d a m e n ta l s u b j e c t s ; t h is w a s e n d o r s e d b y th e G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y b y a r e s o l u ti o n a d o p te d M a r c h 2 6 , 1945; th e C o m m is s io n f in d s t h a t th e S ta te B o a r d o f E d u c a tio n a n d th e S u p e r in te n d e n t of P u b lic I n s t r u c t i o n h a v e a c h ie v e d m u c h in t h is f ie l d a n d a r e c o n tin u a lly w o r k in g to w a r d th is e n d . (2) T h e c u r r i c u l u m in u s e in th e p u b lic s c h o o ls in V i r g in i a in c lu d e s i n s t r u c t i o n in t h o s e s u b je c t s w h ic h a r e a c k n o w le d g e d to b e f u n d a m e n ta l to a ll e d u c a tio n . (3) T h e m a j o r i m p e d im e n ts to th e m o s t e ff e c tiv e te a c h in g of th e f u n d a m e n ta l to o l s u b je c t s a r e (a) l a c k o f a s u f f i c i e n t n u m b e r o f a d e q u a te ly t r a i n e d p r i m a r y a n d e l e m e n t a r y t e a c h e r s , a n d (b) to o h e a v y t e a c h e r lo a d s . S o m e p o l ic i e s p u r s u e d in th e p a s t h a v e c o n tr i b u te d to t e a c h e r s h o r t a g e s in th e e l e m e n t a r y f ie ld . (4) P r e s e n t m e th o d s of f in a n c in g h a v e n o t e li m in a te d i n e q u a l it ie s in th e b a s i c i n s t r u c t i o n a ff o r d e d in d i f f e r e n t s c h o o l d iv is io n s . (5) P r e s e n t s c h o o l f a c i l i t i e s a nd i n s t r u c t i o n a l p e r s o n n e l in m a n y s c h o o l d iv is io n s a r e in a d e q u a te to m a i n t a i n p r e s e n t p r o g r a m s ; i n c r e a s e s in s c h o o l p o p u la tio n a n d c o n tin u e d in fla tio n w ill ta x t h e s e s e v e r e l y ; c a u tio n m u s t be e x e r c i s e d to a v o id o v e r - e x p a n s io n o f th e p r o g r a m b e y o n d th o s e a r e a s w h ic h c a n be th o r o u g h ly ta u g h t a n d a d e q u a te ly f in a n c e d . R E C O M M E N D A T IO N S T h e C o m m is s io n r e c o m m e n d s th a t : (1) T h e s c h o o l a u t h o r i t i e s i n te n s if y t h e i r e f f o r ts to s e c u r e a n a d e q u a te n u m b e r o f p r o p e r l y t r a i n e d t e a c h e r s in t h e p r i m a r y a n d e l e m e n t a r y g r a d e s ; to t h is e n d , th e p r e s e n t p r a c t i c e of a llo ttin g t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g s c h o l a r s h i p s to f r e s h m a n s tu d e n t s o n ly w h e n p r e p a r in g f o r e l e m e n t a r y t e a c h i n g s h o u ld b e c o n tin u e d a nd th e s c h o l a r s h i p s f o r f r e s h m e n s h o u ld b e i n c r e a s e d f r o m $ 3 0 0 to $ 4 0 0 ; f o r s h o r t a g e f ie l d s in h ig h s c h o o l th e s c h o l a r s h i p s s h o u ld b e c o n tin u e d o n th e p r e s e n t b a s i s ; in a d d itio n , p r o v is i o n s h o u ld b e m a d e t h a t f u tu r e r e c i p i e n t s m a y r e p a y o n e y e a r s ' s c h o la r s h i p b y o n e y e a r 's te a c h in g . (2) W h e re s a l a r y d i f f e r e n t ia l s e x i s t b e tw e e n t e a c h e r s of d i f f e r e n t s u b je c t s a n d on d i f f e r e n t g r a d e l e v e l s , w ho h a v e c o m p a r a b le t r a i n i n g , e x p e r i e n c e a n d 4 (3) F u r t h e r e x p a n s io n o f th e c u r r i c u l u m in in d iv id u a l s c h o o ls b e y o n d th e p r e s e n t m in im u m r e q u i r e m e n t s s h o u ld b e d i s c o u r a g e d u n til th e f u n d a m e n ta l s u b je c t s a r e th o r o u g h ly ta u g h t a n d th e p r e s e n t p r o g r a m i s a d e q u a te ly f in a n c e d . (4) T h e b a s i s on w h ic h S ta te fu n d s a r e to b e a l l o c a t e d to a id lo c a l s c h o o ls is now u n d e r s tu d y b y th e S ta te D e p a r tm e n t o f E d u c a tio n a n d th e C o m m is s i o n d o e s n o t h a v e th e i n f o r m a t io n o n w h ic h to r e c o m m e n d a d e fin itiv e f o r m u la ; b u t i t b e li e v e s t h a t in th e p r o v is i o n o f a d d it i o n a l fu n d s c o n s id e r a t i o n s h o u ld b e g iv e n to th e a c c o m p l is h m e n t o f s p e c i f ic a im s s u c h a s th e r e d u c t io n in s iz e o f c l a s s e s a n d e q u a li z a t i o n o f e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r tu n ity a m o n g th e s e v e r a l lo c a litie s . OUR PR E SE N T SCHOOL SY STEM T h e f i r s t t a s k w h ic h th e C o m m i s s io n f a c e d w a s to e x a m i n e , in th e l ig h t o i i t s d i r e c t i v e f r o m th e l e g i s l a t u r e , th e s it u a ti o n in w h ic h th e s c h o o l s y s te m n ow f in d s i t s e l f . It c o u ld n o t " d e fin e a f o u n d a tio n p r o g r a m f o r e d u c a tio n " in a v a c u u m . It h a d to a s c e r t a i n th e s e r v i c e s w h ic h th e s c h o o ls a r e n o w g iv in g th e p e o p le o f th e S ta te b e f o r e i t c o u ld e v a lu a te th e " s e r v i c e s th e p e o p le of th e S ta te c o n s id e r e s s e n t i a l f o r th e c h i l d r e n " . T h e C o m m i s s io n a c c o r d i n g ly e s t a b l i s h e d a p r o c e d u r e to l e a r n w h a t th e p e o p le w a n t b y a c tu a l ly q u e s tio n in g s o m e o f t h o s e m o s t d i r e c t l y c o n c e r n e d w ith th e s c h o o ls . A l a t e r s e c t i o n o f t h is r e p o r t i s d e v o te d t o a n a n a ly s i s o f th e r e s u l t o f t h a t s u r v e y . A t th e s a m e t im e it s o u g h t to l e a r n w h a t th e s c h o o ls h a v e a c c o m p l is h e d in th e p a s t a n d w h a t th e y a r e n ow d o in g , a s w e ll a s p r o g r a m s w h ic h a r e c o n te m p la te d f o r th e f u tu r e . In t h i s l a t t e r c o n n e c tio n th e C o m m i s s io n w i s h e s a g a in to s t a t e t h a t th e S ta te D e p a r tm e n t o f E d u c a tio n , th e S ta te B o a r d o f E d u c a tio n a n d th e S u p e r in te n d e n t o f P u b lic I n s t r u c t i o n w e r e o f i n e s t im a b le a id in g iv in g f u ll a n d f r a n k r e p l i e s to i n q u i r i e s m a d e of th e m a n d in s u p p ly in g f o r th e C o m m i s s io n 's c o n s id e r a t i o n c a r e f u l l y p r e p a r e d m a te ria l. T h e T e a c h in g o f F u n d a m e n t a ls in V i r g in i a S c h o o ls D u r in g th e p a s t tw e n ty y e a r s t h e r e h a s b e e n in t e r m s o f m o n e y e x p e n d e d a t r e m e n d o u s e x p a n s io n in th e p u b lic s c h o o ls o f th e S t a te . T h is w a s t r u e b o th a s to S ta te a p p r o p r i a t i o n s a n d a s to fu n d s e x p e n d e d l o c a l ly f o r th e s c h o o ls . D u r in g t h is p e r io d th e s c h o o ls a ls o u n d e rw e n t r a d i c a l c h a n g e s in o t h e r r e s p e c t s . P r i o r to th e e a r l y t h i r t i e s th e s u b je c t m a t t e r o f i n s t r u c t i o n a n d m e th o d s o f e d u c a tio n h a d b e e n to s o m e e x te n t t r a d i t i o n a l a n d n ew e d u c a t i o n a l i d e a s h a d b e e n a d o p te d s lo w ly b y a m o r e o r l e s s g r a d u a l e v o lu tio n a r y p r o c e s s . In th e e a r l y t h i r t i e s a d e p a r t u r e w a s m a d e f r o m th e s u b je c t m a t t e r a n d m e th o d s t h e r e t o f o r e p r e v a l e n t in th e s c h o o ls . T h e s o - c a l l e d " n e w c u r r i c u l u m " w a s o f f e r e d w h ic h a tt e m p t e d to b r i n g th e s c h o o ls o f th e S ta te in lin e w ith " m o d e r n " e d u c a tio n t h e o r i e s . T r i e d a n d s u c c e s s f u l m e th o d s w e r e d i s c a r d e d a n d th e s c h o o l s y s t e m e m b a r k e d on w h a t s e e m s to h a v e b e e n to o d r a s t i c a c h a n g e in m e th o d o lo g y a n d th e s u b je c t m a t t e r o f i n s t r u c t i o n . T h e r e s u l t s w e r e u n s a t i s f a c t o r y . M e th o d s w h ic h , w h ile t h e y m ig h t h a v e b e e n e m i n e n tl y s u c c e s s f u l w h e n t r i e d w i t h v e r y s m a l l e x p e r i m e n t a l c l a s s e s , d id n o t a c h ie v e s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s in g e n e r a l a p p lic a tio n . 5 �A FO N A IO ED C T N PR G A U D T N U A IO O R M FO VIRGINIA R Fortunately, this developm ent proved to b a tem e porary p a . It did h se n lasting d m g to the school system a d it undo o a ae n ubtedly left m uch that is g o . It is referred to here merely to em od phasize a d explain th desire o n e f th p ple o th S te to m k sure that, in w e eo f e ta ae hatever direction develo en pm t o curricula a d teaching m f n etho m g , a e u te a d thorough instruction ds ay o d q a n in th fundam e ental tool subjects m ust never b lost sight o e f. T Com ission h s exam he m a ined the courses o study presently prescribed f for th schools o Virginia to s e if this is n w th ca . It finds that a e f e o e se carefully pla nned course o study designed to cover th tool subjects adequa f e tely ha b e set u b th S te Board o Education for th u e o th schools. s e n p y e ta f e s f e This covers, a o g other subjects, m mn athem atics, geo raphy, history a d g n civics, reading, writing a d spelling. It is designed s that there will b pre n o e se te to th child a ea a e level tho n d e t ch g se co ce ts w n p hich pedagogical ex perience ha dem nstrated h ca m s o e n aster. This course o stu y h s h d w e f d a a id recognition throughout th nation a d hea ed th list o curriculum m e n d e f aterials u e in developing th educational program in J p n in th early d y o th s d e aa e as f e o ccupatio . T th ex n therefore, that proper facilities, proper instruc n o e te t, tional personnel a d proper te o k material are available a d to th e te t n xtb o n e x n that the guidance o th S te Board o Education is follow f e ta f ed b th localities, y e th present S te program a develo e ta s ped b th S te Board o Education un y e ta f der th direction o th S te Board a d under th supervision o th S e f e ta n e f e uperintendent o Public Instruction a f ppea to b a e u te a d well a a te to providing rs e dqa n d p d fundam ental learning. W e th S ste is Failing to Produce M h re e y m axim um Results A n te in th preceding section th Com ission is im s o d e e m pressed b th y e interest o th S te B f e ta oard o Education a d th S f n e uperintendent o Public f Instruction in th effective teaching o th tool subjects. S m rea ns w y e f e o e so h better results are n t jroduced will b n x considered. o e e t () 1 There is a lack o a sufficient n ber o properly trained teachers f um f in th primary a d elem e n entary grades. T hese grades are in a real se se th n e place w here a fo undatio for education is laid. T m n he ost form ative years o f a child's life are sp t in the en se grades. It is here that h first c m s into e o e intim ate co tact w th w n ith e orld outside his ho e a d acquires or fails to m, n acquire th tools o learning w e f hich h will u e in his later scholastic career e s a d throughout his w le life. n ho Y 8 %o th substandard teachers ( o e w o d n t h v th form et 9 f e th s h o o ae e al qualifications for proper certificates) are fo n in th elem u d e entary grades. In addition m n teachers w o h v certificates to teach only in th upper ay h ae e elem entary a d secondary grades are fo n teaching in th low elem n u d e er entary grades. T e S te Departm h ta ent o Education sta f tes that only 3 %o deg 9 f ree teachers in grades o e through five are properly certificated to teach in th se n o grades. This ha resulted in part from th fact that in th pa low salaries s e e st er ha e b e paid to elem v en entary teachers tha to teachers in high school a d in n n th special fields. S c discrimination h s n w b e generally elim e uh a o e n inated ex p a to s m teachers in special fields ( h generally hold th highest ce t s o e wo e certificates a d are em n ployed for tw elve m n o ths), bu th effe t e cts o this policy f are still being felt. In addition there ha b e o th part o th public a d s en n e f e n o th part o s m school administrators a feeling that while properly trained n e f o e teachers are essential for high school, less rigid requirem ents are necessary in th elem e entary schools. C onsequently efforts to recruit qualified elem entary teachers h v n t b e a strenuous a tho to f ill other vacancies. ae o en s s se 6 A FO N A IO ED C T N PR G A FO VIRGINIA U D T N U A IO O R M R T Com ission d e n t a he m o s o gree w this view It d e n t w ith . os o ish to minimize th n e for properly trained high school a d special subject e ed n teachers b t it feels that teaching in th elem u e entary grades a d particularly n in th primary grades is a difficult a o a y other level in th school s s m e s s n n e y te a d that it is o vital im n f portance to secure a sufficient num ber o properly f trained primary teachers. It also feels that salaries paid th teachers in e the se grades should b th sa e a to tho w o teach, w th s m e e m s se h ith e a e qualifications, experience a d efficiency in a y other field. n n T Com ission is advised that th present policy o th S te Board o he m e f e ta f Education is in favor o uniform salaries for teachers w th sa e qualifica f ith e m tions, experience a d efficiency regardless o subject m n f atter or grade level. It co m n s th S te Board o this policy a d recom ends it to th school m e d e ta n n m e boards o th several political subdivisions a a m a s o recruiting th f e s e n f e n de teachers a d im ee d n proving th instruction n w being offered a th e o t e primary level. T e problem o shortages o trained teachers for primary grades is a h f f n au oe W c te n . hile providing uniform salaries for all teachers m y in tim a e te d to correct this condition, it is felt that merely rem n oving this discrimina tion is n t e o g . T S te h s for s m years b e providing teacher o n uh he ta a o e e n training scholarships to attract stud ts to th teaching profession. T en e he administration o this program is vested in th S te Board o Education f e ta f w hich ha discretion to grant these scholarships w s here th n e is greatest. e e d It is n w alloting them to freshm o en stu e ts only if they are planning to train d n for teaching in th elem e entary grades a d to other studen only for training n ts to teach subjects in w hich there is a teacher sho ge. rta It ha b e estim s e n ated that there are n w approxim o ately four stu e ts d n training to tea in high school for every v ch acan position; a d conversely that t n there are approxim ately four vacancies in th elem e entary grades for every trained teacher w o is being graduated. W h hile conditions such a these con s tinue th Com ission reco m e m m ends that the S te Board in alloting scholar ta ships to stud ts training for elem en entary teaching provide that the scholar ships m y b repaid b perm a e y itting cancellation b o e year's teaching o th y n f e a o n o o e year's scholarship ( e e are presently fixed a $ 0 for mu t f n th s t 30 regular term scholarships a d $1 0for sum er term scholarships). It is n 0 m felt th t b thu doubling th present repaym a y s e ent credit the will b a m re e uch stronger incentive for a student to enter th field a d for a graduate to rem e n ain in Virginia rather tha to a n ccept a position in another sta a a higher enter te t ing salary. Furtherm ore it is recom ended that these scholarships w e m hn given tofreshm enbe increased to $ 0 . (It is n te a o e that freshm 40 o d bv an scholarships are under present regulations a a w rded only to tho se stu e ts d n planning to teach in th elem e entary gra des). T Com ission is advised he m that th present appropriation is a e u te to carry o t the policy here e dqa u reco m m ended. T he Com ission feels that there is o e other im m n provem ent w hich could b m d regarding teachers' salaries, applicable alike to all teachers, w e ae hich w uld ten to im o d prove th overall efficiency o instruction in our school e f system In m . ost localities a teacher receives a annual increm n ent for a given num ber o years. T Com ission d e n t believe that teachers should f he m os o b granted this annual increm e ent o years o service a ne. In divisions w n f lo here this m aybe true, this Com ission reco m m m ends that salary increases should b b sed o training, experience, a d dem e a n n onstrated efficiency, a well a s s years o service. This policy is follow f ed b th S te w y e ta ith its em ployees, b y 7 �A FO N A IO ED C T N P O R M FO VIRGINIA U D T N U A IO R G A R industry with its em ployees, a d b th arm n y e ed services w their personnel. ith T e Com ission calls this to th attention o th several em h m e f e ploying local school boards a d su n gge sts their consideration o a pting plans w f do hich will ten to place m d ore em phasis o th dem n e onstrated efficiency o th teacher, f e w hich in turn should increase th efficiency in instruction in their respective e divisions. () 2 O a S te-w n ta ide basis th teacher-rpupil ratios d n t a ea to b e o o pp r e excessive. T he a ra e teacher load throughout th S te is 2 .2 pupils, ve g e ta 7 w hich com pares very favorably w the teacher-pupil ratios reco m ded ith m en a possible o attainm s f ent b th S te Board o Education. This lo a e g y e ta f w v ra e figure ho ever is th result o peculiar local conditions a d d e n t reflect w e f n os o th true situation in s m localities. A teacher load o in e ce o fifty e o e f x ss f pupils is n t unusual in m n areas. It is o o a y bvio that under the us se conditions, little ca b accom n e plished b e e th m y v n e ost expert teacher in imparting th e basic fundam entals o learning to the pupils. It is a tribute b th to th f o e patience a d perseverance o teachers w o h v the n f h ae se classes a d to th n e desire o pupils in th classes to learn that schools w f e here such conditions exist succeed a well a they d in teaching th bare essentials. s s o e In this connection th joint S te - local responsibility for th public e ta e schools s m b em fa ld e phasized. T traditional policy in Virginia is for th he e S te to assist th localities in order that th localities m y h v th kind o ta e e a ae e f schools w hich m eet their nee ds. It m ust b recognized that th present e e m ethod o distributing th major portion o S te aid for schools offers a f e f ta tem ptation to th localities to permit high teacher-pupil ratios. T e fu d e h se n s are distributed o th basis o the num n e f ber o children in a ra e daily f ve g a tten a ce. A locality receives th sa e a o n o m n y for sixty children d n e m mu t f o e w hether they are in o e classroom w o e teacher or w n ith n hether the are in y tw classes w thirty pupils e c o ith a h. But in th latter case th co o e e st f instruction to th localities is do e ubled. T he subject o distribution o school f f funds will b considered in a later section o this report but attention is e f called to th fact that S te fun e ta ds should b distributed o a basis w e n hich will tend to im prove conditions in tho se schools w hich n w ha e high teacher-pupil o v ratios rather tha b influential in perpetuating or aggravating such conditions. n e A ttention is also called to th cro de conditions in so e school e w d m divisions. A th present tim there are 3 , 6 4 elem t e e 5 7 entary pupils w o a n h tte d school o th basis o tw shifts a d y This condition prevails in 4 school n e f o a. 4 divisions a d is n t conducive to a e u te teaching. n o dqa T he n e for additional school buildings a d th difficulties w e d n e hich lie in the w y o furnishing th s m n e n t b labored. During th biennium a f e a e e d o e e 1 5 - 2 th General A 9 05 e ssem bly, u o recom endation o th G p n m f e overnor, m d ae available $ 5 0 ,0 0 to assist th localities in th construction o n e e 4 ,0 0 0 e e f edd school buildings. A lthough shortages o materials h v severely ham f ae pered the building program o th localities, s m o th m s f e o e f e ore critical conditions are being alleviated. T figures cited a o e indicate th difficulties w he bv e hich still persist. () 3 A nother deficiency in th teaching o fundam e f ental subjects in th e Virginia school system w hich w s called to th attention o th Com ission a e f e m is th inadequacy o text a d other instructional material in certain fields. e f n A previous study o the teaching o history a d go f f n vernm ent in th public e schools o th S te revealed th inadequacy o material in these subjects. f e ta e f Remedial action instigated b th General A y e ssem bly is n w being ta o ken by a 8 A FO N A IO ED C T N P O R M FO VIRGINIA U D T N U A IO R G A R legislative Com ission w m orking w th S te Board o Education. ith e ta f Particular dissatisfaction w s expressed to th Com ission a to a e m s instructional material relating to reading. It w s sug e d a th public a g ste t e hearing held b the Com ission that the old M u y readers, s long th y m cG ffe 's o e m ost im portant text u db th schools throughout th nation, w uld b a se y e e o e n im provem ent in co ten o n t ver s m o th material n w being u d o e f e o se . T Com ission recognizes that th selection o text b o s is a highly he m e f ok technical m atter. T he lay observer ca only evaluate th results w n e hich are being obtained b w y hatever materials a d m n etho ds are adopted. H w v r o e e sufficient sentim ent w s expressed to th Com ission to indicate that a re a e m exam ination o teaching materials available for instruction in all o th tool f f e subjects is in order. T he Com ission su m gge sts that th attention o th e f e D epartm ent o Education a d th S te Board o Education should b directed f n e ta f e to this criticism a d it is reco m n m ended that, if remedial action is fo n to u d b indicated, th S te Board o Education co e e ta f ntinue to ta w tever ste s ke ha p are necessary to correct th deficiencies fo n to b present. e u d e () 4 Even if a a e u te supply o thoroughly trained teachers w re n dqa f e available, if classes w ere kept to reasonable sizes in all schools in th S te e ta , a d if the best teaching materials w n ere in ha d there w n , ould still b s m e o e pupils w o w uld no b able to profit from instruction. T h o t e hese are tho w o se h are handicapped b physical or m y ental im pedim ents w hich limit th profit e w hich they ca secure from instruction o th ty e w n f e p hich is satisfactory to th majority o pupils in our schools. e f T e Com ission ha b e im h m s e n pressed by th large num e ber o pupils w o f h m thus b classified. T hard o hearing, tho with sight im ay e he f se pairm ents, a d th m n e entally retarded constitute a unfortunately large group o th school n f e a e population o th S te g f e ta . M uch is being accom plished for th benefit o this class o pupils a th e f f t e present tim e. In a fe localities limited facilities for special classes are w available for s m o th pupils w o n e them although the Com ission is o e f e h e d , m n t advised that th situation is being a o e dequately handled in a y locality in th n e S te d e to lack o fu d or lack o facilities. M ta , u f ns f uch m ore general is a program for early detection o children w f ith physical handicaps. In pa years st such a child frequently w s m a erely regarded a dull be u h did n t a ea s ca se e o pp r to benefit from instruction w herea in fact there w s a impairm s a n ent o sight f or hearing w hich rendered it impossible for him to participate fully in th e activities around him . Public health officers a d other m bers o th medical a d dental n em f e n profession h v ta a e ken ste s in m p any localities to alleviate these conditions. Clinics are held a w t hich all children are exam ined a d physical defe n cts are determ ined a a e early en u h to allow them to b rem t gs og e edied thu allow s ing a child to o verco e his handicap a d participate normally in activities. m n Generally speaking th correction o conditions w e f hich are fo n is left to th u d e parent o th particular child. M n civic organizations, such a service f e a y s clubs, h v b e a a o this problem Program h v b e instituted b a e e n w re f . s ae en y such organizations designed b thto diagno o se physical deficiences in the early sta e a d to assist the parents o children having such defects in securing th g s n f e necessary medical or other treatm ent directed tow ard th correction o th s e f ee d efects. 9 �A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA T e Com ission is gratified to find h w m h m o uch is being d n along the oe se lines. It co m ds th school authorities, th public health authorities, th m en e e e civic organizations a d th medical a d dental profession o their efforts to n e n n aid th handicapped children o th S te It urges citizens o th several e f e ta . f e political subdivisions o the S te to consider th intensification o such efforts f ta e f a d th adoption o similar program w n e f s here the se are n t n w in force. It o o recom ends to th school authorities that they explore th possibilities o m e e f having program for th correction o physical deficiences sponsored b local s e f y civic a d service clubs a d similar organizations. It also su n n gge sts that th e S te Board o Education give consideration to th best m n b w ta f e ea s y hich th e S te ca foster a d en u g such activities in th h p that a long ra g ta n n co ra e e oe n e program m y b develo a e ped w hich will result bo in better health a d in th n better education for th children o th C m o w lth. e f e o m n ea In connection with th a o e discussion o the retarded a d handicapped e bv f n children, it should also b m e entioned that our school system is n t a o s effective a it should b in dealing with th child w o ha exceptional s e e h s intelligence. If instruction is planned for th a e verage intelligence level th e brighter children run th risk o being bored a d losing interest. T develop e f n o such children fully they m ust b properly stim e ulated; otherw ise p o learning o r habits will result. T s m extent a reduction in teacher-pupil ratios will o o e benefit these children. O m f ore im portance is providing teachers w o are h sufficiently co pe n to provide the opportunity for children to a v n e in m te t dac proportion to their ability, w ithout a th sa e tim disrupting the program t e m e o instruction for the a f verag or b w a e elo verag pupils. e V W O PA IE S F REN TS, TEA CHERS A D O H S N T ER T he resolution creating th Com ission, citing the desirability o de e m f fining "a foundation program for education. . . in term o the services th s f e p ple o the S te consider essential for th children" directed th C eo f ta e e om mission to study a d report u o "a foundation program containing th n pn e fundam ental courses w hich are basic to education". In order to carry o t th u e requirem ents o the resolution the Com ission attem te to determ f m p d ine w ith th aid o lay a d professional groups throughout the State, ( ) the p rp se e f n a u o s o education in Virginia; ( ) th subject m f b e atter offering essential to achieving these p rp se u o s: ( ) th extent to w c e hich the basic purposes o education are f being m t; a d ( ) the b e n d est m a s o financing a foundation program A e n f . n analysis o th view o these organizations a d individuals is set forth belo . f e f n w T he analysis o questionnaires w s m d under th direction o Dr. f a ae e f Arthur M Jarm . an, Professor o Education a th University o Virginia. T e f t e f h Com ission co m n s a d tha ks Dr. Jarm for the thoroughness w m m e d n n an ith w hich this task w s accom a plished a d it expresses to Dr. Jarm n an a d to th n e President o th University o Virginia, w o m d his services available to f e f h ae the Com ission, its sincere appreciation. m In th n e ext section o this report are set forth excerpts from Dr. Jarm n's f a report to th Com ission. A limited num e m ber o copies o the full text o th f f f e report are available a d th Com ission ha authorized that these b released n e m s e for the consideration of interested persons. 10 A FO N A IO ED C T N P O R M FO VIRGINIA U D T N U A IO R G A R Excerpts from C onsultant's Report 1 S urces o Inform . o f ation Q uestionnaires w ere se to all Parent-Teacher gro nt ups in th S te to e ta ; organizations o professional edu to f ca rs; to departm ents o th Virginia f e Education A ssociation; to th Virginia T e eachers A ssociation; to th Virginia e Federation o W m n C f o e 's lubs; to th Virginia Division o the A erican e f m Association o University W m n a d to several other groups. f o e; n S ince business firms em ploy m n higji school graduates, inform a y ation w s solicited from persons co n cte w organizations w a n e d ith hich em ploy large num bers o p ple. T returns from this inquiry, how f eo he ever, w ere n t o sufficient to b significant, a d are n t reflected in the following analysis. e n o 2 . Procedure U d in the Analysis se o the Q f uestionnaire R equests w ere m d a follow ae s s "*** This com ission is seeking inform m ation from interested groups a to the courses that should b taught in the public s e schools, a d w a the schools should seek to accom n h t plish generally. "The com ission is m m aking a sincere effort to ascertain w a h t is a foundation program for public education. T thinking o he f interested citizens o this point will greatly aid the com ission n m a d in th opinion o th com ission is vital. C n e f e m onsequently, your group is being a sked to render a service to th com ission e m a d the C m o ealth b m n o m nw y aking th sa e ty e study o th e m p n e basis o th enclosed resolution a your com ission ha b e f e s m s e n a sked to m ake. *** "At tw previous m o eetings o th com ission th following f e m e questions h v b e discussed at length a d w w ae e n n e ould appreciate, in addition to your study o the resolution, your co m n f m e ts specifically o the n se questions? ( ) W a courses are m 1 ht ost im portant for th public schools e to tea ch? Please list these alphabetically a d give your n reason a to w y ea course should b ta g s h ch e u ht. ( ) W a in your opinion, are th objectives o th public 2 h t, e f e schools? T hat is, should th schools attem to e u te e pt d ca our children for all possible conditions that the m y y a encounter in life, or should th schools offer thorough e training in selected courses w hich will provide th basis e o w n hich th pupil m co e ay ntinue his education, either in college or through his daily life experience? ( ) W a are th respective responsibilities o th h m a d 3 ht e f e o e n the school? T hat is, is it th responsibility o th h m or e f e o e th school to teach courtesy, living with o e fellow e n 's citizens, a d other m n atters w hich historically are th e responsibility o th h m ? f e o e 11 �A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA A FO N A IO ED C T N P O R M FO VIRGINIA U D T N U A IO R G A R "The com ission is m m ost anxious to h v your opinions o the ae n se m atters a d w sincerely h p y u will find it possible to n e oe o co pera with u . ***" o te s All but a very small n ber o th replies w um f e ere from organizations representing m em berships ranging from relatively small num bers u to p several hundred. N a o ccurate estim ate ca b m d o th total num n e ae f e ber o f persons w o h v had a part, directly or indirectly, in this survey, but a h ae very conservative figure w uld certainly b in excess o 2 0 , 0 0 0 . o e f Tabulation procedure. A y reply w n hich did n t give details w s o a eliminated. A reply w hich w s specific o so e questions bu n t o others a n m t o n w s tabulated only a to tho m a s se atters concerning w hich definite replies w ere given. A reply w hich contradicted itself in answ ering a y question w s n t n a o tabulated a to that particular question. O th other ha s n e nd, every effort w s m d to include in th tabulation all replies w a a e e hich m ight conceivably b e construed a setting forth a specific point o view A a extra precaution s f . s n a attem w s m d to select for special study tho n pt a ae se responses w hich se ed to reveal evidence o careful consideration a d thoughtful co m n em f n m e t. There w ere 8 responses included in this gro 5 up. T hese replies are u d in se Table II. S eeking a w orking basis. O e o th purposes o th questionnaire w n f e f e hich w s sent to several hun red lay a d professional gro a d n ups w s to try to deter a m ine or define w a th function o th public school should b . h t e f e e W a th p o le think. T ht e e p able I sum arizes roughly th opinions expressed m e in the responses o 3 9 lay a d professional organizations. f 7 n In Table II are analyzed a d sum arized 8 replies w n m 5 hich w re selected e be use o their significant co m ca f m ents, concerning th objectives o th e f e public schools. There w ere 4 P. T A groups, 2 professional groups, 9 . . 3 six other organized groups, a d se e individuals represented in this n v n tabulation. 12 TABLE I O bjectives o th Public S f e cho ls a Indicated o s by th R e esponses S ubm itted b 3 9 Lay y 7 a d Professional O n rganizations f e o se N . o R sp n s o Classification o responses f T he schools should attem to e u te children pt d ca for all possible conditions that they m y a encounter in life. 111 T he schools should offer thorough training in selected courses w hich will provide th basis e o w n hich th pupil m y co e a ntinue his educatio n, either in college or through his daily experiences. 14 2 T objectives o the schools should n t b he f o e restricted to either o these, but should offer f opportunities to prepare for higher education or life activities. 14 4 Total o classifiable responses f 1 3 39 7 �A FO N A IO ED C T N P O R M FO VIRGINIA U D T N U A IO R G A R A FO N A IO ED C T N PR G A U D T N U A IO O R M FO VIRGINIA R T conclusions o th C he f e onsultant w respect to this portion o th ith f e questionnaire w re e : TABLE II H w Eighty-five S o elected G ups a d Individuals ro n R sp n e o ded to Q uestions a o t th b u e O bjectives o th Public S f e cho ls o Classification o f responses 1 Listed objectives bu . t ignored th se n part o e co d f th question e 2 S . chools should "attem pt to e u te our children for all d ca possible conditions they m y a encounter in life." 3 T schools should . he "offe* thorough training in selected courses w hich will provide th basis o w e n hich the pupil m co tin ay n ue his education, either in college or through his daily life experiences. " 4 S te e t o th scho ls' . ta m n f e o objectives should n t b o e limited to either o th f e sta tem ents a o e bv N t classified o T otal "The task o trying to classify a d an f n alyze 4 0 reports from lay a d | 3 n professional g ups in a attem t to g t o e or m ro n p e n ore general patterns o f thinking w ith respect to th objectives o th public schools w s a difficult e f e a o e a d for a tim se ed a im n, n e em n possible o e H w n. o ever, th tabulation o e f all responses a d a careful exam n ination o a selected group o 8 reports f f 5 se ed to justify th follow em e ing co clusio n n: N ber o responses b um f y P T.A. Professional O . ther Indigro ups g ups ro gro ups viduals T otal "A impressive m n ajority o parents a d teachers in Virginia d n t f n o o believe that the purpo se o public education ca b served best b em f n e y phasizing th m e astery o 'selected courses w f hich will provide the basis o w n hich th e pupil m co ay ntinue his education, either in college or through his daily experience', if such a em n phasis interferes w th all-round developm ith e ent o th child to the e d that h m y b prepared, so far as possible, to m f e n e a e eet life situations a they arise. s 8 6 3 1 1 8 "This statem ent d e n t imply that 'co rses' m b eliminated or os o u ay e that they m y b carelessly selected. In view o th evidence w a e f e hich h s a b e accum e n ulated from th questionnaire stud th following statem e y, e ent is just a defensible a th o e given a o e s s e n bv. 1 7 4 1 1 2 3 "The education for citizenship in a dem ocracy requires the careful selection a d u e o basic courses, activities, teaching materials, facilities, n s f a d teaching personnel w a view to achieving th purpose o education a d n ith e f n should b considered o merit only in term o contribution m d to that e d " e f s f a e n. 3 . 1 3 7 1 5 2 6 9 5 0 0 1 4 2 1 1 0 4 4 9 14 2 3 6 7 8 5 Sb u jects a d C n ourses in the Public S h o c o ls T first question listed in th questionnaire previously m he e entioned w s a sta ted a follow s s: "W t courses are m ha ost im portant for the public schools to tea ch? Please list the se alphabetically a d give your reason a to w y n s h ea course should b ta g t. " ch e u h It should b n te that th respo e o d e ndent w s n t limited to courses for th a o e elem entary grades or to th high school. A a result n attem w s m d to e s o pt a a e classify th replies except in term o courses or subjects. e s f N checklist or other guide w s furnished w th questionnaire, excep o a ith e t to request th respondent to list alphabetically. S e ince th sa e course w s e m a o n referred to b several n m fte y a es, th alphabetical list w s very long, e g , e a . . th sa e course w s listed b different organizations a industrial arts, e m a y s m echanical arts, sho w o w rk, e p, o d o tc. T e original alphabetical listing h included 1 9different "courses" ranging in frequency o m 7 f ention from o e to n 32 S 4. ince there m b s m significance in th tendency to u e co m n ay e o e e s m o term inology for s m courses a d a variety o n m s for others, a separate o e n f a e tabulation w s m d w a a e here m ore tha 1 0 0 respondents indicated a course b n y a particular title, e.g. , "Reading". Table III gives this list o courses a d f n th frequency o ea e f ch. In this table, w here a y addition ha b e m d to th n s en a e e num ber o replies under th specific title o th course, th additional titles f e f e e ha e b e placed in parenthesis along w their frequencies. v e n ith 1 5 �A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA O rganization o related courses. T f able IV represents a a n ttem to pt organize th courses, w e hich w ere listed alphabetically b th respondents, y e into related areas. For exam ple, in addition to Arithmetic, M athem atics w s listed b o e n m or another 1 2 tim a y n a e 6 es. A m ore a e u te picture o dqa f th M e athem atics situation m y b ha if im ediately after "Arithmetic" w a e d, m e o bserve that other M athem atics courses w ere listed w hich w ere n t included o under Arithmetic, i.e., Algebra, Plane a d Solid G n eom etry, Trigonom etry, a d Business M n athem atics. TABLE III C ourses S g e d a "M u g ste s ost Im portant" b 1 0 or m y 0 ore o th 4 0 G ups Responding to th Q f e 3 ro e uestionnaire N ber A um dvocating th C e ourse Nm o C a e f ourse 32 4 Arithmetic A FO N A IO ED C T N P O R M FO VIRGINIA U D T N U A IO R G A R Art (including D raw ing 3 ) * 2 212 Civics (including G vernm o ent 7 ) * 9 Related subjects h v b e brought together s far a possible in th ae en o s e tabulation. For exam ple, th social studies group h s b e listed a "Civics e a en s a dG n overnm ent", "G eography", "History", a d Social S n tudies other tha n Civics, G overnm ent, G o ra h , a d History". U e g py n nder th latter heading, e subtitles h v b e given. It should b n te that w ae en e o d here subdivisions o a f subject area are given in th tabulation, th total frequency o listing is e e f indicated in th se n colum e co d n. T e totals o frequency o subdivisions are h f f given in th final co e lum n. 29 2 TABLE IV English 25 4 G eography 20 5 Health a d Physical Education (including n sa fety 4 a d H 6 n ygiene 2 ) * 7 35 2 History 25 9 H m Econom o e ics (including S w g 2 a d e in n C o g2 * o kin ) 10 4 M usic 23 1 G eneral Classification o R sp n s S f e o se ubm itted b 4 0 G y 3 roups Reading 36 1 S cience 23 2 Spelling 210 W riting (including penm anship 2 * ) 29 6 Classification N ber responses um b sub-division y Arithmetic Total R sp n s e o se 32 4 M athem atics other tha Arithmetic n Algebra Business M th a G eom etry Plane G eom etry Solid G eom etry Trigonom etry O ther M athem atics 4 3 1 6 6 3 8 2 3 2 8 8 12 6 Art 22 1 29 2 20 5 History * T e material included in th parenthesis h s b e a d d to th first h e a e n de e title o th course. f e Civics a d G vernm n o ent G eography 25 9 Social S tudies other tha Civics, n G overnm ent, G eography a d History n Citizenship Econom ics H m n Relations u a S ociology O ther social studies English 13 6 25 4 R eading 16 5 0 1 5 2 6 1 3 5 9 1 7 36 1 �A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA A FO N A IO ED C T N P O R M FO VIRGINIA U D T N U A IO R G A R TABLE IV (c n u d o tin e ) Classification TABLE IV ( o tin e ) c n ud N ber responses um b sub-division y Spelling T otal R sp n s e o se 210 La g a e Arts other tha English, n u g n Reading a d Spelling n Dram atics Journalism La g a e Arts n u g L n u g a d Literature a g a e n Se c peh O ther Classifications 4 3 1 4 6 1 4 1 Classification N ber responses um b sub-division y Distributive Education Painting V ocational training O ther ( 6other classifications) 2 1 6 1 5 8 0 8 5 W riting T otal R esp n o ses 26 6 29 6 86 12 Comm ercial S b cts u je B ookkeeping Business Education Com ercial C m ourses S rtha ho nd S no ra hy te g p Tp g y in O ffice Training 27 5 2 9 3 9 4 2 2 8 10 4 2 9 G uidance (including Child G uidance adV n ocational G id n ) u a ce 19 9 2 5 Industrial Arts, (including m anual arts. sho ork a d ha pw n ndcrafts) Foreign La g g s n ua e Latin M odern foreign la g a e n u g French G erm an Spanish O ther 15 6 5 4 7 3 3 3 1 4 3 4 6 24 1 Health a d Physical Education (including n S fe a d H g n ) a ty n y ie e 2b 9 H m Econom o e ics 10 4 M usic 23 1 S cience Biology Chem istry Physics S cien ce 5 8 5 8 5 1 23 2 V ocational Education other tha H m n o e Econom ics & Com ercial S b m u jects Agriculture 1 8 7 0 30 9 Interpretation o responses. W find Arithmetic, R f e eading, a d Health n a d Physical Education heading th list in term o frequency o th listing. n e s f f e O thers that w ere listed b m y ore tha 2 0 respo n 0 ndents w ere Art, Civics, English, G eography, History, M usic, S cience, Spelling, a d W n riting. From this w o e bserve that th courses w e hich w generally think o a e f s basic, e.g. , R eading, W riting, Spelling a d Arithmetic are popular in th n e m inds o th p ple represented in this stu y It is probably surprising to f e eo d . se so m e uch interest expressed in th social sciences - Civics, G e overnm ent, G eography, History, a d c 'h rs n / e Art, a d M n usic. In spite o th fact that f e Art a d M n usic are n t a o g th required courses in Virginia, they se m to o mn e e h v a place o a par w Spelling according to th listing o th "m ae n ith e f e ost im portant" courses. Gram ar, a a course se ra from other la g a e art courses, w s m s pa te n u g a not listed a a definite subject. T s hat d e n t m a that tho os o e n se responding intended to eliminate G ram ar from th curriculum o th schools. M m e f e ore likely they h v b co e familiar w th m ae e m ith e ore functional approach in w hich correct u a e o speech is taught in relation to other la g a e arts courses. s g f n u g It should b n te that in T e o d able IV H m Econom o e ics, Industrial Arts, Com ercial S m ubjects, a d V n ocational Education s o e considerable popularity h wd in com parison w ith such courses a m s ight b regarded high school m e athe m atics courses, high school science courses, or foreign la g a e courses. n u g TeC h onsultant concludes, a to the s se replies: "Probably th m e ost im portant observation w hich o e c n m ke from th n a a e listing o th m f e ost im portant courses b 4 0 lay a d professional groups is y 3 n that there is very little that is unusual a o t it. If o e should u e th informa b u n s e tion in T ables III a d IV to develop curricula for a elem n n entary school a d a n high school, h w uld likely c m o t w e o o e u ith such a program a h w s e ould find in o e o better school system w n f s here th schools are large en u h to m k e og ae possible a variety o courses a d fun f n ds are available to provide th necessary e teaching sta a d facilities." ff n C om parison w legal requirem ith ents. T S te la requires th teaching he ta w e in the elem entary schools o spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, gram ar, f m geo raphy, physiology a d hygien draw g n e, ing, civil go vernm ent, history o th f e U nited S te a d history o Virginia, accident prevention, evils o alcohol ta s, n f f 1 9 �A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA a d narcotics, physical a d health education, a d morality. A n n n llow ed b sta y tute, bu n t required, are handcrafts a d dom t o n estic arts. ( e Virginia S Se cho l L w o a , 15, S 9 0 ectio ns 2 - 3 to 2 - 4 ) M 22 3 22 0. usic is taught in m ost o th public schools f e w th approval o th S te D ith e f e ta epartm ent o Education. O t o local funds, a f u f fe localities provide for kindergarten a d junior primary classes; a d, in a w n n fe instances, prevocational sho w w p ork is offered in elem entary schools. O th secondary school level, the follow n e ing are required b sta te y tu : S d o do tu y f cum n o Virginia history a d U e ts f n nited S te Constitution, accident ta s prevention, physical a d health education, a d moral education. ( e Virginia n n Se School Law s, 1 5 , S 9 0 ectio ns 2 - 3 , 2 - 3 , 2 - 3 , 2 - 3 .) 22 4 22 5 22 7 2 2 8 T he follow ing courses are authorized b sta te but n t required: y tu o industrial arts, agriculture, h m econom o e ics, a d com ercial subjects, n m ( e Virginia S Se cho l Law 1 5 , sec. 2 - 3 ) o , 90 22 9. T he official course o study, approved b th S te Board o Education, f y e ta f provides for eight units o required courses, including th follow f e ing: English, 4 units; Virginia a d U S history, 1unit; science, 1u it; m n . . n athem atics, 1 u it; governm n ent, l/2 unit, vocational civics, l/2 unit. Beginning w th ith e school session, 1 5 - 9 4 governm 9 31 5 , ent a d vocational civics will b replaced n e w ith 1unitof Virginia a d U S go n . . vernm ent. Physical education is required ea year in high school but carries n unit credit. T rem ch o he ainder o th f e courses required for graduation are cho n from a list o electives a se f ppro ved b th S te Board o Education. y e ta f T hese electives m involve th academ subjects such a foreign ay e ic s languages, chem istry, physics, algebra, geom etry a d trigonom n etry; or subjects in th areas o vocational education a d general education, such a e f n s agriculture, h m econom o e ics, art, m usic, history a d business e ca n or n du tio ; th program o electives m e f aybe m d u o s m com ae p f o e bination o th academ f e ic a d th practical courses. n e A exam n ination o th requirem f e ents a d authorizations b statute, o n y f th requirem e ents a d authorizations o th S te Board o Education, a d o n f e ta f n f th practices a o g th schools d e n t indicate a y conflict b tw e legal e mn e os o n e en requirem ents a d authorizations a d the expressed opinions o th m n n f e ajority o th 4 0 organizations a d individuals responding to th questionnaire. f e 3 n e 4 . Responsibility o th f e H m a dS o e n cho l o T he third a d last item in th questionnaire w n e hich w s sent to several a hundred lay a d professional organizations throughout th S te w s co n e ta a ncerned with th follow e ing: W a are th respective responsibilities o th ht e f e h m a d th school? T o e n e hat is, is it th e responsibility o th h m or th school to f e o e e teach courtesy, living w o e fellow ith n 's citizens, or other m atters w hich historically are th responsibility o the ho e e f m? A FO N A IO ED C T N P O R M FOR VIRGINIA U D T N U A IO R G A historically are th responsibility o th hom limited to either th ho e or e f e e" e m th school. T e hese gro ups believe that it is a joint responsibility a d that th n e school should a ssu e its share o th responsibility along w th ho e a d m f e ith e m n the church. t- O General A ur ssem ha n t b e unm bly s o e n indful o public opinion o th f n e teaching o citizenship traits. S f ectio 2 - 3 o th Virginia S n 22 8 f e cho l La s, o w 1 5 , reads a fo 90 s llow s: "The entire sche e o training shall em m f phasize moral education through lessons given b teachers a d im y n parted b appropriate y reading selections." TABLE V Is It th Responsibility o th H m or th S e f e o e e cho l to o T ch C ea ourtesy, Living with O e Fellow Citizens, n 's a dO n ther M atters w hich Historically are th e Responsibility o th H m ? f e o e T y p e of re s p o n s e N u m b er of re s p o n s e s R e s p o n s ib ility o f th e h o m e 18 R e s p o n s ib ility o f th e s c h o o l 11 R e s p o n s ib ility o f b o th th e h o m e an d th e s c h o o l 126 R e s p o n s ib ility o f th e h o m e , th e s c h o o l a n d th e c h u r c h 24 T o ta l r e s p o n s e s on th is q u e s tio n 179 S A E S PPO T FO S H O S D RIN P S T EN Y Y R T T U R R C O L U G A T W T EA S T indicate th extent to w o e hich th General A e ssem bly h s b e conscious a e n o th n e s o public school education a d to w f e e d f n hich it ha d v te available s e o d S te revenues to providing support for the public schools, the Com ission ta m ha com s piled the table set o t belo . It sh w over a tw u w o s enty-year period th e general fun revenues o the S te w d f ta , hich are th source from w e hich th e general purpose program o th S te are supported, a d th a o n ex e d d s f e ta n e m u ts pne for public free school purposes during th sa e years. T e m hese figures indicate a trem endous increase in a bsolute a o n e p n e for public m u ts x e d d schools a d s o that these expenditures ha e constituted a relatively uniform n h w v p ercentage o th available funds. f e A sum ary o the replies is given in Table V It is clear that only a m f . small minority, 2 o t o 1 9 w uld h v the responsibility for teaching 9 u f 7, o ae "courtesy, living w ith o e fellow citizens, a d other m n 's n atters w hich 20 21 �A F O U N D A T IO N E D U C A T IO N P R O G R A M F O R V IR G IN IA E X P E N D IT U R E S F O R P U B L IC SCHOOLS C o m p a re d w ith G EN ER A L FUND REVENUES * F o r F i s c a l Y e a r s E n d e d Ju n e 30, E x p e n d itu res for P u b lic S chools ADDITIONAL STATE AID FOR S H O S C O L 1931 t h r o u g h 1951 Year G en eral Fund Revenues P e r Cent for P u b lic S chools 1931 $ 1 9 ,5 3 2 ,8 3 9 $ 7 ,3 3 5 ,9 4 1 37.56 193 2 1 6 , 6 0 2 , 196 7 , 2 6 7 , 111 4 3 .7 7 193 3 14,423,392 6,752,719 4 6 .7 9 193 4 1 2 ,7 7 1 ,5 3 9 5 ,7 5 7 ,7 4 7 4 5 . 08 19 35 16,744,883 7 ,3 3 5 ,3 8 7 43.81 19 36 18,872,891 7 ,2 4 5 ,1 1 9 3 8 . 39 1937 2 1 ,5 2 3 ,5 6 4 8 ,0 0 9 ,8 3 7 3 7.2 1 19 38 2 2 ,7 2 1 ,0 2 1 8 ,2 1 7 ,3 5 8 3 6 . 17 40 .8 9 40 .4 7 1939 2 3 ,1 5 6 ,6 5 4 9 ,4 6 7 ,6 3 5 1940 2 3 , 8 0 4 , 168 9 ,6 3 3 ,1 7 5 1941 29 , 8 1 9 .2 1 4 1 0 ,519,566 35.28 19 42 3 7 ,0 5 2 ,3 0 4 1 0 ,276,568 2 7 .7 4 1943 42 ,1 6 2 ,3 6 3 12,074,812 28.64 1944 4 2 ,7 6 1 ,6 6 0 1 4 ,047,623 32.85 31.24 19 45 4 9 ,0 9 8 ,1 2 5 1 5 , 3 3 6 , 118 1946 5 3 , 2 9 1 , 544 18,533,632 34.78 1 94 7 5 9 . 6 2 3 , 105 2 5 ,9 0 6 ,7 1 9 43.45 1 94 8 6 7 ,7 1 3 ,2 6 0 3 0 ,0 64,599 44.40 1949 8 6 ,7 8 8 ,4 8 2 3 4 , 6 X 8 , 656 39.89 1 95 0 9 5 ,7 2 9 ,6 2 8 3 7 , 134, 173 3 8 . 79 * N ote: T h e g e n e r a l fund i n c l u d e s a l l r e v e n u e s of the S ta te w h ic h a r e not s p e c i f i c a l l y e a r m a r k e d f o r th e o p e r a t i o n of s uch State d e p a r t m e n t s a s the A BC B o a r d , D e p a r tm e n t of H ighw ays, C o m m is s io n of G am e a n d I n l a n d F i s h e r i e s , I n d u s t r i a l C o m m i s s i o n , U n e m p l o y m e n t an d C om pensation C o m m issio n , etc. 22 A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PRO RA G M FOR VIRGINIA The figures cited a o e indicate th strides m d in Virginia during th b v e a e e past tw decades in support o the public schools by the S te T o f ta . he replies to the questionnaires sent o t by the Com ission indicate that th p ple o th u m e eo f e S te w ta ant such subjects a arithmetic, art, civics, English, health a d s n physical education, history, ho e econom m ics, music, reading, science, spelling a d writing taught in the schools. T n hese subjects are em bodied in the present courses o study prom f ulgated by th S te Board o Education. e ta f The Commission w s interested to learn that high schools are n w a o accredited by the S te Board of Education primarily o the basis o offering ta n f a d not o a arbitrary enrollment figure. T b accredited, a high school n n n o e m ust offer thirty units. Eight o these are prescribed. T f hese are English - 4 units Social S tudies - 2 units M athem atics - 1unit V . & U . History (l u it) a .S n Laboratory Science - 1unit V . &U . G a .S overnm ent ( u it) 1 n Health a nd Physical Education - 4 years T he remaining tw enty-tw units are in elective subjects w o hich m b ay e adjusted to m eet local needs. T he entire thirty n d n t b offered in a single ee o e year, but m ust be available to a student during four years o high school. f T he accrediting o Junior High S f chools is based o the sa e standards n m which apply in the case of four a d five year high schools a d senior high n n schools except in the m atter of offering. T he standard relating to m inim um program of studies or scope of offering which requires that a m inim um o 3 f 0 units of credit b provided during the last four years d e n t apply for junior e os o high school. The expansion o the school system in Virginia has left so e areas f m which are earlier referred to in this report in which there is m uch room for improvem ent. T he Commission feels that the S te Board o Education a d ta f n the Superintendent o Public Instruction are a a o the n f w re f eeds o our public f school system It believes that the tim ha co e for the schools to . e s m consolidate their gains a d to strengthen th present program before em n e barking o n w ventures in education. In short the Com ission believes that the S te n e m ta 's responsibility is to insure that schools throughout the S te are rendering ta adequate services in accordance with the present program before the S te ta becom es com itted to the support of additional m m ajor educational endeavors. There are m any localities in which the schools at the present tim are e far ahead in m any respects o the S te school system a a w o . T f ta s h le he Com mission is gratified at the initiative displayed in these localities a d feels n that the S te should assist these localities in th provision o a basic program ta e f leaving to the localities the decision a to w s hether to g a e d a d broaden o h a n their public school activities. For this reason th Com ission d e n t believe e m os o that a com plete equalization program is desirable or feasible. Equalization w ould have the effect of cutting off all S te support from so e counties a d ta m n increasing S te aid to others. ta The Commission accordingly recom ends that so e S te aid to all m m ta local schools b continued. This w ill insure that the localities w e hich are presently receiving S te funds a d are able to g far b y n the S te con ta n o e o d ta 's tribution in support of their o n schools will continue to receive such aid. w 2 3 �A FOUNDATION EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA T he Com ission feels that s m o th additional fu d w m o e f e n s hich m y b a e provided for public schools should n t b o a "across th board" basis but o e n n e should b directed to ards achieving certain specific en e w ds. T first o the he f se e d is a greater m ns easure o equalization o educational opportunity through f f o t th S te Increased aid along this line, ho ever, should n t b m u e ta . w o e erely a gift from th S te but should b given in such a m e ta e anner a to en u g s co ra e increased local effort in support o schools. f T he Com ission d e n t believe that a y person or a y group is w m os o n n ise en u h to establish a form og ula w hich will b perfectly equitable b w e y hich local effort ca b m n e easured. It is well a a o s m o th defects in th w re f o e f e e standard w hich ha b e u d in th pa - that o a certain a o n o reven e s e n se e st f mu t f u derived from true real esta values. A th sa e tim it feels that this te t e m e standard, in de a a it is, is becom a qu te s ing m ore uniform throughout th S te e ta . Reassessm ents m d b localities w the assistance o th S te D ae y ith f e ta epartm ent o T f axation h v b e m d in 7 counties a d 1 cities a th present tim ae e n ae 3 n 7 t e e. This program is continuing a d th Com ission feels that in tim this n e m e standard will b relatively uniform throughout all the counties a d cities o e n f th S te e ta . A FO N A IO EDU TIO P O R M FO VIRGINIA U D T N CA N R G A R rightful place, perform his obligations a d e jo his benefits a a citizen o n n y s f th C m o w lth. e o m n ea Respectfully subm itted, E. BLACKBU RN M O E, Chairm O R an LLO YD C BIRD, V . ice-Chairm an LEW P ES O CO IS R T N LLIN S J M Y A D M G D . A N R A RU ER J D M D . . EA E W TAYLO M R Y . E U PH LEO A N RD G M S . U E H H W . . ALKER LA D N R W A T N O . Y T In th distribution o S te fu d in addition to th equalization factor a d e f ta ns e n the incentive to local effort, th Com ission feels that reduction o excessive e m f teacher-pupil ratios is o e o th aim w n f e s hich should b so g e u ht. There h s a be en so e u h p y experience in th p st in connectio w th allocation o m nap e a n ith e f S te fun b sed o num ta ds a n bers o teacher-units a d m f n inim um salaries for teachers. H w o ever, the Com ission feels that since S te funds are provided m ta primarily for teachers' salaries th m e etho o distribution should b so related d f e to th num e ber o teachers in a school division that a least th locality will n t f t e o b a e ble to s v m n y o teachers' salaries a d a th s m tim participate ae o e n n t e a e e o a norm basis in equalization fun n al ds. C N LU IO O C S N By w y o sum arization th Com ission desires to point o t that in a f m e m u accordance w th relationship w ith e hich ha existed b tw e th C m o w lth s e e n e o m n ea a d its political subdivisions in the m n ge e n a a m nt, control a d support o th n f e public schools for m n decades, th S te responsibilities are tw . T a y e ta 's o he first is to provide leadership w very limited control to th e d that th ith e n e local school divisions will b able to call u o th S te a d receive advice a d e p n e ta n n assistance in co nnectio with their problem n s. T se n p a o th S te he co d h se f e ta 's responsibility is to assist th localities in financing their school system e s. T e h Constitution o Virginia provides that certain fun are to b distributed to th f ds e e localities o th basis o population. S m S te fu d h v for m n years n e f o e ta ns ae a y be en distributed u o a ev m p n n en ore accurate indication o n e - a f ed verage daily a n a ce in th schools. tte d n e T he Com ission feels that in providing additional fu d consideration m ns should also b given to rem e edying th deficiencies w e hich are fo n in th S te u d e ta w ide school system a d to equalizing th opportunity afforded every child in n e th S te to secure a education w e ta n hich is a e u te to ena dq a ble him to ta e his k 2 4 I'l 2 5 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "A Foundation Education Program For Virginia, Report of the Commission to the Governor and the General Assembly of Virginia", Senate Document No. 13, November 26, 1951. 14 pages. Description An account of the resource Commission set up to study and report on the establishment of a foundation program containing the fundamental courses in public schools which are basic to the education programs to be financed by the State. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Commonwealth of Virginia, Senate Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/26/51 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_6_1_3_2 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/855ff01e29aa6d657b81ff0a2a817627.pdf 78b74a1df7299bbc595c79b0ce3adbcb PDF Text Text "A PASSION FOR LIFE" a new French film has Just opened in New Fork and I must share my enthusiasm for it with you. It couldn’t be a better refutation of the attacks. The National Citizens Commission for the Public Schools will give it publicity all over the country. Requests to local movie houses from MIT" branches that the film be shown locally would be helpful. It is shown through the Brandon Films, 200 ’,est ’ 57th Street, New York, New York. Constance V.arren � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "A Passion For Life" Description An account of the resource Note from Constance Warren promoting the movie "A Passion for Life" Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Constance Warren No date Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant unknown Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_6_1_1_16 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/3d270fa44819780849c38fc6ba1c009f.pdf eb5144e22ff52b71f472486d18dbe1e4 PDF Text Text AN APPEAL FOR COMMON SENSE Mrs. Agnes E. Meyer Address before the American Association of University Women Arlington Branch at the Thomas Jefferson Junior High School Arlington, Virginia Tuesday, April 14th 8 p.m. It is a great relief these days to get away from the tensions of the Nation's Capital and to look at our many problems from the sane vantage point of life in a local community. It is especially heartening to discuss some of these problems in a county which is justly famous throughout the land as an independent, courageous community singularly competent to turn its ideals into a wo?:king reality. I am grateful to the American Association of University Women for inviting me and giving me this opportunity to remind you of the last ing contributions you have made to the preservation of some of our noblest traditions. I am all the happier to do this because the shrill voices which have been getting the head-lines of late have disturbed the even tenor of our ways and tempted us to answer the violent people with equal violence. Yet the natural fears and conflicts of an endangered society can only be assuaged by the application of self-control, intelligence and native American common sense which characterize the highly literate population of Arlington and Americans as a whole. This American common sense is derived from the daily necessity of solving dilemmas, annoyances and defeats which teaches us to accept difficulties without too much fear or anxiety. If we are more than usually disturbed today, it is because in the past we have taken our heritage of freedom too much for granted. It seemed safely enshrined not only in our daily lives but in the Bill of Rights. Now we have suddenly awakened to the fact that freedom much be re captured by every generation and that it will endure only as long as we stand ready to defend it at any cost, however high. Thus the cooperative endeavors you have made here toward social progress are of especial importance today. For the freedoms we all cherish will be lost or preserved not in Washington nor in our State governments, but in the local communities where people live and strive, succeed or fail, as the case may be. But though very definite threats to the freedoms we have always taken for granted, do exist today, let us not exaggerate the danger. We tend to forget momentarily the enormous leap toward the extension of human freedom we have taken during the last generation in ways almost too numerous to mention. We have under pinned old age, destitution and needy families with social security; improvements in the fields of health and education has been amazing; and the Negro with whose disadvantages Europe is always reproaching us, has possibly made greater progress toward equal rights than ever before in our history. If we remember the vitality our democracy has shown under the stress of wars both hot and cold, it will strengthen our faith in ourselves and help us to see the real dangers that confront our society not so much as a menace but as another challenge which must be met with the same fortitude and the same calm and constructive attitude. We must trust ourselves and each other as never before and thus strengthen the faith of the country as a whole in its principles, its hopes and beliefs. We must speak our minds fearlessly, for in so doing we discover that there are in ourselves and others human resources upon which we have never yet drawn. Nothing is more contagious, more inspiring than courage. -1 (over) �- 2- At the same time I do not wish to minimize the real dangers to our democracy. And. I shall select one of them for discussion today which interests you and me the most, the sinister attacks upon our public school system. For I think it is a clearly established fact that there has developed throughout our country in recent years . from Scarsdaie, New York to Pasadena, California — a nation-wide, more or less organized conspiracy to undermine the faith of the American people in our public school system. When I use the word conspiracy X mean a planned, concerted effort on the part,1of various individuals and organizations, the source of whose ample funds is unknown, to attack public education with identical, monotonously repeated accusations that have just enough truth to make their falsehood seem plausible. These enemies of our schools have obviously borrowed the tactics of the communists and fascists that if only a lie is Repeated often enough with sufficient impudence, many people will finally believe it. It should not surprise us that subversive elements who wish to hurt democracy, should single out our unique public school system as their deadliest enemy. For public education is the heart-beat of our nation that daily renews and purifies the blood-stream of the democratic body politic. It has helped to make our nation great, tolerant and hopeful, because it has released human talents and rapacities in our country to a greater extent than has happened anywhere else in the whole course of human history. Thus if our public education is successfully weakened or destroyed, so is democracy itself. That there may be a few master minds behind this campaign, is indicated as I have said, by the constant repetition of the same propaganda using almost identical arguments, language and slogans, distributed often in vicious literature originating from a single source: 1. The schools do not teach the 3 R ’s. 2. The teachers and the textbooks are communistic or at best socialistic. 3. Progressive education breeds undisciplined children if not delinquents and criminals. 4. The schools are godless. That is the whole gamut of these accusations. They have been answered again and again with irrefutable proof to the contrary. But the answers are ignored. For the type of mentality with which we are dealing in this battle to defend democratic insitutions, is impervious to reasonable persuasion and moral principles. One of the most regrettable results of these unjust criticisms is that the friends of the public school system have been jockeyed into a defensive position. They scarcely dare to make constructive criticisms themselves, lest they give aid and comfort to the enemy. Thereupon the enemies shout: "Oh, so you think the public schools are perfect!" Thus do the falsehoods multiply one upon the other, and time and energies that should be used to improve our public schools, is wasted because the honest critics of our educational system are forced into a state of siege mentality. To be sure, our colleges and universities have also recently come under attack from members of Congress. But these Congressional persecutions of our educators would never have taken place, if the witch hunts on the local level had not been so successful in sowing mutual distrust and thereby destroying peace and. orderly progress. In other words we would not now have so many Hitlers in �-3Congress if it were not for the fact that we have a flock of little Hitlers in almost every locality. The situation reminds me of a little-known Calvin Coolidge story. A man complained to President Coolidge that a certain Senator was a scoundrel. "Well" replied Coolidge calmly, "there are a lot of scoundrels in the country and they are entitled to some representation.” Thus the whole crux of our strategy to protect the educational system, is to meet the attacks in our local communities. The Congressional Hitlers must be criticized.,, opposed and ridiculed, since ridicule is one of the strongest weapons. How can we remain silent while these members of the Senate and House maltreat honest American citizens, disrupt the work of Congress and challenge the executive powers of the Administration? And no less serious, why should we allow these anti-democratic members of Congress to defame our country and ruin the prestige of our nation in every foreign land? ”How long will America stand for this?" asks the British journalist Francis Williams in the "News Chronicle." He says of our Congressional lunatic-fringe: "The moral attitudes they depend upon and exploit matter not only to America but to the whole free world. And those of us who hold as our strongest article of international faith the need for'the closest bonds of fidelity between Britain, the Commonwealth and he United States have an obligation to tell, our friends in America just how much damage those attitudes are doing to the cause of freedom everywhere." I mention these national and international repercussions merely to point out the full seriousness of the situation we face. But I come back to my theme by stating as my belief that these destructive members of Congress are not going to change their evil tactics until they hear from the grass-roots. Not even the leaders of the new Administration will be able to cope with them success fully, for no truly democratic statesman can afford to resort to punitive action. Yet force is the only thing the authoritarian mentality respects. Only the voters who elected these incipient dictators can use power - the democratic power of the ballot - to bring them to their senses and persuade them to renounce their present tactics. To oppose this terroristic underground successfully on a local basis, we must understand the psychology of the people who compose it, for we are contending with deep psychopathic factors. They are mostly people who because of their own emotional difficulties have never been able to relate themselves to the community and are now revenging themselves upon a society which they feel has'rejected them. They are people filled with hatred because they feel insecure, lonely and slighted, and they satisfy this hatred by the systematic destruction of situations and confidence and mutual trust in order to benefit by the general confusion to acquire power for themselves. These Americans who see themselves as the insulted and injured are not of any particular economic or social level. There are among them some of our rootless intellectuals, many of whom found refuge in "America First," and now feel more adrift then ever since the majority of Americans have learned that our nation must defend human freedom not only here at home but throughout the world. The only satisfaction of these disgruntled elements is in destruction of the community solidarity of which they could not make themselves a part. They are incapable of loyalty to any group - not even to the political party which elects them to office. And their anti-communism is nothing but a screen for their hatred of the sound, honest, stable members of society. Therefore, the conservatives make a deadly mistake when they think that these people are a bulwark against communism. The German industrialists made the same miscalculation concerning Hitler. The real hatred of our professional anti communists is precisely for the conservatives themselves whom they envy their respectability and the fact that society looks up to them. That is why they attack such patriotic, honorable and successful men as General Marshall, Secretary Dulles, lover) �•4 Senator Knowland, Charles Bohlen, Bishop Oxnam and others on the Federal level and on the local leyel that emblem of all that is sound and good and essentially conservative, the public schools. It is a desperate contest the nation faces in coping with these elements, for either they must break down through self-defeat, or they will break down every body else. They are “dead-end kids" with whom every social worker and teacher is familiar, adolescents who are getting square with a world which they feel has never been fair to them. That is also why they use the childish device of namecalling whenever they are criticized. In dealing with these maladjusted members of our society, we are baffled and handicapped, by a bad conscience. For they are the result of the weaknesses in our society, of its extreme competitiveness, of its intense striving for social and economic status, and of its total neglect in the past of children who could not stand these pressures. Our worship of success creates bitterness in the unsuccessful. And these embittered monstrosities, without faith in love and kindliness, without respect for human beings or for any of the values that we cherish, these men who seek success whatever the cost, are a reproach to us be cause they are the prototypes of our American vices. Furthermore, even the legitimate demands of democracy are a strain upon the weak, for it calls for self-discipline, and the sacrifice of the will to power for the common good and for the establishment of a high group civil ization, Thus it is not surprising that in times of danger that call for even greater sacrifices, many self-centered individuals seek to destroy a society that demands too much of them. Therefore it is a mistake to characterize these elements as types of American fascism. They are a modern version of vigilantism, a role that had dignity in our frontier days because the early vigilantes were filling a real need before law and order had been established. But they have no place and no legitimate function in our present society. What these modern vigilantes want is to establish their own law and domination for the law and the cooperative behavior of an orderly democracy. Thus we only make martyrs of these psychopathic characters if we gang up on them as disturbers of the peace. The role of the martyr would only be used as another asset and as justification of all that they are doing. We only hurt ourselves and our objectives if we suppress these anti-democratic forces with hostile methods. The most useful lesson we can give these vigilantes whether in Congress or in the local communities, is that true Americans refuse to use coercive power in the war of ideas. The best weapon we have lies in strengthening of community solidarity through improvement of our school-community relationships which keeps open the free communication between all citizens and prevents exactly what the vigilantes want, the fragmentation of our society. That is also the reason why the communists take great delight in the activities of the vigilantes. For the more they confuse us with attacks on the schools and the more we allow ourselves to be driven into a merely defense attitude, the better the communists can fish in these troubled waters. You can readily see from this analysis of the vigilante mentality, why it was a delight to me to get reacquainted during the past weeks with the steady progress toward closer school-community cooperation that has been made here in Arlington. It has been said of Americans that we lack philosophic and political theories which can be used as a battle cry against the totalitarian �-5ideologies. But this assuredly does not apply to the field of education. It has been accepted in all of our school systems that democracy, as we know it, is the highest form of government because it seeks to develop the latent potentialities of all of its citizens. We do not regard democracy as just another form of government, but as a continually expanding method of living together. Thus our educational system is an institution which has grown out of the historical soil in which it was rooted and became indistinguishable from democracy itself. This philosophy of our democratic schools is implemented differently by different educators since they themselves necessarily vary in intelligence, imagination and administrative skill. But I can say without exaggeration that your Arlington school system, given the handicaps with which you began six years ago, is one of the finest examples in the country of the application of our American principles of education. And you have made this astonishing progress in so short a time because the citizens of Arlington, the Board of Education they elected, the school administrators and the teachers have all pulled their weight in the boat and have done it in unison. The increasing mutual confidence between all of these elements was an important factor in the actual, accomplishments. It would be a needless task to outline even the major improvements for an audience which has done the actual work to achieve them. But to an observer like myself the superior quality of your Board of Education has been of value far beyond anything the county as a whole as yet realizes. I have a fairly large acquaintance with such boards and I know of none that exceeds your own in the technical education, the varied professions represented and the experiences in administration that are to be found among the five members of the Arlington School Board. The devotion which the Board has shown to its onerous duties and the respect which it has earned have never been more important to the schools than at present when almost all of them, sooner or later, are confronted with criticism and the crudest of attacks. Equally important in the rapid progress of what used to be a neglected educational system, was the appointment of first rate school administrators and supervisors who improved the whole situation by able leadership. Together with the specialists and assistant teachers who were selected with great care, this battery of experts have pulled together a school program which was limited to the 3 R's until it has developed a curriculum that is comparable to the highest standards. Furthermore the system became one of even quality, a matter of greater justice to all the children of a county whose schools used to vary from good to bad. Of especial value has been the program of in-service training which I attended three weeks ago, where small and large groups of teachers were enthusiastic about this opportunity to grow in their profession under expert guidance. It was an education for me to see the various groups and their leaders arrive at new ideas in vocational guidance, music, mathematics, physical education and other branches of your rich curriculum. It was like a poem an American poem of mutual confidence, mutual respect and the resultant h a m o n y of fine minds work ing together toward common goals. The flow of ideas back and forth, the discussions that took place at these workshops constitute a truly democratic school system in which the learning process is continuous for the pupils, their teachers and administrators. No wonder the morale of your teachers has been transformed since last I made a study of your schools, and morale of the teaching staff is as important today as adequate salaries for holding your teachers and for recruiting new ones. Every human being is attracted to an organization where his work is appreciated and where he has the opportunity to rise in his profession through increasing competence. Nothing could be a greater asset at this period of (over) �a c u te te a c h e r s h o rta g e . To be sure, i . has taken an increased budget to provide this expert t leadership and the workshops, but it was on the whole the most economical way of achieving quickly an excellent and varied curriculum, taught by people who were daily achieving greater professional skill. These remarkable innovations have aroused interest and favorable comment far beyond the reaches of your county in various professional publications. But in these comments there has never been sufficient, appreciation of the fact that the Board of Education and the school authorities were successful in these experiments because they took the parents,, and the general public with them every step of the way. And if I were to single out only one feature of the Arlington schools for commendation it would be the broad area of citizen participation that they have been able to achieve through numerous committees, councils and advisory groups who have assisted in the formulation of the curriculum, the selections of textbooks and other contributions to individual schools. For the local P.T.A.'s the usual speeches which have no relationship to immediate school problems, have become obsolete. Fathers attend the meetings as well as mothers to discuss educational issues and to study the problems constantly arising in a dynamic school program. It has become a generally accepted theory throughout our country that we should have community-centered schools, but seldom have I encountered that democratic .ideal so thoroughly implemented as it is in Arlington. And the results have been all the more constructive because your county is fortunate in having amongst its citizens probably a higher percentage of skilled, professional talents than most other counties in our nation. For example, the whole battle concerning "progressive education” was headed off by the active cooperation on curriculum and textbooks of a unique organization called "The Parents Council on Instruction." When parents meet, regularly to discuss with the associate-superintendent what kind, of education they want for their children, what philosophy the school should follow, and what textbooks should be used, the whole community feels involved in its school program and is ready to defend it, however progressive or modern, against the criticisms of people who yearn "for the good old days” and the little school house which unfortunately was red. The ironical thing is that these people who see the present educational methods as hopelessly unregenerate are by no means a good advertisement for the old-fashioned kind of education they now idealize But Arlington County is to be congratulated for the way in which it has taken most of them tactfully into camp and gone serenely on its way. The parents and citizens who have achieved this truly democratic victory have given a useful lesson to many less alert communities in political action of the wisest kind. They also learned that democratic action is far more effective than that of the rival ideologies of the left or right with which it has to contend. Your schools have been transformed into a second home for your children because both work and play have been shared by the parents, themselves, and by that larger family, the community as a whole. The learning process has a serious content and meaning because it is replete with life, with the real life of the county, the nation and the world. In such a happy setting the child retains the courage to be himself as he feels his abilities expanding. And he rejoices the more in his own progress because it is shared by his class-mates and his family. It is all the more to be regretted that a superior school system such as yours should now have to contend with another attempt at sabotage. For that is the only way to describe the reactivation of an obsolete law dating back to 1787 which bans Federal employees from holding local office in Virginia. This �-7- ancient law was amended in 1928 for the express purpose of permitting citizens of Arlington working in the Federal Departments to serve as school trustees in the State. This amendment was dismissed in the courts as "special legislation." The absurdity of this piece of shenanigans is all the more apparent when we consider that the law of 1787 was passed only to prevent people from drawing two salaries, and therefore should not apply to purely honorary positions such as membership on the school board. The absurdity becomes grotesque if we remember that Virginia did not even have a public school system until almost a century later, after this law was enacted. Furthermore, in the County of Arlington the law excludes about 30% of the county's most capable adult population from having anything to say about their own government or that of their schools. This is a monstrous injustice. Who is to blame? No mere visitor to your County has the right to name specific individuals or groups. But it is clear that you are contending once more with the same reactionary forces that you have defeated again and again in your County, the kind of people who Adlai Stevenson correctly described when hp said that they could only be dragged, kicking and screaming, into the twentieth century. Unfortunately it always seems easier for these birds of ill omen to flock together than for the good and virtuous members of our individualistic society. Yet if the Court of Appeals the day after tomorrow upholds the phantastic decision of the lower court, the result will be disastrous. Three of your excellent School Board members will be tossed out in November, and as the term of another member expires in December, there will be four vacancies to be filled simultaneously. Also the sale of $4,780,000 of school construction bonds, which are sorely needed to complete building projects already under way and to begin others, will be held up until the case is finally settled. Well, it’s not for me to tell so experienced a group of citizens how to fight this example of knavery. You have won many a battle with the crackpots that create trouble in most of our communities and you will win this one too. Democracy is above all things a trial of character, especially of human patience. And your progress in this County has been so steady that its very blessings became a challenge to the powers of darkness. It may be small comfort to you to say that the curve of progress never has been and never will be steadily upward. But, brave people, and you have demonstrated that you are brave people, do not despair when the inevitable period of reaction sets in. That is my quarrel with the pessimists who now dismiss the idea of progress as a vain delusion, because the atomic bomb and the communist peril threaten our democracy, our freedom and our very existence. It is a time when we Americans will learn what stuff we are made of and the answer will not come from the higher echelons of government. It will come from the American people, from counties such as yours where new mechanisms are being devised by which human association is made satisfactory, enriching and stimulating. You have, doubtless, discovered that we need not only new mechanisms of association to meet new needs. We must also breathe the new life of the day into the forms that have long been familiar to us. Let us feel our duties to our country and to our fellow-men everywhere, as the most beautiful and joyous heritage which our heroic forefathers have bequeathed us. Henceforth we must speak not merely for a political party, nor for a church, nor for any other faction We must defend the honor of America which our psychopathic reactionaries, especially in the Congress, have sullied at home and abroad. (over) �-eAs long as there are shameful practices to which we submit, these will be emphasized abroad by our enemies and even by our friends. On the other hand, every blow for freedom, however local, brings reassurance and inspiration to countless millions. We talk often of the American way of life as if it were something finished and perfected. It is a way because it beckons us onward to ever greater heights of achievement. And the way that each local community finds of triumphing over the wave of reaction with which it is now afflicted will decide what the world thinks of us, and whether we are fit to hold aloft the banners of democracy. Let that thought give you strength in your present difficulties. For your eventual victory will be a matter of importance not only to you and your children and your children's children. It will be a victory whose echoes will resound through the country and be carried to the ends of the earth. This is another era when we should say of ourselves what Emerson said of the American people over a hundred years ago: "We are not minors and invalids in a protected corner, not cowards fleeing before a revolution, but guides, redeemers, and benefactors, obeying the Almighty effort and advancing on Chaos and the Dark." � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "An Appeal For Common Sense", Address before the American Association of University women, Arlington Branch, by Mrs. Agnes E. Meyer, April 14, ?. 8 pages. Description An account of the resource Speech encouraging individuals to not give into fear and anxiety but to "speak our minds fearlessly" against those trying to subvert people's trust in the public educational system. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agnes E. Meyer Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No date Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_6_1_3_8 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/e0c8da16cc4fd9b445a8945416ff1d77.pdf 3d527673c735a1588edfd7bb2efb8ba3 PDF Text Text CHART ON "ELEMENTARY SCHOOL EDUCATION" - On the last page of the Washington Evening Star for March 2, 1954, appeared a full page advertisement entitled "Elementary School Education". The page consisted of a chart with "Up-to-date Traditional Education" itemized on the left hand side of the page and "Education for Socialism" itemized on the right hand side. Beneath the chart the following appeared: "Published in the Public Interest by Miller Welding Supply Company — B. M. B. M. ' ’ Red* Miller, owner, Arlington, Va." ’R e d 1 Miller is one of a group of Arlington citizens who have frequently voiced destructive criticism of the Arlington schools during recent years. He has distributed Allen Zoll’s propaganda pamphlets and has publicly admitted to being a member of Zoll’s National Council for American Education. The question arises, "Did Mr. Miller prepare the chart himself?" and the answer is "No". Then where did he get it? Since he has been a member of an Arlington committee criticizing textbooks, he was un doubtedly familiar with Lucille Crain’s Educational Reviewer. On the last page (P. 8) of the October, 1953, issue of that publication, the following statement appeared: The Home-School Associations of Tenafly, New Jersey, could not have known the consequences of their sponsoring one Kitty Jones' attendance at the Columbia University Public Relations Workshop which held monthly sessions from October, 1952, to March, 1953. These consequences are now eloquently re corded in three publications by Mrs. Jones, which can be obtained from her (97 Windsor Road, Tenafly, N. J. ) for a total cost of 75 cents. The first •9 0 �is the "Report to Stillman Home School Association and Mackay Home-School Association on the Columbia Public Relations Workshop." The second is entitled "What Do We Want for Our Children?" The third con sists of a two-page flier, one sheet called "Facts from a 'Grass Root' Citizen" and the other "Elementary School Education." The author of "Elementary School Education", Mrs. Theodore A. Jones, is associated with Frederick G. Cartwright and his Englewood Anti-Communist League.* Cartwright, a member of Zoll’s Rational Council for American Education, attracted attention two years ago in Englewood when he charged local teachers with following the Communist line. Prior to that time he had attacked UNESCO and other reliable individuals and organizations. He claimed that America was "speeding 100 miles per hour down the road to Communism." For several years Cartwright and his col leagues have engaged in censorship activities. Mrs. Jones ran for the School Board in Tenafly early in 1953 but was unsuccessful. Following her ’ defeat she took her children out of the public schools and enrolled them in parochial schools. A more recent product of her pen is "Superintendent Approves Communist Works for School Use" which criticizes the Tenafly superin tendent because the High School library retains The Ration on its shelves. Defense Commission, REA March 4, 1954 See Arthur Morse "Who's Trying to Ruin Our Schools? McCall's Magazinej September, 1951. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Chart on Elementary School Education", National Education Association, Defense Commission, March 4, 1954. 2 pages. Description An account of the resource Copy of article explaining the origin of an advertisement taken out in the Washington Evening Star on March 2, 1954 by B.M. "Red" Miller of Arlington in which a chart is presented with "Up-to-date Traditional Education" on one side and "Education for Socialism" on the other. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Education Association, Defense Commission Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 3/4/54 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_6_1_3_7 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/a905963abf2d5276f4ddae8495bf4fc9.pdf 78ac9e922dcbf842eebd6feabf92c23f PDF Text Text DEDICATION ISSUE Mrs. Edm und C am pbell, Chairm an Mr. T. E. R u tte r, Superintendent, Of T he School Board, Proposes D edicates W ak efield To An D edicating W akefield To Parents, U nceasing E ffo rt Toward The T axpayers, A nd Students. Goal O f A n A dequate Education The dedication of Wakefield is made pos sible by the contributions of many per sons, so many, in fact, th a t I find it dif ficult to form ulate an appropriate in scription. With full knowledge, therefore, th a t the statement will be inadequate, I pro pose th a t we dedicate the Wakefield School to three groups of persons. F irst, to those parents who, by making homes for their children in Aldington County, gave this school its reason fo r being; who, with unswerving, intelligent de votion, planned, prodded, andMrs. Campbell finally achieved. Second, to those A rlington citizen tax payers who do not have children in the public schools and yet have an investment of money, tim e and in terest in the public education of the children of Arlington and in the school buildings, which are monuments to their belief in the future America. (Continued On Page 2) For Every C itizen The dedication, of. the Wakefield High School on February 22, 1955, marks a great milestone in the history of Arlington County and a day of true significance for each of us individually. First this day is im portant because Wakefield is a beautiful and functional school building, one in which we may take justifi able pride. And, more impor ta n t still, is the knowledge we shall dedicate ourselves as a school system and as a com munity to the belief that education is im portant, and Mr. R utter the Wakefield School stands as a monu ment to th a t belief and to the perpetua tion of it here in Arlington. Wakefield borrows its name from a Vir ginia shrine, the birthplace of George W ashington, who shared a belief in a dream—a dream th at is now the United States of America. Today, we share a belief th a t the way of life for which “Wakefield"’ stands is a good way, a belie (Continued On Page 2) Dr.H .M .W ilson, Principal, Believes Ken D arling, P resid e n t O f The S tudent G overnm ent, Feels T h at “ School S p irit” Has M ade Good P a rticip a tio n In School O ther Successes Possible A ctivities By The S tu d en t Body, In commenting on Wakefield’s progress, I do not point to the many tangible suc cesses which are catalogued in this dedi cation issue. Instead, I call attention to the intangible something called “school spirit” th a t has developed so quickly in our school. Call it “school sp irit”, “morale”, “esprit de corps” or by any other name, it has been the moving force th a t has made our other successes possible. This feeling on the p art of students, sta ff, and com munity members reflects the affection which they hold for, the pride they take Dr. Wilson in, and the confidence they have in the school. When such a feeling ex ists, when m orale is as high as it is a t Wakefield, the efforts of a high ly trained professional staff, the p ar ticipation of an unusually fine student group, and the support of an intelligent parent group cannot but build an enviably bright future. I feel privileged to share in building th a t future. Is N ecessary F o r Success In the p a st two years of Wakefield’s operation the Student Government As sociation has involved itself in many ac tivities. The variety of these activities has been numerous—parties, dances, elections, and citizenship projects. The benefits gained by those students participating were equally numerous— fun, knowledge of self-gov ernment, and the reward of doing something fo r the community. Through these activities we have fulfilled the p u r pose of the Wakefield Stu- Ken Darling dent Government Association. In our constitution the purpose is stated as an effort to prom ote student participation, to bring out student lead ership, and to bring about school im provement by developing school spirit and cooperation, and building tradition. In the future, I feel th a t it will be ab solutely necessary fo r the organizations and activities to continue to fulfill the purpose of the W akefield Student Gov ernment Association in order to continueto reap the benefits and retain the suc cesses th at have already been ours. Member'. International Honorary Society fo r H igh School VOL. I NO. 8 " Dedication WAKEFIELD HIGH SCHOOL, ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA February 22, 1955 Journalists W K F L G O S D R G T O Y A S O O E A IO A E IE D R W U IN W E R F P R T N w eeks. Then school life settled down piayed lig h t on pur own footfoalT iieiu in ih is is the oeiiuLiiuJ new Vvai<erieh. n stead of a t Four-Mile Run where they High School located high on the Dinwiddie to a quiet norm. Street hill in South Arlington. To the L ast year marked the opening of the had previously been played. The boys’ front stands the massive auditorium tow er g irls’ gym, the library, and the music, art, The form al dedication of Wakefield ing over the re st of the building. In back and home ec rooms. Also, the auditorium, gym and the two new w ings were comnleted. In December th e f ir s t assembly takes place today. The program is not lie various playfields. The football field boys’ gym, and two new wings were s ta r t was held in our new auditorium. only for the school dedication, but also is nestles low in a natural bowl. ed. honoring the birthday of George W ashing Wakefield hasn’t y e t been completed. In the fall of ’55, 2200 confused stu The firs t of la st year, 1600 students ton. The activities include two assemblies found their way through an endless maze dents poured into the halls of Wakefield. There will be a rifle range, tennis courts, with interesting programs and well known of electrical wires, saws, nails-, and other New students exclaimed over the vastness and new bleachers on the field. These things should be finished by 1956-1957. speakers. A t both assemblies W akefield’s equipment. Classes were held in the clinic, of th e school, while old ones were frankly puzzled over its rapid summer growth. Yes, this is W akefield High School, to cafeteria, and over in Claremont Elemen musical groups will perform. T his year our football games were be dedicated on February 22, of this year. tary School. Confusion prevailed fo r sevThe firs t assembly will be held this morning a t ten o’clock in the auditorium. Dr. Colgate W. Darden, president of the University of Virginia, will be the speaker. Dr Darden was form erly governor of Virginia. All home-room presidents and vice-presidents, class officers, and officers of the Student Council will attend. The Junior Class will also attend if there is enough room in the auditorium. Music for this assembly will be provided by the chorus and the orchestra. The traditional key ceremony will take place a t this time. In this ceremony, Dr. Wilson will accept the key of the school. A t two o’clock this afternoon the as sembly fo r the entire student body will be held in the boys’ gym. Parents and the public are also invited to attend. Today, there will be an open-house a t Wakefield. Guests will be able to tour the school to see the classrooms and modern facilities. The Hospitality Committee of the PTA, of which Mrs. Oldham is the chairman, will guide all the visitors and make them feel welcome. -The ' home economics classes are ready to serve re freshments to guests. The committee which planned all these activities - the open house, visitors, ceremonies and assemblies - is headed by Mi's. Joseph Wheeler. Others on the com mittee are: Mr. Charles J. Walsh, assis tant superintendent of schools in A rling ton; Mr. A rth u r Conover, president of the Wakefield Parent-Teacher Association; Mrs. Oldham; Dr. E. R. Draheim, who is representing the School board; Mr. Ira Funston and Mr. N orris N. Thompson of the Wakefield advisory committee; Dr. Harold Wilson, principal of W akefield; Mr. Ralph Kiel-, associate principal; Mrs. Mare, assistan t principal; Dr. Knipling, sponsor of the Student Council here at Wakefield; Ken Darling, president o f the Student Council, and Chuck Johnson, former president, representing the student Wakefield High School is located on a forty acre tr a c t bounded by Chesterfield Road (top), Dinwiddie Street (rig h t) and George Mason Drive (bottom). The football varsity can be seen exercising on the field in the. foreground. Daily Sun Photo body. Ceremonies �PAGE TWO T llF t h e s ig n a l National Honor Societies To Be Formed Next Year February 22, 1955 Wakefield Students Receive Many Awards and Honors During First Two Years Looking- over the past three semesters, we remember the honors that have come to Wakefield students. We think High School S tu d e n t Publication of the excitement of student government campaigns, the giv Wakefield H igh School will soon ing of sports awards, and the honor and responsibility that take its place scholastically with other high schools in the area comes with the good citizenship award. But Wakefield stu Member. and in the nation. Dr. Harold M. dents have received many other awards from outside the Columbia Wilson, principal, in a recent in school. Although this is only a partial record, you can see terview confirmed this fact and that Wakefield students are recognized both locally and na Scholastic pointed out t h a t there will be tionally in many different areas. chapters here o f several national Press Association Our sports stars shine just as brightly in wider com honor societies. petition. Last year, Jim Macintosh received the Nathan Students ranking high in scholar Editor-in-C hief ......... A1 T ate ship, leadership, service and char Stern outstanding linesman award, and Henry Mayo was Make-Up Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... Kay Fuller acter will be eligible to member given honorable mention for northern Virginia in football. The National Rifle Association recently awarded medals to Managing Editor ............. . . . . ........... Phyllis Ritzenberg ship in the N ational Honor So ciety. Quill and Scroll will be the Jon Wilhelm, Jim Johnson, and Bill Harting. Versatile Bill News Editor ....................................... R ita Chambers goal of students superior in litera also received an outstanding linesman award for his perfor F eature Editor ............................... . ..»................... Karen Jamison ture. French, Spanish and Latin mance in football. Spring sports were not neglected- in base Sports Editor ............................................. Roger Hamilton Societies will be organized for pu ball, Don McKinney received a Little League trophy, and Ken pils outstanding in these langu Hersey was likewise honored by the Arlington Optimists Basketball .................................................. Andy Pettis ages. The above-named societies Business M a n a g e r....................................................................... Mary Knox will be a t Wakefield this year, said Club. Tom Perkins and Charles Chalkley were recognized by Advertising ....................................... Marilyn -Gard Dr. Wilson. the National 5-Star 100 club for outstanding merit in track. Circulation ............. Bob Tate “Thespians” f o r students with Facing more local but equally stiff competition, Bob Wood Exchange ................... K aren Anderson acting ability w ill be installed next placed second in the district AAUW wrestling meets. An Photographer ............................................... Steve Moore year. Plans are now being made other sophomore, Larry Rundorff became champion of the Typists ......................... Hildegaard Riedel, Ann Kovacevich fo r several other societies for spe Dixie Royal Ping Pong Club. Adviser ........................... Mr. R. Moure cialized subjects. All of these will Wakefield students have brains as well as brawn. This Jr. High Adviser ...................................... Mrs. E. Burnside undoubtedly be read y for member was proved when Lynn Liebschutz and Edwin Ford won Sports Adviser •......................... Mr. J. Stein ship next year, said Dr. Wilson. first place in the electronics division of the Arlington Science W restling ........................................ DickMason Fair, and were recognized for outstanding work by the Wash ington Science Fair. Another prize-winning scientist is Doug Quill and Scroll Chapter Coulter, who competed last year in the Stratford Science Two internationally minded Wakefielders, Organized a t Wakefield Fair. and Sue Letzler placed second and fourth inRoger Ham ilton the county W akefield’s f i r s t honor society wide United Nations contest. Terry Woods was sent by the A dedication usually seems like a prelude, the beginning of has been chartered by the Stu Arlington Optimists Club to the University of Citizenship at something. Wakefield's dedication is, however, a year and a half dent Council. Quill and Scroll, the William and Mary College. Bobbie Carter displayed her citi international honorary society for late. Wakefield's real dedication was in September 1953, when she high school Journalists, initiated zenship by earning a JANGO chevron for 700 hours of volun opened her doors. From th a t time to this, traditions have been six charter members in the W ake teer work. For a third kind of good citizenship, Judy Macken founded. Athletic teams have been put into action, variety shows field chapter, in a candlelight zie was honored as an outstanding camper at GAA camp last ceremony, recently. As soon as summer. And surely we all remember the exciting contest at have been produced, newspaper, literary magazine, annual have the chapter is b e tte r organized, Wakefield last year in which Julie Drenning won the county gotten underway, a music department has been built up, student other prospective members will American Legion Oratorical Contest. Another original speech, government activities have been organized. We have taken great be initiated. The chapter has also delivered by Wakefield junior Joyce Adams won the district to decide on a name. steps since that day in September when we were just a group of Members must meet the follow Voice of Democracy contest. As last year’s variety show proved, Wakefield has plenty kids from Madison, Tee Jay, Claremont, Abingdon, Barrett and ing requirem ents: 1. They must be a t least a of talent in the entertainment field. Our students have per Barcroft, thrown into the same building, to study together. Now formed elsewhere as well— witness Bobbie Cox, who won a we are Wakefield. We are united under one name, Wakefield, one junior. 2. They must be in the upper Camel’s talent show recently. Anne Verner, who sings and purpose, to build Wakefield into something which we can look on third of their class in general plays the guitar, has won prizes from local restaurants and a scholastic standing a t the time of Washington theater besides winning in the finals of the with pride and affection. their election (for the current Junior R e v u e television program. A rlin g to n County Majorette We are faced with problems unlike those of pupils in an year.) established school. In their case the traditions have all been 3. They m ust have done super and Junior Majorette medals went to Betty Lou Alfbrite ancf founded and in practice for years. They must only follow the worn ior work in some phase of jour Dolores Campbell for their fine appearances on the parade path. If there is something o f which they don't approve, something nalistic or creative endeavor. ground. Two of our more serious musicians are John Keyser, they think is being done wrong, it is practically impossible to 4. They m u st be recommended selected to be concert master of the All-State Orchestra, and change it. It is hard to break well established traditions. For this by the supervisor or the commit Ann Hofto who won a National Piano Auditions award. Our reason, out-dated ideas are still being carried out. There are still tee governing publications. vote for the most unusual award goes to Mike Murtha, who 5. They m u st be approved by won three costume prizes in a local Halloween contest. people who say, "W h a t was good enough for 'Sister' is good enough the Executive Secretary, (na for me," and so there is very little progress. Many other Wakefielders have won awards from outside tional) We, a t Wakefield need have no worries about that. It is up The main purpose of the society the school, and the coming oratorical contest may well be the to us to blaze the trail which future generations shall follow. We is to encourage and reward in first of many more honors. Congratulations one and all, and may be guided by older schools, but we are not bound to them or dividual achievem ent in jour keep up the good work! their traditions. The first five years or so should be the formative years. During these years, activities should be set up. We should constantly be making things as good as we possibly can, and then, just a little better. It is up to us, in Wakefield's years of formation to aim towards having: First, a student council which will be representative of the students, one which will keep school ideas modern and up-to-date, and which will always be democratic, not only in theory, but in practice. Second, a drama department of which we can all be proud. W ithin a year, Wakefield should be producing, not only talent and variety shows, but dramatic productions comparable to Little Theater or other amateur productions. Third, athletes who make a good showing each time they play, who try their darndest to win, but who are good sports whether they are on a winning or losing team. Fourth, a music department which will give not only recitals and concerts, but fine performances of operettas and Broadway musicals. Fifth, honor societies which offer recognition to those who are superior in their fields. Sixth, a literary magazine, newspaper, and annual, free of censorship, and able to compete with the best high school publica tions of this country. W e must aim for the best in all these projects. We want nothing in our school to be mediocre or second best. To have an activity be superior, we must make sure that the superior people run it, and participate in it. W e will find that that is how things w ill be done in the world into which we will be thrown a t gradua tion. Since school is our preparation for life, it should give us a realistic approach to it. Wakefield already has an advantage over many schools, in its exterior appearance. We have a fine building, superior facilities. Now, we must dedicate ourselves to making the name "W ake fie ld " synonymous with "The Best". We must provide the skeleton building with a spirit worthy o f being perpetuated by future stu dents. Wakefield must be dedicated to producing people who, through constant striving and competing for the best in school work and school activities, shall, become successful American citizens, w ill ing and able to work' then towards making and keeping their country the best. nalism and allied fields. Its aim is to raise th e quality and stand ards of high school journalism. Mrs. Campbell from page 1 Third, to th e boys and girls who will go out of the classrooms at Wakefield to be good citizens of their community, sta te and nation. May they be conscious of their re sponsibility to provide for their own children and all other chil dren as good an educational op portunity as has been fo r them here. Education is a torch which must be passed on from genera tion to generation, if our Ameri can way of life is to survive. As we dedicate this school building, may we dedicate ourselves anew to this tru st. Mr. R utter from P age 1 th at every individual is im portant and each h as a rig h t to an educa tion suited to his needs. Wakefield has been planned and built to serve these education needs; an able sta ff devoted to this belief has been brought to Wakefield. During these past two years, we have seen ample evi dence of the opportunity th a t lies ahead. As we come together on the 22nd of February to dedicate the Wakefield High School to the service of th e community, it is my hope th a t each mem ber of the student body, as well as each member of the school staff, will join with nie in dedicating our selves to th e wise and full use of this beautiful new building and to an unceasing e ffo rt towai'd the goal of an adequate education for every citizen. Student Government Groups Resolve School Problems The Wakefield High School Student Government As sociation is governed by a Student Council, a Student Forum, and an Inter-Club Council. Our six elected officers, as you all know them, are: Ken Darling, President; Steve Hall, First Vice President; Dani Grantham, Third Vice President; Dottie Rice, Secretary; and Martha Rayfield, Treasurer. These officers have been working hard since the beginning of this school year. The Student Council, under Dr. Phoebe Knipling’s dir ection, consists of the six student officers and all of the class presidents and vicepresidents. The members have ac complished the following things: (1) placing a suggestion box on the office door, (2) supervising the seventh and tenth grade class elections, (3) organizing Wakefield’s part in the Arlington hospital drive, and (4) sending representatives to the Student Council Association Convention. The Inter-Club Council, presided over by Dani Grantham, is under the direction of Miss Maryanne Hurley. It (1) spon sored the all-school dance last November, (2) is now sponsor ing the variety show to be held on March 25, (3) is sponsor ing another all-school dance to be held in the spring, and (4) is now encouraging clubs to work on projects for the bulletin boards in the halls. The Senior Forum, with Mrs. Evelyn Burnside as spon sor, is made up of the tenth and eleventh grade homeroom presidents. Steve Hall is the president, Don Richards the pre sident pro tempore, and June Walton, secretary. The forum’s main concern during the year was the point system; revising it for the senior high level and organizing a points commit tee, made up of students and teachers, to evaluate the points. The Junior Forum, with Mr. Gerald Shelton as sponsor, consists of the seventh, eighth, and ninth grade homeroom presidents. Jerry Gerich is the forum’s president, Mike Arkin the president pro tempore, and Nancy Steele, secretary. The Junior Forum has, among other activities, given suggestions for the revising of the.junior high part of the point system, and organized a committee to work on problems concerning the cafeteria. �« February 22, 1955 PAGE THREE TH E SIGNAL The combined Wakefield Choir, Boys Chorus and Girls Chorus, directed by Miss Donna W hittaker, perform at the spring concert held in the girls gym. Music Department Library At the beginning of last year, the first Wakefield Music February 18 marks th e f irs t an Department was faced with a great challenge. They were in niversary of Wakefield’s new li a new school, with no established traditions, no plan of brary. The building, which is one action, no auditorium and no music rooms. The 61 orchestra of the largest high school library buildings, houses about 6000 books, members were crowded into the faculty lounge, which also of which about 2500 were brought provided storage space for instruments. The Junior High from Dolly Madison school. The State Boy’s Chorus met in the clinic. The Junior High Girls’ library Education Board says the must have at least 5 books Chorus and Choir serenaded the school from the entrance per student, meaning th a t W ake hall on Dinwiddie Street until the weather grew cold and field’s library should have about 12000 books. al there were no doors. Then they worked in the greater privacy ready ordered Many itbooks areated and is estim of the faculty dining room. Under these conditions they were th at almost $10,000 will be spent expected to produce good music—and they did! They bat this year for new books. Over $16,already been tled poor acoustics, rickety bleachers, and a rather noisy 000 hasand equipment.spent on fu r niture cement mixer to present programs and assemblies for the The library subscribes to 103 school. magazines , receives 3 daily new s the weekly I Since then, the department has more than fulfilled its papers and a record andpapers.colt has started m ap beginning promise and is laying groundwork for an ever big lection and has also collected ca t ger future. ' * 4 alogues and bulletins from m any ' The vocal music deparment, under Miss Donna W hittaker and Mr. W alter Fox, has increased! greatly, both in quantity and quality, in the past year and a half. It is expected to be more than twice its original size by next year. The boys’ chorus, an ever-popular activity for the junior high boys of Wakefield, gives the boys an opportunity to perform all kinds of music, serious and popu lar. The, chorus is one of the best in this area and has presented many fine, program s, both here and in the “feeder” elementary schools. Girls are notorious for liking to sing, and the girls’ chorus uses this tra it to a very beautiful end. This versatile group also gives many program s of varied kinds of music and combines with the boys’ chorus to form a mixed chorus of 260 voices. The Choir, W akefield’s senior high vocal group, performs more serious pieces than the junior high groups with this year’s emphasis on Negro spirituals. The M adrigal Singers, a group of 12 voices, se lected from the Choir, not only sings m adrigals but some modern pieces. All of these groups will sing in the annual All County Music Festival a t W ashingtonLee. Our intruniental music depart ment, started last year under Mrs. Thea Cooper, gained another teacher, Mr. Gerald Lewis. Mrs. Cooper is in charge of the or chestras, Mr. Lewis the bands. There are three orchestras and three bands, senior high, junior and interm ediate. In addition there are beginning wind and string classes. T h e s e groups participate in assemblies, special program s and will have their own Spring Festival this year. In ad dition, they are active in such program s as the South Arlington Junior High Festival, the Arling ton Senior High Festival and the Northern Virginia District F esti val. Here bands, orchestras and individuals compete against others, equally advanced. Not to be for gotten is the pep band which play ed a t the school football games and which will be replaced next year by a m arching band. A t pre sent the band is deciding on a uni form. “Bigger and b etter” is the de partm ent’s view to the future. Coming are more instrum ents, more program s, a more select choir and perhaps even an oper etta. Dramatics This is actually the first year that a real Drama Club has been in existence here at Wakefield. Last year the Dra ma and Talent Variety Clubs were rolled into one. They gave two productions, the first being Charles Dickens’ Christmas Carol which was presented nine times to ap proximately 500 students. In the spring, a talent variety show, Hep Cat Jubilee was nroduced. The Drama-Talent Variety Club last year was sponsored by Mrs. Irene Fox. This year a need was fe lt for many separate clubs connected w ith drama, therefore a drama club was established with many small clubs included in it. The overall Drama Club is sponsored by Mr. Robert Stevens and Mrs. Olive Hensell. They guide and supervise the projects of the sm aller clubs. One section of the Dram a Club is prim arily concerned only with acting and acting tech niques. This is sponsored by Mrs. Abigail Calvin and Mrs. Eluira White. Because of the demand for more acting groups, this will be enlarged next year. Starstone Photo Science D epartm ent Wakefield High School has an extensive and interest ing science program. Starting with seventh grade, each stu dent takes one semester of science. A science may be elected in the eighth and ninth grades if desired. Four general science labs are in operation at present, running thirteen sections for the seventh through the ninth grades. On the senior high level, we have two fully equipped biology labs running ten sections of biology, and a chemistry Clinic colleges and universities. The Library Club and AudioVisual Club are sponsored by the library. The la tte r plans to teach students the care and use of the audio-visual equipment, which in cludes, 8 sixteen millimeter sound projectors, 4 opaque projectors, and 6 sound recorders. The librarians are assisted by over 60 students and by parents who come in during th e day and help process the books. Their help is very much appreciated. In November Jhe library had a Book-Week, during which all new books were displayed. I t is hoped th at this will become an annual event. All students are invited to sug gest books that they would like the library to acquire. In th is way the library can b e tte r satisfy the wants of the students. The clinic, under the direction of Mrs. Helen Truseh with the capable assistance of Mrs. Denny Phillips, handles from 40 to 60 pupils daily. A total of 24 students help in the clinic during their study periods, adm inistering F irst Aid and doing odd jobs. There are also two physicians who work one hour on Fridays, Dr. Melton Stein and Dr. Frances Ayers. The clinic has seven beds, each in its own individual cubicle, a separate room which will become a dental office in the near future, a large room fo r the screening of vision and the holding of conferen ces, clubs, and H ealth Council meet ings, and a special soundproof room for hearing tests, (said to be the only one of its kind in the count;y.) Last year, the clinic handled 4,218 patients, with the tenth grade leading, the seventh, eighth, and ninth grades being second, third and fourth respectively in the num ber of patients. The heaviest month was May. make th e ir props a s realistic as possible in order to convey the proper picture to the audience. They are now working on scenery which will be suggestive of a ship for the T alent V ariety Show. The third club in the backstage group is the Stage Electricians Club, sponsored by Mr. Lloyd Wolfe. Their big job is teaching boys how to m anipulate the tricky lightingpanel in our auditorium. They are now working tow ards helping with the Talent V ariety Show. As a fu rth er project of all D ra ma Club members, especially those of the acting section, it is hoped th a t a Spring Production of “ Our Town” may be produced! The main purpose of all these clubs within the Drama Club is the same, th a t of being able to produce enjoyable and faultless entertainm ent to appreciative audiences. lab and lecture room. Five sections of chem istry are in progress this year and are expected to increase to six sections next year. One lab oratory is being set up now for next y ear’s first four sections oi physics. In addition to the lab sciences, three sections of physical science will be offered fo r those students who do not elect biology, chemis try, or physics. Wakefield is soon to gain recog nition for its a ctiv ities. in the sciences. Already our school has been scheduled to be host to the Arlington Area Science F air which comes up the f irs t week in April Many of the students in Wakefield may not be aw are of the honor bestowed on two of their class mates last year. In the Science F air of the W ashington area, Lynn Liebschutz and Edwin Ford re ceived the aw ard fo r the most outstanding individual project. Only because the two collaborated on their project were they kept from going on to h ig h e r honors. Their award-winning electric brain has set the precedent fo r an out standing fu tu re in Wakefield’s scientific activities. Art Staff Changes F resh blood has come to Wake field to replace Mrs. Hiltz and Mrs. Markov, a r t teachers, who left to take up child care. The a rt departm ent is now composed of Mr. Moure, who has taught ap plied design a t Washington-Lee as well as a t W akefield. Mr. Gun nels, %vho studied a t R.P.I. and Denver U niversity, and Mrs. New man, an attractiv e and capable teacher from Portsm outh, Ohio. A t the present tim e the a rt class activities include photo-montages, architectural design, interior de sign, and puppetry. The Talent Variety Club is now thoroughly engaged in getting ready for their production of Ship Ahoy. The show will be the story of the travels of a ship and should prove very fascinating. Its spon sors are Mr. 0. Diffenbaugh, Mr. and Mrs. W alter Fox, and Mr. and Mrs. Je rry Lewis. The auditions fo r the show were open to the whole school. W ithout the work of three other clubs, big productions could never be realized. These are the stage Design, Carpenters, and Stage Electricians Clubs. The Carpenters Club, sponsored by Mr. Samuel Wood, while still in its early stages, is taking on the task of construct ing the scenery fo r Ship Ahoy. They receive their instructions as to the dimensions needed fo r cer tain props, from the Stage Design Club, sponsored by Mr. H. Gunnels. The props are then constructed and sent back to the design club for realistic touches and finish ‘The six hicks from th e sticks” was one act in the 1954 Variety Show, The Hep Cat Jubilee. Shown ing. I t is both the Carpenters and left, to right are Nancy Golden, Carlotta Burro>vs, Cindy Clardy, Fudgie Paxson, and Mary Ellen Wilthe Stage Design Clubs’ job toliams. Starstone Photo �THE SIGNAL PAGE FOUIl IN R M R L TA UAS PUBLICATIONS Intramural sports are probably the most important part of Wakefield’s athletic program. Through them, boys and girls, whether skilled in a particular sports activity or not, can participate in organized athletic games and contests. Boys’ Intramural Sports Association The success of our intramural sports program for boys is indebted to an organization known as the “Boys’ Intramural Sports Association.” The groundwork for this organization was laid last year when there was only a small and less stable intramural organization in effect. The association actually did not begin work until this year when, under the direction of Mr. Stein, its policies were formulated and set into opera tion. This complex and well planned organization has resulted in an ef ficient and active intram ural sports program . The best proof of this is Mr. Stein’s own study of in tra m ural participation. Following a r e some of the p er tinent points deriv ed from a survey of the participa tion records of the \ Boys’ Intram ural Sports Association f r o m September, £ 1954, to January, Mr. Benoit 1955. 1. Approximately 50% of all boys in Wakefield have p artici pated in one activity a t least one time. 2. Touch football was the most popular of all activities with 30% of all boys participating (397 in all). In order the other activities nked as follows: Basketball 252 24% Bowling 177 17% Swimming 83 8% Tennis 69 7% Archery 46 4% Golf 32 3% Football Pentathalon 27 2.6% Shuffleboard 19 2% 4. 51% of all ninth grades p ar took in touch foot ball. Although 129 seventh grade boys participating in touch football re presented high num ber fo r one grade in a single activity it repre Neal sented only 43% of all boys of this grade. 4. Participation was slightly higher percentage-wise on the ju n ior high school level than, the senior high school level. In gen eral, participation was best a t the ninth grade level than any of the others. 5. In those homerooms with the best and most conscientious m an a g e r s participa tion was higher and there was a higher percentage with few er fo r feits. This reem phasizes the need and importance for good m anagers if a homeroom is to Mr. F . Scott participate suc cessfully in intram urals. Interest and enthusiasm on the p a rt of in dividual homeroom teachers is re quested and needed. 6. Basketball has been the most popular 11th grade activity (touch football ranked firs t in all other grades.) Wakefield has three publications, an annual, a literary mag azine, and a newspaper. The firs t annual will be publish ed this May. At th a t time the prod uct of a year and a half of hard work will be som ething which one can put his hands on and feast his eyes on. The S ta r stone will con sist of 150 pages of pictures of school activities. I t will contain photos of the various clubs, the music departm ent, the publica tions’ staffs, and candid shots of kids around school, among other things. The Pendulum, th e literary mag- azine, produced two editions last year and will publish another this spring. Anyone interested in pub lication of their poems, essays, or short stories need only submit them to Miss Richmond, sponsor of the magazine, for considera tion. This magazine is another im portant p a rt of school life, since it offers an outlet for talent in the field of creative writing. The Signal, our newspaper, pro duces fifteen issues a year. Last year it was staffed by the junior high school, but this year the senior highers have taken over. During the school year the staff G L A H E IC A C T N IR S T L T SSO IA IO The Girls’ Athletic Association of Wakefield is an organization of girls interested in athletics, whose job it is to plan and execute an intram ural program fo r girls. I t is composed of the girls who serve as officers and m anagers and those girls who are active members by virtue of 100 pts. Girls may become active mem bers by taking p a rt in intram ural programs until their 100 pts. are completed. Most of our activities give the participant 5 points per hour of participation. When a girl has compiled 500 points she will re ceive a G. A. A. school emblem. The organization is not only a local one but is sponsored by the State D epartment of Education and is now being adopted as a national organization. As this year is our firs t experi ence in G. A. A. our present offi cers and charter are President, Dasha Mehan; Vice President, Nancy Wells; Secretary, Eileen Myers; and Publicity M anager, B. J. Covel. Under the leadership of these officers the G. A. A. has pri marily planned and carried out a varied program of intram ural ac tivities, planned and executed one school play night. F uture plans include eight play days, several play n ights and two faculty-G. A. A. games. These faculty-G. A. A. games are planned to raise funds to finance our annual A W-L player scores in the G.A.A. Hockey game played during the representation and to finance our Field Day on November 13, 1954. futu re play days. Caldwell & Son The G.A.A. a t Wakefield is in the Town and Countrygrowing process and w ith the in Texaco Service Beauty Salon, Inc. terest and assistance of all the Station for women of distinction Wakefield girls interested in sports 4970 Columbia Pike Virginia Square it can become a very successful Arlington, Virginia organization. 3447 N. F airfax Drive JA . 8-9649 e r-:ir- i H LO ♦ T E IG O DELICATESSEN GROCERIES V 3512 Columbia Pike pJA. 7-5622 HLDY OI A ADFAGBO. N LG RS S OS HE 9 a. m. - 11 p m." . BARCROFT CLEANERS 4710 Columbia Pike Specialists in Quality Dry Cleaning tries to p resent the tru th about school and local news. It also pre sents interesting features on fash ions, movies, a rt, music, and col leges. Twice a year the junior high produces, under the direction of Mrs. Burnside, the Smoke Signal, a supplem ent to the Signal or takes over the production of The Signal fo r two issues. The Signal is sponsored and advised by Mr. Moure, as is the Starstone. HOME ECONOMICS In less th an two years the Home Economies D epartm ent has ad vanced g reatly , not only in its physical plant, but in its program of study. This y e a r a fourth department has been added, so th at all pupils can be accomodated. A new dishwasher and home freezer have been purchased. Two girls from the Home Ec. classes gave a demonstration on the use of frozen foods, on Kit chen Cupboard, a television prol gram . The Home Ee. D epartm ent also produced two fashion shows for the school. During the summer, forty girls belonging to the Future Home m akers of America Club went to the Vii-ginia F.H.A. camp in Smithfield, Virginia. This trip will be repeated this summer. B a la n c e ’s Rx Drug Store 3925 Mt. Vernon Ave. Alexandria, Va. Phone TEmple 6-4444 P au l’s Feminine Apparel 3143 Wilson Blvd. A rlington, Virginia JA. 7-1386 Compliments of CHARLES G. STOTT COMPANY K arl’s Florist School Supplies 3434 N. Fairfax Dr. and Arlington, Virginia Equipment NA. 8-4181 For F ree Pick-up and Delivery Service Call JA. 7-6568 or JA. 7-3393 BARCR0FT PHARMACY “ Your Prescription Center” 4704 Columbia Pike Arlington, Va. JA. 7-6606 M E W IST R 's A Swell Place to Enjoy Ice Cream Specialities and Sandwiches Come in and see us 1955 DIAMOND JUBILEE For 75 Years a Store Worthy of the Nation's Capital impressions . . . on campus or o ff . . . 3012 Wilson Blvd. 1531 Quaker Lane Clarendon Alexandria, Arlington, Virginia Va. SHELTON BROS. JEWELERS Diamonds - Watches - Jewelry Silverware B M tM lg g llE IIlllIM CLAREMONT DRUGS School Supplies F eb ru ary 22, 1955 4624 King Street (Leesburg Pike and W alter Reed Dr.) Free Delivery — KI. 8-4211 ilIll:t!'W II!i;r'i !ini!'!|,i!;’!ii!!Lr!lll[5n!IL£L[!n,!I EBiiinunu^^ W atch and Jew elry R epairing nvB snnniH M inisnn Wherever you're bound, it's Woodies for everything you need from classroom casuals to your date “specials". For you girls, there's the "new" Young 4th Floor. And for the men, it's the easy to reach Men's Store, 2nd Floor. Luncheonette ■M HnHBnnminimiinaa^siianisinniimiimiTGiiiiimmss �PAGE FIVE TH E SIGNAL F eb ruury 22, 1955 FO T A L OB L Football is probably W akefield’s biggest sport. The completion of our new stadium this year brought about an increased interest in the V arsity, J. V. and Junior High teams. N ext year will be our first year in Group I competition. The interest and enthusiasm of our students should make it our best year. V arsity Football Going into Group I competition next year the W arrior football varsity is expecting a good season. Mr. Richard Johnson, who has coached the la st two seasons of football, feels th a t these previous seasons were most successful. “The Sports In Review 1953 - / 955 The students of Wakefield should be very proud of the tremendous sports record that we have attained since Wakefield first opened its doors in 1953. Varsity, J.V., and Jr. High teams have given Wakefield a highly respected name among the schools we have competed against. These teams will continue to bring honor and fame to this school in the future both among our competitors and in the community. Mr. Sonen, Director of Athletics, has expressed his outlook for next year as follows, “We expect to produce teams with good records against the Group I opponents we will be scheduling next year, because we have the coaching staff, student body, and physical facilities that are conducive to successful teams.” But perhaps more important than these team sports is the expansive program Mr. Sonen offered by Physical Education classes, the Boys' Intramural Sports Associa tion, and the Girls’ Athletic Association in the field of athletics. Through this program every boy and girl has an opportunity to participate in sports activities. Since this issue is in commemoration of our school we have reviewed the progress of each sport since Wakefield opened and have also gathered statements from the coaches on outlooks for the future. The 1955 varsity football team made an outstanding showing under the coaching of Mr. Johnson, Mr. Schulte and Mr. Edmonson. Starstone Photo boys have learned a lot in the two years,” he says, “and it should realoff next ff The team t h i s was m u c h by in losing many the firs t string Mr. Johnson players. H o w e v e r they managed a very good season topping it off with a thrilling 6-6 tie with W-L. Included in next year’s plans are more bleachers for the home field new uniforms the team. The 1955 squad Mr. Schulte will be made up of about forty boys and ten games have been scheduled. Probably the two toughest team s will be George W ashington and Washington-Lee varsities. J. V. Football One of the main factors in volved in producing a good v ar sity team is a well-run junior varsity team . I t is here th a t futu re sta rs get their basic train ing and fundam entals. Wakefield this year set up its first Junior V arsity program in football. The sport was coached by Mr. Vic Blue form er foot ball coach a t Madison Junior High. L ast season the boys compiled a 3-2 record losing several close ones. The squad carried 30-40 players and no admission was charged to see games. “N ext y ear”, says Mr. Blue, “.the fu tu re looks very bright with m any prospects coming up. Six games have been scheduled. ” Jr. High Football W akefield’s championship foot ball team th is year was the Junior High squad, coached by Mr. Jesse Meeks. The team won the Arlington County Championship Game by defeating Swanson Junior High 26-0. The junior W arrior team is in its second year a t Wakefield, with two very successful seasons be hind it. Although he will lose half .his players before next year, Mr. Meeks feels very confident th a t the new m aterial will make a very fine team. CROSS COUNTRY All we have left of W a k e fie ld ’s firs t cross country season, last fall, are the memories and the •statistics. The most im portant statistic is the won-loss record which reads three wins, two losses, and a third in the D istrict Group I meet. There are two team efforts which will deserve remembering. The firs t is our J. V.’s victory in the first triangular m eet with F airfax and Falls Church. That was the time we came w ithin three points of a perfect score with and 18-38-53 victory. W e did this as Wayne Wilson, Carlos Her nandez, Chuck Johnson, and George Seckinger captured the first four places -with Charley Oman finishing but eighth. The second, of course, is our defeat of W-L. Aside from the fact th a t it was the firs t Wake field team victory over W-L, this meet is to be remembered fo r the size of the 19-43 score. This is the time Cochran was only three seconds off the course record to win, with his team m ates Dave Cutcomb taking second place, Tom Hines fourth, Charley Chalkley fifth, and Bill Loeffler seventh to rack up the lopsided score. What so rt of a team was this? When we sought out Mr. Stein’s opinion he stated, “The team show ed the ability to bounce back after losing the opening meet to G-W and the first W -L meet, by winning the last th ree in a row. In addition they took their wins in stride and continued to work just as hard if not h a rd e r as the season progressed. 'A t .all times everyone was giving his very best efforts, whether in practice or actual competition. These are the characteristics of a truly good squad. As fa r as the season goes the progress was excellent and I feel the season very successful against older and more experienced competition.” WE L G R ST IN Probably the fastest growing sport in popularity a t Wakefield is wrestling—not the clowning seen on television, but real honest wrestling. The sport here, is in its first year. In the coaching spot is Mr. Vic Blue an expert in his field. Mr. Blue Mr. H arris His squad consists of twenty boy, half of whom will letter. E ight meets are scheduled this year, five of them a t home. A state tournam ent will top off the end of the season. Most of the W arrior wrestlers are tenth graders so next year will be even b etter than the fine season this year. As to the fu ture of the sport in high schools Mr. Blue figures TAK RC Track is one of Wakefield’s ma jor sports. Team s are offered at both senior and junior high levels. The completion of our fine cinder track will m ake the sport an added attraction to students this spring. V arsity and J. V. The firs t track team was intro duced last year. The season was largely experim ental with the scheduling of tough competition. However, the profitable experience gained last year against such team s as St. A l ban’s, G. W., W-J, Annandale, Fairfax, Falls Church, R ic h ard Montgomery, Herndon and Epis copal will pay off in seasons ahead. Dave Cutcomb, Char les Chalkley, John Gibson and George Mr. Stein Cochran are only a few of the boys who showed out standing perform ance last year. The schools to be scheduled next year are G-W, W-L, Annandale, F airfax, Falls Church, Osbourn, Bladensburg, B.CC., Friends, St. Alban’s, and George Mason. Coach Stein has given his outlook on the forthcom ing season as follows, “On the basis of la st y ear’s results and records, it looks like we should be well represented in all events this year. Our stren g th definitely leans in the direction of distance run ners. Several tenth graders and newcomei’s have shown consider able promise in early workouts th a t indicated fu rth e r strengthen ing of last y e a r’s weak events.” Junior High Track this year will be the out standing spring sp o rt in the junior high school. The team will also be an addition to W akefield’s pro gram as track last year was lim ited to an in tra m ural level. 3 Under the dii-ection of Mr. EdEdmondson mondson the teams will consist of 5 weight classes, with five events in each class, as follows: 85 lbs., 100 lbs., 115 lbs., and unlimited w ith dash, high jump, broad jum p, shot put, and relay. The addition of a junior high ti-ack team will fu rth e r advance the opportunity fo r boys to par ticipate in this sport. six more school will add wres tling to th eir nex t year vai’sity program m aking a total of 16 participating schools. Certainly W akefield’s will be among the best. The 1954 track team . L. to R. (front row) D. Stamp, T. Hines, G. Cochran, C. Chalklev, Coach J. Stein, D. Cutcomb, T. Perkins, C. John son. (Second row) B. Graves, J. Ribble, R. Linde, B. Tillett, P. Arntson, G. H artm an, E. Betts. (Third row) D. French, P. Brumbaugh J. Redd D. p e ttit, J . McGlathery, A Pettis, E. Houghton, (Fourth row) B. Loeffler, D. Greenman, J. Patalive, L. Peetoom, D. Mohrhardt, R. Daniels, B. Thorpe, (F ifth row) E. Hinley, A. Tate, L. Budge, E. Payne. M gr~V . Houghton. C. Oman. Mgr., B. Matthews, Mgr.. B. Win chester, B. Patterson. Starstone Photo �PA G E SIX t h e F e b ru a ry 22, 1955 s ig n a l B SE A L A BL Baseball is very quickly be coming a big sport a t Wakefield With our. new field coming along and a heavy schedule this soasor we should draw a lot of fans. M ort Irwin, varsity coach, war pleased with last year’s record cf 7-7 and one curfew. This year Mr. I r win will be looking for lots of hitting. We are w eakest on hitting but we have a good mound s ta f r with • the help of Nolan Hill, Butch Varden, and Mert Mr. Irwin M c G i l l . Our de fense needs some work also, since a lot of the boys who will pla> Yvaketuuus n r s t baseoau team. r,eit lo r*glu (fro n t row,» J. miner, J. Morris, G. Purdy, D. Gunderson, H. Litle, R. Kirk, K. Darling, (second row) K. Darling, I). Faldwin, G. Parker, I). Breeden, D. Gardiner, L. Shweikardt, B. Gorden, N. Hill, (third row) R. Compton, W. this y ear played in a summe Wilson, G. Bergoffen, F. Stevens, H. Mayo, Mr. M. Irw in, Coach P. Morrin, M. Mcgill, B. Varden, C. Furr, D. Duterman. league and th at should help the team out. O u r. leading batter last year was" catcher Ken Darling batting Varsity and J. V., Jr. High .391. Coach Robbie Robinson of the This spring, Wakefield’s first Practice will sta rt February 22 V arsity Basketball team, is pleas golf team will be added to the fo r pitchers and catchers and ed with the performance of both March 2 for the rest of the i last and this year’s teams. As any wide variety of varsity sports team. coach does, Robbie hopes to im available to students. I t will be N ext year Mr. Irwin will be i prove on his boys and produce a open to any senior high boy with looking for a good team and th e r ' good squad before the season is some previous golf experience. The fo r boys who will be able to over. replace the Seniors who will Last year’s re team will be formulated under the direction of Mr. graduate. cord was 12 wins Reese within t h e and 6 losses, which next month. Prac was a fine foundatice will be held on t i o n for Wake ' a five day schedule, field’s first Basket two days out of the ball team. T h i s ________ w e e k a t Fairfax year, however, we Another new “FIRST” in Wake-1 Courthouse Country are playing more field’s athletic activities will begin experienced b a l l m Je r M clu b - team will be around February 23. This new The Mr. Robinson clubs, but with our ® sport is tennis. This is growing i Mr. Reese c o m p o s e d of 10 Wakefield sp irit we have done a around Arlington with a definite great job so fa r this season with men, 6 . playing each match, tre” '1 of interest. The cause of our record showing 7 wins and and 4 alternates. To determine t h i s popularity is the 6 to play, elimination will 8 losses. the g reat number of Mr. Robinson thinks everyone be held preceding each match. courts being built, has improved since la st year and Falls Church, W. & L., Fairfax, and to the hundreds thinks th ere will be more im G. W., Mt. Vernon, St. Alban’s, of people who enjoy provement during the next year. Suitland, and Bladensburg are the this sport. Leading factors in our losses this schools scheduled for matches. W akefield’s team The golf team offers a wonderful year a r e injuries will consist of only opportunity fo r boys interested tenth and eleventh in g o lf instruction, play, and golf A1 Lederle, our big I graders, w ith Mr. balls. As any other varsity sport, sophomore center, is Meeks being head school letters will be awarded. out for the season ‘ Mr. Meeks coach. The squad with a knee operawill carry around twenty-five boys, tion, John Gibson with their schedule showing ten to forward, and co-captwelve matches. The main conten tain, who sprained 1 SERVICE ders will be Washington-Lee and his ankle a t the be- jj George Washington, and maybe « TY ginning of the sea some matches with D istrict schools. son will soon b e ^ r- Haithcock • Radio Mr. Meeks encourages all boyback in the Wakefield lineup. who are seriously interested in N ext year we will be up against • Appliances playing tennis to come to the I The W arriors’ Henry May (30) is seen shooting as Ray Regan (22) much b etter ball clubs, as we firs t organizational meeting on looks on from the far left in the game with Richard Montgomery this will be entered in group one (1) F ebruary 23. ^ season. competition. But as usual Wake field’s fine sense of sportsman ship and school spirit will aid TTV CO. INC. them in a successful season next KI. 9-4900 TE. 64114 year. B SK T A L A EBL GL OF T N IS EN SHIRLINGTON RADIO The Wakefield Junior High basketball team, coached by Mort Irwin, has improved very much over last year. Last year’s record vas 0 wins and 6 losses. This vear we have already won 3 out of 4 games. One reason for the club 'mproving so much is th at a lot of the boys have 3 years’ expe rience. We have a very even dis tribution of scoring but the tall Dave Lockman, is high scorer so fa r this year. Also in the run ning are Garland Schweickhardt, Tim Simpson, and Frank Homan. Boys who are very good in floor work are Ronnie Lee, Ronnie Terwilliger, Jim Simpson, Frank Homan and Topper Wheeler. Our reserves are very strong also. In fact there is not very much difference in our first string and our 3rd. Paul Ronka, Topper .1. H unter, E. Kugler, S. Holderness. (second row) J. Gibson, D. Meyers, B. Varden, R. Regan, W. Watson Wheeler, and John Crump lead the reserves. and A. Lederle. Mr. Irwin said “it was hard to single out one individual th a t is outstanding.” Our squad has good team work. Open Sundays Free Next year our varsity will be 4689 King St., Alexandria, Va. composed of this year’s “B” squad. 9 o. m. - 7 p. m. Delivery Our “B” squad is a good team JA. 5-8686 and by next year we hope to have a championship team. COMPLETE TUNE U P RSSS REPAIR TAIL SMUF /N S T A L U D b k a k f s TtEUHCD C A E O T MR E L R MN A KT 708 North Glebe Road Arlington, Virginia Telephone JAckson 2-8817 HILL'S ART SUPPLIES Largest Retail Art Store In Virginia Complete Picture Framing Service CENTRE SHOE STORE j In- the Fairlington Centre i Alexandria OV. 3-1665 | ! W eather Bird - W eather T een! Velvet Step - CHy Club j CLAREMONT ESSO SERVICENTER JA . 7-9666 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Dedication Issue" of the Wakefield High School Student Publication, The Signal, February 22, 1955, 6 pages. Description An account of the resource Issue published on the formal dedication of Wakefield High School. Issue covers dedication ceremony, school activities, sports, awards and school departments. School has been open for two years before formal dedication. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington County Public Schools, Wakefield High School Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_2_1_3 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/2e1751d003ef87722ea6e4e66a65db51.pdf 1b86ec40b3cead56278ddb20f6d2e841 PDF Text Text Little Rock: The Battle B y R A Y F O R D W . L O G A N ’17 MK u, w V Logan ’17 T HE nation faces one of its most citizen, white or black, of South dangerous domestic crises since Carolina would be equal before the state and Federal laws and Constitu the bitter aftermath of the 1876 elec tion. Then, as now, professional tions. By the end of the century Southrons threatened the President Negroes throughout the South had with civil war in order to compel him descended to what one historian has to accept their way of life — third- called the“ N adir.” Governor Faubus has provoked a class citizenship then, second-class now, for Negroes. President Hayes, miniature civil war. He has inter a former general, abhorred war as posed the “ sovereign” state of Arkan does President Eisenhower. Hayes sas against a decision of the Supreme Court and against the President. The in September, 1877, had clearly re Governor insists that peace can be vealed his desire for peace and har mony in the South when he stated: restored only if the Negro students “ That one word [war] solved in my are withdrawn from Central High mind the problem of the South.” School. His trump card is sex; After thus leading from weakness, he knowing the South’s obsession with made a “ good-will” tour of the South sex because of its guilt complex, in order to obtain assurance from Faubus has been issuing communi governors, legislatures, the press and ques worthy of publication in C o n the people that they would observe f i d e n t i a l. faithfully the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. hese “ vulgar” actions of Gover Governor W ade Hampton, whose nor Faubus and his two attempts to Red Shirts had overthrown the Re outsmart President Eisenhower may construction government in South help to swing the weight of public Carolina, had already warned the opinion in favor of the President. President: “ While he performs his Essentially, the Battle of Little Rock Constitutional duty, I think it is our is a struggle for the minds of men. duty to say to him that we will sus M r. David Lawrence has mounted tain his policy, w hether he be Demo his white charger to prove that the cratic or Republican.” Hampton President does not have the legal then preceded Hayes to Louisville authority to use Federal troops to and gave him another warning. The “ enforce” desegregation. But, so people of South Carolina had ex far as I know, he has not advocated ercised restraint, Hampton declared, impeachment of the President. Three because “ they knew, they felt, that deans of law schools in Virginia, bloodshed in South Carolina meant among many others, assert that the civil war in America.” Since South President does have the legal right Carolina was at last free, “ she in as well as constitutional authority to tends honestly, truly, bravely, and, use force. The picture of Elizabeth in the best acceptation of the term, Eckford obeying the order of the loyally, to fulfill all her duties to the Arkansas National Guard not to laws and constitution of the country.” enter Central High School, the Sharing the platform with Hayes scenes revealing the hate-mad mobs, at Bowling Green, Ky., Hampton the poise of Dorothy Counts of gave this veiled assurance: “ We can Charlotte, N. C., in her television pledge him that we will do all in our interview have won supporters who, power to hold up his hands while he is sustaining the Constitution of the D r . L o g a n i s P ro fe sso r o f H i s United States.” In brief, so long as lo ry a t H o w a r d U n iv e rsity . H e h a s Hayes accepted H ampton’s interpre a u th o r e d a n e w b ook , The Negro in tation of the Constitution, there the U nited States, a n A n v i l O r i g i would be no new civil war. Hamp n a l p u b l i s h e d b y V a n N o s tr a n d . ton’s q u id p r o quo promised that every November 1957 however grudgingly, believe in the supremacy of law. The abusive at tacks on the Supreme Court be cause of the desegregation decisions, the Watkins, Jencks and Nelson de cisions, have provoked the indigna tion of Conservatives. Big Busi ness, represented in Arkansas par ticularly by Mr. Winthrop Rocke feller, are taking a second look be fore they relocate Northern industry in the South. Ministers of churches in Little Rock and elsewhere are praying to find out where God stands. Senator Fulbright, conveniently abroad, is silent. Senator Byrd, who is the pro genitor of “ massive resistance,” has recently introduced the argument that it costs $22,000 a day to protect each of the nine colored students at Central High School. Byrd further asserts that “ this whole business is simply to get the Negro votes up North.” O f course, both political parties are striving to derive the maximum benefit from the Battle of Little Rock. But it is somewhat amusing to hear Senator Byrd and others prate about the Negro vote in the North. Lynch ing, segregation, disfranchisement, low wages and insults to the dignity of the individual as a human being, and rosy dreams of life in the Prom ised Land of the North, drove about a million Negroes out of the South during and after World W ar I. Lynching had largely disappeared by World War II, but the other forces of push and pull drove perhaps another million Negroes into the North during and after World War 11. Even before the Battle of Little Rock, a new “ invasion” of the North had begun. It has now gained mo mentum. Carl Rowan, in his article in the S a tu r d a y E v e n in g P o s t. October 12, 1957, stated that a new Negro reaches Chicago every fifteen min utes. Many of the disillusioned move on to Los Angeles. Thus, the virtual reign of terror in some parts of the South has been a prime factor in making the Northern Negro the �Little Rock: balance of power in many local and state elections and even in the elec tion of the President of the United States. My faith in Divine Retribu tion has been restored. The North is reaping a fitting re quital for its naive belief in the “ New South.” After Hampton’s threat of renewed Civil War in 1877 rein forced the “ hands-off” policy of the North, presidents, the Supreme Court, Congress, the Church, Northern newspapers and magazines “ bought” the New South. God is now punish ing us Damnyankces. We did not believe that there existed in the United States the half-literate, un couth Negroes and whites who have now invaded our cities. This back wash of the vestiges of slavery and of Northern indifference or naivete may, however, in the long run prove beneficial, for the “ Negro problem” is now a national problem. Mean while, what about desegregation in Little Rock and in the South? Prosegregationists are delighted that the showdown is taking place in a state where gradual desegregation had begun, rather than in such “ They - Shall - Not - Pass” states as South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi and Virginia. If the prosegregationists should win in Arkansas, the Deep South would be strengthened in its determination to say “ Never.” De segregation in Border states would be retarded. At best, the North Caro lina plan of student placement by local boards for reasons other than race would be widely accepted, even though some desegregationists assert that this plan constitutes “ massive evasion.” Perhaps the most hopeful aspect of the crisis is the fact that President Eisenhower seems now convinced that the Executive must take de cisive steps to support the decisions of the Supreme Court. He must now realize that it does make a difference whether he endorses a decision of the Court. He perhaps understands that, as he outsmarted the Nazis who thought that he was going to land at Calais, he must not allow Faubus, Byrd, Ervin, Griffin, Talmadge and Eastland to outmaneuver him. If he holds firm and thus helps to win the battle for the minds of men, he may yet emerge victorious. He may find that, once having broken the back of the mob, there is a thin shell of resistance, at least in parts of the South, as there was when he and General Patton broke through the Nazi lines in France. His great est victory may thus be not in World War II but in “ Civil War” II. If he should fail, the South would gain an even greater victory than it did after the First Reconstruction. The London Economist has defined Faubian tactics as “ the techniques of fighting a losing battle in such a way as to cause the greatest loss to all concerned.” It is not certain that he will lose the battle or that, even if he loses it, he will not win the war. But hope that he may lose both the battle and the war is strengthened by Wil liam Faulkner’s letter in the N e w York Times, October 13, 1957. The last paragraph reads as follows: “We, because of the good luck of our still unspent and yet unexhausted past, may have to be the rallying point- for all men, no matter what color they are or what tongue they speak, willing to federate into a com munity dedicated to the proposition that a community of individual free men not merely must endure, but can endure.” The Meaning . . . T HE next big fight on segrega grate, but the integration has been tion will be in Virginia after postponed until after election time. It Christmas, according to Benjamin (the integration order) probably Fine, education editor of the N e w will be ready after Christmas when we will have the next battleground. York Times, who spent 38 days cover ing the Little Rock story. Sponsored And more’s the pity, because every by the Williams Lecture Committee, time we have such an issue, it will Dr. Fine addressed an audience of hurt the nation.” Asked what effect such segrega 800 in Chapin Hall on October 18. “ Virginia has taken the most tion battles will have on the U.S., Dr. backward stand on integration and Fine said, “ We will weather it as will not permit its communities to individuals and as the U.S., but are integrate if they want to,” the speak we strong enough to weather it in er explained. “ Four counties in India, Asia and East Berlin? Even Virginia have been ordered to inte- our friends are wondering.” 4 Benjam in Fine In Dr. Fine’s opinion, the scien tific defeat the U.S. suffered when Russia launched the satellite cannot compare with the moral defeat we have experienced in integration which is “ stronger, more dangerous and more harmful. Without spiritual leadership we are a hollow shell — a second-rate spiritual power in a world that needs first-rate leader ship. “ What we need is better educa tion,” Dr. Fine argued. “ Most of the Little Rock mob had a third- or fourth-rate education. We must be careful because our liberal arts and humanities program may suffer at the expense of scientific training. For too long education has been con sidered a ‘ marginal luxury,’ and the results have shown up in Little Rock.” Dr. Fine insisted that in Little Rock, “ The troops were called out for political reasons, because no Arkansas governor has had a third term. Dr. Fine attributed much of “ the cancerous situation” in Little Rock to the political ambitions of Gover nor Orval Faubus, who hopes to be elected to an unprecedented third term as governor. In the queslion-and-answer period which followed the lecture, Dr. Fine was asked what effect the Faubus maneuvering will have on his third term aspirations. “ As of now, Faubus is in by a landslide because of support from the segregationists, states’ rights people and bigots. I hope it will change by next July, and it will if the good people do some thing about it.” On the political hopes of Faubus, Dr. Fine added, “The Governor of Georgia was a houseguest of Faubus. I firmly believe that there was some WILLIAM S ALUMNI REVIEW �L ittle Rock: kind of — not plot, but understand ing, to which Governor Faubus lent himself.” Dr. Fine elaborated this view following a question about a third party movement in the South: “ My guess is that Governor Faubus has been told, ‘You become our great white hope and you can name your own place on our third-party ticket.’ Probably he will become vice president — a candidate, I mean.” Other points Dr. Fine made were: The South’s attitude toward inte gration — 85 to 90 per cent are against integration, but they will ac cept it if it comes. The national picture— “ We are not out of the woods yet — we have our problems in the North, too. It doesn’t happen only in Little Rock. I spent three hours this afternoon trying to find out why New York City is dragging its heels on desegre gation.” Senator J. William Fulbright — he represents the majority view in Arkansas, “ and I think that’s why he’s a coward. I am convinced that if Fulbright and (Senator John B.) McLcllan had taken a stand Faubus would have cracked within a week.” Administration policy during the crisis— “ I think we need better leadership in Washington, frankly . . . Little Rock was a victory for a segregationist governor, but it was also a victory for the U.S. I won’t say for the first time, or the last, but President Eisenhower did take a firm stand . . . Between innings — no, that isn’t what you call them — — between the eighth and ninth holes at Newport a doctrine was es tablished. Three weeks too late, but he finally came to grips with the problem.” More Mark and Less Log During a pre-lecture party be fore his talk here, Dr. Fine de livered a pair of aphorisms on the subject of expensive schools and inexpensive teachers. When told the cost of the new Williams School in nearby Pitts field was pegged at $72,000 a classroom, he said that instead of building such expensive schools, communities ought to raise their teachers 50 per cent. “ Kids aren’t taught by bricks and mortar,” he declared, “ they’re taught by teachers. I ’d rather have a first-class teacher in a wooden building than a wooden teacher in a first-class building.” Asked what he would set as the requisites of a good teacher he added: Emotional stability; a good sense of humor and a good per sonality; a love of children; ideal ism and a love of the job, not just the need for a job; scholarship — a knowledge of the subject and a knowledge of how to teach it. A Christian Interpretation . . . By WILLIAM S. COFFIN, A College Chaplain NY Northerner discussing a son in the room, who best recognizes southern segregation problem how stuffy the room has become. had better recognize the truth of theAnd, finally, by way of introduc southern claim that the North, with tory remarks, there is no point in far less excuse, has not put its own glorifying the negro. The guilt of a house in order. sensitive white man only becomes Wherever negroes live in one part bearable with the recognition that of town, and whites in another, there negroes in a similar position might is an unsolved integration problem. do the same thing. Segregation is In communities where there arc no not a problem of white men or gen negroes there is likewise an integra tiles alone but of all men. If the line tion problem, for anyone acquainted is not drawn at color then it will be with Harlem housing knows that elsewhere. Sad proof of this is the negroes would quickly move to a discrimination in Israel by formerly community that was ready to wel persecuted European Jews against come them. In other words, there is their darker skinned and less well no community in the North without educated Yemenite brethren. a segregation problem. The second paragraph of the It is right for Northerners to heed Declaration of Independence begins: Southerners, and vice versa, for it is “ We hold these truths to be selfgenerally the outsider, not the per evident, that all men are created November 1957 equal: that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalien able rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happi ness.” Historically these truths have been anything but self-evident. How selfevident were they to the signers themselves, many of whom were slave holders? To determine equali ty or inequality, one needs a stand ard of measurement, and standards have differed sharply from culture to culture, from religion to religion. For a Jew or Christian the stand ard was given long ago in the com mandment to love one’s neighbor as oneself. That the commandment has not yet been obeyed, or even uni versally accepted, proves, perhaps, that no commandment is more diffi cult. When the Bible says “ love your neighbor” it never assumes the neighbor is loveable; in fact quite the opposite. With its customary shrewd ness, the Bible also recognizes that there is little merit anyhow in loving the loveable, for if he is loveable he is loveable to me, he entertains me, he shares m y interests, he is loyal to me. Most of all, perhaps, he is loveable because he loves me. The criterion of loveability is my own self-interest, and when one really thinks about it, perferring any man to another is a self-interested choice. Recognizing this, the Bible insists that real love begins with the love of the unloveable: hence, in the Old Testament the injunction to love the stranger within the gates, and in the New Testament the injunction to love one’s enemies. Love of the unloveable is, of course, illustrated in Jesus’ love for the prostitutes, the hated tax collec tors — the lost sheep, the marginal cases, the ones the rest of the world put little stock in. Jesus’ criterion was not how men looked in other men’s eyes, but how they looked in God's eyes, and he was uncompro mising in his insistence that, however unequal in other respects, all men were equally loved by God and thus were of equal value. Equal value in God's eyes means each man's right to full self-develop ment as a child of God. No re striction of freedom, then, is ever morally justified at the expense of personal self-fulfillment. It is at this point that Southern paternalism is in error. “ We take good care of our negroes” does not mean “we allow them to develop themselves fully through participa- �Little R ock: tion in the community on an equal basis.” This “ good care” is an alogous to the care of the mother who keeps her grown son tied to her apron strings. If she really loves him, let her love him enough to grant him his right to his own selfdevelopment. To those who feel the negro in herently has a more limited self to de velop one can only say there is no objective evidence for this, least of all in the field of education. Army tests in World War II showed a higher IQ among Northern negroes than among Southern whites. Does this mean that Southern whites are inherently less intelligent than North ern negroes? “ Negroes don’t want to be equal” is a justified claim except, perhaps, in respect to the numbers who don’t. But what does this mean.? Isn’t the acceptance of an inferior status the most pathetic symbol of human de gradation? Many Roman slaves, and in 1861, many Russian serfs, did not want the responsibility of inde pendence. Neither do many grown children today. But isn’t the point to encourage them to assume re sponsibility for their independence, to encourage them to participate in the community on an equal basis? For without responsibility there is no real participation, and without par ticipation there is no full self-realiza tion. How contradictory is that position which at one and the same time accuses the negro of being in ferior and denies him the possibility of becoming an equal! Policies of desegregation, rapid or slow, which grades first, are far less the concern of the Northerner. The people in the stuffy room know bet ter where the windows are and how much fresh air can be let in without everybody catching cold. Also, where policies depend on technical deci sions, the judgment of a Christian is no more reliable than that of a nonChristian. However, in weighing various policies Christians should bear two things in mind. First, there will be no happy solution, for Christian realism recognizes that self-interest so affects our views, our pride-swol len faces, so closes our eyes, that many of us will not sec our prejudices, much less give them up. Reform as always will be resisted most by those who will profit by it the least. Hence, right always needs a cer tain amount of might. Although it may be an agonizing sight to see, children escorted to school between rows of fixed bayonets, the alterna tive may be far worse, for it appears that without some force on the part of the majority, the minority might succeed in keeping the children out indefinitely. In other words we are not going to have the luxury of choosing between good and evil, but the necessity of choosing between greater and lesser evils. The second consideration is this: Whatever else the meaning of Sput- Tax-Saving Contributions Thomas E. Jenks ’31 has com piled a 12-page pamphlet on how alumni can utilize tax saving in contributions to Williams. The Alumni Office will be happy to send a copy to interested persons. Among the tax-saving methods considered are: appreciated prop erty, gifts of income, gifts of prop erty with income retained, and gifts subject to indebtedness. If you should like a copy, it will be sent promptly on receipt of your request. nick's “ beep, beep,” it means that the world is shrinking rapidly, that either we learn to love one another or we shall surely destroy one an other. Love of neighbor no longer means the man next door, nor even in the next state or country. Gover nor Faubus has yet to take in the fact that he has as neighbors to be loved the majority of the world’s popula tion which does not share his skin color. We are kidding ourselves when we think the events at Little Rock arc local. The world press is showing how badly we Americans have let down our colored neighbors the globe around. Isn’t it time we had another long look at Paul’s statement that “ there is neither Greek nor Jew; there is neither male nor female; there is neither slave nor free; foryou are all one in Christ Jesus.” T he W atch a n d th e I v y — By ROBERT ADOLPH *57 a l Class Day Flower o f Fairfield! and Westchester’s boast! Salt o f Shaker Heights! Grosse Pointe’s toast! Regard, students from college tossed, The world before us and this Paradise Lost. Watch this watch from our Gothic embattlement H url headlong toward th’ unyielding cement: Cogs, screws, gears, stem, strap, and the other guts Lie shattered among our discarded butts. Look downward, Senior, and tremble with fear A t the ruins o f time deposited here — Our past on the pavement, four years o f heaven, W hat have we done with them, fifty-seven? Though this be a day of wistful reflection Upon time lost and our future direction. This day of love I shall not focus Upon the fraternal hocus-pocus. M y function now is to end our mood Of sober pompous platitude; Therefore I hail, as class confessor, Every underpaid professor. Laud with lute and saxophone 6 Each new Ford Foundation loan, A n d may we never finish praising Phinney Baxter’s money-raising. 0 whomp the gleaming glockenspiel For J . Clay H unt and Jack O’Neill. Bang the tinkling silver bell For next month’s crop from Tel and Tel; Belt the drum, and blast the bugle For Earle O. Brown and Foehl the frugal. Smash the cymbal, ah, what is rarer Than lunch at the Union with Lahiguera? Ere with time and fate we grapple Inside Thompson Memorial Chapel, We praise alumni, teachers, dean A n d turn from the watch to the Ivy Green. Oh, ivy, ivy, on the wall, What’s the meaning of it all? W ith grief we see our eldest Eph Plant this symbol o f our belief That the world’s great age begins anew When all God's chillun, like us, are shoe. WILLIAM S ALUMNI REVIEW � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Little Rock: The Battle", Rayford W. Logan, Williams Alumni Review, November, 1957. 4 pages. Description An account of the resource Historical perspective and current analysis of Little Rock, desegregation and status of Negros. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Williams Alumni Review, Rayford W. Logan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1957-11 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_6_1_2_18 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/7a081de47bb776fff2b60929b8e64b6c.pdf 6db04fa1534c0005e6cc0e21d7a2be86 PDF Text Text �F RWR OE OD The boys and g ir ls of Matthew F. Maury School wrote the poems and did the art work in th is book. The Student Council selected, arranged and assembled the poems. Dana Dyer, President Student Council Arlington, Virginia 1962 ��RAINING Raining, raining, raining I guess there’l l be a flood. Hope I don't drown Blub I Blub L Blub I Danny Kidwe11 CK A ES I lik e best the cakes my mother makes Yellow smoothy icin g That ta stes lik e sugar lemons. They smell d elicio u s I Good L Melinda Lawson M CT Y A M cat got h it by a big truck y I took i t out and buried i t in the woods Under a big walnut tre e. I went back the next day It was gone I think i t went to Heaven. Benny Graves SM ELLS I lik e the smell of gravy cooking Roast beef I lik e the best. In the cooking pot i t looks brown and creamy It ta ste s d eliciou s to the tongue. Danny Kidwell A FRIEND Lace is pretty And so are you With your Pretty l i t t l e sm ile. Ju lie Robinson �PINKY M k itty c a t;s name is Pinky y He tried to scratch my eyes. He climbed the tree and he got stuck M brother got him down for me. y H has a pink nose e And four pinky paws He's three years old His name is ?inkyc W celebrate mine e And Pinkys birthday I make him a l i t t l e cake M m makes m a big one. om ie e Laurie Murchie M DG Y O W got a l i t t l e dog e He1s four years old His name i s Penny He's a mongrel A ll white and black and brown. His back's got lo ts of hair. One ,eye is black a l l round The other eye is white a l l round. H only eats bones and hamburger meat. e W i t rains, he smells lik e rain. hen Steve Henderson C A C KES RB a I lik e crab cakes They smell warm and good Outside they're white meat They ta ste real good They're my favorite food. M mother always makes them on sp ecial occasions - for guests y Other times for father and me. Mark Eldridge �N DG Y O M dog died a long time ago y H died when I was at Aunt K ittys. e I f e lt awful sad I cried because he died and l e f t me. Judy Olson ABY O A boy tried to get k illed He ran up and down the road Until a taxi ran over him. W hy? Because his mother fussed at him. Benny Graves LA BO ES ZY N The rain Falls to the ground And the cat Sleeps a ll day. Lynn James H URTING It doesn't hurt no place when I'm sad I just know I'm sad. Benny Graves RCES OKT Rockets go up and up O so high h Rockets go higher Over Jupiter Then land on the moon. Mark Eldridge �SPRING Easter is over now And tu lip s are pretty And grass is green. Judy Olson EEYA VRDY Everyday in spring The flowers grow. W hen I touch them I think They fe e l lik e pussy willows As so ft as bunny rabbits. As soft as pussy ca ts. As soft as night. They look lik e Good sticky candyj They make me think Of raindrops. Or snowflakes. When I see b u tte r flie s They look lik e pretty flower p eta ls. W hen I see b u tte r flie s They look lik e pretty flower p eta ls. W hen I see flowers They make me think of going to bed. They're as so ft and smooth As my sheets and pillow . Group Poem WT R AE Water smells lik e nothing at a l l Water smells lik e water Water smells fresh lik e a clean street Water smells lik e air You can't see a ir - i t smells cold. Group Poem �SK N S UK W have a real liv e skunk e Out on our back porch He1s been odorized He doesn't seem to have much sm ell. He has a l i t t l e , not too much. He’s black and white With a white stripe across his back. I ’l l bet he fe e ls soft and smooth and f lu f f y . W can never pet our skunk e Because he nips our fingers. Lynn James WA H R ETE W have a weather man e W have a weather lady e They look to see the weather Whether It is Rainy Foggy or sunny. Group Poem ��M SLES EA Measles are not fun Red spots a l l over m e In bed I have to stay. M legs are s t i l l y M threat i s sore y '•No food," m Mother says. y Oh measles go away from me* Randy Brown TH EASTER LILYS E The l il y s are white As white as snow. Lilys are lo v ely . There are yellow l i l y s too, I love to see the l i l y s bloom. W no one is around hen The l i l y s come out and dance. W people come out hen They hurry and hide. Mary E, Langert JOE M dog's name's Joe y His t a il i s rather waggley; He eats a y shoes And lie s on the bed. Steven Slone HTDG O O I have a l i t t l e dog W c a ll him Hot Dog. e H is so long. e W hen I c a ll he jumps into my arms. He is so long He doesn't f i t h is dog house. H has real short feet e And a long long t a i l . Stoney Parr �M EASLES Measles are not fun Red spots a ll over m e In bed I have to stay. M legs are s t i l l y M threat is sore y "No food," ny Mother says. Oh measles go away from me. Randy Brown T E EASTER LILYS H The l i l y s are white As white as snow. Lilys are lovely. There are yellow l i l y s to o . I love to see the l i l y s bloom. W no one is around hen The l i l y s come out and dance. W hen people come out They hurry and hide. Mary E. Langert JOE M dog's name's Joe y His t a i l is rather waggley; He eats m shoes y And l i e s on the bed. Steven Slone HTDG O O I have a l i t t l e dog W c a ll him Hot Dog. e He is so long. W hen I c a ll he jumps in to my arms. He is so long He doesn't f i t his dog house. He has real short fe e t And a long long t a i l . Stoney Parr �M SLES EA Measles are not fun Red spots a l l over m e In bed I have to stay. M legs are s t i l l y M throat i s sore y "No food," my Mother says. Oh measles go away from me* Randy Brown T E EASTER LILYS H The l i l y s are white As white as snow, Lilys are lo v ely . There are yellow l il y s to o , I love to see the l i l y s bloom. W no one is around hen The l i l y s come out and dance,' W people come out hen They hurry and hide. Mary E, Langert JOE My dog's name's Joe His t a i l i s rather waggley; He eats my shoes And l i e s on the bed. Steven Slone HTDG O O I have a l i t t l e dog W c a ll him Hot Dog, e He is so long. W hen I c a ll he jumps into my arms. He i s so long He doesn't f i t his dog house. He has real short feet And a long long t a i l . Stoney Parr �M EASLES Measles are not fun Red spots a ll over m e In bed I have to sta y . M legs are s t i l l y M threat is sore y "No food," cy Mother says. Oh measles go away from me. Randy Brown TH EaSTER LILYS E The l i l y s are white As white as snow. L ilys are lovely. There are yellow l i l y s too. I love to see the l i l y s bloom. W hen no one is around The l i l y s come out and dance. W hen people come out They hurry and hide. Mary E. Langert JOE M dog's name's Joe y His t a i l is rather waggley; He eats a y shoes And l ie s on the bed. Steven Slone HTDG O O I have a l i t t l e dog W c a ll him Hot Dog. e He is so long. W hen I c a ll he jumps into m arms. y He is so long He doesn't f i t his dog house. He has real short fe e t And a long long t a i l . Stoney Parr �K / A I t ^ \ c \ V\\T\ S s ^XS. \ �T. V I can’t wait to see. The brand new T. V., W w ill look up so high, e And see the man go up in the sky. H e'll travel by rocket. W can turn to channel fiv e , e And see a bee who lo s t a hive. I better not l e t Mrs. Bernhardt see M thinking about the brand new T. V. e Grace Washburn SILLY W ILLY S illy Willy S illy Willy S illy Willy Now there's was a worm. used to squirm, was too s i l ly . no more S illy W illy, Jane Brown KITTY I have a l i t t l e k itty her coat i s almost gray. She has great green eyes and she lev es to play and play, Dorothy Spillman TH PU W W E SSY ILLO Soft and cuddly i s the pussywillow I t ' s the thing I love the best I t ' s softer than the velvet on my dress I wish I had one for my own Because i t ' s so very so ft. Elaine Dean COD LU Clouds are lik e heaps of ice cream. Warren Cardwell �M MT E Y OHR M Mother i s warm and gentle y And loves m so. e Mother tr ie s to please me. Mother hugs me. And never le t s m go. e Mother makes m happy. e More than my brother or papy. Gloria Sorge RO SES Roses grow in a l l colors, Red yellow pink and white. M lovely colors, any All gay and bright. At night the moon, So silvery white. Shines on the roses. They smell good enough -to b ite . Grace Washburn FU T BE A D G N O O I think i t would be fun to be a dog. I could eat Gravy Train for breakfast. Children would come to see me. I f I were a dog I could sleep on a rug. Play with a b a ll. Chew on a bone. Do you know what kind of a dog I would lik e to be? A Dalmation I I wish my name was chipper. Jane Brown SPRING IS H E ER The flowers popped up, The sun is high. I t ' s a ll blue in the sky. Chris Bovee �IN SPACE I want to be a planet so I can see the sta r s. I can talk to Mars and Saturn. I w ill ask Saturn how her ring i s . I w ill ask Pluto i f she wants a blanket for sleep , I w ill go see Milky W ay Buy some three musketeer candy bars. I w ill go see Neptune and her twin s is t e r Uranus. I w ill go to the moon And play hide and seek with the goons. I w ill hide in the craters, If I can f i t , that i s . Grace Washburn SPRING I lik e spring. Spring is fun. Spring is warm There's a gentle breeze. Then spring i s gone And summer comes. Wayne Wright M K STO IN LE M Mother's friend has a mink s to le . y M Mother can't have one. y But she s t i l l has pretty things. Like her rosey red lip s . And her pretty necklace that swings. Chris Bovee SW M G IM IN I lik e to swim, I lik e to flo a t, I lik e to go on a motor boat, I lik e a so ft rabbit, I lik e l» ts of fun. But best of a l l I lik e to swim and swim and swim. Jane Brown �M KITTY A D I Y N M k itty and I are happy. y W play with each other each day. e I treat m cat very gently, y He seems to lik e fish in a way. M k itty i s not ordinary y He can do any trick . Just watch my cunning k itty She catches a mouse with a lic k . Elaine Dean ELEPH N A TS I wish I had an elephant I would ride him a l l the time In summer I would get the hose And squirt him and m e But I couldn't have an elephant So I'd better keep wishing. Grace Washburn M CT Y A M cat i s always sleeping, y But sometimes she wakes up, Then she starts her leaping, And breaks our beautiful cups. M Mother gets angry. y And the whole family i s rea lly sad. Chris Bovee SPRING Spring is everywhere. Spring - the n icest time of year. Gary Carpenter �MR O S A IG LD Marigolds bend. They touch the ground. As though they were doing exercises. I wish I could bo them. Marigolds are yellow W hen the winds blow Their heads nod up and down. Elaine Dean DEM RA S When I go to sleep, I dream of a ll sorts of thin gs, I might dream of purple swings, Or great big balls of strin g . Or i t could be just anything. Chris Bovee ROSES L ittle red roses Almost dancing in the earth Dancing with no sound. Linda Dean TH SK E Y The sky is lik e a sheet of paper. Blue with white lik e sp ots. Occasionally a sparkle of silv e r . W hen planes go fly in g by, I wish that I, Could go flyin g high Away up in the sky. Warren Cardwell �RAIN I lik e to hear rain Listening to i t p itte r pat Makes m fe e l cozy* e Mandy Herndon ORCT U A I come home from school. And pick up our cat, Haw very soft he i s , At night he huddles in a b a ll, And soon is fa st asleep, In the morning he jumps down, From m s is te r 's bed. y And hurrys to the door. He mews and mews, M Mother comes and opens the door. y Grace Washburn DY A I think day i s better than night. For day has the cheerful sound of birds and bees. Yes, day has i t s q u a lities And so does night. But day is what I lik e . Warren Cardwell RAINING a N SN W G D O IN W i t is raining hen It sounds lik e singing b e lls O our tin roof, n I wish the rain was chocolate milk. W i t snows hen I wish i t was ice cream. Then we could catch ice cream or chocolate milk in cups. Chris Bovee �TH G A E R SS The grass seems to dance. I t seems to walk, It seems to ta lk , I t seems to lik e to . Have you walk on i t . And play with i t too, It seems to be stronger than you or I . Warren Cardwell M R IN ON G In the morning, I wake up, I go downstairs, get something to eat, I might down some cheerioes. Or maybe some shredded wheat. Chris Bovee M PET Y One day I went to the wood. And there I ju st stood. I just didn't know what to do, I wanted a pet, But could not get a lo t of money. In fact I didn't have any W along came a deer, a friendly deer. hen And she is m pet from now on. y Elaine Dean RAIN Tinkly tankly rain. Everything i s quiet then Just a p itter patter. Nancy Powell �FU TH S N ING Swings are fun things, I w ill swing over a wall. Up sc high in the a ir , 1 111 look back down so low. And see a make-believe town. I lock down on roofs, and look up so high. To say h ell-o to a morning dove. Then Mother w ill c a ll. I ' l l jump cut of the swing, Down to the ground, iind run to see Mother. I w ill put on my pajamas Kiss my Mother good night, And go o ff to dream land. Where m dreams w ill come true. y Grace Washburn MY D Y a a Mayday is a wonderful play day, You can play games and sing, and do lo ts of things, For th is is Mayday the wonderful play day I Jane Brown MO MN ON A It tw irls around and round It has a lo t of things on i t . And stu ff that I c a ll ground. I've never seen a person, I think i t has two heads. It sleeps in stu ffy things, I think they c a ll i t beds. Warren Cardwell �W HISK ERS I lik e to fe e l my fa th e r's whiskers. They fe e l so very funny when I try to k is s him, But when he shaves i t does not tic k le , But s t i l l I worder what my Mother does. Jane Brown TRIP T T E M O O H ON John’s going to the moon. He’s going very soon. He' s going in a rocket ship. It* s going to be a long, long tr ip . W he gets there hen He might have a scare. W hen getting home He cannot be l e f t alone. The others want to hear about his tr ip O the big lonely rocket ship. n Elaine Dean I H ATE PliiNO I hate piano I I t gets worse and worse each day When the r e c ita l comes I t ' s the worst day of a l l . Robin Crawford a BIRD I wonder how i t f e e ls to f ly lik e a bird and to be a bird k bird i s so pretty I t liv e s in a nest so high. Warren Cardwell SPRING I love to see the trees With lo ts and lo t s of leaves Douglas Lair �I * \ \ T l r r d / , f l f r / 'h �SiiNTA AND RUDOLPH One day Santa said to Rudolph, "Your nose is as red as fire," Then Rudolph said to Santa, "Your boots are black as a tir e ," Santa said to Rudolph, "You're good at pulling my sleigh ," Rudolph snad to Santa, "W don't you pull me for one day I" hy John Boles CHRISTMAS T H E Christmas I A time to buy g if t s and play To skate when ico covers the bay. To liste n as the caroler sings To thank the Lord for a l l good th in g s, Adrian DeWolfe THANKSGIVING TIM E Now is the time when grass turns brown Now is the time when turkeys frown. Now is the time when we say thank you To God, Marilyn Martin WHEN CHRISTMAS COMES This W hen W hen Yes, is the week when Christmas comes. stockings burst with sugar plums. you get toys lik e d o lls and drums— th is is the week when Christmas comes. Shirley Davis �HLO EN A L WE Over by the grave yard Skeletons ere coiriog oufr0 You can hear the children Start to y e ll a:id. shout» W Halloween i s over hen There is candy galore. There are many tummies Very fu ll and sore. Becky S orrells T E SC R R W H A E-C O I'm just an old scare-crow, Scaring the crows away. But the pumpkin doesn't have to . W do I? hy and the witch doesn't have to , W do I? hy Then a voice said, "Whooo, Crows aren't afraid of pumpkins and witches? They're afraid of Y U I" O Beth Sipes WO H W cut the cherry tree? ho W was that person? ho W was he? ho W crossed the Delaware? ho Not on a horse I Not on a mare I W spent the winter at Valley Forge? ho You know who I t was George I Linda Tate �TH ROBIN E The robin sat in a willow tree, The robin slept in a willow tree, A fa iry tiptoed c lo s e ly by, "W ake up, you sleepy robin. Watch the big bird f l y . A big bird f l i e s way up ahead. With a big beak /aid long, long wings. Look and see, There he goes Far over the sea." Dinah Powell PA A ER A BUILDING N M IC N O the trip I took n Boy, did I ever look At things I never saw before. And think, we went through a revolving door. I liked the garden the very b est. And in a tree I saw a bird's n est. I liked the reflec tin g pool I touched the water, i t was co o l. W went through a tunnel and had to turn back e The end of the tunnel is what we lack. Linda Tate CH RISTM HME AS Snowy sidewalks, lighted trees. Happy people busy as bees, Decorations big and small, Christmas time i s the best of all* In a tiny stable on a cold, cold morn, A l i t t l e baby boy was born. People came from a far place To see the l i t t l e Savior's face. Natalie McKenry �T E FISH H One day in M ay I bought a l i t t l e fis h . H was happy as could be e 'Cause a l l he did was swish. H didn't cost much, e Neither did the bowl, But the food cost more Than a big mink stole '. John Boles TH CH E RISTM STO Y AS R O th is day in Bethlehem n blessed babe was bom, The Shepherds l e f t th eir sheep agrazing Wise men l e f t th eir books alaying To bring Him g if ts of grateful p ra ise. h Timmy Kidwe11 Ja N a R U Y January's lo ts of fun W children play and run. hen They sing and dance in g lee. And they prance around merrily. Marilyn Martin THANKSG IVING HUNTING Hunting on Thanksgiving Day i s fun. You leave at sun up with your gun. The woods so dark, with snow p iled high. The sky i s grey as birds f l y by. Dead is a turkey and hare. Now s i t down and say a prayer. David Morgan �ADDITION T JO A A BING O N TH N Poor old Jonathan Bing Went up to London to v i s i t the queen He made very sure that his hat was clean. The soldier said, "Hoy B as he went by, ' "You're half asleep - go open your eye t" Jonathan Bing went straight back home And washed his eye with mercurochrome. Back to the palace he came next day To take the queen for a trip on the bay. The queen f e l l in and lo st her crown, She floated up with an angry frown. "Over you go," she cried with a shout, And she pushed him into the mouth of a trout I This was the end of Jonathan Bing. He N V R again saw the queen or king. EE Group Poem SPRING CLEidJING M mother says we have to clean. y W hen she says that I think sh e's mean. Today's a day to have some fun. But m mother says there1s work to be done. y I clean m room. y Boy what a mes3 I I have games a l l over And on the chest. I'd rather go out today to play. But there's work to be done That w ill take the day. Gwen Goff M PE Y OM "Thanksgiving i s f u ll of joy," Said a l i t t l e boy. "Thanksgiving i s a time of prayer And a time to care. Thanksgiving is f u ll of fun." Paul Bovee �REPLY T N N Y H S' QUESTION O A C ANK Yes, Nancy Hanks, we know he grew t a l l , As high as a six -fo o t horse’s s t a l l . He learned to write and he hearned to read. The rebel’s slaves he truly freed. H rode to town in a carriage fin e . e Forty-three years after he was nine. He had some sorrows and some fun. And he put his enemies on the run. He wrote the famous Gettysburg address. Thoughts of war and freedom he did express. Do we know your son? Yes, we know h is name, The whole world knows Abe Lincoln’s fame. Did he get on? Yes, Nancy Hanks, For th is kind of President we give thanks. Group Poem N H IG T Day is done and night i s come And I am in my bed. Looking at the stars so bright So very, very bright. The moon i s shining lik e the sta r s, So very, very bright. But the shadows, Well, Most are gone. But one has stayed under my window. Holly Lawson JANUARY'S H E ER January now i s h ere. Everyone i s f u l l o f ch eer. iJLl th e ch ild ren play in snow. Mothers c h it t e r chat and sew. Children laugh and run around, animals are sleep in g under-ground. Linda Susan Mengering �CO FER ES N ENC Our teacher gets a l i t t l e bored Jind she has to have good vocal cords. She has to talk for almost a week Then i t does get rather hard to speak. She knows now what bothers a mother And she thinks to h erself. O Brother I h Becky Sorrells SNAKES I see l i t t l e snakes, And big ones to o . They are hated. I f they saw me, I wonder what they would do. They would hssssssss and p ssssssss And jump at m e But they would miss And go away from me. Bruce Reed LITTLE H USE O Night is done And day i s come And I am out of bed. Looking, looking, I do see Very many thin gs. Pretty trees and flowers too. But one thing I see a l l alone Is that pretty l i t t l e house. No one there, No, no one there. No one there at a l l . But s t i l l I think i t is The nicest place of a l l . Holly Lawson ��"H E" With excitement and waiting The days slowly passed by. Until the fin a l day He Made his way toward the sky. Controlling the capsule, talking to men. For hours there He did stay. For there's a big difference in rockets of old And spacecrafts of today. W H descended, ships came to the rescue. hen e And H told what happened in f lig h t . e And how the earth looked from the other side While changing from day into n igh t. H went to New York City e Where a parade was due. And H rode down a street e Called Astrounauts Avenue. With a ll th is explaining, you must know The H is John H. Glenn. e H is the one who from the firin g launch e Started th is orbiting trend. Because of th is feat on February 20, 1962 A famous day i s recognized once more. Where there were three notable calendar days. The month of February now celebrates four. Dorothy C. Rich M R LUTIO Y ESO N New Year's Day is a time for fun. Because the New Year has begun I Now you think of good deeds to do, Like washing clothes and ironing too 1 But one resolution I'd keep i f I could. That is my promise to be very good. Linda B ell �APRIL A A LPH BET A is for April B is for Bunny, C i s fo r Gruacus, A ll yellow and sunny. D is for E is for F is for O green n Daffodil Eggs, Flowers, spandley le g s , G is for Goodness, H is for Heart I is for Instant Let chorus music sta r t. J is for Jesus K is for King L is for Love H did a ll of us bring. e M is for Morning N is for Nest, 0 is for Organ, The crescendo, the r est. P is Q is R is This for Peace for Quest for Religion season has blessed. S i s for Savior T i s for Triumph U is for Under Father and Son’s a llia n ce, V is for Victory Wis for World X is without Him Evils unfurled. Y is for Youth Z is the End Thank you Lord Jesus Our Savior and Friend. Mary E. Turner �SPRING The birds have come back for the season They've come to build their summer n e sts. They have come to a land of warmth and r a in fa ll. The time of the year they love the b est. The grass is a healthy green Instead of the wintery brown. This color comes from spring's fresh rain s. The fresh rains of spring that come down. The flowers are blooming By the sunshine *s own pure lig h t . They come up in much variety With their colors so gay and so bright. Sometimes I wonder about these th in gs. And about the blue of the sky. But I knew the answer, really I do I t ’s spring th a t's the reason why. Dottie Rich TH C M G ST R E O IN OM Beware I warn of the coming storm The rain starts trick lin g , Then starts sprinkling. Thunder crashes. The water lashes on rocks And seems to ta lk , I was warned of the coming storm But some did not know. Soon i t calmed down from That awful sound. The sun broke through the clouds And shone again on that dreadful day. Ricky Light �my dancing clothes I went to hang up my clo th es0 Some wind came I suppose Every shirt X stuck with pin. I hear something O I here comes the wind. h Knocking and rocking as he was playing around. Huffing and puffing with an awful sound Hugging and tugging at the clothes on the lin e . I said to myself, "He'll go away some time," Linda wkre FEBRUARY HOLIDAYS February In which i.nd i t ' s That has is a beautiful month clearly you see the sun's rays the only month I know le ss than th irty days. F irst comes Ground Hog Day And i t is told That i t t e l l s W weather the future w ill hold. hat Next comes the birthday of Lincoln For you see It was a long time ago He made the slaves free. Then comes Valentine1s Day With a l l the cards and th eir hearts With candy and cookies And ice cream with ta r ts. Last Cumes Washington's birthday H worked for the government e j> d a thing to be proud of .n The fir s t president. The men and the valentines And Ground Hog's Day too M a month f u l l of holidays ake For m and for you. e Dottie Rich �M ID O T E V LLEY A EN F H A In the valley. Stands a madden. With many flowers. Heavily laden. From May's bower She w ill 8ayy, For her name is L ily of the Valley, • Mary E llen Turner THANKSGIVING PR Y A ER Thanksgiving Day i s a day For happiness to f i l l the To thank the Giver of the For the joy that has come for prayer, air.. day. my way, Gordon Munden PREPARING FO CH R RISTM AS Christmas w ill soon be hero, For I hear the reindeer say, "Santa’s busy getting toys Ready for that joyful day," G ifts are being brightly wrapped. Reindeer munch thed.r yellow hay, Santa smokes his corncob pipe. Dreaming of the bright green sle ig h . M ake out your present l i s t , But i f you don’t, be good, Santa might change his mind. You know he rea lly couldi Joan Gilbert �TH B L R O D N E E ALOM A C The stores are crowded with people Buying costumes for th is night, For people w ill come from far and near To dance by candlelight* With men in th eir long t a i l su its, And women in th eir flowing gowns, They slide and glid e along the flo o r as they dance around and ’round. As the people in perfect form Make many graceful lin e s , They dance around the pretty room As upon them the sp otligh t shines. There’s one thing sure, that every year They'll skip around and prance. For i t ' s the dream o f everyone To be at the ballroom dance. D ottie Rich MR. WIND TO BLfiME Looking at the cloth eslin e one bright March day Father's sh irts were flapping and snapping in the breeze. A ll of a sudden they bunched The next thing, I thought I saw a punch. Shirts were whirling and tw irling around each other. The fight was on Soon I was naming the figh ters, one Red and the other Check. Red was punching Check I shouted to Check to "Punch him back." Check raised his am to punch It was too la te - Poor Check f e l l from the lin e . I heard Mr. Wind, He was laughing of the thing he had done. I picked up Check and hung him on the lin e He started another fig h t. This time I picked up m basket and payed no mind. y When I turned around Mr. Wind had l e f t my lin e . Marilene McCaffrey �H MW R O E OK I wish I had homework. Like Betty, Judy and Sue* They have a page of sp ellin g. And a page of math to do* M friends have a l l the luck, y I really mean i t too i But here am I stuck. With nothin' I don't want to do. I could co llect specimens of rocks. Reference materials, and such* And these assignments I would enjoy. But homework, you should hate to touch* M mother says she wishes, y I'd get some homework too. Because she says that homework. Is the one thing Daddy loves to do. Dad always assures me. That two and two make four. And I'd better do i t his way. Or h e 'll put me out the door. M brother has more than enough. y He's in Junior High, you see. He'd be more than glad, I know. To share i t a l l with me. I really think i t ' s lovely, To have time to be a g ir l. To join m busy mother. y In the flury and the whirl. To seam some, to dream some, To cook, to look, To play, be gay, To really have time to liv e my day. Mary E. Turner �SPRING IS H R EE Spring is here Flowers are dancing Showers are g listen in g Birds are singing Trees are swaying The brook is tin k lin g . The winter has passed Summer is here The flowers are waking What a wonderful world th is i s . Teddy Grogg HOMEWORK Instead of doing homework after school, I lik e to play. I don't lik e to stay inside And do homework every day. I fe e l I'm pretty lucky I don't study hard each night. I'm not sure why i t ' s that way. But I think my teacher's righ t. For I have time to work in c la ss. To read, and to study hard too. W hen school's out, the day's my own, And I don't have homework to do. I lik e m time to play outside y Or stay at home and watch T. V, But I've never liked that homework. And I never w ill, you see. D ottie Rich �THANKSGIVING TIM IS NEiiR E Thanksgiving time i s near For I hear the turkeys say, "The farmers are coming soon For our heads to chop away," People W in golden fie ld s ork Harvesting the wheat and corn Preparing for a special fe a st, •ns the Pilgrims did one morn# Children play in house and yard. Their laughter you can hear. And a l l are very thankful That Thanksgiving time i s near. Duttie Rich T E FL~G aND T E W D H H IN The flag is a beautiful sigh t, The wind comes along with a l l i t s might, It gives the fla g a push and a punch, Then i t waps i t in a bunch, It is blowing a l l about One day i t stood straight out. The flag i s angry with the twitch and tw ir ls . The wind is happy giving sw irls. Then a nice spring day, The wind had no time to play. The fla g liked the wind and was happy to say Come again another March day. Claudia Reid ma k ing a v a l e n t in e I f you're going to send a valentine, F irst you think up a design. Then you must cut out some hearts, and put together a l l the parts. Then paste cn a l i t t l e dove. And send i t to the one you love. Joan Gilbert �PAN AM W went to the Pan American Building e O Iferch the twenty second. n There were birds and trees on the patio. To make i t seem lik e home I reckon. The ballroom and patio Were beautiful sig h ts. And you could almost see The dancers in th eir merry flig h ts . There was a room Where the men f ir s t met. I f you close your eyes You can see them y et. With a table and chairs Made a l l of one tree. It seems to m e A ll th a t would take th r e e . From what I've heard This room was too small To hold men and te le v is io n Cameras and a l l. So they moved the whole Thing away down sta ir s With some more tables id a bunch of new chairs. Mary E llen Turner C N Y U GUESS? h O What month is th is , can you guess? I t ' s the start of spring Flowers i t does bring. Wearing of the green O the seventeenth i s seen. n See the flying k ites Oh, what windy sig h ts. March is your answer, oh yes. Nancy Bradford �M N W YEAH*3 RESOLUTIONS Y E The new year is here, And in i t 1*11 make These resolutions A step I must take. I resolve not to figh t With my brothers or be bad. I am sure the things I do Will make Mother glad. I ’l l feed the pets Including my own, And I ’l l be polite W hen I answer the phone. I ’l l try not to figh t Over T. V. shows. And le t m brothers watch y While I iron the clo th es. But one thing I hope For sure, you see. Is that m brothers’ y Resolutions favor me. For I don't lik e To iron clothes While the boys watch T. V. shows. I don’t mind being P olite on the phone. But I hate feeding others pets W hen I have one of my own. Dottie Rich T E La ST D H AYS O CAPTAIN C O F OK There once was a captain. His name was Cook. H sailed the P a cific, e and into a nook. He found beautiful islands And volcanoes were there. What a wonderful sig h t. Nothing could compare. The natives came out. iind made him a god. And then they k ille d him. Now wasn't that odd? Bruce White �T E BIRDS, T E FISH a N TH FLO.ffiR H H D E ’ The birdie the fish and the flower A ll liv e around a tower. 'the birdie the fish and the flower A ll lik e an April shower. The b ird ie1s a red breast Robin He!s always bobbin?and bobbin1. The fish is a fr.i sky l i t t l e goldfish and plants are his dish. The flower is a d a ffo d ill he's yellow a s a yellow duck' s b i l l „ Alvin R. Coleman LO ELY SPRING V Noises, noises in the spring What do a ll these noises bring? Spring, Spring, Spring. Sprinkling, sprinkling goes the rain Tapping on cur window pane Spring, Spring, Spring. Chirping, chirping goes the bird Trying hard to say the word Spring, Spring, Spring. Rita Brenner CH RISTM AS Christmas tine i s here. And we a ll would lik e to say; Have a Merry Christmas, For i t ' s a very sp ecial day. iv day when a ll the houses display Their trees that shine so bright, i\ni through the windows you can see The glowing candle lig h t . W bring Christmas greetings. e Full of happiness and cheer; Wishing you a Merry Christmas To la s t throughout the year. Group Poem �SPORTS A O N T E C O K RUD H LC In M y He He the well-known game of footb all favorite player i s Paul is the main person in the act is eallea a quarterback. The most well-known sport i s baseball I lik e i t most cf a l l Once I saw the Bum play s Boy was that a day, A very good sport i s fish in g A ll the time you are wishing That a big fish w ill come So you can have sume. M friends name is Tod y He ran a new hotrod And crashed into Ted Now they're both in bed. B ill Sparks SIGNS O SPRING F The A ll The And season of spring ha3 come. the flowers have started to sprout. birds are fly in g back th eir eggs w ill soon hatch out. A ll of the earth i s warming, A ll the grass is turning green, The sky is f ille d with white clouds. Colorful k ites in the a ir are seen. A ll You a ll are the children come out to play, can hear them shout and sing, these things I have lis te d the earth's sir^is of spring. Joan Gilbert �PRaYING Trees bow upon th e ir knees W the wind comes along. hen Charles Arsientrout DINOSiiURS This is what happened long ago. I f you were there you'd say, "No V The Brontosaurus cannot hide or climb a tr e e . The most fierce i s Tyranasaurus W do you think h e ' ll k i l l next? ho a k ille r too is Triceritops In k illin g Mr. Rex, he's tops Heaviest of a l l i s Brachicusaurus He's match for Altosaurus, This is what happened long ago Now I ’m sure y o u 'll say, "No I" Charles Serge HLO EN A L WE O the la st of October n Late at night Strange l i t t l e creatures Come into sig h t. There are ghosts and goblins Spooks that say "Boo I" Witches on broomsticks Just for you. They come to your door And say "Trick or Treat I" Expecting some candy For them to eat. Halloween is the best Time of year Free candy galore with Stomaches near. J e ff Marvel �ODM. W D L R IN A windy March day I s i t in my house A ll snug in my room Like a liu t le old mouse. I look out the window At the clothes on the line They are touching th eir toes They are touching th eir nose They are dancing a jo lly old jig They are prancing and dancing A jo lly old Jig. Naomi Dawson E a STER Da Y Easter is here once more. People wearin • bright colors galore. Everyone is gay, In work and in play, Easter bonnets, dresses too, and dcn't forget the lo v ely shoes. Today G seems very near. od So that we have nothing to fear. Janice Parr T E O D MA MNH O M C H L E N O T F itR H The wind blows clap clap clap And makes everything go slap slap. The wind blows, The dogs are cold. The sailboats s a i l . The men carry mail The skirts do the jig a j ig . While the socks just stand s t i l l . iUin Testerman �THiiNKSGIVING I t» s With I t's What time fo r Thanksgiving1, ; laughter and fun, time for n o ticin g God has done. God gave us food and cloth es He gave us l i f e and beauty, Gocl gave us water and the s o i l . He f e l t i t was h is duty. During t h is Thanksgiving W are thankful and pray. e For peace and understanding. On th is and every day. Janice Parr SPRING Spring i s here. Summer i s near* Spring i s a happy Time o f the year. Trees blossom. Birds sin g . ik l i t t l e children* s nu Voices rin g . J a ck ie Kalapos SPRING The Eastern breeze i s springing up. The ships are in the bay. And s p r in g b r in g s a happy change JlS w in te r m e lts away. C h a rles arm entrout �FEBRUARY In February when trees are bare Most of the animals are shedding th e ir hair. Washington, Lincoln, and St. Valentine, too. Play a very large part in th is month for you. Jeff Marvel PETE TH PxJuKEET E M bird's name i s Pete y And he's rea lly very cute, and m how he loves to eat. y Pete is a s i l l y bird He chirps a l l day. But can't speak a word. He has a very small head He's turquoise blue, I'm glad he's not red. He sleeps a l l day And plays a l l night. He's very very gay, Shirley French SO NW In the month of January W hen snow is coming down, I t covers the housetops ind blankets the ground, a l l the children dance and play and sing good songs of cheer. They run about and laugh and shout. Because the snow i s here. Wanda Bruce �CLOTHESLINE D*NCE The clothes were on the clo th eslin e. The wind was out at play. The clothes began to sway. Sway, sway. Sway, sway, The pants were doing the rubber le g s . The sk irts were doing the b a lle t. The socks were doing the rock and r o ll. The others were doing the sway. Sway, sway. Sway, sway. Debbie Barnes THE WIND The wind blow's hair in the a ir . The wind is very funny. Sometimes i t huffs and puffs. Sometimes itJs quiet. Once i t blew o ff my hat I chased i t for a block or two What a scene was that I found i t on Second Avenue. B ill Sparks THANKSGIVING ACTIVITIES I t ' s time to fatten the duck. I t ’ s time to shoot a buck. You can hear the blare Of the hunting horn A ll of the trees are bare. The corn's stacked up by the haymow Thanksgiving's the time to be happy. With everybody v is itin g (including grandpappy). David McCumber �SK Y The sky is such a lo v ely thing. I t holds the clouds lig h tly . The sky t e l l s us many things. Rockets go through our sky. The sky changes the clouds around. I love the sky. Do you? Marilyn McCaffrey ITrS SEVEN O’C O K LC I t ’s 7:00 o’clock I t 1s time to dock For us to have some tea . W can go to bed e at nine instead But I must have some Can't you see? Claudia Reid THUNDER W hen i t thunders we have lightening to o . But I hope that doesn't scare you* I f that scares you, you shouldn’t cry. You don't want our crops to d ie . W must have food for the world. e To strengthen every boy and g ir l. Bobby Swarthout THERE WAS A LITTLE BftiR There was a l i t t l e bear. W got in m hair. ho y There was a l i t t l e bear. W sat in m chair. ho y There was a l i t t l e bear. W went to the fa ir . ho There was a l i t t l e bear. And now he’s not there. Joe Morin �ORW DM U IN ILL W have a wind e W c a ll i t Old e Wind makes the Where goes the To the cow you m ill back on the h illo Gusty, i t ' s named after B ill. water have a place to go. water? know. Danny Pierce I'D LIKE T O I'd lik e to be an Easter Bunny, With a pink nose so very funny. I'd lik e to have whiskers That twitch a l l the time, A bunny th a t brings eggs. At Easter tim e. Jean Gilbert TH W D E IN The The The The The The The wind wind wind wind wind wind wind is strong is brave is bad is good has taken has given does not play a real bad game. Ricky Light DOING T E TW H IST O that no-goed wind. h W he - he's whisking hy M clothes away. y Dancing the jig with my sheet. M shirt is doing the tw ist y With my pajamas. Oh, dear - dear m e He's whisking my cloth es away. Rita Brenner ��CHRISTMAS GLOW M Mother lik e s to know y That in my heart there's Christmas glow And I think th a t' s why she lik e s me so That's what my Mother lik e s to know. B ill Eckert FUIJNY STxxFF I sometimes wonder what would happen I f horses ruled the world. The president would probably be a thoroughbred Arabian ^11 s t i f f wearing a stovepipe hat A su it with eyeglasses that match. He'd s i t on a hard backed chair With a pen in his hoof Writing out laws. The secretary would be an old horse With a face that would make you turn, A backward somersault and land on your head, B illy Weaver T E SEa H The sea is blue and clear You can never trust i t s waters. W waves come beating against my boat hen M heart starts pounding gravely y I think of a l l the men And ships that l i e in th eir lon ely graves M heart shrinks down y I fe e l alone in the sea and i t s angry waters. Alan Macrae SNOW The glistening snow f e l l from the heavens above Covering the earth with a so ft white blanket And m a k i n g the trees seem to dazzle with lig h t It makes the whole world seem at peace with i t s e l f . Nancy Manning �L N SLEEP OG W hen I die I thinks 1*11 think at f i r s t o f brightness. Red lin e s , blue lin e s , yellow lin e s , Bright cir cles Spots a l l dashing, speeding S p littin g across my mind. Pushing, pushing m back over a ledge of doom. e Down, fa llin g , fa llin g Into a p it of cold black endless darkness. Everything goes in c ir c le s . I t ' s hot but i t ' s cold And then I stop, I stop on a rock, A rock as cold as ic e . But I fe e l that everything keeps going. Going forever, I fe e l at home. I sleep forever But everything ju st keeps going and going and going. David Short NUMBERS iiND LETTERS The numbers and le tt e r s on the board. What do they think they are? Always te llin g me what to do. O how they make me mad at school. h Spelling, Social Studies, arithmetic too. They're always t e llin g m what to do. e W to sing and when to play. hen How would they lik e to be pushed a l l day? Pushed in the morning, pushed in the noon. I think I'm going to burst pretty soon. I don't lik e to y e l l . I don't lik e to scream. But I'm so mad at the board th a t1s green. Goodbye forever more I just burst open From that old green board. Michael Cook �TH FIRST CH E RISTM AS Mary and Joseph, Rode into Bethlehem town On a donkey small and brown. There was no room at the inn. So they stayed in a stable rude. A wonderful thing happened on that night a holy child was bom . To teach us a l l what is right So we w ill have eternal l i f e . O a h i l l where the shepherds were n An angel of the Lord came down To t e l l of th is wonderous thing which happened The shepherds were frightened But not for long, for the angel said, "Be not afraid for I bring good tid in gs For unto you th is day a Blessed Babe i s born." So the shepherds went into Bethlehem The Blessed Babe to find. They found him in a manger Wrapped in swaddling cloth es. In the East three Wise M saw a star en For twelve long nights and days they followed Where the star stood high in the sky over Bethlehem Near a stable rude and dark. The three Wise M gave en G ifts of Frankinsens insense and myrr. and so on th is night the f ir s t Christmas came. Nancy Manning a SNAIL’S D Ea M R A sn ail who had a way, I t seems of dreaming very curious dreams. Once dreamed he was - y o u 'll never guess The Lightning Express. Bruce Hinman �WU D OL The The The The mountains are so high. c l i f f s are so steep canyon i s so hollow, waters are so deep. Hoy Welch W D IS A BR IN EEZE The wind that goes through the trees Is almost the same on the seas. I t whistles and blows And as i t goes It sweeps over and around. I t sings a lullaby You can sometimes hear i t cry And sometimes i t sinks ships. Dana Dyer C RISTM H AS I t is three days before Christmas W a l l through the house hen Everyone i s busy even the l i t t l e mouse. The house is decorated With i t s glowing colors in array With silv er and gold so sparkling and gay. The children are dancing The golden wrappings look d e lig h tfu l and cheery I t makes the whole house gala and merry. Carlotta Parr M aPS A map i s not very t a l l on the w all. I t may be fat and wide from side to sid e . But a map i s not very t a l l on the w all. Michael B leier �TH FO R SEASONS E U Spring i s lik e something that f l i e s very f a s t . F irst i t is and then i t i s past0 Clouds float in the sky sweet and so ft Fluffy and high and lig h t as a sigh. Summer is just lik e the spring, I t goes by with a flin g . I t ' s there then i t ' s not I t ' s moist and sweet, but i t ' s very hot. F all is ch illy and brisk. I t throws a l i t t l e k is s . The kiss is made of wind. Out of i t s cooling breath. Winter is lik e a snowflake. Falling in the cold skyj I t comes with the cold and wind and then the seasons start over again. Dana Dyer TH SN W E O W lik e snow, so l e t i t blow. e I t makes the ground white, When ligh ts shine on i t , i t glimmers lik e gold. Oh, what a lovely sigh t to behold. It f a lls in winter and i t makes children gay. They a l l go outside and play a l l day. They dress up warmly with hat and coat, The snow makes them happy without a doubt. George S tap les, TAKYU HN O I thank the Heaven and the earth For giving m my b irth . e Thank you For pleasant l i t t l e bees a humming Trees gracefully flowing with the breeze. Wayne Brewer �JO N G E N R R S H L N ETU N In the year of 1962 A man was launched to space. This was history to the world we knew To try and beat the human race. Around the world th ree tin e s h is f lig h t His name was Colo John H, Glenn A fter four and one-half hours in t h is f l ig h t Time came fo r the t r ip to end, Down in the ocean the capsule dropped With Col. John inside With one big smile out he popped The Noah he waited to rid e. Betty Knight I W U D LIKE T BE OL O I would lik e to be A monster on T. V. Or even better yet A marching cadet Or even better s t i l l I think I ' l l stay Just B ill. B ill Eckert DEM RA I lik e to be in bed, And think I'm on a sled Racing with my l i t t l e s is te r . I'm going faster and faster iuid now I am past her. I'm going f a s te r but so i s she Across the fin is h lin e we see a pole, a fla g and a l l our frien d s To cheer us on to th e end. Nancy Manning �CHRISTM N H AS IG T On Christmas night everyone i s gay, The air is .full of m elodies0 The wind whispers to the trees and they nod their heads in reply. Darkness f a lls upon the earth And makes the sky velvety. The snowflakes f a l l s o ftly from the sky. Then the joyous b e lls peal out Their happy message to a l l the earth, I t ' s Christmas, I t ' s Christmas! The day of Christ1s birth I Then again aid. is s ile n t The birds fly back to th eir nests To continue their long winter r e st. The deer go back to the forest To wait for the coming dawn, And on the snowy lawns sparkle The lig h t of the Christmas star. Linda McClure T O LITTLS BO S W Y Two l i t t l e boys Sat on the garden gate Waiting to hear the frogs awake The frogs woke with a croak Croak, croak. Sharon McCaffrey bia d t a l k in g Please l i t t l e worm don't go in your hole I have a family to feed at home. I *11 fly away to feed to my young So l i t t l e l i t t l e worm don't go into your h ole. Bruce Hinman �W RITING a P E OM In school i t ' s hard to think, Of any sort of rhyme* But i f you just s it down and think, Y ou'll make one everytime. Won't you just take my advice. Though I'm net a pro — I made a nice poem a s I walked through the snow. There are many things in th is old world, So I'm sure you can write Any sort of poem So write one th is very night. Thomas Foster M M TH Y O ER'S B O O RULES OK F M Mother has a book of rules y It seems to rule the house. She throws them at us l e f t and right Until we have no peace. Sharon McCaffrey SPRINGTIM E As I look out the window I see branches of trees swaying in the breeze I see grass so so ft and green I see the coulds go very flu ffy against the lig h t blue sky. Jane Tomlinson a CH RISTM S TR a EE M Christmas tree sh a ll be y As shimmery and sparkly As the heavenly stars under which I sleep . B illy Weaver �SPACE POEM One day the Russians were in a race. I t was the race for space. The Americans were a lso in th is race. They kept up a steady pace. Beth launched s a tta lite s Before there were human flig h ts . Gogaren, Shepard and Grissom, th a t's three Tetov, everyone but me. I f I don't go up there too This space poem w ill never get through. Shepard, Grissom and maybe Glenn I'm going up so th is poem w ill end. John Gardiner TH M U T IN E ONA I dream of the day when I can climb a mountain, I dream of the day when I can touch i t s peaks. I t s rough and rocky edges I ts • t a l l and slender trees The plain grassy meadows and snow topped crown. Yes, I dream of the day when I can climb a mountain. Alan Macrae W D IN I t ' s up and i t ' s down I t f l i e s a ll around It sweeps and i t f l i e s It blows and i t c r ie s . The The The And wind is over storm is gone ships s a il away we go along. Dana Dyer �Wa T E E HR The weather is very funny and peculiar. Sometimes i t ' s hot, sometimes i t ' s cold . Some days i t !s sunny and some days i t ' s cloudy. The sunny days are the kind I lik e the b est, I can run and play outside And then come in and r est. O cloudy days I f e e l lik e sleeping, n Then I wake up To a car's horn beeping. In summer when i t ' s re-"Hy hot, I fe e l lik e burning up. Every night I dream of a swimming pool or a cool clean riv er. Carlotta Parr HOW TO WRITE i POEM t I f you want to write a poem Just a-take a l i t t l e pen, And-a take a piece of paper, nnd you start to work right in . You can get ideas from anything. From everything and more, and you might get i t from a book of Injun crafts and lo r e . Now you write i t down on paper. But you must have lo t s of time. And also i f you want to You can even make i t rhyme. I f you think that i t ' s a good one, Knd you don't think i t ' s a mess. You can send i t to a friend. Or enter in a good C ontest, Phil Murehie �W E SPHING C M S B C HN O E AK When spring comes back the birds arrive The bees buzz bu sily around the hive. The sweet spring flowers beg to bloom And the moth unfolds from his cocoon, Linda McClure CHitlSTM TIM AS E Shimmering gold stars shine at night F illin g the earth with shining lig h t Melodies soft as snow F i l l the a ir. People fe e l and see The fragrance of the evergreen tr e e . Michael Digges COD LUS Have clouds ever meant anything to you? Have you ever seen l i t t l e Bo-Peeprs sheep? Look hard and you w ill see. There: I know you saw them. Gloria Lee SU N O how the sun does shine with i t s f i r s t gleam h I f only there was a beam I could climb right on I would be on the sun th is very day. Joyce Keyes SECuETS The wind in the trees Seem to be t e llin g secrets To the leaves. Nancy Manning �Jesus was bom upon th is morn In a manner poor and lowly The shepherds were there th is morn To see Jesus most holy. The wise men three had followed th is star To see Jesus so fa ir . They travelled over mountain and fa r . As they reached Bethlehem bright, They knelt down to pray, To Jesus were given rubies on th is night, Betty Knight IT IS COLD, COLD, C L OD Dress warmly now Snow is on the ground Time for Mr, Snow Plow To plow the snow around. Barbara idcre PICNICS I lik e to picnic in the park. W the trees are green. hen I lik e to climb the big, big rocks. And get many burrs in my socks. I lik e to be in trees that sway. Cause i t looks lik e I ’ve come a long way. Michael Dunn TH B O K E RO The bubbling brook rushes over the pebbles. And comes to some rocks Jutting out in the water, To make a water f a l l white with foam. For a l l of God's children to come and se e . Nancy Manning � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Maury's Secrets", 1962. 64 pages. Description An account of the resource "Maury's Secrets" , a booklet of poems and artwork that the Student Council selected and arranged. 64 pages Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington County Public Schools, Maury Elementary School Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_2_1_16 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/9a0cebda513fd695a5d5f5f08f42fafa.pdf 4a607ed7ad7ca27c916a2fd645aae00a PDF Text Text A REPORT O N STATE LAWS Early Elementary Education by ARCH K. STEINER, educationist, Laws and Legislation Branch T HIS sum m ary o f basic le g a l provisions in th e States fo r e a rly ele m e n ta ry e d u catio n is current as o f Jan u ary 1, 1 9 5 7 . It revises a n d ex p a n d s inform ation reported by W ard W . Keesecker a n d M ary D. Davis in 1935 (Legislation The ta b le on th e next p a g e , w hich w as com piled from S tate statu tes, h a s b e e n checked for accuracy by th e sev e ral S tate d e p a rtm e n ts of education (all but tw o o f the States h av e returned th e ta b le ). Blank spaces indicate th a t C o n cernin g E a rly C h ild h o o d E d uca tion ) a n d by W ard W. e x p ress sta tu to ry provisions w ere n ot found on th e subject a n d th a t n o n e w ere rep o rted by th e States. K eesecker a n d A lfred C. A llen in 1 9 5 5 IC o m p u lso ry Educa tio n R equirem ents.) I N RECENT YEARS the States from 2 to 9 years and include many have intensified their efforts to different combinations. Twelve States provide adequately for the education provide for kindergarten attendance of young children in the public of the 4-to-6 age group. These are schools. Through legislation they Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minne have added or expanded services, sota, Mississippi, New Jersey, New widened the age ranges, increased York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South their requirements for certification Carolina, Washington, and West of teachers of nursery schools, kin Virginia. Ten States provide a maximum age dergartens, and early elementary subjects, and shown a trend toward limit for nursery school and kinder financing early elementary education garten attendance but set no mini mum age. New Jersey and Wiscon from the general school fund. sin limit the maximum age for nursery AUTHORITY TO ESTABLISH schools to 4 years. Indiana, Okla AND ADMINISTER homa, and Tennessee have estab Practically all States now have lished a maximum of 6 years for both some type of legislation authorizing nursery schools and kindergartens. localities to provide for education be Other States with a maximum age of low the conventional elementary 6 years for kindergarten are North grades. In some, the legislation is Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Ver permissive; that is to say, the locali mont, and Virginia. ties m a y provide certain services if Ten States have fixed a minimum they need or require them. In others, age for nursery school and/or kinder the legislation is mandatory; that is, garten, but no maximum. For nur the locality is required to provide sery school attendance, Massachu services under certain conditions, setts has established a minimum of 3 such as petition from a specified num years; South Dakota, 4 years. For ber of parents. kindergarten programs, Maine pro Forty-six States have enactments vides for a minimum of 4 years; Ari providing for kindergartens. In 40 zona, Iowa, Michigan, Nebraska, the enactments are permissive; in 6 Nevada, South Dakota, Utah, and mandatory. Seventeen of these States Wyoming have a minimum of 5 years. also provide for nursery schools, all Other age ranges vary as follows: by permissive legislation. ►For nursery school: 2-to-6 range, Which States have done what is Illinois and Oregon; 3-to-6 range, shown in the table overleaf. New York; 3-to-9 range, Florida. AGES AUTHORIZED ► For kindergarten: 3-to-6 range, Colorado, Idaho, and Montana; 4Ages authorized for nursery school to-9 range, Florida; 4%-to-6 range. and kindergarten education range V o lu m e 39, N u m b e r 8 California; 5-to-6 range, Kansas, Missouri, and New Mexico; 5-to-7 range, Texas; 5-to-8 range, Alabama. Age ranges, where listed, extend from birthday to birthday. An anal ysis of this type does not lend itself to listing the many applicable exceptions to the ages indicated in the table for compulsory and permissive attend ance in the conventional elementary grades, or to those attendance ages for nursery school and kindergarten. Most State laws in this connection are subject to various exceptions or qual ifications. During recent years, California, Nebraska, and New York have en acted legislation requiring local dis tricts to admit to the first grade of elementary school any child in the locality who has successfully com pleted 1 year of approved kinder garten education. FINANCIAL SUPPORT State legislatures have provided various methods of financing nursery schools and kindergartens. The method most frequently used is local financing through the gen eral school fund. Seventeen States provide for funds in this manner. Included are Maryland and South Da kota, which finance both nursery school and kindergarten, and Michi gan, which provides funds only for nursery schools through this source. Other States that finance kindergar ten with local funds through the gen eral school fund are Alabama, Illinois, 1 �Legal provisions governing early elementary education in the public schools of the 48 States, as of January I, (957 NURSERY S C H O O L S S TATE A u th o r ity to establish (permissive or m a n d a to ry ) Entrance ages authorized K IN D E R G A R T E N S A u th o rity to M e th o d o f establish financing 1 (permissive or m andatory) 2 1 4 3 ’ Entrance ages authorized 5 A t least 5 . . . . T E A C H E R C E R T IF IC A T IO N M e th o d o f Degree fin a n cin g 1 required 6 7 Special ce rtifi cate for kin d e r garten 8 S pecial cer tific a te fo r nursery schools and kindergartens 9 ,— 1 w . i K i ix * P P M A t le a s t 4 . . . . LF -2 P A t l e a s t 3 1. . . X X X X X X LF-1 L F -2 S A -2 COMB * I M a in e 1 12 S A -2 COMB PF S A -2 U' 11 Provides curricu lum guides, standards, and general supervi sion fo r either nursery schools or kindergartens or both 13 S A -2 COMB III* to ’ 1 J* G eneral elem entary certificate sufficient COMB L F -2 X 9X p pi 10 G eneral c ertif ica te w ith specialization in prim ary grades X COMB M 0 Special c e rtifi cate fo r nursery, kindergarten, and prim ary grades S TA T E D E PARTM ENT OF E D U C A T IO N P U nder 4 ........... P P COMB N *w ^ N o rth C a ro lin a .......... is p O h i o . . . . . . ................... O k la h o m a .................. M P P M P P P U nder 6 .............. 2 - 6 .................... L F -3 PF P e n n s y lv a n ia .............. Rhode III d P 18 p A t le a s t 4 . . . . T exas.............. U ta h ................ L F -2 L F -3 18 p M io M ......... COMB L F -3 ........................... i 4 - 6 .................... U nder 6 ........... 5 - 7 .................... A t least 5 . . . . | j /Jer 6 | P A t least 5 . . . . LF-1 L F -2 6 -2 1 53/ 4 -2 1 6 -2 1 6 5 % -1 8 5-2 1 6 -2 1 X X X X X 5 5-2 1 6 -2 1 6 -2 0 6 -2 1 X X X X X X X X 46 5 <"> 5 -2 0 X X 4 5 -2 0 X 6 -2 1 6 -2 1 6 -2 1 6 -2 1 6 -2 1 6 -2 1 X X LF-1 COMB L F -2 6 -2 1 -6 X X X X X U nder 6 ........... 19 C O M B L F -3 U nder 6 ........... COMB 4 - 6 ........... S A -2 4 - 6 .................... 4 - 6 .................... A t Jeast 5 . . . < 53/4 X X L F -2 L F -3 COMB L F -2 L F -2 COMB L F -2 COMB NOTES 15 7 -1 6 8 -1 6 7 -1 6 8 -1 6 8 -1 6 7 -1 6 6 -1 8 6 -2 1 6 -2 1 6 6 X S A -1 LF-1 COMB 14 X X SA 1 P M a n d a to ry (ages re qu ire d to a tte n d ) 6 6 -2 1 6 -2 1 X x L F -2 H 1 la i|iiie N e w J e rs e y ................. N e w M e x ic o .............. Permissive (e x ce p t nursery schools or kindergartens) 1 The various methods of financing are indicated by symbols as follows: PF, privately financed by fees and contributions LF, locally financed: I Special school funds 3 Local funds and/or fees from parents L F -2 LF-1 GENERAL SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AGES X X X X X X X X 20 X L F -3 L F -2 S C H O O L L I F E , May 1957 X X X Volume 39, Number 8 X X X X COMB, financed by combinations of 2 or more integral parts 3 Authority to establish is limited to independent cities. 3 Nursery schools not included. 7 -1 6 6 -1 6 7 -1 6 (u) 7 -1 6 8 -1 6 7 -1 6 1 6 -1 6 4 7 -1 6 6 -1 7 7 -1 6 7 -1 6 7 -1 7 6 -1 8 7 -1 8 78- * If a child has completed 1 year of kindergarten he may enter the first grade regardless of his age. * Attendance is permitted at discretion of local board. 'School committees may provide extended school services for children aged 3 to 14 who are the dependents of working mothers. * Degree will be required in 1961. Additional training re- Nursery schools are authorized for separate municipal school districts only. " Mississippi repealed its compulsory attendance law in 1956; South Carolina, in 1955. u Local districts may establish kindergartens only after all “ Elementary school is a program of 8 grades, exclusive of kindergarten. Maximum compulsory attendance age is 14 in is Kindergarten is authorized by voters ot the district. 18 17 1 Local boards receive credit for kindergarten equivalent to * program. 7 -1 6 (“) X X SA, financed with State aid: 1 Per pupil formula 2 In the same manner as other State aid is distributed u Average daily attendance must exceed 15. X X L F -2 COMB 7 -1 6 7 -1 6 7 -1 5 7 -1 5 7 -1 6 .......................................... X 97 X 7 -1 6 7 -1 6 7 -1 6 7 -1 6 7 -1 6 7 -1 6 7 -1 6 6 -2 1 6 6 -2 1 7 -1 6 /— 16 7— 16 6 -1 8 6 -1 8 6 -2 0 6 -2 1 6 -2 1 6 -2 0 6 -2 1 7 -1 6 7 -1 6 8 -1 6 7 -1 6 7 -1 6 7 -1 6 i ' Includes all elementary grades. 19 Local boards may operate programs under such regulations 19 Mandatory in districts with population of 2,000 or more; permissive in others. M Requirements same as in elementary grades, with addi tional minimum requirement of 3 semester hours in student teaching in kindergarten. 31 Nursery school program must meet minimum standards u Makes use of weighted pupil formula in regard to net enrollment. 3 �Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Mis souri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, South Ca rolina, Utah, Washington and Wis consin. Four States finance with local funds but maintain the revenue as a special school fund. Included in this group are Idaho, North Carolina, and Texas, in which such a fund-raising device applies to their kindergarten programs, while in Mississippi it ap plies to both nursery and kindergar ten schools. Another method of local financing is through a combination of local school funds and fees from parents. Wisconsin makes use of this method for nursery schools, while Kentucky and Virginia use it for the kinder garten program. In addition, Okla homa and Tennessee apply this method to both nursery school and kindergarten programs. The next most widely acclaimed method of financial support is a com bination in various proportions of local funds and/or State aid. This may also include private funds. Twelve States make use of this com bination. One group includes Flor ida, New Jersey, and New York, w-hich provide funds for both nursery schools and kindergartens, and another group includes Massachusetts and Washington, which provide funds for nursery schools only. Seven addi tional States providing funds for kindergarten in this manner are Ari zona, Iowa, Louisiana, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Wyoming. State aid is the means of support in nine States in the same manner as other State aid is distributed. In this manner, Indiana provides for both nursery schools and kindergar tens. Other States which finance kindergartens in a similar manner are California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and West Virginia. Minne sota and Nevada apply a per pupil formula for determining State aid for kindergarten support. Illinois and Oregon provide funds for nursery schools by privately fi nanced fees and contributions. TEACHER CERTIFIC ATIO N In general, States have enacted legislation providing for higher aca demic standards for certification. Thirteen States now make a college degree prerequisite to any perma nent type of certificate. These are California, Connecticut, Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Maryland, Minne sota, New Hampshire, New' Jersey, New York, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington. A more significant trend, how'ever. points toward a greater degree of specialization, embracing a combina tion of subjects applicable to nursery school, kindergarten, and early ele mentary grades. Thirteen States issue a special cer tificate for kindergarten. They are Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Kan sas, Maine, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, and West Virginia. Four States issue a special certifi cate covering a combination of nurs ery school and kindergarten subject matter. They are Florida, Maryland, Mississippi, and Ohio. Eight States certify teachers to teach a combination of subject mat ter including nursery school, kinder garten, and early primary grade sub jects. They are Arizona, California, Indiana, Louisiana, Minnesota, New York, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin. Seven States issue a general cer tificate w'ith specialization in early primary education. They are New Hampshire, New' Jersey, New York, Ohio, Vermont, Virginia, and Wyoming. Thirteen .States require only a gen eral elementary certificate for teach ing in nursery school and kinder garten. STATE DEPARTMENT LEADERSHIP Recent legislative actions enable State departments of education to as sume a greater amount of leadership in providing curriculum guides, es tablishing more uniform standards, and authorizing general supervision to localities. Thirty-two States now have statutory provisions that enable their State departments of education to assume this more responsible role. In consulting the accompanying table for information on increased responsibilities of State departments of education, the reader may find in the column on teacher certification in formation which has implications for State department leadership. U .S . DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Office of Education Reprint froic SCHOOL LIFE, May 1957 4 SC H O O L L IF E , M a y 1957 GPO 9 2 5 1 7 3 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Report on State Laws, Early Elementary Education" by Arch K. Steiner, School Life, May 1957. 3 pages. Description An account of the resource Summary of basic legal provisions in the States for elementary education. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource School Life, Arch K. Steiner Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1957-05 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_6_1_2_17 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/c9e1ee3d594213af24cd3a7d9f39b7ac.pdf 7317215a065b4f6799f5d3617a505529 PDF Text Text STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM HEARINGS BEFORE TH E , SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE i ADMINISTRATION OE THE INTERNAL SECURITY ACT AND OTHER INTERNAL SECURITY LAWS OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY UNITED STATES SENATE EIGHTY-THIRD CONGRESS S C N S S IO E O D E S N ON S R T G A D T C IC O T A E Y N A T S F W R D C M U IS O L O MN M JU E 1, 1 , A D 1 , 15 N 0 5 N 7 94 / P rinted fo tlie u e o th C m itte o th J r s f e o m e n e udicia ry \ U N IT E D S T A T E S G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G O F F IC E 47760 W A S H IN G T O N : 1954 �C M IT E O T E JU IC RY O M TE N H D IA W IL L IA M L A N G ER , N o rth D a k o ta . C h a irm a n A L E X A N D E R W IL E Y , W isconsin P A T M cCA RRA N , N ev a d a W IL L IA M E . JE N N E R , I n d ia n a H A R LEY M. K IL G O R E , W e s t V irg in ia A R T H U R V. W A T K IN S , U ta h JA M E S O. E A ST L A N D , M ississip p i R O B E R T C. H E N D R IC K S O N , N ew Je rse y E S T E S K E FA U V E R , T en n essee O LIN D. JO H N ST O N , S o u th C a ro lin a E V E R E T T M C K IN LEY D IR K S E N , Illin o is THOM AS C. H E N N IN G S , J r ., M isso u ri H E R M A N W E L K E R , Id a h o JO H N L. M CCLELLAN, A rk an sas J O H N M A R S H A L L B U T L E R , M a ry la n d CONTENTS T s o y o— e tim n f C ld e J h C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a w ll, o n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ M rc s J A th n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a u, . n o y________________ Wd m y r, G n A e C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ e e e e e . lb rt _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ hi Su b c o m m it t e e T o I n v e s t ig a t e Ac t a n d Ot Ad t h e h e r I m in is t r a t io n n t er n a l Se c of u r it y t h e La In t er n a l Se c u r it y w s W IL L IA M E . JE N N E R , In d ia n a , C h airm an P A T M cC A R R A N , N ev ad a JA M E S O. E A ST L A N D , M ississippi O L IN D. JO H N S T O N , S o u th C a ro lin a J O H N L. M CCLELLA N , A rk a n sa s A R T H U R V. W A T K IN S , U ta h R O B E R T C. H E N D R IC K S O N , N ew J e rs e y H E R M A N W E L K E R , Id a h o JO H N M A R S H A L L B U T L E R , M a ry la n d T a s k F o r c e I n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e S t r a t e g y a n d T a c t i c s o f W o r l d C o m m u n is m W IL L IA M E . JE N N E R , In d ia n a , C h airm an H E R M A N W E L K E R , Id a h o II P A T M cC A R R A N , N ev ad a R ic h a b d A k e n s , S p e c ia l Counsel P ag e 95 11 2 77 �STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM T U S A , JU E 1 , 1 5 H R D Y N 0 94 U n it e d S t a t e s S e n a t e , S u b c o m m it t e e To I n v e s t ig a t e t h e A d m in is t r a t io n o f t h e I n t e r n a l S e c u r it y A c t a n d O t h e r I n t e r n a l S e c u r it y L a w s , o f t h e C o m m it t e e o n t h e J u d ic ia r y , Washington, D. C. The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10:30 a. m., in room 157, Senate Office Building, Hon. William E'. Jenner (chairman of the subcommittee) presiding. Present: Senators Jenner and Welker. Also present: Richard Arens, staff director, and Frank W. Schroeder and Edward R. Duffy, professional staff members. The C h a ir m a n . General Wedemeyer, will you be sworn and testify ? Do you swear the testimony you will give in this hearing will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God ? General W e d e m e y e r . I do, sir. The C h a i r m a n . The hearing today is a continuation of a series of hearings which are being conducted by a task force of the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Senate on the strategy and tactics of world communism. As I stated in announcing this series of hearings the Communist conspiracy in the United States is only one tentacle of a worldwide octopus which has as its principal target the United States of America. It is therefore essential that we keep abreast of the strategy and tech niques of world communism if we are to appraise adequately the operation of this conspiracy in our Nation. The witness who will testify today is a distinguished American whose deeds will be fully recorded in the history of our country which he has served so well. We are confident that from the wealth of experience and wisdom which are his, Gen. Albert Wedemeyer will have significant contribu tions to make to our committee. TESTIMONY OF GEN. ALBERT C. WEDEMEYER The C h a ir m a n . Y o u may proceed, Mr. Arens, with questioning General Wedemeyer. Mr. A r e n s . General, for the purpose of our record, would you kindly give us a brief resume of the various Army commands which you have held and your experience in various theaters of operation in the world ? 7 7 i �78 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM General W e d e m e y e r . I presume, gentlemen, that you do not want me to go back beyond the time that I began to attain a little rank and responsibility, which would mean about 1940; is that correct? Mr. A r e n s . Yes, sir. General W e d e m e y e r . Prior to that time 1940 for background, I did serve in China and in the Philippines; I served in Germany, where I was a student of the War College for 2 years and was assigned to German troop units during the maneuver period in the summers. During my 2 years (1936-38) in. Germany, I traveled all over Europe. Immediately prior to the war (1940), I was assigned to the Strategy and Policy Group of the General Staff in Washington and had some responsibilities in the area of strategic planning for World War II. During the war I attended world conferences at London, Quebec, Washington, Casablanca, and Cairo, as a member of General Mar shall’s staff. In 1943 I was sent to India to serve as Deputy Chief of Staff to Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten in the Southeast Asia Command. The headquarters of this command was in New Delhi, India. After 1 year in that position I was sent September 1944 to China to assume command of the China theater, relieving Gen. Joseph Stilwell. I remained in command of that theater for the duration of the war and until it was disbanded in May 1946. I returned to the United States and awaited orders to return to China where I was scheduled to serve as Ambassador at the request of President Truman. There were developments that caused the cancellation of that ap pointment, and in September 1946 I was given command of the Second Army, with headquarters in Baltimore. This Army area com prised seven Eastern States of our country. Then I returned to the Pentagon and served as Deputy Chief of Staff to General Eisenhower, again in charge of strategic or global planning. In 19471 was sent to the Far East on a Presidential mission to make a survey of the political, economic, psychological, and military condi tions in China and Korea. I was required, on that mission, to analyze the developments in that important area and to submit recommenda tions to the President in connection with continued United States policy in that area. In 1949 I was assigned to command the Sixth Army, comprising the eight Western States of our country. While on that assignment I requested retirement July 1951 from the Army. At that time the law permitted an officer to voluntarily retire at the conclusion of 30 years*service, and I took advantage of that law. I am presently connected with industry, as vice president and a di rector of Avco Manufacturing Corp. Mr. A r e n s . General, on the basis of your background and experi ence, would you care to express to the committee what you feel are the principal elements of the Communist global tactics? General W e d e m e y e r . Gentlemen, in my judgment there are four general areas which we must consider when evaluating or analyzing the Communist movement. Those areas comprise the political, eco nomic, psychological, and military. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 79 Mr. A r e n s . Could you kindly illustrate from your experience each of these four elements and how they operate? General W e d e m e y e r . I will try to do so, sir. In the political area, the Communists have endeavored to under mine confidence of peoples in their respective governments. They have resorted to the distortion of facts regarding nistorical developments, to lies, to chicanery, even to murder. In fact to any tactics that might permit them to extend gradually the control of peoples and nations. They have successfully oriented toward the Kremling millions of peo ple and many nations through those tactics, and in such manner as to permit their unequivocal control. While science has been improving weapons which permit the more effective destruction of human lives and the works of man, science .has concurrently improved the means whereby unscrupulous leaders can gain and maintain physical control over various areas geograph ically and mental or spiritual control over huge numbers of people. In the latter case, I refer, of course, to the radio, the motion picture, and flying columns, when they are required to employ the intimidation of force, and the various gadgets that have been introduced by science to facilitate thought control or brain washing as well as physical control of peoples. M r. A r e n s . D o y o u h a v e a c o m m e n t to m a k e w ith re fe re n c e to th e econom ic e le m e n t ? General W e d e m e y e r . Within the economic area, the Soviet un scrupulously, in the closing days of the war and immediately there after, misrepresented the assistance given to people in warstricken areas. I can give you a direct example in connection with the lend-lease that was sent in postwar years to China by American taxpayers. The Com munists, Soviet agents, changed the labels on boxes and indicated that the supplies that were abundantly sent to help rehabilitate the area, those supplies, according to the changed labels on the boxes, emanated in the Soviet Union. Of course we know that the United States con tributed approximately 78 percent of the world lend-lease program. They resorted freely to economic pressures. As soon as they gained control of peoples or areas, they immediately oriented the economy of such areas toward the Kremlin, denying to the people indigent to the areas the fruits of their labor. They imposed rigid collectivization and regimentation of labor, all industrial and farming activities. Even today I could give you a quick example. There are abundant oil resources in Rumania, the Ploesti oil fields, which would be ade quate for the requirements of that country. In addition the Ru manians would still have surpluses to export and thus help their econ omy by increasing revenues. However, the price of gasoline in Ru mania today is $2.40 a gallon, prohibitive in cost, of course, to the people. The bulk of the gasoline is taken over by the Soviet repre sentatives. They direct it to their selfish interest, for their military or for purposes connected with Soviet trade with oil-thirsty countries. These are a few of the many examples that one might give to indi cate the economic pressures to which the Soviet subject peoples once they gain control of their governments. Mr. A r e n s . D o you have a comment to make with reference to the psychological element of the Communist global tactics? �80 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM General W e d e m e y e r . In the psychological field, the rulers in the Kremlin have been most successful. After so many years of war, with attendant disruptions and dislocations, with many people disillusioned concerning their own previous ideas and ideologies that had proved unsuccessful in that world struggle, there was everywhere fertile soil for the distortions of facts, the lies, and false promises of the Soviet leaders. Thought control and brain washing were included in the Communist tactics in these various war-torn areas. Even here in our own country, being a trusting people, many of us were deceived by the Soviet tactics. We had just won a great war. The Soviet Union had been one of our principal allies. We Americans felt that now we could enjoy an era of peace and prosperity. Some of us seemed to hope, certain of our leaders and some gullible American people hoped that we now could, evolve an international modus operandi whereby peace and prosperity could be facilitated. The United Nations Charter epitomized the spirit of the times, and if carried out with sincerity of purpose, of course, it would have been a wonderful approach to world peace, a civilized and realistic approach to good will toward all men—to vic tors and vanquished alike. But unfortunately, and definitely, the Soviet had no intention of keeping their promises of abiding by the terms of the United Nations Charter. They had broken faith before and it was indeed most unfortunate that our responsible leaders of the Government had not provided safeguards which would definitely protect the military victory for which we had sacrificed so much. Even back in 1933 the Soviet broke faith with us. They promised when we recognized them diplomatically, when we exchanged diplo matic amenities, that they would not, under any circumstances, finance, support, or initiate activities and organizations that had for their pur pose, interfering in any way with our Government, social structure, political, and economic structures. Everyone knows now in this country that the Soviet Union and satellites have continuously made and are even now making every effort to undermine confidence in American leaders, both military and civilian. They are making every effort to create cleavages between social classes, between management and labor, between races, white, black, brown, and between religions, Catholics, Jews, and Protestants. They have had marked success in the field of propaganda in the “cold war.” I attribute this primarily to the fact that we are a gullible and trusting people. These are traditional characteristics of Americans. Mr. A r e n s . And now your final element here, as a word of back ground, if you please, sir, the military element of the Communist global strategy; what is your comment on that, if you please? General W e d e m e y e r . Yes, sir. Immediately after World War II, the Soviet did not decrease mate rially their military strength. In that same atmosphere of trust and naivete, we emasculated our military forces, and so did our other allies, our friendly allies. Consequently the military posture of the free nations, vis-a-vis the Soviet Union and satellites, was such that the Communist nations en joyed a great preponderance of military strength. Their military forces were not directly employed in their program of aggressions, 81 but their immediate availability, their very existence was utilized as a weapon of intimidation. Furthermore, they continued to create and maintain potential powder kegs around their periphery, any one of which could be ignited at times and under conditions of their choosing. Invariably they implemented their aggressions and military operations with satellite troops, involving only a few of their own people as technical advisers, arch conspirators, and propaganda artists. Korea, China, presently Indochina, are irrefutable evidence that they have carried on their program of world conspiracy and aggres sion with military involvement in the manner just described. In my judgment, the Soviet Union will resist assiduously the direct use of their own military forces. Mr. A r e n s . General, how late is it on the timetable of the Soviets for world conquest, in your judgment? General W e d e m e y e r . A s a private American citizen, completely unemotionally I say to you, sir, that it is now very late; I am not completely a pessimist, but it is very, very late. 'Obviously, immediately after the war we should have been realistic in evaluating the world situation. Past experiences with the Com munists—realism demanded that we take the steps necessary to protect the victories for which the American people made such great sacrifices, both human and material. But I am confident that, if our political and military leaders will realistically appraise the current situation and utilize intelligently and in an integrated manner those four major instruments of national policy, political, economic, psychological, and military, we still can emerge victorious, in protecting and preserving our national interests. Mr. A r e n s . General, do you believe it is in the best interests of the United States of America and the free nations of the world to break off diplomatic relations with the Iron Curtain countries? General W e d e m e y e r . I definitely do. I would have recommended, had I been asked, several years ago that we not exchange diplomatic amenities with the Soviet Union and satellites. I base this on the experience that we have had and other countries have had in the field of international relations with Communist domi nated countries. I base that statement on my knowledge of the doc trine of Karl Marx, which I have read carefully, both in English and German, the two volumes of Das Kapital and the Communist Mani festo, which spell out very clearly the aims and the objectives of the Soviet conspiracy. We all should have very vivid recollection of Mein Kampf, which was promulgated by Adolph Hitler, and in which the objectives of the Nazis were clearly spelled out but unfortunately disregarded by most Americans and Allies. The C h a i r m a n . General, you have made an expression that you think it would be proper for the best interests of this country to break off diplomatic relations with the Iron Curtain countries, and I believe that you went back in your earlier statement stating that they have broken their word since they were brought into the family of nations in 1933, that they immediately set out to destroy, to harass and to set up fifth columns in this country, by subversion, by sabotage, and by espionage. And the record is clear on that. Just within the last 47769— 54— p t. 2------- 2 �82 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 2 days, I think, General Franco of Spain made a statement that re ceived wide publication in this country, that we also, if we are intent on fighting this cold war, should break off trade relations, and our allies should break off trade relations and isolate the Soviet. What is your opinion on that, if you have one on that, this morning? General W e d e m e y e r . I defintely have an opinion about that, sir. There are advantages and disadvantages in breaking off trade rela tions with any country, but it is my conviction that more advantages would accrue to the United States and other free nation^, who have objectives compatible with our own, to break off trade relations with the Soviet Union and satellites. We should not attempt any of the accepted and traditional contacts or relations with Communist coun tries unless and until they give irrefutable evidence, tangible evidence, of their sincerity of purpose in connection with world peace, honest dealings, equity, and justice among all peoples. The C h a i r m a n . General, if we did break off diplomatic relations with the Soviet, what effect would the severance ot these diplomatic relations have upon the procurement of intelligence information, for example, by our Government? General W e d e m e y e r . Proponents of continued diplomatic relations with the Communist countries have often stated that if we were to break off diplomatic relations with them, that we would close windows through which they can observe developments in countries behind the Iron Curtain. When we send diplomatic representatives to any coun try, we do so in keeping ethical arrangements, whereby our representa tives are honor bound to respect the laws, the customs, and the tradi tions of the country in which they are serving. Our foreign repre sentatives behind the Iron Curtain have experienced, and continue to experience insults, humiliations, harassments, and restrictions which unquestionably preclude the effective performance of their duties. Furthermore, the United States has been greatly restricted, unreason ably so, with regard to the number of representatives we are permitted to maintain in our embassies, legations, or official agencies behind the Iron Curtain. Exorbitant rents are charged and degrading treatment of our representatives add to the mockery and sham of diplomatic amenities and common decency is unknown in contacts with officials of the Communist countries. Conversely, and stupidly, we permit the Reds to maintain their embassies, legations, and agencies within our borders, extending naively every facility and courtesy in conso nance with the traditional diplomatic code of ethics and international law. We must recognize that every representative of a Communist country, enjoying our hospitality and the usual diplomatic immunities within our borders, is a provacateur, saboteur, propaganda agent, spy, and potential murderer, for he is thoroughly indoctrinated and fanat ically believes that the end justifies the means. The C h a ir m a n . And yet we extend to their diplomatic corps the courtesies that are denied to us ? General W e d e m e y e r . Exactly, sir. The Communists always maintain a disproportionate number of representatives in any area, while prescribing rigidly a limited num ber of representatives from other countries. The C h a ir m a n . And when you multiply the satellite nations, we are getting very little representation and they are getting a great deal; is that not correct ? General W e d e m e y e r . I agree with that. Yes, sir. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Chairman. The C h a ir m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . May I divert just a moment on the subject matter that you brought up ? General Wedemeyer, it is certainly a great honor to have a great American like you before our committee. I want to thank you for coming here on behalf of, I am sure, all of us. I want to ask you whether or not you are familiar with the hear ing Senator Jenner’s task force held in New York a couple of weeks ago, at which I had the honor to be the chairman, wherein we held a hearing down at the Customs House and we found millions of pieces of Communist propaganda filling a room to the ceiling easily twice the size of this and perhaps three times the size of this room. This propa ganda had been brought in by boat, airplanes, and other modes of transportation and intercepted by our very loyal customs officials there. And I might say we only have four in the huge port of New York. I will ask you if it is not a fact, by virtue of the diplomatic rela tions we have with Russia today, that that permits the influx of this huge volume of illegal propaganda that is coming into this country as of now, sir? General W e d e m e y e r . Senator Welker, in my judgment, it does. I am familiar with the incident or the case that you related. Our pres ent diplomatic status with Communist countries does definitely facili tate the propagandizing of our people, the illicit and clandestine oper ations of Red conspirators, including the entrance of subversive printed matter, which unquestionably is designed to undermine con fidence in our way of life, confidence in our Constitution and Bill of Rights and confidence in our leaders. I would like to relate an experience, Senator, if I may, along the same line. When I was in command of the Sixth Army on the west coast, Mrs. Wedemeyer and I attended in 1950, a local motion-picture show in San Francisco. We were astounded to see an obviously Communistinspired film being shown. When Stalin’s picture was flashed on the screen, which was frequent, the audience applauded. There were nuances and inuendoes, if one analyzed the theme of the picture ob jectively, that definitely glorified the Soviet and depreciated our free enterprise economic system, respect for the dignity of the individual. Similar un-American or anti-American ideas were threaded through this film. Concurrently, Senator Welker, in Korea, American boys were dying to protect American principles of liberty—the freedoms which have made our country great. Accordingly, I protested to the State Department. I wrote a com munication immediately, spelling out this personal experience that I had had in an American motion-picture show, just outside the gates of the Presidio at San Francisco about 2 or 8 years ago. I hope sin- 83 �84 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM cerely that appropriate steps have been taken by our Government to evaluate all foreign films and printed matter entering this country. Senator W e l k e r . I have one more thing, Mr. Chairman. The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . I think Senator Jenner’s committee—and I helped him on the matter—was the first congressional committee to discover the first motion picture in the English version to come to our shores which tried to influence the American people, had it been shown and had it not been intercepted, that our loyal Army was guilty of the in famous germ warfare that they propagandized so heavily throughout this country. And that, I think you will agree with me, General, was by virtue of the fact of our silly diplomatic relations with a country that is determined to destroy ours. General W e d e m e y e r . I agree with you 100 percent, sir. Senator W e l k e r . Thank you, sir. Mr. A r e n s . General, what would be the effect of severance of diplo matic relations on the economy of our Nation? General W e d e m e y e r . Mr. Arens, I think we would have to extend that question a bit to include the economic implications, if we severed trade relations along with diplomatic relations, right? Mr. A r e n s . Yes; i f y o u please, sir. General W e d e m e y e r . American industry is very complex and highly integrated. We do at present go to farflung places for raw materials that are important factors in our expanding productive capacity and its concomitant, our high standard of living. For example, we get manganese, chrome, and tungsten, and we do obtain diverse kinds and quantities of raw materials from remote areas, many of them from countries located behind the Iron Curtain. But I am mindful of the ingenuity and the resourcefulness of the German people when, during both World War I and II, they were denied access to raw materials from remote areas. Yet they carried on a stupendous war effort for a long period of time. I have confi dence in the ingenuity and the resourcefulness of American industry to resort to substitutes and to exploit resources more readily available in lieu of sources behind the Iron Curtain. It would affect our economy but definitely would not be dangerous to our economy; nor would it seriously impair our security if those raw materials from behind the Iron Curtain were denied to us. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Chairman, right on that line----The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . General, you are certainly informed of the f a c t that, while we are doing business with Communist-dominated coun tries, some o f our own local mines, producing lead, copper, zinc, and especially antimony, are shut down, and people are going out of work by virtue of the fact that we are doing busines with these countries? General W e d e m e y e r . Yes, sir; I am aware of that, sir. Senator W e l k e r . And that is a tragic situation for America, I think you will agree with me. General W e d e m e y e r . Yes, sir. I would like to qualify my concurrence somewhat, Senator Welker. I strongly believe in the development of our own resources. Fur ther, I agree with any program designed to keep our American people gainfully employed. However, I am sure you will agree that inter- STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 85 national trade is desirable when it can be carried on advantageously to our own country, whose interest we always must place first. Comity requires that advantage should accrue to the countries with whom we are trading. I would like to conserve our natural resources to a com mensurate degree and thus insure, if an emergency develops, that we would not be dependent upon remote areas, sir. It is my judgment—and I have given considerable thought and study to this problem—that we are not dependent upon outside re sources for a healthy economy in this country if we do as you suggested, namely, utilize our own resources to an appropriate degree and prepare for their immediate utilization in the event of an emergency. Furthermore, sir, I would like to state that there are excellent sources of imported raw materials that have not as yet been developed north of us, m Canada and Alaska, and south of us throughout the Latin-American countries. While paying so much attention to the Far East and to Western Europe and Middle East developments, in my judgment, gentle men, we have neglected to assist in the development of the natural resources of Latin America. Also we have failed to create the good will and mutual confidence that are so essential to cooperation and collaboration through the Latin American countries. The C h a i r m a n . General Wedemeyer, there is a great discussion going on saying that, no, we should not trade with the Soviet and her satellites in strategic materials, but certainly it is all right for us and our allies to trade with the Soviet and her satellites in nonstrategic materials. You, as a great military man, could you help this committee in dis tinguishing between strategic and nonstrategic materials, when it comes to the standpoint of trade ? General W e d e m e y e r . Yes, sir. Strategic materials are those which contribute positively to the political, the economic, the psychological, and military strength of a country. The C h a i r m a n . Where d o y o u draw the line, General ? General W e d e m e y e r . I was coming to that, sir. In my judgment, a country that receives any product from beyond its borders profits thereby and is strengthened in a political, economic, and military sense. Some of our friends, presently carrying on trade with Communist countries justify this by claiming that the products involved could not be interpreted as strategic material. Let us con sider cotton as an example. I f we were to deny cotton to Red China, this would severely hurt the economy of that country and would con tribute to the problems of the Chinese Communist leaders and thus retard or preclude the consolidation of Communist gains in that country. I f the people of a country are not employed, if they cannot obtain the necessities of life, they invariably attribute their difficulties or un employment situation to their political leaders. If they are gain fully employed and can obtain the necessities of life, they also as sociate their more favorable plight to their leaders. In other words, economic stability is a concomitant of political stability. I personally feel that we should not trade with any country that has for its proven objective the destruction of everything we stand for, �86 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM or is scheming and plotting to destroy us. Certainly there can be no justification for trade of any kind or description with countries with whom we are at war or with whom our proven friends are at war. If my firm conviction to the effect that any product imported into a country irrefutably helps the economy—the industry and hence the war effort of that country, is sound and defensible, how can our allies possibly justify trade with such a country. The C h a i r m a n . General, to change the subject a little here, would you help this committee in this respect: What bearing does the Com munist military aggression in the Far East have on the security of the United States ? General W e d e m e y e r . Sir, about half the population of the world, 1,200,000,000 people, live generally throughout the Far East. Only a fringe, only a veneer of those people have an education. Approxi mately 80 percent cannot read or write. They want basically food, shelter, and the opportunity to improve their lot and to live in peace. About 400 years ago many Western nations initiated what might be termed the gunboat policy. They compelled those people to trade with them, utilizing the intimidation of force. The orientals have heard stories about this gunboat policy. They have been handed down by word of mouth and have been exaggerated, of course, with the retelling. Furthermore, and concurrently over the past few centuries, western powers colonized and planted their flags in various parts of the Far East. They demanded and received preferential treatment. Economic exploitation and colonization by western powers are two developments m the Far East that the orien tals are really determined to eliminate. It is not communism, nor is it democracy, that they understand or fear. A strong nationalism is running rife in the area, and Commu nist propaganda has skillfully given impetus to this.^ Militarily, to return specifically to your question—if you will retain the information I have just given as background—militarily the teem ing millions of people, if oriented toward the Kremlin, would provide the Soviet Union with a vast reservoir of manpower which they could and would undoubtedly use to implement their sinister plans. The people in the Far East, the soldiers when fed, led, trained and equipped properly, make valiant fighting men, excellent soldiers. Therefore, manpowerwise, if the Far East were to fall under the aegis of the Soviet, a great advantage would accrue to the Soviet as against the free nations. I f the Communists capture all of Asia, southeast Asia, our own military security would be somewhat jeopardized. However, assum ing that we retained control of the bastion along the littoral, extend ing from the Aleutians down through the Japanese Islands, Okinawa, the Ryukyus, the Philippines, and then on down through the Micronesian and Melanesian Islands, the Reds could be blocked off effec tively if they attempted military operations to the east and south. I must emphasize that our security, if we retain that bastion, would not be seriously jeopardized. I personally do not believe, gentlemen, in utilizing American boys in ground fighting in any of the military operations on the Asiatic mainland. The free people indigenous to that area, if they want their freedom, if they want to oppose those oriental people who are unfortunate tools STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 87 of the Kremlin, should sacrifice and fight. I would suggest that we make available to them the military equipment and the technical know-how to use it, but I would not involve American manhood in that caldron of Asia. I am opposed to sending American ground forces there for that and many other reasons, sir. The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker? Senator W e l k e r . I assume, General Wedemeyer, from that state ment that you do not believe that the American armed services should attempt to fight another Korea wherein they are denied the right to win? General W e d e m e y e r . Definitely not, sir. I mentioned earlier, Senator Welker, that there are four major instruments—if you will pardon the repetition—four major instru ments of national policy available to any country; namely, political, economic, psychological, and military. The intelligent and tiinety use of the first three of these instru ments should preclude the use of the fourth—the military. When the first three fail in providing the security for our country, in the final analysis we must resort to the military, of course, still utilizing the other three instruments of foreign policy, too. Once we resort to military forces, we should give the military com mander clear-cut instructions to win a victory. We should give him the means to win that victory, whatever that might involve. We should provide him with the benefits of American ingenuity and in dustrial might, and instruct him to win in the American tradition, honorably but definitely. We should give him our loyal support in the process. We should not tell him to go to the 50-yard line and not even attempt to kick a field goal from that position and then expect victory. The C h a i r m a n . In other words, General, am I correct in this assumption that we as a nation must be morally responsible for our own commitments on peace and security for this Nation? General W e d e m e y e r . Completely, sir. The C h a i r m a n . And that we dare not commingle troops, commingle command, and so forth, where we morally cannot be responsible for the decision which we once make? General W e d e m e y e r . I agree with that completely, sir. Senator, in my 11 years in the Orient—if this would help you and members of the committee to evaluate the situation there more objec tively, may I add—I do not believe that the Koreans or the Chinese who observe a white man, an American soldier, killing orientals, even though those orientals, for the present at least as I stated earlier, are tools of the Kremlin, that such Koreans or Chinese approve deep in their hearts and minds. Actually they resent the killing of their people by our people, and they don’t comprehend our humanitarian motives. Military force is not the primary answer to the problem in the Far East. I think, again, that the people themselves, if they really want their liberty, should fight for it as our forefathers fought for their freedom here in this country. It will mean more to them, and furthermore we will not be adding fuel to the Soviet propaganda that we are imperialistic in our designs and that we want to reestablish colonies or impose a preferential trade position. �88 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM The C h a i r m a n . In other words, you think that, if they have the heart and will to fight for liberty, the primary responsibility should be Asians fighting for Asia. General W e d e m e y e r . Definitely; I certainly do, sir. Mr. A r e n s . General, the encroachments of communism are grad ually denying areas in the Far East and even in Europe to us. I f not successfully blocked we may be driven back practically to our own shores. What would the strategic implication of such a situation be to our military security and to our economy ? General W e d e m e y e r . Sir, I am not an isolationist. I believe in cooperating and in collaborating with other nations that have objec tives compatible with our own. I want to make it clear, sir, that I am not an isolationist and that I would encourage and welcome mutually beneficial relations and cooperation with any nation that gives irrefu table evidence, tangible evidence, that it has objectives compatible with our own and will make a proportionate contribution toward the accom plishment of these objectives. I do not suggest that other nations should change their form of government, their economic philosophy, their customs, and their tradi tions—not an iota. I do maintain that I would be willing only to cooperate with those nations when they give evidence of sincerity of purpose and determination and willingness to cooperate with us realis tically, to make necessary sacrifices, and to adhere faithfully to estab lished principles of decency, loyalty, and honor. Now, then, the hypothetical situation that you embodied in your question; namely, a situation whereby we might be driven back to our own shores, both east and west. In my judgment we still could success fully defend our country if, as suggested earlier by Senator Welker, we recognize now that such a situation is a possibility, however remote, and if we create conditions economically wherein we would be inde pendent of sources of raw materials remote from our own country and wherein we would develop the raw materials available through the Latin American countries and also to the north of us in Canada. Economically I believe that we could evolve and maintain a sound economy in this country even though we were restricted to the Western Hemisphere. In some respects we would have to make adjustments. Our standard of living would be affected, but it would be better to tighten our belts and remain free. Militarily, again I believe that we could successfully defend our country and those areas contiguous to our country, either north or south, if such a situation were to develop. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Chairman, may I inquire on a statement made by the distinguished general ? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . General Wedemeyer, I have noted twice in your statement that you have advocated—as I think this entire committee and most all of America do—that we cultivate the Latin American countries, I would like to ask you a very simple question with respect to this. Should we cooperate to the extent that we should send, say, a steel strip mill to a South American country which is under a dictatorship, which has trade agreements with not only Russia but every satellite of Russia, including Guatemala, and accept their word that they 89 should not use this, or they never would use this to hurt the United States of America? This has been a problem in our minds, and I would like your advice upon this because I am informed that, if they do send out from this country a production mill, with which they cannot only produce steel but I believe aluminum, copper, and other strategic metals, the only thing America has to rely on in the event of a breach is that they broke their agreement. Now that is not going to help us very much militarily. I would like your observation with respect to that matter. Let me further say that I read in the press that boatloads of arms and munitions are being sent to some of our neighboring countries in the Latin American area. I wonder if you could help us on that matter, sir? General W e d e m e y e r . I will, sir, express m y views. In the first place, I believe—and I am saying this in a constructively critical manner—that we have not facilitated good relations with the Latin Americans. I think we should have made the effort many years ago. It is unfortunate that we did not do so, and some of the unfor tunate developments in that area can be attributed to the fact that we have not been realistic in building up good relations there. Specifically, with reference to the steel mill in the South American country to which you alluded, I would not put the steel mill there unless I had assurance, irrefutable evidence, that advantage would accrue to my own country. That would be the test, sir, of any aid or assistance that I gave to any country, in any part of the world. That is international realism. Senator W e l k e r . General, if I may interrupt: You are mindful of the fact that at this very moment the Communist conspiracy, Russia, has trade missions not only in Guatemala but in all of our South American and Latin American countries as of this time. That strikes me as being rather dangerous, sir. General W e d e m e y e r . I f the evaluation on the part of our repre sentatives in this Congress, if the evaluation of information along that line indicates clearly that advantages would accrue to the Com munists, our avowed enemies, then I certainly would not collaborate or cooperate with those people. Senator W e l k e r . Then going back to your statement a moment ago, that maybe our economy would be a little bit depressed by virtue of the fundamental law of nature, to wit, the law of self-defense— they might call it isolationism, or whatever they might do—in the event we are forced to our own shores, it might well be that those of us in America trying to support our armed services could well use that strip mill instead of having it overseas; would you not agree? General W e d e m e y e r . Yes, sir. That should be brought out in the careful evaluation of all the implications as I mentioned, sir. I would like to mention one point. As I listened to the questions and as I reflect upon my replies, it might be that we are mentally con juring up a colossus that is overwhelming, that is irresistible and will inevitably destroy us. I am sure you gentlemen are mindful of the fact that behind the Iron Curtain there are defections, dissentions, and many serious problems confronting the Communist leaders, and as these people extend their control, their difficulties mount. They 477 6 9 — 54— p t. 2-------3 �90 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM are having many economic difficulties, far-reaching psychological and political difficulties. I am not optimistic about the future, but I am encouraged when men like yourselves, our representatives in the senior legislative body of the land, are investigating communism and all of its implications, so that you can recommend appropriate steps to responsible leaders and to the American people. The C h a i r m a n . General, on that point: What would be, in your judgment, the psychological impact on the minds of the people of the Iron Curtain countries of a severance of diplomatic relations with the Iron Curtain countries ? General W e d e m e y e r . Senator Jenner, I have never been behind the Iron Curtain. Presently I am chairman of the board of the Tol stoy Foundation. That foundation facilitates the processing of Rus sians who have been persecuted and enslaved behind the Iron Curtain and who have successfully breached the curtain and are now in proc essing stations in Europe or are en route to new lands. Some of them are brought to this country. I have talked to many in this category and obtained interesting information that might assist in answering your question. These stories and, of course, reports emanating from various sources abroad would indicate that the people behind the Iron Curtain, the majority of them, are disillusioned? unhappy, and would welcome the op portunity to overthrow their present leaders. The interpretation that these people to whom I talked would put on such a step—namely, severance of diplomatic relations—would be in my opinion, substantially as follows: That at long last, realism is dictating American foreign policy. The Americans at long last recognize that they cannot carry on the traditional diplomatic exchange of amenities and that now they are going to make it difficult for the Soviet to propagandize their people about the weakness of America or about United States friendship as symbolized by diplo matic representation. Tacit in our present situation, is undoubtedly the belief by the Rus sian people that we are getting along with the Soviet leaders and that they are doing all right, maybe that we even respect them. I am sure the vast majority of the people behind the Iron Curtain want to believe that we do not admire or respect their unscrupulous leaders, that we are sincere in our sympathetic understanding of their terrible predicament. Senator W e l k e r . May I have a question, Mr. Chairman? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . General Wedemeyer, I do not like to take too much of your valuable time, but let me ask this question: Based upon your vast experience in China, I would like you briefly to put in the record some of your experience while you were in China that resulted from the fifth column of the Soviets coming in and under mining the thinking of the people of China. I have had some information with respect to Earl Browder. While you were out there, it seems to me that he had something to do there. Can you relate anything about that? Maybe I am in error. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 91 General W e d e m e y e r . In the first place, for many, many years the Soviet has been training Chinese and other nationals for future use in their world conspiracy. The propitious time arrived in the closing days of World War II. They trained Koreans, Japanese, and Chinese, indoctrinating them thoroughly so that they became fanatical fol lowers of the Marxist doctrine. Each of these well-trained fanatic believers was returned to his native land and became a potential cell or nucleus around which communism was expanded in the familiar pattern of deceit, propaganda, and subversion. Supplemented by propaganda that emanated from Moscow, Yanan, and Vladivostok—propaganda that I, as commander of the Chinese theater, was monitoring, analyzing, and evaluating, these Communist leaders in the Far East, particularly in China, were able to under mine the confidence of the people in the Generalissimo and his government. Furthermore, propaganda was directed against the Allies, for ex ample, the Americans, the British, French, and so forth, to the effect that we all were there as symbols of imperialism and exploitation or colonization. After 8 years of war, with attendant dislocations, disruptions, and so forth, the Chinese people were confused, dismayed, and completely exhausted. They were fertile soil in which to plant seeds of discontent, defection, and subversion. Then the fact that the Truman administration renounced, more or less, the Nationalist Gov ernment of China added to the complete breakdown of Chinese resist ance to the Communist aggressions which were supported by Moscow. To address myself more specifically to your question, Senator Welker, I did know that Browder, also a woman named Smedley, and man}' others----Mr. A r e n s . Is that Agnes Smedley ? General W e d e m e y e r . Yes, sir; and many others visited China while I was there. These alleged Communists were reported to me as being in contact with the Chinese Reds, including Mao Tse-tung and Chou En-lai. I might relate that the Red propaganda against the United States was scurrilous—a pack of lies. I mentioned the fact that my head quarters monitored all radio and press reports throughout the area. Every morning a compilation was on my desk. I contacted the senior American diplomatic official in Shanghai and suggested that he go to the senior Soviet diplomatic representative and demand that this propaganda against Americans be stopped at once. He asked me to accompany him and we presented firmly our protest against such obviously unfriendly acts. The Soviet representative disavowed any connection with the propaganda and assured us that there was a mis take. I showed him a sheaf of reports from the radio and the press all emanating in sources controlled by the Soviets and Chinese Com munists. Actually we lodged this protest, the violent attacks against us stopped for about a week or 10 days, and then resumed with even greater violence. That is only one example of many that I could give you. China actually was primarily conquered by the Communists through skillful propaganda which caused the complete demoralization and broke the will of the people to resist. Senator W e l k e r . I have one more question, Mr. Chairman. �94 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM The C h a i r m a n . General, I want to thank you for taking your valuable time to appear before this committee. We appreciate the testimony you have given us here this morning, and I am sure I speak for the entire committee in that matter. Thank you very much. We will be in recess, to reconvene subject to call of the Chair. (Whereupon, at 11:45 a. m. Thursday, June 10, 1954, the hearing was recessed subject to call of the Chair.) STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM T E D Y JU E 1 , 1 5 US A , N 5 94 U n it e d S t a t e s S e n a t e , S u b c o m m i t t e e To I n v e s t ig a t e t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e I n t e r n a l S e c u r it y A c t a n d O t h e r I n t e r n a l S e c u r it y L a w s , o f t h e C o m m it t e e o n t h e J u d ic ia r y , Washington,D. C. The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10:35 a. m. in room 457, Senate Office Building, Senator William E. Jenner (chairman of the subcommittee) presiding. Present: Senators Jenner, Welker, and Johnston. Also present: Richard Arens, special counsel; and Frank W. Schroeder, Edward R. Duffy, and W. E. Lowell, professional staff members. The C h a i r m a n . The committee w ill come to order. Mr. Caldwell, will you stand and be sworn ? Do you swear that the testimony that you will give in this hearing will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I do. TESTIMONY OF JOHN C. CALDWELL, NASHVILLE. TENN. The C h a i r m a n . Will you state your full name for our record? Mr. C a l d w e l l . John C. Caldwell. The C h a i r m a n . Where d o y o u reside, Mr. Caldwell? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Nashville, Tenn. The C h a i r m a n . What is your business or profession ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . A writer and lecturer. The C h a i r m a n . All right. Proceed. Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Caldwell, you were formerly Director of the United States Information Service in China. Is that correct? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir. That is right. Mr. A r e n s . A t what period of time did you occupy that post? Mr. C a l d w e l l . In 1946 and 1947. Mr. A r e n s . Would you kindly tell us what has been your experience or activity since you relinquished that post? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I was sent to Korea nrst, in the army of occupation, Deputy Director of the Information Services; when the occupation ended I became Deputy Director of the United States Information Service, State Department, and was in Korea in 1950 when the war broke. I returned to this country and have been writing ever since. The C h a i r m a n . H o w lo n g were y o u in China? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I was born there. 9 5 �96 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM The C h a i r m a n . H o w long were you the head of the Information Service in China ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I was head of the China Branch for about a year and a half; the whole China program in China for about 9 months; head of all the Far East operations for about 9 months. Mr. A r e n s . During the course of your experience in the Far East, did you have occasion to acquire experience with the Communist tech niques, Communist propaganda, Communist strategy for the takeover of the Far East? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir, very much so. Beginning in 1946 I made a study of Chinese-Communist methods. Since that time in Korea I made similar studies, and since I left Government service, as a writer and lecturer, I have returned twice within the last 9 months to the Far East and have been very much interested, of course, in the whole subject. The C h a i r m a n . What parts in the Far East did you visit during the last 9 months? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I went to Korea, Japan, China, and Formosa in September and August, last, returned to Formosa and the China coast with the Nationalist guerrillas last December and returned here in January, 6 months ago. Mr. A r e n s . Y o u have been in consultation with the staff of the com mittee with reference to your experiences and have prepared a state ment for insertion in this record, is that correct? Mr. C a l d w e l l . That is correct. Mr. A r e n s . I respectfully request, Mr. Chairman, that this state ment at this point be incorporated in the record and that Mr. Caldwell proceed to highlight the information contained in this statement. The C h a ir m a n . The statement of Mr. Caldwell will go into the record and become a part of the record. (Statement referred to follows:) St a t emen t of Jo h n C. Ca l dw el l , Na s h v il l e , Te n n . A e a s w re s o k d b th g rm w rfa c a e m d b th C m m ric n e hce y e e a re h rg s a e y e o m n ts b th fa t th t e e p o le in e lig te e G a Britain b lie e th s u is , y e c a v n e p n h n d re t e v d ee in d le c a e a a s A e a s Y t th g rm w rfa th m d e n t cre ib h rg s g in t m ric n . e e e a re e e o s o c n titu a y n w p tte o a ti- m ric n a o s te n o a rn f n A e a ctivity o th p rt o th C m n e a f e o m n ts N a 8 y a a o I ta d to a A e a w m n w o h d re e tly u is . e rly e rs g lke n m ric n o a h a cn re rn d fro th s - a d lib ra d a a o C in — e p rtio s o n rth a d tu e m e o c lle e te re s f h a th o n f o n n rth e t. C in th n he b th C m u is . M c n e a n a re o d o ws h a e ld y e o m n ts y o v rs tio , s p rte to th D p rtm n o S te in lu e this s te e t: “S e tells m tha th e e a e t f ta , c d d ta m n h e t e a ti- m ric n c m a n th re h s b e v o u , w lurid p s rs d p tin n A e a a p ig e a e n ig ro s ith o te e ic g GI ra e m rd r, a d ro b ry in d z n o fo s p, u e n be o e s f rm .” T e re o fro w ic tha s n n e w s ta e w s p rt o a 6 - a e s d h p rt m h h t e te c a kn a a f 4p g tu y o C m u is te h iq e a d p p g n a lin s m d w f o mn t c n u s n ro a a d e , a e hile I w s A tin a c g D c r, U ite S te In rm tio S rv e in C in . T e re o w s re a e ire to n d ta s fo a n e ic , h a h p rt a le s d b fly th n re a d o th t b s th t it w u c u e “friction b tw e th rie , e c lle n a a is a o ld a s e en e U ite S te a d th U S S R n d ta s n e . . . .” T e g rm w rfa c a e o la y a a m re a c n u tio o a C m h e a re h rg s f st e r re e ly o tin a n f o m n t p tte w ich w s re e le in th F r E st n a 1 y a a o T e u is a rn h a va d e a a e rly 0 e rs g . h b s p tte s e s n v r to h v b e re o n e , h s n v r b e a e u te a ic a rn e m e e a e e n c g iz d a e e e n d q a ly c u te c d It is m o in n b s d u o y a o re id n e in C a a d o n ra te . y p io , a e p n e rs f s e c hin n K re , th t th C m u is p tte in e s rn A ia h s s u h to im le e t o a a e o m n t a rn a te s a ogt p mn tw b s o je tiv s o a ic b c e : ( ) T c a in A tic th id a th t A e a s ld rs s ilo , a e , a d 1 o re te sia s e e a m ric n o ie , a rs irm n n m rin s a b ta c rru t, im o l. a e re ru l, o p m ra ( ) Utilizing A e a c n e ts o d m c c to d v lo a o g A e a s 2 m ric n o c p f e o ra y e e p m n m ric n th id a th t o r lo ica allies in A ia i. e, th C ia g a d th R e s a e e a u g l s , . e h ns n e h e , re STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 97 h p le s c rru t, d o e s ly o p ictato l, w u ability to c m a d th re p c o their ria itho t o mn e set f p o le . ep s T e c v rn s o th C m u is te h iq e is in ic te b th fa t th t, h le e e s f e o m n t c n u d a d y e c a w e e e p s ib , A e a s h v b e u e in th tra s is io b lts fo th h n v r o s le m ric n a e e n s d e nms n e r e s re d g o th s tw id a . A e a s h v b e u e to d p a in f ee o e s m ric n a e e n s d iscre fe w dit llo A e a s A e a s h v b e u e to d m ric n ; m ric n a e e n s d iscre o r allies in A ia T e p t dit u s . h a te h sp rs te fo n a ad c d . It w s u e to d s y C ia g K i- h k rn a e is d r e rly eae a sd e tro h n a s e ’s in e c o th m in n ; it is still u e a a s him o F rm s . It h s b e flu n e n e a la d s d g in t n o oa a en v o u ly u e a a s S n m n R ig ro s s d g in t y g a liee s c 14. It is p b b th t th s m in e 06 ro a le a e a e te h iq e a u e to m g ify th failings o th F n h c lo ia a m istra c n u s re s d an e f e re c o n l d in tio in In o h a It is m o in n th t th s m p tte will s o e e e n d c in . y p io a e a e a rn o n m rg a a s P sid n M g a s y o th P g in t re e t a s y a f e hilip in p es. B fo g in in deta o h wth s te h iq e h v b e d v lo e I w u e re o g to ils n o ee c n u s a e en e e pd o ld like to p in o t th t th C m u is p tte re e ls d e - e te fe rs o th o t u a e o m n t a rn v a e p s a d a n e p rt o th e e y A e a s a d c d d e p c lly A e a fig tin a f e n m. m ric n re is re ite , s e ia m ric n h g m n b c u e o th fe r th t s b g te p o le will rally to th aid o A e e , eas f e a a u ju a d e p s e f mr ic n ( s th y did in Norlli K re ) w e A e a m as a e o a h n m ric n ilitary fo e c n n rc s o fro t C m u is m o m n t ilitary fo e . T e fe r o A e a in rv n n e e o A e rc s h a f m ric n te e tio , v n f m r ic n s p o is s g a th t th C in s C m u is a e e n win n a g a u p rt, o re t a e h e e o m n ts re v n o u d tin th C in c a t a a w s e ia a ti- m ric n A y le fle . A fe m n s e h a o s re ith p c l n A e a rm a ts w o th a ow g hile visiting a N tio a a n list guerrilla island b s o th C in c a t I w s a e ff e h a o s a a le to s c re s v ra a ti- m ric n le fle ( a d a ro s in tiny b mo b eu ee l n A e a a ts flo te c s a bo tu e ) a d a a c in o e p o s t o a typica le fle to this s te e t bs n m tta h g n h to ta f l a t ta m n in th h p th t it m h b o in re t to th c m itte . T e n e to discre it e oe a ig t e f te s e o m e h ed d A e a s is a o in ic te b th p g m o vilification, im ris n e t, a d m ric n ls d a d y e ro ra f p o mn n w rs , d c d a a s A e a m s n rie . In e d th A e a m s n o e ire te g in t m ric n is io a s d e , e m ric n is io a a d th A e a G s a to h n rs in th C m u is vilification p ra e ry n e m ric n I h re p o o e o mn t a d, a d it is n t difficult to u d rs n w y T e m s n ry h s built fo A e a n o n e ta d h . h is io a a r m ric a d A e a s a tre e d u re e o o g o will, h s laid a fo n a n th t n m ric n m n o s s rv ir f o d a u d tio a c m u is h s n t y t b e a le to d s y A d th A e a GI re re e ts o mn m a o e e n b e tro . n e m ric n p sn still, to th u a d o h p fu A ia s p s ib liberatio a d a n wlife. o s n s f o e l s tic , o s le n n e I sh u like n w to m n n s m le o th C m u is p tte in a tio . o ld o e tio a p s f e o m n t a rn c n In 1 4 - 7I w s a c e to th U ite S te E b s y in C in . D 9 64 a tta h d e n d ta s m a s h a uring th t a p rio U ite S te M rin s w re s tio e in n rth C in . T e p s n e o e d n d ta s a e e ta n d o h n h re e c f th M rin s w s o c u e v o u ly d n u c d b th C m u is . A s rie e a e a f o rs ig ro s e o n e y e o m n ts e s o s rie b g n to a p a in th leftist p s detailing a c s c m itte b f to s e a per e re s tro itie o m d y th M rin s S e ific lly it w s re o d th t M rin s w re u in C in s e a e. pc a a p rte a a e e s g h ee fa e fo ta e p c e T e im o n p in to this s ry is n t th t th rm rs r rg t ra tic . h p rta t o t to o a e C in s p s ca h e e re s rried th s ry b t th t A e a s in S a g a a d in N n in e to , u a m ric n hnhi n ak g w re e u lly g ilty It w s in o c iv b to m th t A e a m rin s o e qa u . a c n e a le e a m ric n a e r so ie w u u e h m n b in s fo ta e p c e I m d a trip to n rth ld rs o ld s u a e g r rg t ra tic . ae o C in in e rly 14 a d p rs n lly in e tig te th situ tio . I fo n th t o e h a a 97 n e o a vs a d e a n ud a n C in s fa e h d b e w u d d b a s y bullet fire fro a M rin ta e h e e rm r a e n o n e y tra d m a e rg t ra g . F m this s n e th a , th s ry h d b e w v n in a firs c s ne ro le d r re d e to a en oe to t- la s s a d l, p s e o b C m u is in p d C in s n w p p rs b A e a c n a a s d n y o m n t- s ire h e e e s a e , y m ric n d p s le b a fe A e a s w o k e e a tly w a th y w re d in . ue d y w m ric n h n w x c ht e e o g T e te h iq e is still b in u e . L st y a a m g z e o n tio a circu tio h cn u e g sd a er a a in f a n l la n p b e a s ry a o t th v s n m e o illegitim u lish d to bu e at u b r f ate GI b b s in J p n a ie aa. I d n t re e b r th e a t n m e g e , b t I b lie e it w s in e c s o o o m m e e x c u b r iv n u e v a xes f 10 0. T e s ry w s o c u e w e c rrie in th J p n s p s . T e 0, 0 h to 0 a , f o rs , id ly a d e a a e e re s h im plication w s clear:A e a so ie a im o l b a ts It w s o ly la a m ric n ld rs re m ra e s . a n st fall th t th truth finally a p a d T e J p n s G v rn e t itself m d a a e p e re . h a a e e o e mn ae c m le s rv y c m g u w th a to ish g fig re o lo s th n 4 0 k o n o p te u e , o in p ith e s n in u f s a ,0 0 n w GI b b s in J p n A r y a o o c p tio , a r th p s a e o te s o a ie aa. fte e rs f c u a n fte e as g f n f th u a d o tro p toa d fro th K re n b ttle n th t is a re o o w ic os ns f os n m e o a a fro t, a c rd f h h w c n b p u . B t fo m n A tic th d m g h s a a y b e d n . e a e ro d u r a y sia s e a a e a lre d e n o e I b lie e it is p s ib e e to p p in th b g n g o this particular C m e v o s le v n in o t e e in in f o m n lin . It firs b g n to a p a in 14. A U ite S te m u ist e t, e a per 96 n d ta s ilitary p lic o e d ta h e t w s s tio e in S a g a a tha tim . B m - 9 6 I n te a e c m n a ta n d hnhi t t e y id 1 4 o d n in re s g n m e o s rie re a in th brutality o A e a M ’s T e c a in u b r f to s g rd g e f m ric n P . h s rie c n u d all th u h 14. In D c m e o tha y a I m d a d ta d to s o tin e ro g 96 ee br f t er ae e ile re o to th D p rtm n o S te q o g n m ro s s rie th t a p a d p rt e e a e t f ta , u tin u e u to s a p e re either in th C in s leftist p s o o e th R s ia - p ra d ra io s tio . e h ee re s r v r e u s n o e te d ta n It is p s ib to tra e th s m te h iq e u e a a s A e a tro p o s le c e a e c n u , s d g in t m ric n os during th o c p tio o K re . T e is a a s a b s u o w ich th e cua n f o a h re lw y a is p n h e s rie c n b built a d m g ifie . T e a a a s in id n w e v r to s a e n an d h re re lw y c e ts h re e 477 6 9 — 54— p t. 2------- i �98 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM la e n m e o tro p a s tio e . T e tra e y is th t th C m u is rg u b rs f o s re ta n d h gd a e o mn t e rt h s s o n re e e a le a s ts fro A e a s a d tha n re l e rt ffo a o fte c iv d b s is m m ric n n t o a ffo h s b e m d to c m a this v io s lin . E ce n c u te ro a a d is a en ae o bt ic u e x lle t o n rp p g n a a a b . It c u b u e b o r o n A e F rc s b o r o n w rs a d v ila le o ld e s d y u w rm d o e , y u w rite n n w p p rm n b th V ic o A e a a d its a e s a e e , y e o e f m ric n ffilia d in rm tio s rv e . te fo a n e ic s I s b it w this s te e t a n w p p r c lu n I w te re e tly c n e in um ith ta m n e sae o m ro cn o c rn g th o ts n in g o d n b A e a s rv e e in K re . T e First C rp e u ta d g o d o e y m ric n e ic m n o a h o s a p te p je t in K re is o e o m n p je ts w ich s o ld b d s rib d m u e ro c o a n f a y ro c h hu e ec e to th w rld It is a s ry w ic m ht h v e tre e fa o b re u in e o . to h h ig a e x m ly v ra le s lts India a d th o e neu list n tio s In K re a n A e a G h v n e th r tra a n. o a lo e m ric n I's a e g e m iv n illions o do rs to a v te s ffe g to rebuild h sp ls a d o h n f lla lle ia u rin , o ita n rp a a e , to reha gs bilita a s ffe g la d O ia fig re ( n th s d n t in te u rin n. ffic l u s a d ee o o c d h n re s o th u a d o do rs s e t o g e w o t o ia k o le g ) lu e u d d f o s n s f lla p n r iv n ith u ffic l n w d e s o th t th m n o th 8 A y in K re la y a c n u d $, 9 , 0 hw a e e f e th rm o a st e r o trib te 1 0 0 2 0 to v rio s c u e in K re . I d n t think th t it. w u b o t o p c t a u ass o a o o a o ld e u f la e o s te th t this re o o giving b A e a s ld rs is b tte th n th re o ta a c rd f y m ric n o ie e r a e c rd o m s o th m m e o th U ite N tio s w o p d e fu d fo th re f o t f e e b rs f e n d a n h le g d n s r e habilitation o S u K re a d w o n wd g their fe t o th fulfillm f o th o a n h o ra e n e ent o f th s p d e . o e le g s A far a I k o this m g ific n s ry o A e a g n ro ity h s n v r s s nw a n e t to f m ric n e e s a ee b e to b o r in rm tio s rv e . It is to in fra m n rv fo e n ld y u fo a n e ic s ld g e ta rm b o r y u n w p p r re o rs in th Far E s e sae p rte e a t. It is a s ry th t c n e d p a d to a a 'b u lic te w e v r A e a mn a s tio e . It is a re d - a e a s e to th h re e m ric n e re ta n d a y md n wr e d c d o vilification d c d a a s A e a fig eae f ire te g in t m ric n htin m n b th e e y g e y e n m. W yd w n t u eth w a o sw p s e s h o e o s e e p n e os s ? T e C m u is h v b e e tre e s c e s l in their s c n b s o h o m n ts a e e n x m ly u c s fu e o d a ic b je tiv , th vilification o A ’s a ti- o m n t le d rs T c e e f sia n C m u is a e . his c m itte h s o m e a b e in tru e ta in u c v rin th o e tio s o th Institute o P c en s mn l n o e g e p ra n f e f a ific R e la n in its e rt to u d rm e th N tio a tio s ffo n e in e a n list G v rn e t. I w u like t o e mn o ld o c n e m s te e t to th a o fin y ta m n e ctivities o o e A e a s fo th m s p rt in f th r m ric n , r e o t a n c n p y rs in th C m u is g m , b t w o ea o e t la e e o m n t a e u h s ctivitie e e n wc n u s v n o o trib te toth s c e so c m u is in th Far E s e u c s f o mn m e a t. L t m c a o c rre c o 3w e s a o to s o h w th c u e o th fre e e ite n c u n e f ek g hw o e as f e e w rldin A iais s b ta e b A e a s o s a o g d y m ric n . T e h s b e c n id ra le C m u is a h re a e n o s e b o m n t ctivity a n th C in c a t d rin lo g e h a o s u g th p s m n . O M y 2, 15, th U ite P s re o d in deta th e a t o th n a 0 94 e n d re s p rte il e C m u is th a to th T c e Isla d . It w s re o d tha all civilians o m n t re t e ahn ns a p rte t w re b in e a u te , w ic w s u tru . T e T c e Isla d w re d s rib d e e g vca d h h a n e h ahn ns e ec e in th U s ry a th “c s ic in a io b g to F rm s .” N s te e t e P to s e la s v s n rid e o oa o ta m n c u b m re fa e T e isla d h v n v r b e a in a n b g to o ld e o ls . h n s a e e e e n n v sio rid e a y p c . B th im licatio is c a th N tio a n la e ut e p n le r: e a n lists a a o t to lo e re b u s their m s im o n C a c a t h ld g ; th d fe s o F rm s is th a o t p rta t hin o s o in s e e ne f o oa re t ee. nd T e U h s p s n d th C in s R d w atre e d u p p g n a v to h P a re e te e h e e e s ith m n o s ro a a d ic ry th u h its in c u te re o g T e T c e Isla d a th le s h a ily ro g a c ra p rtin . h ahn n s re e a t e v d fe d d isla d a n th C in c a t. In e d th d c io to e e a m t a e ne n s lo g e h a o s d e , e e is n v n tte p bu ildup w s n t m d until la D c m e T e to l a a o all 3 isla d in a o ae st e e b r. h ta re f 0 ns th g u is 3. s u re k m te . T e to l p p la n o all th isla d is e ro p 0 qa 7 ilo e rs h ta o u tio f e ns 1, 0. M s o th isla d a n t e e p p la d o g rris n d their d fe s 8 0 5 ot f e n s re o v n o u te r a o e , e ne is e tre e difficult b c u e o th d ta c fro F rm s n a x m ly e a s f e is n e m o o a irfie lds a d ro n rp x im to C m u is air a d n v l b s s T e isla d a o s c rela ity o mn t n a a ae. h n s re f u h tive u n im o n e th t w e I v p rta c a hn isite th guerrilla o tp s a fe m n s a o I did d e u o ts w o th g n t in d th min m itin ry. H wis it p s ib th t th s isla d s d e ly o clu e e y era o o s le a e e ns udn b c m s vitally im o n eo e o p rta t? T e c n b ta e ; b t if th C m u is d hy a e kn u e o m n ts o d c e to in a e w a sh u b a u im o n skirm e id v d , h t o ld e n n p rta t ish a o g th n v r mn e e ee d g sk is e a n th C a c a t will b c m a v to o tre e d u n in irm h s lo g e hin o s eo e ic ry f mn o s im o n e all b c u e o in c u te A e a re o g p rta c , e a s f a c ra m ric n p rtin . A e a a tio in th Far E st h s b e h m e d fo a d c d b c u e th m ric n c n e a a e n a p re r eae eas e C m u is h v b e s p m ly s c e s l in p is n g th m d o A e a s o m n ts a e e n u re e u c s fu o o in e in s f m ric n a a s th v ry le d rs in A w o h v h d th c u g to fig t c m u is . g in t e e ae sia h a e a e o ra e h o mn m A d A e a s h v h d ala e p rt in th c m a n A e a w rs c rre n m ric n a e a rg a e a p ig : m ric n rite , o s o d n , e e a fe m s n rie . p n e ts v n w is io a s I b lie e th t 7 p rc n o th e ito — e s a e a d m g z e in A e a e v a 5 e e t f e d rs n w p p r n a a in — m ric a s p ju ic d a a s C ia g K i- h k a d S n m n R e a individuals re o re d e g in t h n a se n yg a he s th t h n s c v ra eo F e A ia is a o t im o s le a o e t o e g f re s lm s p s ib . S c la A g s I h v m d tw trips to F rm s a d h v h d a o p r in e st u u t ae ae o o oa n a e a n p o tu ity to s d th N tio a rural re o s c n p g mo tha isla d It n tu y e a n list c n tru tio ro ra n t n. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 99 is a m g ific n e rt; it m ht w ll b a blue a n e t ffo ig e e prin for A ’s s lv tio . T e t sia a a n h JC R p g m a it is c lle , is a joint S o A e a o e tio . U to 9 R ro ra , s a d in - m ric n p ra n p 0 p rc n o th fu d u e o th h n re s o p je ts is lo a mn y L s e e t f e n s s d n e u d d f ro c c l oe. es th n $4m a 1 illion in a p p te A e a do rs h s b e u e in a p g m p ro ria d m ric n lla a en sd ro ra th t h s b u h rea la d re rm to th p o le a d h s re o tio iz d rural a a ro g t l n fo e ep n a v lu n e life o F rm s . A e a p rs n e to l just 1 e p rts H re to m m d n o oa m ric n c o u l ta 3 xe . e y in is fo ig aid a its b s its s c e s b s d u o c o e tio a d lo l initiative re n t e t, u c s a e p n o p ra n n ca ra e th nu o v s h n o ts th r a p n a t a d u . W e I re rn d to this c u try I ta e to a n m e o e ito a o t th hn tu e on lk d u b r f d rs b u e F rm s s ry O e e ito im e ia ly c u te d w a p s e s te e t: o o a to . n d r m d te o n re ith o itiv ta m n “B e e b d k o s all th F rm s n h te C ia g T e w s eit : U re ut v ry o y n w e o oas a h n .” h re e e n a s n d p ju ic , a blind re sa toe e listen to th truth— n th o ts n in o e re d e fu l vn e a d e u ta d g C m u is s c e sin th Far E s o mn t uc s e a t. T e C m u is p g m to d h o m n t ro ra iscredit th C ia g a d th R e h s b e e h us n e lie s a e n e tre e s c e s l; it h s h m tru g A e a p lic in A ia T e p g m x m ly u c s fu a a s n m ric n o y s . h ro ra lias b e diabolically c n e e , its s c e s d e to C m u is ex lo tio o th en o c iv d ucs u o m n t p ita n f e v ry prin e ciples w ic w b lie e in W ta e fo g n d th t o r fre d m h h e e v . e k r ra te a u eo s sh u b a d c n b a p d all o e th w rld W dislike c rru tio , c a s o ld e n a e p lie vr e o . e o p n h o. B w a s m n n iv A e a s a ro d fo th first tim , c n o u d r ut h t o a y a e m ric n , b a r e e ant ne s n is th t A is e e in fro m d v lis . H w c n w h n s b m ta d a sia m rg g m e ie a m o a e o e tly la e N tio a a n list C in fo s m o its ills, if w realistically a p is th h a r o e f e p ra e e p b m o th t la d th la k o c m u ic tio , illiteracy, s p rstitio , y a ro le s f a n , e c f o m n a n ue n e rs o civil a d fo ig w rs H wc n w h n s e p c K re to e e e o e f n re n a ? o a e o e tly x e t o a m rg v r n ight a a m d l d m c c — fte 4 y a o J p n s d m a n in w ic s o e e o ra y a r 0 e rs f a a e e o in tio h h e e v s e o K re n le d rsh w s d s y d o d e in e ile H wc n v ry e tig f o a a e ip a e tro e r riv n to x ? o a w e p c S u K re , fa e w a m n m n C m u is A y w th u e x e t o th o a c d ith illio - a o m n t rm , ith o s n s o guerrillas a d s b te rs w ad f n ao u ithin its v ry b rd rs to h v to a all o e o e , ae dy f th fre d m w A e a s h v d v lo e during 15y a ? e e o s e m ric n a e e e p d 7 e rs T e C m u is h v m d u e o A e a n iv te to s p is n th m d h o m n ts a e a e s f m ric n a e o o o e in s o e ito , w rs, a d p b e a d F re n S rv e p rs n e th t it is f d rs rite n u lish rs n o ig e ic e o n l a difficult to m k a h n s d c io to a o e a e n o e t e is n d y n ithe N tio a r a n list C in o K re . h a r o a T e D p rtm n o S te like o r c u , o e te o a b d o p c d n h e a e t f ta , u o rts p ra s n o y f re e e t. W e it is n c s a to dra a c b o in hn e e s ry ft a le f stru tio s, a o e g e in th c n n ffic r o s to e file to s e w a h s b e d n , w a h s b e re o d a d a v e p v u ly s e h t a e n o e h t a e n p rte n d is d i'e io s . T e file a s c e to a w h s re ta k d d y ith a ti- liia g a ti-N tio a n C n, n a n list m te l. T e a ria h s m situ tio p v ils w a e a n re a ith re p c to S n m n R e . Until s v ra y a set yg a he e e l e rs h v pse d a e a s d uring w ich w h v o je tiv , a ti- o m n t re o g it will b h e a e b c e n C m u is p rtin e difficult to e p c d c io s a d a tio s fa o b too r frien s in A ia x e t e is n n c n v ra le u d s . N w p p rs m g z e , a d b o p b h rs s ffe in a sim e s a e , a a in s n o k u lis e u r ilar m n e F r a n r. o y a E g r S o w s a p m e t e ito o th S tu a E e in P s His e rs d a n w a ro in n d r f e a rd y v n g o t. p - h e e C m u is b s is w ll k o n B w a h s n t b e re o n e ro C in s o m n t ia e n w. ut h t a o e n c g iz d is th in e c h left b h d T e “b d o p c d n h b q e th d h s e flu n e e e in . h o y f re e e t” e e u a e a u d u te ly h d a p fo n e c u o th P s s le tio o a le . A fa nob d a ro u d ffe t p n e o t’s e c n f rtic s s r a I k o th reh s n v r b e ab s selling o e e m d ra ly w ll selling h o s nw e a e e en et r v n o e te e ok o th Far E st b sica fa o b to o r lo ic l a s. T e e h v b e n e a a lly v ra le u g a llie h i- a e e n n m ro s b o s o th o e s e T e e titles h v b e v o u ly p m te u e u o k n e th r id . h s a e e n ig ro s ro o d a d h v s ld w ll. T n ae o e his h s b e th p tte s c T u d r O t o C a e n e a rn in e h n e u f hina b y W hite a d J c b b c m a b s se r a d a B o - f- e M n C b s le tio n aoy ea e e t lle n o k o th - o tli lu e c n in 14 until th m s re e t e rt to s e r C ia g b o w e a p a d in th 95 e o t c n ffo m a h n o k is p e re e fo rm o a b o titled “A Pail o O s rs b V rn S e e P b f ok f y te ” y e n id r. u lishe la fall, d st this th ro g ly d h n s b o re e e ra e re ie s In th S tu a R v wo o u h is o e t o k c iv d v v w. e a rd y e ie f Literature it w s re ie e b o e P t Fra w o s te th t th b o c s “a a v wd y n a nk h ta d a e o k a t bright light thrust in th in c d p rito e m o F rm s * * * it is a tru to e fe te e n u f o oa e light.” M Fra r. nk s y th t th N tio a as a e a n lists a rightly d s rib d a “s in ” re ec e s w e a d c n lu e his re ie w th s te e t th t a y n w o re d A Pail o n oc ds v w ith e ta m n a n o e h as f O s rs will u d rs n “w y all o o r m n y a d all o r mn c n p t C ia g y te n e ta d h f u oe n u e a ’t u h n K i- h k to e e a a .” A o p b h d la fall, F rm s B a h e d b a se g th r g in ls u lis e st o oa e c h a y G ra in F e ld e itch is afa tu l, h n s a c u t o th tre e d u p g s m d o c a o e t c o n f e m n o s ro re s a e n F rm s , o th p m e this p g s h ld fo th m in n o C in . M . o o a f e ro is ro re s o s r e a la d f h a rs Fitch’s b o h s b e ig o d b th re ie e , h s s ld le s th n 3 0 c p s o k a e n n re y e v w rs a o s a . 0 o ie . 0 T e p ju ic e te d in p rc a e o b o s n t o ly fo U ite S te h re d e x n s to u h s s f o k , o n r n d ta s in rm tio libraries, b t fo libraries in this c u try T e Library J u a fo a n u r on . h o rn l is am g z e d v te ton w o library d v lo m n in A e a w acircula a a in e o d e s f e e p e ts m ric ith tio la e lim n rg ly ited to libra ns. E c is u d v te c n id ra le s a e to ria ah s e eo s os e b pc e a a n o re e t b o s E c e a a n g n ra e d w a s te e t v lu tio s f c n o k . a h v lu tio e e lly n s ith ta m n re o m n e o n t r c m e d d A s d o this m g z e re e ls s m c m e d d r o e o mn e . tu y f a a in va o e �100 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM sta rtlin fa ts a o t w a b o s a b in re o m n e to libra g c b u h t o k re e g c m e d d ries. F r in o s n e D J m s B rn a ’sT eWb o S b e io , w ich d a in c n id ra le ta c , r. a e u h m h e f u v rs n h e ls os e b p rt w th w rk o this c m itte w s n t re o m n e . A b o b L u a ith e o f o m e a o cm edd o k y o is B m ld w ic d n u c s o r p s fo ig p lic , o r s e d gp g ma ro d ro fie h h e o n e u a t re n o y u p n in ro ra b a, o r n g c o A ia w s n t re o m n e . O v u ly F rm s B a h e d w s u e le t f s , a o c m e d d b io s o oa e c h a a n t c n id re a g o b o fo o r libraries;fo a far a I h v b e a le to o os e d od ok r u r s s ae en b a c rta it w s n t e e liste . A s d o th p s y a is u s o this o e s e in a o vn d tu y f e a t e r’s s e f n m g z e re e ls th e te t to w ich s mo e h s g n in in e c g th a a in va e x n h o e n a o e to flu n in e s le tio o b o s fo A e a libra e c n f ok r m ric n ries. A im o n a b o s ig o d o n t s p rta t s o k n re r o re o m n e is th list o th s w ich a r c m e d d T e in d m s cm edd e f oe h re e o m n e . h y clu e o t b o s w ic m k a p a fo re o n n o R d C a o th b s o reality, ok h h ae le r c g itio f e hin n e a is f o a v e u th t w m s n t o n M N h o India, C e te B w s b o , r d is s a e u t o ffe d r. e ru f h s r o le ’ o k th w rk o N rm n C u in , o J s e W e o s f o a o s s f u tic illiam O D u la a all re o . o g s re cm m n e . M T e d re W ite n w b o Fire in th A h s ( g in s le te edd r. h o o h ’s e ok e se aa e c d b th B o - f- e M n C b a d a b o w ic a v e , a o g o e th g y e o k o th - o th lu ) n o k h h d is s m n th r in s, a p a e e t o th C m u is is heartily r c m e d d A a p rt o th p e s m n f e o m n ts e o mn e . s a f e g n ra p tte , E er D v b o B W W reB rn F e is a o re o m n e . e e l a rn lm a is’ o k ut e e o re ls cm edd T e s p truth is tha to a it is w ll n h im o s le fo th truth to b to h im le t dy e ig p s ib r e e ld a o t th Far E s bu e a t. O ly a ha n ndfu o p b h rs a e e w l f u lis e re v n illing to a m t tte p publishin a b o h n s , o je tiv ly fa o b to o r a s. V ry fe m g g o k o e ly b c e v ra le u llie e w aa z e o n tio a circu tio will ca sim in s f a n l la n rry ilar a le . T e situ tio is b c m rtic s h a n eo ing s m w a b tte w n w p p rs b t th d c is still s c e a a s th o e h t e r ith e s a e , u e ek ta k d g in t e N tio a a n lists— n a a s a realistic A e a fo ig p lic . a d g in t m ric n re n o y I d n t m a tois u ab n e d n n ia n o all wow o o en se la k t e u c tio f h rite o th Far E s n e a t. R p rtin o this p rt o th w rld is d u eo g n a f e o iffic lt. A o g o e p b m th re a m n th r ro le s e re th s o la g a e T e C m u is th m e e h v m d e c lle t u e o th oe f n u g. h o m n ts e s lv s a e a e x e n s f e s a n h v m v d in brilliantly a d to a h v their a e ts a o g th itu tio , a e o e n dy ae gn mn e in lle a w w o A e a w rs a m s likely to c m in c n c te ctu ls ith h m m ric n rite re o t o e o ta t. F r y a th C m u is h v h d m n a d w mn w o s e k flu n English o e rs e o m n ts a e a e n o e h pa et a a b to h lp p n fa o b n w a o g A e a w rs O e o their v ila le e la t v ra le e s m n m ric n rite . n f m s p fic n a e ts o e M s K n P n , w s s tio e in C u g in d o t ro ie t g n , n is u g e g a ta n d h n k g urin g th d y o th M rsha m s n S e w s a c e v a io s a a s w e as f e a ll is io . h a ttra tiv , iv c u , lw y illing to he a A e a re o r g t “fa ts lp n m ric n p rte e c .” S e w s c n id re s im o n a h a o s e d o p rta t c n c th t w e I w s s n to C a o a brief in p c n trip b th D p rt o ta t a h n a et hin n s e tio y e ea m n o S te in 14 I w s ru h d fro th p n in C u g in d e t f ta 96 a se m e la e h n k g irectly to h r e h m s th t I c u h v dinn w h r a d c u g t th “fa ts s ig t. o e o a o ld a e er ith e n o ld e e c ” tra h Incidentally th d er e g g m n w s m d w u m k o le g , b m m e inn n a e e t a a e itho t y n w d e y e b rs o th U ite S te E b s y s ff. O th s m trip I s e t 4d y in e f e n d ta s m a s ta n e a e pn as P ip g T e m in e g g m n a n e fo m th re ( y E b s y o ia ) e in . h a n a e e t rra g d r e e b m a s ffic ls w s fo ad n r w H a g H a a o e s o th C m u is o e to H a g a r in e ith u n u , n th r m o o m n t p ra r. un s e k E glish, is s a e a d p lish d a d h d p fo n in e c o e m n pas n uv n o e n a ro u d flu n e v r a y A e a s T e im o n e o b th K n P n a d H a g H a is in ic te b m ric n . h p rta c f o u g eg n un u d a d y th s fa ts H a g a p a d a P n u jo a a v ry im o n C m u is e e c : u n p e re t a m n m s e p rta t o m n t n g tia r:b th H n n a d H n P n a n win G n v , in c a e o C m e o to o uag n u g e g re o eea h rg f o mn p u ist ublic re tio s Y t during a cru l p rio in th Far E st th s 2 la n . e cia e d e a ee p o le in e c d 9 p rc n o th E b s y s ff, fe n w to 9 p rc n o th ep flu n e 0 e e t f e m a s ta d e s 0 e et f e p s crs re s op . T d y th p tte c n o b d v lo e s o e ly T e C m u is p c their oa e a rn a n t e e e p d o p n . h o m n ts la e o e to a o g th C in s , K re n In o h e e n w p p r m n a d w mn p ra rs m n e h e e o a , d c in s e s a e e n o e w w o o r w rs c m in c n c th y infiltrate th U ite S te Infor ith h m u rite o e o ta t; e e n d ta s m tio S rv e w ic o n h s th fu c n o a s a n e ic h h fte a e n tio f s istin fo ig w rs g re n rite . W hile I d n t is u a b n e d n n ia n o all o r n w g th re , I think o o se la k t e u c tio f u e s a e rs it w u b e c e in ly n iv to b lie e th re a n C m u is a o gp s n o ld e x e d g a e e v e re o o m n ts m n re e t A e a w rs a tiv in th Far E s m ric n rite c e e a t. O e re e t e a p is th c s o n c n x m le e ae f W illiam P w ll, fo e O I o ia in C in , la o e rm r W ffic l h a ter e ito o th C in R v w d r f e h a e ie , w o s y d o in C a a r th C m u is to k o e a d u e his p p r to h ta e n hin fte e o m n ts o v r n s d ae a c his o n c u try a n typica C m u is lin s I h v s e o e is u o tta k w on lo g l o mn t e . ae en n s e f th C in R v w d v te a o t en e h a e ie e o d lm s tirely to A e a a c s, w p tu s m ric n tro itie ith ic re s o in th m s g v s o th u a d o K re n s p o e ly m s a re b h w g e a s ra e f o s n s f o a s u p s d as c d y A e a s ld rs M P w ll a d his w , w o w s a tiv in C m u is m ric n o ie . r. o e n ife h a c e o mn t a ctivitie in C in in 14 a d 14, re rn d to this c u try fro S a g a a s h a 96 n 97 tu e on m hnhi fe m n s a o It m ht b o in re to s te th t I h a a s g e tio m d w o th g . ig e f te st ta a e rd u g s n a e in th Far E st th t th P w ll re rn co c in a it did w th re rn o e a a e o e tu , in id g s ith e tu f A e a P W , w s n t m re b c a c . P rh p th p s n P w ll m ric n O ’s a o e ly y h n e e a s e re e t o e a s n e t is to g id th a s ig m n u e e ctivitie o th s - a d p g s iv s a o g th s f e o c lle ro re s e m n e P W. O ’s I think it im o n to call a n n to a o e m o te h iq e d v lo e p rta t tte tio n th r in r c n u e e p d b th C m u is in A ia T e A e a w o s e k a n tiv la g a e th y e o m n ts s . h m ric n h p a s a e nug— e s n o m s n ry p re ts b rn in C in , for in ta c — a a a s b e th o f is io a a n o h a s n e h s lw y e n e s e ia ta e o th C m u is . T p c l rg t f e o m n ts his h s b e e p c lly tru o A e a s a e n s e ia e f m ric n w o s e k flu n C in s . E e e rt is m d to se s c A e a s o th h pa e t h ee v ry ffo ae ll u h m ric n n e C m u is p in o v w T e p g mb g n d o m n t o t f ie . h ro ra e a uring th w r a d w s d c d e a n a ire te a th s o u e p y d b th D p rtm n o S te o in th O I. I k o fro t o e f s m lo e y e e a e t f ta r e W nw m p rs n l e p rie c tha e e e rt w sm d toin o trin teu fo w w rec n e oa xe ne t v ry ffo a ae d c a s r e e o sid re "C a e p rts a d th s w u , a c rd g to th C m u is , h v w e e d hin x e ” n u o ld c o in e o m n ts a e id in e c in o r G v rn e t a d a o g th A e a p o le It is m o in n flu n e u o e mn n mn e m ric n e p . y p io th t m c o th in o trin tio , m c o th sellin w s th fu c n o th a uh f e d c a n uh f e g, a e n tio f e IPR. A far a I w s p rs n lly c n e e th c m a n e e w n s far a s s a e oa o c rn d e a p ig v n e t o s o utright p p s n to e g g in q e tio a le a tiv s. T ro o itio s nae us nb c itie his te h iq e is cn u still e p y d a a s th A e a E b s y o ia o th U IS e p y e w o m lo e g in t e m ric n m a s ffic l r e S m lo e h s e k K re n o C in s . H w v r, a far a I k o , this d n e h s n v r pas o a r h ee o ee s s nw agr a ee b e re o n e b o r a th ritie e n c g iz d y u u o s. T e C m u is te h iq e w ic I h v m n n d m y s e o v u . u I h o mn t c n u s h h a e e tio e a e m b io s b t d n t b lie e th im o n e o th s te h iq e h s e e b e re o n e . T e o o e v e p rta c f e e c n u s a v r e n c g iz d h C m u is h v b e s s c e s l a to virtually p ra z A e a jx lic in o m n ts a e e n o u c s fu s a ly e m ric n o y A ia O r frien s in A s . u d sia a b c m g m re a d m re c n s d T e h a re e o in o n o o fu e . hy er o r o re e te a n u c m n o v o u a ti- o m n t p lic . T e th y u ft p a d n o n e e ts f ig ro s n C m u is o y hn e d c v r th t n b o in A e a c n b c m a g o se r if it is fa o b to is o e a o ok m ric a e o e o d lle v ra le o r frie d . T e h a u talk o s p in c m u is in A ia th n w n e w y u ns hy er s f to p g o m n m s , e odr h p licy fo id aid to th 10 0 N tio list guerrillas a d re u rs g rriso in o rb s e 5, 0 a na 0 n g la a n g th isla d a n th C m u is h ld C a c a t. T e w n e a th h n s e n s lo g e o m n t- e hin o s h y o d r t e o e ty o A e a re o g w e th le d g n w m g z e in A e a re o o e f m ric n p rtin h n e a in e s a a in m ric p rts n w e tha P sid n S n m n R e h s ru le ek t re e t y g a h e a th ssly s m e o t all o p s n ta p d u p o itio prior to th K re n n tio a e c n th n re d a fe w e s la e o a a n l le tio , e a w ek ter th t th a e o p s n s p o e ly s m e o t, w s s c th t R e c u n t g t th m p o itio , u p s d ta p d u a u h a h e o ld o e e a jority s p o h p a fo T e c n o u d rs n h w a A e a c lu u p rt e le d r. h y a n t n e ta d o n m ric n o m nist c n c m to F e C in fo 3d y , m k g n a m t to e e visit th a o e re h a r as a in o tte p vn e guerrilla h ld isla d a d c n th n re o to m e n s, n a e p rt illions o A e a s th t th re f m ric n a e a n N tio a re o a n list guerrillas. It is particularly p z lin fo th fre p o le uz g r e e ep s o A to n te A e a p o c p tio w P e M ister N h , to re liz f sia o m ric n re c u a n ith rim in e ru a e tha th g a bu o w t e re t lk f riting o A ia is fa o b to a m n w o h s d n little n s v ra le a h a oe in th w y o re rmfo his o nc u try a d h s b d d him e a f fo r w on n a lin e self toth rea e lities o c m u is . It is a o t im o s le to u d rs n w y a g a s c e s n f o mn m lm s p s ib n e ta d h re t u c s io o b o sa d a f o k n rticle p isin C m u is la d re rmin C a a e g rly re d s ra g o m n t n fo hin re a e a a d a c p dw n c e te hile th re l la d re rmp g m o F rm s a d S u K re e a n fo ro ra s f o o a n o th o a a ig o d A o e all it is im o s le to u d rs n h w th U ite S te re n re . bv p s ib n e ta d o e n d ta s c n p m te a v s a n in A ia a d n t in d th F e C in s a d th a ro o a t llia ce s n o clu e e re h ee n e S u K re n , th o ly e c e a ti- o m n t fig o th o a s e n ffe tiv n C m u is htin fo e in th Far g rc s e Es a t. H w c n this situ tio in th Far E st b re e ie ? I b lie e th e d g o a a n e a e md d e v e n in o d lo a re tio s w C m u is n tio s w u b th lo ica first se . f ip m tic la n ith o m n t a n o ld e e g l tp W m s s m h wle rn th tota e ut o eo a e lity o C m u is p n , m s re liz th t w a f o m n t la s u t a e a e re a a y e g g d in a d a s g le tha c n u d a h re c to d lo a lre d n a e e th tru g , t o tin e d e n e ip m tic fo a d n e is s n e s . rm n ic ty e s le s I b lie e th g a n w p p rs n w s rv e , m g z e a d p b e o e v e re t e s a e , e s e ic s a a in s n u lish rs f this c u try h v a d ty to s t their h u e in o e m s b m d to re o n e on ae u e oss rd r, u t e a e c g iz th p rt th y h v un ittin e a e ae w gly p y d in C m u is s c e s s la e o m n t uc s e. W m s h v b tte training a d o n tio a o gall w os rv u o es a . e ut ae e r n rie ta n m n h e e s vres In 15 w h d n a 2 0 A e a s a c e to o r h g m s n in S u 9 0 e a e rly ,0 0 m ric n tta h d u u h is io o th K re . P o le w re s n to K re w u th slig te training, w o t e e o a ep e et o a itho t e h st ith u v n a re o c n e tio o th fo e a w rk in A ia T e is still, e e a r m te o c p n f e rc s t o s . h re v n fte th K re n w r, little realistic o n tio fo th m n a d w mn w o s rv e o a a rie ta n r e e n o e h e e u in c u trie like K re , J p n a d F e C in . T e e is little u d rs n s on s o a a a , n re h a h in e ta d ing o th p rt o o r a th ritie th t a m re cle o s n g p e c n b n e a f u u o s a e rk r te o ra h r a e a p rs n o im e s im o n e c n e e o f m n e p rta c , a ithe m k friends o c n m k e e ie r ae r a ae nms for u , c n un ittin s a w gly b c m a link in th c a o C m u is c n p c . eo e e h in f o m n t o s ira y T e is little re liza n o th m n e in w ich th C m u is s iz u o h re a tio f e a n r h e o m n ts e e p n a y d re u b A e a a tio to build their p p g n a line tha A e a s n is p ta le m ric n c n ro a a d t m ric n a a b ta c rru t, a d m n y m d p o le T e is fo in ta c a g d re ru l, o p n oe- a e p . h re r s n e lle e ly a v s p stitu n ring in o e tio in O in w w 1- a d 1 - e r o girls a t ro tio p ra n k a a ith 5 n 6 y a- ld b u h in O in w fro o ro g t to k a a m utlyin isla d to s i’v e A e a s ld rs It g ns e ic m ric n o ie . h s b e re o d to m tha s m o th A e a A y p rs n e a s p o e a e n p rte e t o e f e m ric n rm e o n l re u p s d 101 �102 103 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM to b in o e in th o e tio o this rin . In e d it w u b im o s le fo e v lv d e p ra n f g de, o ld e p s ib r s c a ring to c n u u le s A e a s a in o e . T uh o tin e n s m ric n re v lv d his is th ty e o e p f a m n n th C m u is n e a d u e to d m u itio e o m n ts e d n s iscredit u ; b t I h v b e s u a e en in rm d th t th tru situ tio is th t th A y h s m d n e rt to s m fo e a e e a n a e rm a a e o ffo ta p o t th p stitu n b s e s in O in w . u e ro tio u in s k a a T e U ite S te m s e e b c re l o th m n e in w ic its o ia h n d ta s u t v n e a fu f e a n r h h ffic ls a d e p y e live, fo high living is grist fo th C m u is m n m lo e s r r e o m n t ill. T e m n h a n r in w ich A e a p rs n e lived in K re in 15— e h u e , fre e h m ric n e o n l o a 90 fre o s s e utilities, c t- te g s lin , fre s rv n for a lo g p rio — a tim a d tim u ra ao e e e a ts n e d ws e n e a a u e b th C m u is to p v their c n n n a o t u . A d a th g in s d y e o m n ts ro e o te tio s b u s n t e risk o s u d g p d , I m h s y tha th h a y drinking, c c ta ty e f o n in ru ish ig t a t e ev o k il p o s c ty e c u g d b th S te D p rtm n a ro d d e n t in a y w y f o ie n o ra e y e ta e a e t b a os o n a he u in o r fig a a s c m u is . lp s u ht g in t o m n m Finally, I b lie e th b s p s ib o n tio fo A e a s w o a to e v e e t o s le rie ta n r m ric n h re s rv in this crisis in th Far E s w e e th y b d lo a , p in 4e p rts e e e a t, h th r e e ip m ts o t xe , o n w p p rm n w u b a re s e c u e in A e a h to . A e a s r e s a e e , o ld e fre h r o rs m ric n is ry m ric n a justifiably p u o th re l d m c c w h v d v lo e . B tha v ry re ro d f e a e o ra y e a e e e p d ut t e p e is u e a a s u b th C m u is . Insidiously th y p in o t th t rid s d g in t s y e o m n ts e o t u a S n m n R e o C ia g K i- h k d e n t a w this o th t. B h wm n y g a h e r h n a s e o s o llo r a ut o ay o u re lize th t o r o n d m c c did n t d v lo o e ig t? T e liberals f s a a u w e o ra y o e e p v rn h h in this c u try o n p in o t th t s m ( e s y m n ) o C ia g K i- h k on fte o t u a o e th y a a y f h n a s e 's g n ra w re d h n s th t q a rm s r s re w re s ld b th g n ra , e e ls e is o e t, a u rte a te to s e o y e e e ls tha th tro p w re s rv d Y t, d t e os e ta e . e uring th Civil W r, th re w re 8, 0 e a e e 9 0 0 d s rtio s fro th F d ra A y o th P to a — e a s th re w re s m n ee n m e e e l rm f e o m c b c u e e e o ay d h n s g n ra w o p c e d th m n y g e th m to p y th tro p a d is o e t e e ls h o k te e o e iv n e a e os n, ra r th n s rv , th tro p d s rte . the a ta e e o s ee d It is n c s a o ly to re d Civil W r histo a a to u d rs n h w im e e s ry n a a ry g in n e ta d o p rfe t w w re ju 7 y a a o M c o th Far E st is e e in still e c e e st 5 e rs g . uh f e a m rg g fro th M m e iddle A e . W c n o e p c c u trie w gs e a n t x e t o n s ith tre e d u p b m n o s ro le s o illiteracy, o c m u ic tio , o s p rstitio , to o e ig t b c m m d l m f f o mn a n f u e n v rn h e o e o e d m c c s A d w all their failings, th g v rn e ts o N tio a e o ra ie . n ith e o e mn f a n list C in h a a d S u K re h v g e their p o le a w y o life a d a g v rn e t im n o th o a a e iv n ep s a f n o e mn m a u b b tte th n a y in o re a y h re b c m u is . e s ra ly e r a n th g ffe d n w e y o mn m It h s b c m fa h n b fo A e a re o rs to b m this in re in a e o e s io a le r m ric n p rte la e te st R ssia a d o r o n p p g n a fa u n u w ro a a d ilure either o S n to J e M C rth o o s n ea r o c a y r n th fa t th t fu d fo S te D p rtm n libraries h v b e c t. T is u r e c a n s r ta ea et a e en u his tte n n e s . S te D p rtm n libraries h v n v r re c e th m s o p o le o s ne ta ea et ae ee ah d e as f e p . T e c o e o b o s a a b h s b e s c a to p v e a u d rs n a le h h ic f o k v ila le a e n u h s ro id n n e ta d b a s e to th a p a o c m u is . n wr e p e l f o mn m T e R s ia s fo in ta c , p rm a y n to tra s te a d m rk t their h us n, r s n e e it n o e n la n a e b o s T e legalistic A e a G v rn e t fro n o a y p b a n n t in ok. h m ric n o e m n w s n n u lic tio o a c rd n e w c p rig t la s Little e rt is m d to p s fo tra sla n co ac ith o y h w . ffo ae uh r n tio s in lo a la g a e . U IS libraries in K re h v n v r ca d b o s in to c l n u g s S o a ae ee rrie ok K re n a d it s e s n v r to h v o c rre to o r G v rn e t tha ro a s in o a n em e e ae cu d u o e mn t y ltie K re n W a w u b u e s either to A e a a th r o p b h r. o a h n o ld e s le s m ric n u o r u lis e It is th n tiv s d n re rn d fro A e a w o m s ea e a e tu e t, tu e m m ric , h ot sily slip in s to A ’s cultural v c u . T sia aum his s d n c ms b c s d e ly to th s u lo o tu e t o e a k u d n e qa r f K re a r living in A e a fo a y a o tw a d e jo in o r s n a o o a fte m ric r e r r o n n y g u ta d rd f living, v w g o r le a p c s e , a d o r fre d m. H fin s it difficult to ie in u g l ro e s s n u eo s e d m k aliving, o ae fttim s im o s le top t his learningin p c e I ta e too e e p s ib u to ra tic . lk d n s c b r, d u h itte isillu ned, drifting s d n H m d a re u s tha w u s o k sio tu e t. e a e qet t o ld h c th D p rtm n o S te “C n y u s n m a h n s histo o A e a ” e e a e t f ta . a ’t o e d e n o e t ry f m ric ? h a k d “I k o th t d m c c did n t d v lo o e ig t. I k o y u e se. n w a e o ra y o e e p v rn h nw o h v h d y u p b m , y u c rru tio , y u civil w r. If w K re n c u a e a o r ro le s o r o p n o r a e o a s o ld re d y u h a o r isto a it a a d v lo e w w u n t e p c m c s h re ry s ctu lly e e p d e o ld o x e t ira le e , w w u b m rep tie t.” e o ld e o a n W e will w A e a s re liz th t d m c c c n o d v lo o e ig t, hn e m ric n a e a e o ra y a n t e e p v rn h e p c lly in c u trie to b s b e io a d w r? W e will w re liz th t s e ia o n s rn y u v rs n n a hn e a e a m s o th w rld d e n t re d E g ? W e will w u d rs n th t w a ot f e o o s o a n lish hn e n e ta d a h t m n A tic n e is n t a b ht, be u lly illustrated s ry o A e a a y sia s e d o rig a tifu to f m ric a its b s b t a h n s s ry o o r s g le b fo w b c m a w a — t e t u n o e t to f u tru g s e re e e a e s e re a d o e tha a m th t w a still far fro p rfe t. n n t d its a e re m e c In te d o b m g J e M C rth a d C n re s it m h b w ll to re e s a f la in o c a y n og s, ig t e e mm b r a o K re n p v rb tha s y : e n ld o a ro e t as “We a m n slip a d falls in th river it is fo lish to b m th riv r.” hn a s n to e o la e e e [P ro m th e T o p e k a ( K a n s .) S ta te J o u rn a l, N ovem ber 20, 1953] D i s i l l u s i o n e d A s ia N e e d s H o n e s t B o o k s ( y J h C ld e B o n a w ll) M C ld e a th r o “T e K re S ry a d “C in C a t r. a w ll, u o f h o a to ” n h a os Fam ily” is a fo e S te D p rtm n o ia H w s b rn o th rm r ta e a e t ffic l. e a o n e C in c a t— o o a m s n ry s e k th C in s d le ts h a os s n f is io a — p a s e h e e ia c s o e o F rm s . H a o s e k K re n His p s n re o p k n n o oa e ls p a s o a . re e t p rts fro th Far E st h v s e ia v lu b c u e h c n c m u ic te m e a a e p c l a e e a s e a o mn a w lo a in their la g a e His C in C a t F m is a m jo ith c ls nug. h a o s a ily a r b o c b s le tio fo D c m e o k lu e c n r e e b r. T o k y o .— h o fo T e ld lks a s wto a r their w y in this part o th w rld re lo lte as f e o . It is a o g th y u g th t o e s e startling c a g , a o t a “b m rry to a mn e on a n es h n e lm s e e dy fo to o w w die” a r m rro e ttitu e T e re s n fo this is th t fo m n th re d. h ao r a r ay e s e sn o t, n p a ein sig t, n fu re w rth w itin o p p rin fo em o u o ec h o tu o a g r re a g r. T e C m u is a q ick to s n e th cultura v c u , q ic to c p liz h o m n ts re u es e l aum u k a ita e o th m ra a d spiritual b a d w . T n e o l n re k o n heir a p a h is d u le b rre d p ro c o b - a le . T e a p a to th o p o le b p in g o t im hy pel e ld e p y o tin u perialistic A e a a th c u e m ric s e a s fo th m ra b a d w o th y u g F r th y u th re is a H o o p p r e o l re k o n f e o n . o e o th e o d f ro a g n a o rin h p fo th h p le s a fu re fo th s n wlo in u c rta ty a d ffe g o e r e o e s , tu r oe o st n e in . N w e th n a o g J p n b o s re c n o e s e b tte h w th C m u o h re a m n a a ’s o k to s a n e e r o e o m n ts a a c d b th v c u . T e C m u is h v o e e their first is re ttra te y e a u m h o m n ts a e p n d le d g library in T k o C m u is b o s b th h rd b c e a d in x e s e n in oy . o mn t o k, o a - akd n e p n iv e itio s a a a b th u h u J p n P e a ta re to fit th p c ed n , re v ila le ro g o t a a . ric s re ilo d e ok t b o ; in a s d n d ok tu e t istric h n s m ly b u d b o s fro R s ia c n b b u h t, a d o e on ok m us a e ogt fo a q a r. T e s m b o m y sell fo 2o 3tim s a m c in a w ll- - o r u rte h a e ok a r r e s uh e to d n ig b rh o . U S N w m g z e re o th t 2b b o s T e W rk o J e ho od . . e s a a in p rts a ig o k h o s f . V S lin a d P b m o L n is , h v s ld 5 ,0 0a d 6 ,0 0c p s re p c . ta , n ro le s f e in m a e o 0 0 n 0 0 o ie se tively a 5 c n p r c p . t 5 e ts e o y [F ro m th e S h a n g h a i E v e n in g P o st, S h a n g h a i, M onday, J a n u a r y 2 7 ,1 9 4 7 ] U. S. S. R H i t . for An t i -U n i t e d St a t es Tr end Her e ( yP B aul H rris n a o) W a s h i n g t o n , J n 26.— u s n p p g n a in th Far E s d c d c ie a. R s ia ro a a d e a t, ire te h fly a a s th U ite S te , is m in re p n ib fo th m u tin a ti- m ric n g in t e n d ta s a ly s o s le r e o n g n A e a fe lin , th S te D p rtm n w s in rm d to a . e g e ta e a e t a fo e dy J h C C ld e U ite S te p b a irs o e in S a g a h s re o n . a w ll, n d ta s u lic ffa ffic r h n h i, a p rte to th S te D p rtm n th t th S v t ra io s tio s n w p p rs a d o d e ta e a e t a e o ie d ta n , e s a e , n b o s a bitterly a c in th U ite S te in C a a w ll a in E s rn o k re tta k g e n d ta s hin s e s a te E ro e u p. C ld e s id th t th R s ia s m in in a ra io s tio in S a g a w ic a w ll a a e us n a ta d ta n hnhi h h a o n e itself a th “V ic o th S v t U io ,” d s ite th C in s G v rn nucs s e o e f e o ie n n ep e h ee oe m n b no fo ig s tio s e t’s a n re n ta n . PROGRAMS SLANDEROUS “I h v liste e to s m o its n w p g m a d th y a v ry s n e u . ae nd o e f e s ro ra s n e re e la d ro s A c sa a s A e a a tta k g in t m ric n ctiv in th U ite N tio s a a s o r o c p tio ity e n d a n , g in t u c u a n p licie in G rm n a d J p n a d in rv n n in C in a c m o ,” C ld o s e ay n aa, n te e tio h a re o m n a w ll d c re . e e la d T e A e a p b a irs o e sa th t h h d re e tly ta d to a h m ric n u lic ffa ffic r id a e a cn lke n A e a w m n w o h d re rn d fro Y n n H said: “S e tells m th t m ric n o a h a tu e m ea. e h e a th a ti- m ric n c m a n th re h s b e v o u , w lurid p s rs d p tin e n A e a a p ig e a e n ig ro s ith o te e ic g GI ra e m rd r, a d ro b ry in d z n o w y .” p, u e n be oes f a s FOR HONGKONG BY S H IP SATURDAY C ld e re o d th t a o g th U ite S te , Britain, F n e a d a w ll p rte a lth u h e n d ta s ra c , n A stra a w ll a R s ia h v in rm tio o e in S a g a th R s ia s u lia s e s u s a e fo a n ffic s h n h i, e u s n a ca in o th m s a tiv p g m re rry g n e o t c e ro ra . �104 105 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM H sa th t th R s ia s a publishin fo r n w p p rs a d th t, in a d n e id a e u s n re g u e sae n a d itio , th re a half a d z n R s ia - w e b o s re a d p b h rs in S a g a e re o e u s n o n d o k to s n u lis e h n h i. Y u c rre p n e t is p b b n t w ll v rs d in p y h lo ic l w rfa . or o sodn ro a ly o e e e s c o g a a re B it w u s e to m th t this s ry th m n o e s rie o GI g n ro ity ut o ld e m e a to , e a y th r to s f ee s m ht w b to in th U ite N tio s m ht v ry w ll b b a c s to th ig ell e ld e n d a n , ig e e e ro d a t e w rld b th V ic o A e a o y e o e f m ric . INTELLECTUAL “ SHOPPING” C ld e sa th t th C in s y u is tre e d u ly in re te in th U ite a w ll id a e h e e o th mn o s te s d e n d S te , b t th y a a o in re te in R s ia a d th y a d in lo o in ta s u e re ls te s d us , n e re o g ts f tellect ual s o p g a u d h p in ro n . C ld e w rn d th t th U ite S te o ia n e b tte te m o b a w ll a e a e n d ta s ffic ls e d e r a w rk e tw e th in rm tio a dth d lo a s rv e . e n e fo a n n e ip m tic e ic s [F ro m th e R o a n o k e (V a .) T im es, D ecem b er 8, 1953] W h o W r it e s f o r Am e r ic a ? B J h C C ld e y o n . a w ll [F ro m th e P o n tia c P re s s , F r id a y , D ecem ber 18, 1953] GI’s H e l p Ca k e for Kor e a ’s Ho mel ess, Ma im e d C h il dr en ( yJ h C C ld e B o n . a w ll) J h C C ld e a th r o T e K re n S ry fo e S te o n . a w ll, u o f h o a to , rm r ta D p rtm n o ia tells h wA e a GI’s a w n g th friend e a e t ffic l, o m ric n re in in e ship o th K re n p o le th u h their aid to childre left h m f e o a ep ro g n o e le s o m im d in th K re n w r. s r a e e o a a S oul . T e A e a GI h s d n m n th g fo w ic h h s n v r e —h m ric n a o e a y in s r h h e a e e re e e c d c iv d re it. H m k s n w o ly w e s m th g b d c n b p n d o h . e ae e s n h n o e in a a e in e n im F r in ta c , h c n h a c s d o c a g K re ’s h g a y o “U N o s n e e a e c u e f re tin o a u e rm f . . m d m s ; h h s fa e d m n a illegitim aa e” e a th re ay n ate child, fo w o th re is r hm e a o a n w p ra e in th Far East: “U N B b ” ; h is n t a a s a g o ls e h s e . . ay e o lw y od a b s a o fo A e a m a s d r r m ric . B th o e d y in S w n s u o S o l, I v ut e th r a u o , o th f e u isite a h sp l, 1o th 4 d o ita f e s rv g a p p la n o o e 2m e in o u tio f v r illion. It w s ’t m c o a h sp l, to b s re an uh f o ita e u . B w a th re w s o it w s in o e tio b c u e th m n o a E g e rin ut h t e a f a p ra n e a s e e f n n in e g S rv e B ttalio n a y h d p s n d th h sp l w a gift o $, 0. e ic a n e rb a re e te e o ita ith f 5 0 3 In th s m city th re is a C e a e e hildren’s N utritional C n r— e te built w a $, 0 ith n 8 0 0 gift fro th m no an a ya a e m e e f e rb irb s . N w e is th re a b tte in o h re e e r dica n o A e a A y g n ro ity N w e tio f m ric n rm e e s . o h re c n b fo n ab tte a s e to C m u is c a e o g rmw rfa . I re r to a e ud e r n wr o m n t h rg s f e a re fe th S v ra c H sp l in S o l. e e e n e o ita eu In this A e a m s n ry ho ita th re is a p je t for th a p te s o m ric n is io a sp l e ro c e mu e f K re . It b g n b c u e o th c m a s n o a A e a g n ra It h s o a e a e a s f e o p s io f n m ric n e e l. a d v lo e b c u e o th g n ro ity o th u a d o A e a s ld rs It is e e p d eas f e e e s f o s n s f m ric n o ie . e ie tly a m is re b A e a n rs s d c rs m s n rie o n m ro s ffic n d in te d y m ric n u e , o to , is io a s f u e u fa iths a d ce d . n r es Gn P e . aul K da c m a d g g n ra o th U ite N tio s I C rp , o e en ll, o m n in e e l f e n d a n o s n d y s w a K re n child, b th a s b w o b a m e H w s d tu e a a o a o rm lo n ff y in . e a is rb d b th sig t, e p c lly s c h k e m n o e h d s ffe d sim y e h s e ia in e e n w a y th rs a u re ilar w u d . ons G n ra K e e l endall s n w rd d w th u h d et o o n ro g ivisio , b tta n a d re im n n a lio , n g et a k g d n tio s to he th child a p te s o his c m a d a a T e re p n e s in o a n lp e mu e f o m n re . h sos w s sta a rtlin ; ato l o $6 0 w s ra e in s o o e g ta f 7, 0 a is d 0 h rt rd r. T d y th $ 6 0 h s g w to $ 1 0 a d is h ld in trust in a N w Y rk oa e 7 , 0 a ro n 0 8, 0 n 0 e e o h n . T e m n y is s e t in K re b a in ak h oe pn o a y n terreligio us h a m d u o o rd a e p f C th lic M th d t, P s y ria , a d S v n - a A v n t m s n rie a d a o , e o is re b te n n e e th D y d e tis is io a s n tw A y o e . A tu l o e tio s a c n re in S v ra c H sp l. o rm ffic rs c a p ra n re e te d e e n e o ita T e children a d a u re e e th s rg ry n c s a b fo artificial le s h re n d lts c iv e u e e e s ry e re g a d h o s c n b fitte . T e th y a tra e in th u e o artificial lim s n ok a e d h n e re in d e s f b. W e this training is c m le d th p tie ts o e o g to w rk a ta g t hn o p te , e a n ld n u h o re u h a tra e in w ic their artificial lim s will n t h n ic p th m d h h b o ad a e . T e a 2, 0 a p te s in K re . T ro g th m g ific n I C rp p je t h re re 2 0 m u e 0 o a h uh e an et o s ro c a d th K re A p te S rv e w w ic it is a n e o a m u e e ic ith h h ffilia d th a p te s o th te , e m u e f e la d will b s a d a life o b g a . n e p re f e g ry I w s s n in in fro t o S v ra c H sp l w P u K g u , y u g a ta d g n f e e n e o ita ith a l in sb ry o n P s y ria m s n ry in c a e o m k g artificial lim s w e a K re n re b te n is io a h rg f a in b, hn o a b y in his te n ro e u o a h e H n b d m u te a d w lk d in o es d p n ik . e im ly is o n d n a e to th b ild g K g u tu e to m a d s id w p e “T e is o e o e u in . in sb ry rn d e n a ith rid , h re n f o r h y . W m d his artificial legs;w ta g t him to u e th legs;w h v u os e ae e uh s e e ae ta g t h to m k a living.” u h im ae M C ld e a th r o th K re S ry a d C a C a t r. a w ll, u o f e o a to n hin os F m is a fo e S te D p rtm n o ia H w s b rn o th a ily, rm r ta e a e t ffic l. e a o n e C a c a t, s n o m s n ry s e k th C in s d le ts s o e hin o s o f is io a , p a s e h e e ia c pkn o F rm s H a o s e k K re n His p s n re o n o oa e ls p a s o a . re e t p rts fro m th Far E st h v s e ia v lu b c u e h c n c m u ic te w e a a e p c l a e e a s e a o mn a ith lo a in their la g a e H C a C a t Fam is a m jo b o c ls nug. is hin os ily a r ok c b s le tio fo D c m e lu e c n r e e b r. K o r e a .— o e S e d w R b rt h rro , riting in th S tu a E e in P s re e tly s te e a rd y v n g o t, c n ta d th t all th Far E st d a e a istru sts A e a m ra m ric n o lity b c u e o o r u e o th eas f u s f e a mb m. T to o b his s te e t ra k right a n w a o e c m o ly s e in ta m n n s lo g ith n th r, o m n e n o r b tte p b a n . It is th s te e t th t A e a p s e h s s f u e r u lic tio s e ta m n a m ric n re tig a u fe d a g a b w b c u e o th a re re t lo e a s f e ctivitie o S n to J e M C rth . s f ea r o c a y S e d m y b s e k g fo M N h b t n t fo th re t o A ia R h rro a e p a in r r. e ru u o r e s f s . e c n I h v ta e to h n re s o p o le in K re a d F rm s in their e tly a e lk d ud d f ep o a n o oa n tiv la g a e , a d a o in J p n O ly o e m n o his o n a c rd b u h a e n u g s n ls aa. n n a, f w c o , ro g t u th s b c o M C rth . T p e u je t f c a y his m n w s bitterly critical. H w s a o a a e a ls s a in o S n m n R e . H p u ly a n u c d th t h w s a n u list. c th g f y g a h e e ro d none a e a e tra T e A e a c rre p n e t w o re o th t th Far E st is s s ic u o h m ric n o s o d n h p rts a e a u p io s f u b c u e o o r u e o th A b m o b c u e o S n to M C rth is sim ly s eas f u s f e -o b r eas f e a r c a y p n t re o g all th fa ts o p rtin e c . T e is in e e c u try a thin la e o in lle a w o m k s c s te h re v ry o n y r f te ctu ls h a e u h ta m n . G n ra th s s m p o le a v c te tra e w R d C in , re o n e ts e e lly e e a e e p doa d ith e h a cgi tio fo th C in s C m u is , a d their s e d s a g in th U ite N tio s n r e h e e o m n ts n p e y e tin e n d a n. M n b lo g to th t b w e d n wg u w o call th m e e n u lis . ay e n a e ild re e ro p h e s lv s e tra ts T e w g o s m A e a c rre p n e ts a b w e g to m n h ritin s f o e m ric n o s o d n re e ild rin ay o n ls A b s d re o r c n u a fin s m fa ts to b ls r his v w . rie ta . ia e p rte a su lly d o e c o te ie s T e a bitter a d d s tis d p o le e e w e . h re re n is a fie e p v ry h re B t to m n o n ls it s e s tha A e a s sh u a m t to g t all th u a y rie ta em t m ric n o ld tte p e e fa ts fro p o le re re e tin all g u s b fo risking g n ra a n . c m ep p sn g ro p e re e e liz tio s I did n t fin a sin le o n l w o h d lo t faith in o r m ra o d g rie ta h a s u o lity b c u e w eas e h v u e o m ht u e th Ab m. In e d I fo n th o p s to b tru . a e s d r ig s e -o b de, u d e p o ite e e P rh p this w s b s e p s e b a e u a d K re n w o s id : “M w a d e as a e t x re s d y n d c te o a h a y ife n I a w o t m c h p . F r o r children th re is h p fo w e p c to g t re ith u u h oe o u e oe r e xet e th mto A e a F r u , m y e 5m re y a , o p rh p 1. T e all will b e m ric . o s a b o e rs r e a s 0 h n e lo u le s y u a willing to u e y u a m s n th u le s y u re liz tha it st n s o re s o r to ic tre g , n s o a e t is s n th a n tha th o e s e u d rs n s tre g lo e t e th r id n e ta d . T e o n ls a re listic, a d in their e e it is n t im o l to u e m x u h rie ta re a n ys o m ra s a im m s n th a a s a e e y F r th m d a b m c in g n o c n e tio a tre g g in t n n m. o e e th y a h e u r ovn nl b m sis e u lly p rm n n A d a o eK re n w rk gin a o h n g w e o b qa e a e t. n s n o a , o in n rp a a e h re 12 children w re b rn d to d a b jellied g s lin b m s ( ro p d fro 5 e u e e th y ao e o b d pe m A e a p n s p in d o t, “th re a d a s m re painful th n d a fro m ric n la e ) o te u e re e th o a e th m a Ab m. A le s th t is in ta ta e u .” n -o b t at a s n nos T e is a tre e d u n e fo h n s re o g fro th Far E s a difficult h re m n o s e d r o e t p rtin m e a t, s a th t is to a c m lis . T e sh llo ju g e ts o m n c rre p n e ts w s s a co p h h a w d mn f ay o sodn a e p s e fo m o e m rn g a b a fa t in th Eighth A y c rre p n e ts x re s d r e n o in t re k s e rm o s o d n ’ billet in S o l. eu A re o r fo o e o A e a la e t n w a e c s h d his s lu n fo all p rte r n f m ric ’s rg s e s g n ie a o tio r o r p b m in th Far E s u ro le s e a t. “W a th Far E st n e s s id m b a fa t c m a io , “is th e g o h a ht e a e d ,” a y re k s o p n n re o d e rt a cks: o efo C ia g K i- h k o efo M e C ia g o efo S n m nR e .” tta n r h n a se, n r in . h n , n r yg a he It is tim w b g n to a s e th q e tio s W o s e k fo A e a Wo e e ea n w r e u s n : h p a s r m ric ? h w s fo A e a rite r m ric ? 47769— 54— p t. 2------- 5 �106 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STBATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM !J8 i* K t» A i-' lt ft K U l# i i ' J « W W ft A *4. S | *Ms j£~ « .h si sfi a w * a a ft # ;pw w sx se * &c 01 m a -1 « « ; * & ; a stj b a w *! »®a» a * a f t # « a wj a m * * » m as,* ?? n m m « - t « » » i » an7 01 t >« si- 7 «. as« w a $ m t w >& « * n # *#m a a •» #1« * » « w » = sa ®a 4 & 5 » ss # « it -e & * t« »hi r 011® m & a f ts s > i i W:-i- & m i « U 17 » S S « j — S i f t H « f t f t Mitt »* — 8* ' a « Si m £ 7 f t S4 > # »H 8 IS ss > ss <? % t& » * jfc 1? •M A tti- ' A il"iJ4 ' A . ® ■a -a t: m* « sb « te jb « a 9 >“ m 69 -in tt is w m » » * a s + u n 1 «t © IW£ «t =h SI «£ » ~ Ji IS 89 12 -i tjf > v-j |‘5 * >- B 1% «$ -T B » ' - i! ± $L s i ¥ 4> « * £ « m w > m s: ffi fj «s >fr=cs at as 'a e » « ' S u m s * & * « # ' l k « i » 5pf5s« ’ sS vW *; A A j'; S & Jit w% u •*. BSWK-A58 i t us « A ;fi JiSt iS A Jill IS « ft'3 Jf$ £',-; i4 , SS fill in JlJt •'52 “ 69 i£ Sf <£• Ss & sA ft « 1 ? .# -* •,ii Hi ift (m fc « '* « » « ;k IT = ri A fe as « ,i v.>1 $ ■ i* Sii fe i" I i* ,? si1v? 7 « © | 5 H5S W ft'gsS fiH A ’ KSiJn-® 1 jitiHsm »± «9i ;+ i~ < tM 7 a m a r m & * * »r «t < jbs ** ;s i t >« f t fr f t a » * 1 f t « ?is sfc /* ® ' a tr a sp t m * « « I HH > 7= w sa * « ■e «s 81# SK ' i M- >69 * ft 7? > tx w w, S A <s ® a ® « a r m s s £ » « » 5 i£ « a A « ¥3 Jft Hi m a X 6 9 f « 69 « ‘ if *8 i t «8 ft f t ’ e s s te a a 8i f t a ». ' t o S3 » w » M 'S m £ X m — a s® & -/p He-**«**& # # n ft jft ® n a m st I t 1 A a « m 0 ' i & t t '( » is R M » K n # » » miro lit ^ w a a i s 0 s s w 99 8 8 # i A » i%a 7 JE IS iif ft •£ I® i t 9 69 lii ' fis ffi, a u m >5 » «« * * « » ' a « Sli'lW« k « '* * « iA « A Fa vti t it 757 W 69 'f i S at S« M * « W I * T « « * « - # . « W -f SI a i UMI t fra f t i t *A 1 a Sr » if M » ffix a ssi/J ' 'sa ^ i ? a* r. » r f t f t « A > » » T S # W f t * ■ ?S ! — ' « « - u s« a * 1 # . * « fj> 3 |c*& #5aiiai5isS ]Qi^i(m^36«3^sdQeoe^99SO(M 5eQoOi&i<9oooooosoe!&R6seeo6dia 107 Mr. A r e n s . Kindly, in an extemporaneous manner, summarize here the high points of this testimony which has now been inserted in the record. Mr. C a l d w e l l . Let me state first, as I did in my statement, that the brain washing, the germ warfare charges, the things that have come up within the last few months, the last year and a half, are not, as many Americans seem to think, new techniques and new strategies. As I have watched the Communist strategy in the Far East, it has become apparent to me that their one aim is paramount, and that is to discredit by every means possible the American soldier. 1 think that is an important thing because it shows a basic underlying fear of American intervention. Now, beginning in 1945 and 1946, this campaign started, directed first against the United States marines in north China, against the military police detachment in Shanghai, accusing Americans of all sorts of brutality, of rape, of robbery; and the germ warfare charges are the outgrowth actually of this whole aim to try to discredit Ameri cans abroad. Now, I think that we often, through our own magazines and news papers, help the Communists a greal deal in that very point. I men tioned in my statement the fact, for instance, that a national magazine last year, I believe it was, had a feature story, claiming that there were over 100,000 illegitimate GI babies in Japan alone. That sort of thing is grist for the Communist mill. It turns out that the Japanese Government itself has been able to locate less than 4,000. So you can see how uninformed reporting can have a bearing, can actually help the Communists in their efforts. Now, the second paramount aim, and one that has been terribly successful, has been the program to discredit the people who must be our allies in Asia. By that I mean the Chiang Kai-sheks and Syngman Rhees. This program has succeeded to such a degree that today there are only a handful of magazines in America that will even think of taking a pro-Chiang or pro-Nationalist story. The prejudice is so tremendous that you find practically all of our cor respondents in the Far East steeped in the prejudice. If they do go to Formosa, if they go to free China, they have no inclination to get at the truth, because they have so much prejudice. The C h a i r m a n . Didn’t the tempo for that propaganda originally come out of our State Department when they tried to sell the fact that the Communists were just agrarian reformers? Mr. C a l d w e l l . That was the beginning. Since then the idea has been to try to make us believe, playing on our own belief in democracy, that the Chiangs and the Rhees are not democrats because they do not have democracy as we see it, not taking into consideration the tremendous economic factors these leaders face, the factors of active internal rebellion going on which we do not have in this country. Now I find the program is beginning to be directed against other countries. I have a copy here of a little magazine that I like. It is a liberal magazine that is normally very good, the New Leader. They have a feature story on corrupt fascism in Thailand. The Thai Gov ernment is raked over the coals. It would be my guesss that we would soon be hearing that President Magsaysay is not a good man. �108 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM It is all part of the program to prejudice the public opinion against the leaders in Asia who have been stanchly anti-Communist. Mr. A r e n s . D o you have any opinion respecting modes by which American officials in the Far East have-been subjected to this slant ing of views by people who are Communists or under Communist discipline? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir; I do. There were two very powerful per sonalities in the early days right after the end of the war, Chinese Communists, one young lady by the name of Rung Peng, another a Chinese gentleman by the name of Huang Hua. Both of these people were attractive. They were intelligent. They spoke good English and they had nice personalities, and they became almost the major sources of news as far as our Government or our correspondents were concerned in 1946. As an example of how important Miss Kung Peng was, I made a trip to the Far East in January of 1946 for the State Department. I arrived in Chungking late in the afternoon. Chungking was still the capital. I was whisked immediately to Miss Kung Peng’p apart ment for a dinner which was attended by various State Department people. The idea seemed to be that she was very important as a source of news and that I should immediately get her side of things. The C h a i r m a n . Let the record show that Senator Welker is in attendance at the hearing. Mr. C a l d w e l l . I mentioned that when I went to Chungking, I was immediately whisked over to Miss Kung Peng’s apartment. Then I went to Pieping on that same trip, Huang Hua was considered of such importance that I had a dinner set up with him by a State De partment local personnel. I think it interesting to note that both of these characters who had so much to do with getting news out to us back in ’45 and ’46 are now at Geneva. Huang Hua was at Panmunjom playing a very important background part in the negotia tions there. The C h a i r m a n . Who was at these dinners, if you will recall? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I don’t recall the Peiping one, but at the Chungking one I recall was Mrs. Wilma Fairbank who was our cultural attache at that time and Mr. John Melby who was our first or second secretary. I forget his title. Senator W e l k e r . You said cultural attache. What duties does that embrace ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . The cultural attache had charge of our libraries, our exchange of student programs, visiting directories for the United States, and things of that kind. T h e C h a i r m a n . D o y o u re c a ll a n y o n e else a t t h a t d in n e r? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Those are the only two I recall. The C h a i r m a n . H o w many other people were in attendance? Mr. C a l d w e l l . There were a couple of other Communist func tionaries; I think, but I am not sure, that Chou En Lai was present. He was often present during those days. Again he was a suave gen tleman, witty and intelligent, and was considered a source of accurate news by some of our own people. Mr. A rens . Is it your testimony that these two Communist agents and others were a source of news and a source of information for the American officials who were in China representing our Government? STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 109 Mr. C a l d w e l l . Very definitely. The C h a i r m a n . And also for news reporters? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Also news reporters. Senator W e l k e r . May I have the question? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Upon what facts do you base that, Mr. Witness, can you tell us? The C h a i r m a n . He gave us the background earlier, Senator. He was with the State Department during this period of time. Senator W e l k e r . Did he see anything of this ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir. Senator W e l k e r . Y o u saw the news releases come out? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir. Mr. A r e n s . Did .you know a man by the name of William Powell, former OWI official in China? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir. I have known him, for I would say, 10,12 years. Mr. A r e n s . What did he do in China and who is he ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . He was the son of a very well-known American newspaperman in Shanghai, a very fine man who was imprisoned by the Japanese, who was the very best type of American. And William Powell’s son went into the OWI in 1943, in charge, I believe, of our news branch. He was transferred to the State Department and in the Executive order at the end of the war, stayed only a short time, and then returned to Shanghai to start his father’s paper, called the China Review. Now, I met him several times since the war. When the Communists took over Shanghai he stayed on, much to my surprise and the sur prise of others who knew him. His magazine immediately became a violently anti-American magazine, a mouthpiece of the Communists, and I have gotten access to a few copies as an illustration of the type of thing that he has done. This particular issue is devoted to American atrocities in Korea, a typical caption, a picture of a mass grave. The caption states that this is a picture of the approximately 10,000 Korean civilians who were murdered at the town of Hawon by American troops during the occupation. Mr. Powell also began in the latter part of 1951 to issue lists of American prisoners in his magazine, with the hometowns, and the magazines, I found as I traveled around the country in the last 2 or 3 years, were mailed to these parents as a method of getting Commu nist propaganda before them. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Chairman, may the record show that the task force that you assigned me to has that information in a record of a prior hearing. The C h a i r m a n . Yes. Go ahead, Mr. Caldwell. Mr. C a l d w e l l . Shall I go on with this ? Senator W e l k e r . I just want to make that observation. Mr. C a l d w e l l . Mr. Powell returned suddenly to this country last August, I believe, and I heard suggestions on my trips to the Far East that his return coincided with the return of our few progressive prisoners, perhaps for a reason, perhaps to guide the activities of those progressives. �STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 110 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Now, Mr. Powell was in Peiping, we know, some time during tlie summer of last year, and it is apparent that he has talked to some of the prisoners in north China. Mr. A rens . While you were in the Far East as Director of the In formation Service, did you have occasion on which the so-called China experts from the State Department were sent to the Far East to indoctrinate you and others in what the line should be ? Mr. C aldwell . I think there was more indoctrination here in Wash ington than there was actually in the Far East. Now, there was a vigorous, of course very vigorous. nnti-Chiang, pro-Communist group in our foreign service in China without question, but there was a great deal of indoctrination which actually started here before the war ended. Mr. A rens. What was the line ? Mr. C aldwell . The line? I remember particularly two cases of two downed American B-29 pilots. You may remember that there was a period when we bombed Japan from a base in western China, and these pilots were brought to the State Department and OWI far eastern meetings to discuss and describe how they were saved by the Communists, by the magnificent resistance work by the Chinese Com munists, and I would say that that indoctrination was done in that way 1o try to show us that the Communists were actually helping more than the other side; that they were fighting more real battles. I re member those two incidents in particular, which I attended. Mr. A rens . Did you have contact with the Institute of Pacific Relations in the Far East, or did you have occasion to observe its operations? Mr. C aldwell . Y ou couldn’t be in the OWI or State Department in that period and not have contact with the IPR. It was imposible. The C h a i r m a n . What do you mean by that, Mr. Caldwell? Mr. C aldwell . T o give you an example of what I mean, in 1943 and 1944, when OWI employees for the Far East, particularly for China, were employed, we were brought here to Washington from the New York overseas office for orientation, and the orientation consisted of your seeing two people. The two people were Mr. Laughlin Currie and Mr. Owen Lattimore, only the two. From those people we were to get our basic philosophy, you might say. I must be fair and say that, I can’t remember that Mr. Lattimore gave me any bad philosophy at the time, but I was very naive, as most of us were. We thought in terms of the war in which we had one enemy which was the Japanese, and were enlisting to fight that enemy and only that enemy. There was another way in which the IPR had a great bearing on most of our work. That was that it completely controlled all Far Eastern activities of the OWI to the State Department, to the branch chiefs, and later officials who were formerly IPR members, and I could list several of those to give you an example. The C h a i r m a n . Would you list them? Mr. C aldwell . The China Radio Branch in San Francisco was headed by an IPR man. The Philippine Branch was headed by an IPR woman. The Indochina Branch was headed by an IPR person. The China Branch was headed by an IPR person. At the time the coordinator for the Far East was an IPR person. The coordinator in the New York office in charge of Security in the 111 New York office for the far eastern branches was an IPR person. Those are things that come to me immediately. Mr. A rens . N o w ,on the basis of your experience in the Far East, Mr. Caldwell, can you help the committee by giving an appraisal of the method of operation which is in vogue now by our Government representatives in the Far East in undertaking to win friends and influence people? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I think there is great improvement in what we are doing in the Far East. There is still, to my mind, much too little coordination, say, between what is happening in Kora and what is happening in China. To give an example of that, in Formosa we have an excellent United States information service at the present time. It puts out some outstanding publications in Chinese. Now, those publications would have been extremely valuable with the Chinese POW’s in Korea, but those publications were never sent to Korea. There was no liaison between what we were doing in free China and what we were trying to do with the Chinese business. 1 think we still rely too much on radio as far as the Chinese on the mainland are concerned. We do too little in exploiting the tremendous possibilities of getting propaganda into the China coast. Mr. A r e n s . N o w , Mr. Caldwell, on the basis of your background and experience, what would your appraisal be of a course of action that this Government should take to sever diplomatic relations with all Communist-controlled governments and to propose a conference of the free nations of the world to destroy the Communist fifth column and to resist Communist aggression ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I feel very strongly that severance of diplomatic relations would be an important step because perhaps then we could make people understand the totality of this conspiracy against us. Mr. A rens . What do you mean by that? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I mean by that that today still too many people cannot understand that we are actually at war, that the final aim of communism is our destruction because we are the only powerful force that stands in their w ay; that as long as we go on in a quasi-peaceful situation, we can’t perhaps correct some of these feelings that I have listed in my statement; that if we could somehow show people that we are in the state of hostility with the Communist world, that normal diplomatic relations are not only injurious but are broken off, then we could gain slowly the realization we need to really gird ourselves for the battle ahead. Mr. A rens . T o what extent did the Communist espionage propa ganda and political subversion center in the diplomatic and/or semidiplomatic establishments throughout the Far East with which you were in contact? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I think the extent of the native infiltration has never been fully realized. By that I mean that every diplomatic establish ment must have a large number of Chinese personnel in China, Koreans if in Korea. It is my belief that the United States Information Serv ice was a particular target, for several reasons, of propagandists. Propaganda is important. Our own propaganda is important to the Communists. Also the U SIS in most places is an organization which helps and guides American correspondents who are visiting. �112 S R T G A D T C IC O W R D C M U IS TAE Y N AT S F OL O MN M Now, to show that I am not trying to blame others alone, I would like to mention one unit of my own in Korea of 18 people that I hired myself, whose employment I approved. I was able to check on all 18 of those. After the war I found that seven had gone over to the other side. Of those 7, I would say, 5 were real Communists and 2 were opportunists or people who couldn’t get out of Seoul in time and did what they did to eat. That is a pretty high percentage. I think one of the things we should have done is to have made a study of all our personnel in Korea. It could have been done, could still perhaps be done, to find out just what the total percentage of actual Communists was. We had a total of between 3,000 and 5,000 Korean employees in our mission in Korea. In that vast number of people there was tremen dous opportunity for infiltration, and you can’t run a security check on a Korean or a Chinese. They have lived in perhaps 40 different places in 5 years. It is a difficult job. I do not blame us for having failed somewhat, but I don’t think we have been careful enough to realize that certain units of our estab lishments are targets for infiltration. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Chairman, could I have a question to clarify something that I may have misunderstood? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Prior to the last answer, did I understand you to say that it would be proper that we let the world know that we were at war with the Communist conspiracy rather than to adopt the at titude of quasi-peace and containment with them? Mr. C a l d w e l l . By war I do not mean that we should declare a war. Senator W e l k e r . Well now, what did you mean ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I mean that we should realize that the continuance of diplomatic relations is an unrealistic attitude at the present time. It gives the Communists a chance at espionage that they would not have otherwise, and I think it also tends to becloud the issues of com munism here at home, that people do not realize, cannot understand that the Communists are. speaking very simply, out after us, that their primary aim is the “defeat of imperialistic America.” Senator W e l k e r . N o w , Mr. Caldwell, this digresses for a moment, but I think it is along the line you have suggested. Do you think it is good psychology for the United States Government to sell a Czecho slovakian steel mill to a dictatorship that has trade alliances, trade agreements with Russia and all her satellites, knowing well that at this moment Russia and the satellites have trade missions in this coun try to which they would propose to ship this steel mill. Do you think tHat is good psychology? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Absolutely not. I think it is ridiculous to think that we can trade in any way with the enemy we face. May I digress there a moment and say that I was able to get through Chinese and American sources an exact count of the number of ships that attempted to enter or did enter Communists ports on the China coast during the month of November. Mr. A r e n s . During what year? The C h a i r m a n . Yes, what year, Mr. Caldwell? S R T G A D T C IC O W R D C M U IS TAE Y N AT S F OL O MN M 113 Mr. C a l d w e l l . This last year. I was there in December. I do not have my notes here, but I believe it was 69. Of those figures 69, all but 4 were British. The four that were not British were Norwegian. Some of those ships carried undoubtedly nonstrategic materials, but one of them that was stopped had over 5,000 tons of antibiotics, strep tomycin, penicillin. I saw part of the cargo of another which had army blankets, blankets cut in the army style, delivered to the coast of China in the dead of winter. The C h a i r m a n . Let the record show that Senator Johnston is in attendance at this hearing. Senator W e l k e r . N o w , Mr. Caldwell, if the chairman will permit me, what were some of these nonstrategic materials in the other boats? Would it be food, or buttons, or what? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Food. Often as prosaic items as soap, a good deal of soap. Consumers goods. Fruit goes in. Normally the Chinese Nationalists do not even attempt to stop a ship unless they have some intelligence to the effect that it does have strategic goods. So often you cannot tell what is in the cargo. They try to check from Hong Kong. Senator W e l k e r . Food would be a little strategic, would it not, if an army were starving? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I think if you are realistic you should say that almost any item that goes into Communist China is strategic. The Chinese Communists are having a desperate time economically right now. Obviously if we cut off everything their situation would be worsened, and to me, it is an important part of the cold war to make that situation as bad as we can. It weakens them and keeps them from getting that final stranglehold which will keep us from ever getting them out. Mr. A r e n s . After you returned to the United States, did you have an opportunity to appraise all the publications in the United States, books and magazines and articles on the Far East? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir. Mr. A r e n s . What is your comment or observation on that? Mr. C a l d w e l l . There is one indication that I think shows- the sit uation, and that is the Library Journal which is, you might say, more or less the organ of American libraries. It is not official. I made a compilation of the recommendations it makes on books on foreign affairs in general and on the Far East in particular. You will find almost invariably that a book favorable to, let’s say, the Nationalists, or the Rhee point of view, is not recommended. Mr. James Burnham’s book, the Web of Subversion, which dealt a good deal with the work of this committee, had a flat statement, “Not recommended.” And you find that pattern runs all through the books that are recommended to American libraries. Mr. A r e n s . That is a kind of bible of books in this country ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . That is a g o o d w ay o f putting it. Mr. A r e n s . It is the Journal which is the authority on which books are good and what books are not good, is that correct, in its simplest form? Mr. C a l d w e l l . That is correct. Mr. A r e n s . And your testimony is that this Journal regularly, habitually recommends books, favorable to the pro-Communist ele47 7 6 0 — 54— p t. 2------- 6 �114 115 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM ment and does not recommend books that are anti-Communist, is that correct? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I wouldn’t go as far as to say that it recommends books that are pro-Communist. I think it is a little more devious than that. It does not recommend books that make an outright attack, as Mr. Burnham did, on the Communist conspiracy. It does not recommend books which, like the book Formosa Beachhead, are favorable to Chiang Kai-shek. That was recently published. It does not even list books like that normally. Mr. A r e n s . Did you have an experience in which you checked on the Communist propaganda respecting the alleged target practice that the Marines were supposed to be engaging in on the Chinese ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes. That is a very interesting story because I think it illustrates two things. It illustrates the Communist technique of trying to degrade our own people, our soldiers, and it illustrates again how Americans can help in that technique. When I was Director of the U SIS in China, I read in the Commu nist paper a story that the United States Marines in north China were using Chinese peasants in target practice. This story was that they were bored and didn’t have much to do so they would go out in the country and get a peasant and start him running and shoot him. It was inconceivable to me that any American military unit—they are not always angels, let us agree—would ever do that kind of thing. I began to be very much disturbed when Americans in our own estab lishment began to pass that story around, passing it around as the truth without checking of any type, and it became a very curt storv all over China, so much so that I went to north China myself to check and I found that the basis of the story was that near the city of Tientsin, near a target, a farmer had been hit by a stray bullet. From that the, story had been exaggerated in the typical Commu nist technique, helped along unfortunately by some Americans to the, effect that we were using peasants as targets as a routine procedure. Senator W e l k e r . Do you know the names of Americans who helped that propaganda along? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I do. T would rather give it just to the committee. The C h a i r m a n . That is the custom. Senator J o h n s t o n . Would you tell the committee whether or not they were giving it in good faith or trying to injure the United States ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I would say both. I would say that undoubtedly when you have a situation like that there may have been one key per son who was possibly a party member and then you have the many naive Americans who get no briefing of any type, to whom we still give no real indoctrination, the hundreds of people we send overseas, and I think that a gossip can do as much harm as a party member, a gossip who will not check on facts, who will not realize that this or that story is harmful to the policy of the United States. The C h a i r m a n . It is the policy of this committee not to reveal any names in public session, but would you be kind enough to give us the names of these people in executive session? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I certainly will. Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Caldwell, I think our record should reflect more clearly the facts with reference to William Powell. Specifically, who is he? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Specifically now, as far as I know, he is unemployed. I know nothing of his whereabouts or his activities. H is correct name is, I believe, J. William Powell. It is on this masthead: John William Powell, editor and publisher of the China Monthly Review. Mr. A r e n s . That China Monthly Review clearly is a Communist publication? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I don’t see how anything could be more so. I think, but I am not sure, that it folded when he left last August. Whether it is still in existence, I do not know. Mr. A r e n s . He was formerly with the Office of War Information in China, is that correct? Mr. C a l d w e l l . That is correct. Mr. A j r e n s . Over what period of time was he with the OWI in China ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . He was employed in 1943 in March. By Executive order on August 31,1945, he was transferred to the State Department. I believe he resigned within 6 months to go back and start up the magazine again. Mr. A r e n s . Over what period of time was he with the magazine? Mr. C a l d w e l l . From 1947, I would say, or possibly 1946 until August of 1953. Mr. A r e n s . Where was he engaged then ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . In Shanghai. Mr. A r e n s . Then he was then editor until 1953 of this China Re view, is that correct? Mr. C a l d w e l l . China Monthly Review. Senator W e l k e r . May I have a question, Mr. Chairman? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Caldwell, do you have an}' information as to whether or not any of these documents, magazines, or pamphlets that you have before you and which you state are Communist propa ganda reach the American shore, reach the United States in the form of propaganda? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir. In Iowa during a lecture the year before the last I heard of two families that had received this publication here. Both of the families had sons, prisoners of the Chinese. I heard of one family in my own town, Nashville. I do not know what the name of that family was. The F BI told me of that family and of another family in Memphis. Those are four cases in which this magazine came through the mails, mailed in Hong Kong, and came to American families. Senator W e l k e r . I have another observation. Senator Jenner had me on a task force, aloitg with Mr. Arens, Mr. Duffy, and Mr. Schroeder, in New York a few weeks ago in which we had millions of pieces of literature similar to that before you that came into our coun try and was freely distributed throughout our land. Now, based upon your experience, sir, what effect would that have in aiding the Com munist conspiracy? �116 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Mr. C a l d w e l l . I think it has this .effect: a family particularly that had a boy who was a prisoner is emotionally upset and worried. One of the main lines of these magazines is that we must have peace, that the Chinese Communists are really trying to have a square deal, and I think it works, that people are likely to write their Senators and Congressmen suggesting that we get out of the war. They are likely to become a little sympathetic to the Communist cause. Mr. A r e n s . N o w , with reference to Mr. Powell again, we had him up to 1953 when he was editor of the China Review and I understood you to say that he resigned and returned to the United States ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . That is correct. Mr. A r e n s . What is the source of your information on the fact that he entered the country ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Time magazine. First I saw him just before I left and then, when I was in Japan last August, I inquired and talked to one correspondent, an American correspondent who had interviewed him on his way out of Hong Kong. Mr. A r e n s . Did he return as an American citizen or had he re nounced his citizenship ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . No, I don’t believe he ever renounced his citizenship. Mr. A r e n s . What information do you have with respect to Ins wife? Mr. C a l d w e l l . His wife was the leader of the pro-Communist American forces in Shanghai all throughout 1946,1947, and 1948. Mr. A r e n s . Did she return with him ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, she did. Mr. A r e n s . I have one further question. With what groups was she identified in Shanghai? Mr. C a l d w e l l . First with Madam Sun Yat-sen’s relief organiza tion. No, I believe she went out originally perhaps with UNRRA. I am not certain of that. She then became associated with Madam Sun Yat-sen’s relief organization and, as you no doubt know Madame Sun has gone over to the Communists and is, I think, at the present time Minister of Cultural Enlightenment in the Communist Government. She was associated with Madam Sun for about 2 years. Mr. A r e n s . What would be your opinion, in your judgment of the rank and file of the people in the Far East as to what psychological impact there would be on their minds by severance of diplomatic relations. Mr. C a l d w e l l . I think it would be extremely helpful as far as nonCommunist Asia is concerned. By that I mean Korea, Philippines, Thailand, Free China. It might also be very helpful as far as Japan is concerned. Now, the Japanese are in a very serious economic situ ation. They have to trade, and the logical trading area for them is Communist China. They have sent within the last year two trade missions to Communist China. But, on the other hand, they must rely on us and I think one effect might be that that desire to trade with Communist China would be lessened if we had no relations whatsoever with the Communist world. The C h a i r m a n . Certainly magazines such as you have referred to hei'9, like the China Review would be stopped as to propaganda and transmissibility if diplomatic relations were severed. S R T G A D T C IC O W R D C M U IS TAE Y N AT S F OL O MN M 117 Mr. C a l d w e l l . They could be barred, I assume, completely. Mr. A r e n s . D o you have information respecting the situation in the Philippines ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Very little. I haven’t been there on recent trips. Mr. A r e n s . We have no further questions, Mr. Chairman. He has covered his testimony at length in his prepared statement. The C h a i r m a n . And that has been incorporated in the record. Do you have any questions, Senator Johnston? Senator J o h n s t o n . I have no questions. The C h a i r m a n . Do you have questions, Senator Welker? Senator W e l k e r . I have only this observation, Mr. Chairman: If Mr. Caldwell would be gracious enough, I would like to see the pam phlets, the Communist propaganda inserted not as a part of the record, but by reference, and included in this record. Is that all right with you? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir. That is fine, Senator. The C h a i r m a n . They may become so incorporated. Mr. A r e n s . The British have recognized both China and Formosa; is that correct? Mr. C a l d w e l l . It is a very curious situation which I think might be without precedent. They recognize Communist China but they keep one foot in the doorway and maintain a consulate in Free China. Mr. A r e n s . D o you have any appraisal to make with reference to the potential strength of Formosa as an ally of the United States ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I have some very strong convictions on that point. I think the American people, as a part of the lack of fair information on free China, have never been told of the tremendous guerrilla forces already within striking distance of the Chinn coast. The Nation alists today hold 50 islands. They are islands all the way from small rocks to the island of Chinmen, which has approximately 75,000 excel lently trained men. They have naval bases all along the coast which, if they were allowed to do so, could completely blockade the China coast. They are able to make raids at the present time almost at will, and I believe of special significance is the fact that on recent raids surrenders of Communist soldiers have run up to 50 percent, even to 90 percent of the Communists engaged in that particular raid. In other words, the people are, I think, very much for them on the coast of China. They are not unrealistic enough to say that they can conquer China right now. They do believe they can take a bridge head and maintain it. Mr. A r e n s . When you were head of the Information Service for our Government in China, what was the line then posed with reference to Chiang Kai-shek? Mr. C a l d w e l l . The general line was that he was a very fine man personally but that his government was so completely corrupt it could only be saved by an infusion of fine, idealistic Communist blood. Mr. A r e n s . What was the official line with reference to Syngman Rhee ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Rather a meandering line, I would say: that he was a necessary evil to be curtailed in every way possible. Senator W e l k e r . May I have one question ? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. �STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM T U S A , JU E 1 , 1 5 H R D Y N 7 94 U n it e d S t a t e s S e n a t e , S u b c o m m it t e e t o I n v e s t ig a t e t h e A d m in is t r a t io n o f t h e I n t e r n a l S e c u r it y A c t a n d O t h e r I n t e r n a l S e c u r it y L a w s , o f t h e C o m m it t e e o n t h e J u d ic ia r y , IFa s h in g to n , D . C. The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10: 30 a. m., in room 457, Senate Office Building, Hon. William E. Jenner (chairman of the subcommittee) presiding. Present: Senators Jenner and Welker. Also present: Richard Arens, professional staff director; Edward R. Duffy and Frank W. Schroeder, professional staff members. The C h a ir m a n . The committee will come to order. Mr. Marcus, would you be sworn to testify ? Do you swear that the testimony given in this hearing will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you, God ? M r. M a r c u s . I do. TESTIMONY OF J. ANTHONY MARCUS, SCARSDALE, N. Y., P R E S I DENT, IN STITU TE OF FOREIGN TRADE The C h a ir m a n . Will you state your full name for our record, please? Mr. M a r c u s . My name is J. Anthony Marcus. The C h a ir m a n . Where do you reside? Mr. M a r c u s . I reside at Scarsdale, N. Y. I am president of the Institute of Foreign Trade, with offices at 60 East 42d Street, New York City. The C h a ir m a n . All right, Mr. Arens, you may proceed. Mr. M a r c u s . Our organization is devoted to the proposition of helping American industrial firms, as well as exporters and importers, in international trade. Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Marcus, you are also president of the Guardian Oil Co.? Mr. M a r c u s . That is correct, a producing company in Nebraska. Mr. A r e n s . Before we proceed with our informal interrogation here with Mr. Marcus, may I respectfully suggest to the chairman that the record now reflect the prepared statement which you have submitted to the committee. M r. M a r c u s . Yes, sir. The C h a ir m a n . It may go into the record and be incorporated as a part of the record. (The statement referred to follows:) 121 �122 St STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM a t emen t o f J. An t h o n y Ma r c u s , Pr e s id e n t , In s t it u t e o f F o r e ig n STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M Tr a de M y n a m e is J . A n th o n y M a rc u s , a re s id e n t o f S c a r s d a le , N . Y. S in c e 1946 I h a v e been p r e s id e n t o f th e I n s t i t u t e o f F o re ig n T r a d e , a p r i v a t e c o n s u ltin g ag e n cy fo r A m e ric a n i n d u s tr i a l a n d tr a d i n g e n te r p r is e s i n t e r e s te d in i n t e r n a ti o n a l o u tle ts fo r t h e i r p ro d u c ts , w i t h offices a t 60 E a s t 42 d S tr e e t, N e w Y o rk C ity . E a r l y in J a n u a r y 1953 I w a s a ls o e le c te d p r e s id e n t o f t h e G u a rd ia n O il Co., In c ., o f F a l l s C ity , N e b r., w h ic h o w n s a n d o p e r a te s p e tro le u m - p ro d u c in g p r o p e r tie s a n d o th e r oil a n d g a s o p e r a tio n s . I w a s b o rn a n d e d u c a te d i n R u s s ia o f p r e r e v o lu tio n a r y d a y s . I c a m e t o t h i s c o u n try s h o r t l y b e fo re t h e F i r s t W o r ld W a r a s a lo n e i m m ig r a n t boy w ith t h r e e E n g lis h w o rd s in m y v o c a b u la ry a n d $14.28. L ik e m illio n s o f i m m ig r a n ts to th e s e b le s s e d s h o re s , I w a s w e lc o m ed b y th e g e n e ro u s A m e ric a n p eo p le a n d m a d e to fe e l a t h o m e f a r m o re th a n in m y n a tiv e R u s s ia . W ith in 5 y e a r s a n d 4 m o n th s a f t e r l a n d in g h e r e I w a s a fu ll-fle d g ed m e m b e r o f t h e g r e a t A m e ric a n fa m ily — a c itiz e n o f t h e U n ite d S ta te s . A rid t h a n k s to th e f r e e i n s ti t u t i o n s o f A m e ric a , a g a in , lik e m illio n s o f o th e r im m ig ra n ts , I h a v e b e e n a b le t o r i s e fro m l a b o r e r in a n iro n a n d s te e l p l a n t to re s p o n s ib le p o s itio n s in v a r io u s field s o f e n d e a v o r. B e tw e e n 1920 a n d t h e o u tb re a k o f t h e S econd W o r ld W a r I h a d o c c a s io n to v i s it th e S o v ie t U n io n on n u m e ro u s o c c a s io n s a s b u y e r , se lle r, in v e s tig a to r, a n d n e g o tia to r f o r so m e o f o u r l e a d in g firm s, s u c h a s th e S tu d e b a k e r C o rp , th e A m e ric a n R a d i a t o r a n d S ta n d a r d S a n i t a r y C orp., th e A m e ric a n H a i r & F e l t Co. T h e s e d u t i e s b ro u g h t m e in c o n ta c t w ith som e o f R u s s ia ’s le a d in g G o v e rn m e n t officials, in c lu d in g m en lik e t h e p r e s e n t V ice P r im e M in is te r f o r T ra d e , A n a s ta s y I. M ik o y an . I h a v e w itn e s s e d th e r i s e o f th e K r e m lin c r im in a ls fr o m ec onom ic, in d u s tr i a l , a n d m i li t a r y im p o te n c e to i t s p r e s e n t p o s itio n o f (lie o n ly w o rld i m p e r ia lis tic a g g r e s s o r. I n r e c e n t y e a rs , e s p e c ia lly s in c e e a r ly 1951, I h a v e b ee n a c tiv e on th e b o a r d o f d ire c to rs o f t h e A m e ric a n F r i e n d s of R u s s ia n F re e d o m , In c ., 270 P a r k A v e n u e, N e w Y o rk C ity , w h e re I a m a s s o c ia te d w ith s u c h d is tin g u is h e d c itiz e n s a s G en. F r a n k L. H o w le y , o u r fo r m e r c o m m a n d a n t in B e r l i n ; w ith A d m . W illia m S. M a x w e ll; A dm . W illia m H . S ta n d le y , o u r fo r m e r A m b a s s a d o r in R u s s i a ; fo r m e r A m b a s s a d o r S p r u ille B r a d e n ; th e w e ll-k n o w n a n t i c o m m u n is t a u th o r , E u g e n e L y o n s ; th e f o r m e r n a t i o n a l c o m m a n d e r o f th e A m e ri c a n L eg io n , M r. J a m e s O’N e i l ; G en. W illia m J . D o n o v a n ; a n d m a n y o th e rs . O u r a im is to h e lp c e m e n t a b o n d o f f r ie n d s h ip w ith t h e K r e m lin ’s v ic tim s in o r d e r to b rin g a b o u t th e u l t im a te o v e r th r o w o f th e S o v ie t g a n g s te r re g im e b y t h e R u s s ia n p eo p le s th e m s e lv e s . I h a v e bee n l e c tu r in g t h r o u g h o u t th e c o u n try in a n e f fo rt to e n lig h te n o u r p eo p le a b o u t th e r e a l n a t u r e o f th e K r e m lin b e a s t a n d i t s t h r e a t t o o u r s e c u rity . I h a v e a ls o w r it t e n e x te n s iv e ly f o r so m e o f o u r l e a d in g d a ilie s a n d m o n th lie s , n s w e ll a s a p p e a re d b e f o re t h e m ic ro p h o n e a n d o n T V to w a r n o u r p eo p le a b o u t th e s e r io u s c h a lle n g e o f th e S o v ie t b a r b a r i a n s a n d w h a t to d o a b o u t p u t t in g a n en d to t h e S o v ie t n ig h tm a re . I h a v e b ee n c a r r y i n g on t h i s p e r s is t e n t c a m p a ig n a lo n e a n d w ith o u t a n y a s s is ta n c e fro m a n y o n e . A ll o f u s fo r m e r im m ig ra n ts ow e a g r e a t d e b t to o u r c o u n try , a d e b t w h ic h w e c a n n e v e r r e p a y in fu ll. N ow t h a t o u r f r e e i n s titu tio n s a r e m e n a c e d by a s a v a g e en e m y , w e w o u ld b e u n w o r th y o f o u r c itiz e n s h ip i f w e f a il e d t o b e in t h e f o r e f r o n t in th e s tru g g le w ith t h e im p la c a b le fo e . U n f o r tu n a te ly . I m u s t co n fe s s t h a t t h e r e a r e e n tir e ly to o fe w o f th o s e e v e rla s tin g ly in d e b te d n a t u r a l iz e d A m e r ic a n s w h o a r e e x e r tin g th e m s e lv e s in b e h a lf o f o u r c o u n try at. th is c r it i c a l s ta g e o f o u r h is to r y . L e t u s h o p e t h a t t h e e f fo rts o f th e l i t t l e b a n d o f u s m a y in s p ir e th e m to w a k e u p to t h e i r re s p o n s ib ility . E A S T -W E S T TRADE O f l a t e t h e r e h a s bee n c o n s id e r a b le co m m o tio n in th e s h r in k in g f r e e w o rld a b o u t S o v ie t p la n s to m a k e l a r g e p u r c h a s e s in th e W e s t. I n s t e a d o f flying s a u c e r s i n d u s tr i a l i s t s a n d m e rc h a n ts h e r e a n d in E u ro p e h a v e b e e n b eh o ld in g fly in g o r d e r s f r o m t h e K r e m lin r u n n i n g in to th e m a n y b illio n s o f d o lla rs . T h e e x c itm e n t h a s bee n a l l t h e g r e a t e r b e c a u s e f o r th e f i r s t tim e s in c e i t s r i s e to p o w e r t h e C o m m u n is ts o f th e K r e m lin a r e s h o w in g i n t e r e s t in c o n s u m e r g oods f r o m th e c a p i ta l is t c o u n trie s th e y h a t e so m u ch . T h is , o f c o u rs e , is n e w s . T h is is n e w s b e c a u s e e v e r s in c e c o m in g in to e x is te n c e th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t h a d n e v e r see n fit to i m p o r t c o n s u m e r goods. N o t b e c a u s e i t s s u b je c ts d id n o t n e e d sh o es, c o a ts, u n d e r w e a r, h a ts , p o ts a n d p a n s , c u tle r y , f u r n it u r e , a n d t h e m a n y o th e r ite m s w h ie li a r e c o n s id e re d e s s e n tia l in c iv iliz e d c o u n trie s . S o v ie t s u b je c ts h a v e h a d to b e c o n te n t w ith r a g s on t h e i r b ac k s, w i t h h o v els ev e n a p ig w ould 123 s c o r n , w ith t h e c o a r s e s t o f food in t h e i r s to m a c h s a t b e s t o r ro o ts , p o ta to e s , a n d a d u l t e r a t e d b re a d f o r b r e a k f a s t, lu n c h , a n d d in n e r d u r i n g t h e p e r e n n ia l C om m u n is t- m a d e fa m in e s . T h is is th e w a y th e L e n in - S ta lin p le d g e s o f a b e t t e r life u n d e r so -c alled s o c ia lis m h a v e bee n fu lfille d . T h e y p ro m is e d b r e a d a n d h a v e g iv e n p e r p e tu a l h u n g e r ; th e y p ro m is e d p e a c e a n d h a v e g iv e n u n i n t e r r u p te d w a r a t h o m e a n d a b r o a d ; th e y p ro m is e d la n d to t h e p e a s a n t s a n d h a v e ro b b e d th e m co m p le te ly o f t h e i r h o ld in g s, e n s la v in g t e n s o f m illio n s a n d a c tu a lly m u rd e r in g m illio n s f o r re s is tin g t h e c o lle c tiv iz a tio n e d i c ts ; th e y p ro m is e d fre e d o m fr o m o p p re s s io n a n d e x p lo ita tio n a n d h a v e e s ta b lis h e d t h e m o s t o p p re s s iv e s y s te m o f p o litic a l-e c o n o m ic e x p lo ita tio n e v e r d e v is e d by th e d e s p o ts o f h u m a n h is to r y . W h a t is re a lly b e h in d th is a lle g e d S o v ie t i n t e r e s t in E a s t-W e s t tr a d e ? O f •course t h e n ee d is g r e a t in t h e S o v ie t U n io n . B u t th e n e e d w a s m u ch g r e a t e r r i g h t a f t e r th e S eco n d W o rld W a r a n d h a d bee n f o r d e c a d e s w h e n t h e r e w e re no •s a te llite n a tio n s w ith a h ig h e r s t a n d a r d o f liv in g to b e lo o te d . F o r m o re th a n t h r e e d e c a d e s th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t s tu d io u s ly d e n ie d i t s p eo p le t h e b e n e fits of A m e r ic a n a n d E u ro p e a n c o n s u m e r g oods a lth o u g h i t d id n o t la c k th e m e a n s to p a y w ith . A m e re c o r n e r o f its in e x h a u s tib le f o r e s ts fo r tim b e r a n d p u lp e x p lo i t a t i o n by c o m p e te n t A m e ric a n h a n d s , a m e re f r a c tio n o f i t s g o ld m in e d w ith te n s o f t h o u s a n d s o f s la v e la b o re rs co u ld h a v e p a id f o r b illio n s o f d o l l a r s ’ w o r th o f s u c h p u rc h a s e s . O n th e b a s is o f m o re t h a n 30 y e a r s o f i n t im a te c o n ta c t w ith t h e S o v ie t p o litic a l, econom ic, a n d in d u s tr i a l life , I b eliev e I k n o w t h e a n s w e r to th e rid d le : F ir s t, th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t w a n ts to b u y s a m p le s , co p y th e m , a n d c la im th e m a s its ow n c r e a tio n s . S eco n d , a n d t h i s is e v e ry im p o r ta n t, to find o u t t h e t y p e s o f o u r p ro d u c tio n m a c h in e ry u s e d in th e c o n s u m e r g o o d s a n d s y s te m o f m a s s p ro d u c tio n w i t h a v ie w to s t e a lin g o u r te c h n o lo g y . T h e s a m e p a t t e r n w a s u s e d t o S o v ie t a d v a n ta g e in th e h e a v y in d u s tr ie s p r io r to 194S. A n d , t h i r d , once m a s s p ro d u c tio n o f c o n s u m e r g o o d s h a s bee n m a s te r e d to o ffer u s ru in o u s c o m p e titio n in w o rld m a rk e ts . W ith te n s o f m illio n s o f m en , w o m en , a n d c h il d re n to ilin g in th e f a c t o r i e s u n d e r m o s t in h u m a n e x p lo ita tio n , w i t h o th e r m illio n s w o r k in g a s fo r c e d la b o r e r s fr o m p re d a w n to p a s t s u n s e t in t h e n u m e ro u s s la v e la b o r c a m p s d ig g in g co a l. iro n , a n d o t h e r m in e ra ls s u p p ly in g r a w m a t e r ia l s f o r th e in d u s tr ie s , i t is n o t d iffic u lt to v is u a liz e th e e x te n t o f ru in o u s c o m p e titio n i t c o u ld o ffer u s a n d o th e r h ig h ly in d u s tr ia liz e d c o u n trie s . T h a t i s in te n d e d n o t so m u ch f o r th e s a k e o f p ro fit a s f o r th e p u rp o s e o f u n d e r m in in g o u r econom y, t o c r e a te u n e m p lo y m e n t h e r e , a n d c a u s e u n re s t. W ith o u r s e lle r s o f c o n s u m e r g oods a n d p ro d u c tio n m a c h in e ry u n f a m i l i a r w i t h S o v ie t ta c tic s , t h e r e i s n o w m u c h s p e c u la tio n c o n c e rn in g t h e v a s t R u s s ia n m a r k e t. S om e a r e d r e a m in g a b o u t b ig g e r o r d e r s in th e f u t u r e — a f u t u r e , a la s , w h ic h c a n n e v e r co m e to u s. O u r C h a irm a n o f th e J o i n t C h ie fs o f S ta ff. A dm . A r th u r W . R a d fo r d , r e c e n tly to ld 400 n e w s p a p e r e d ito rs (A p ril 15) t h a t “ d u e to th e m a s s iv e m i li t a n t n a t u r e ” o f th e C o m m u n is t t h r e a t th e w o r ld w a s in a p e rio d o f te n s io n t h a t co u ld l a s t a c e n tu ry . A n y o n e im a g in in g t h a t th e K r e m lin b o y s e x p e c t to liv e w ith u s on t h i s tro u b le d globe f o r a n o th e r c e n tu r y is d e lu d in g h im s e lf, a n d h a s y e t to le a r n t h e t r u e n a t u r e o f th e K r e m lin b e a s t. I f th e y do h a l f a s w e ll w ith in t h e n e x t 15 t o 20 y e a r s a s th e y h a v e d o n e d u r i n g t h e p a s t 15 y e a r s , t h e fin al c la s h w ill co m e w ith in o n e-fifth o f th e tim e a n tic ip a te d b y A d m ira l R a d fo r d . T h e r e fo r e , i f w e f a ll fo r th e S o v ie t t r a d e b a i t , i f o u r w e s te rn a llie s c o n tin u e t h e i r p re s e n t s h o rts ig h te d c o u r s e o f tr a d i n g w ith t h e en e m y , th e S o v ie ts w ill k n o w h o w to m a k e t h e m o s t o f th e upsurge* o f o u r w is h fu l th in k in g . T h e ex p e rie n c e th e y h a d g a in e d in s t e a lin g o u r i n d u s tr i a l s e c re ts in t h e h e a v y in d u s t r i e s w ill s t a n d th e m in good s te a d a n d o u r te c h n o lo g ic a l k n o w -h o w in th e l ig h t i n d u s tr i e s w ill b e t h e i r s w ith l i tt l e e ffo rt a n d w ith o u t a n y c a s h o u tla y s . T h e flood o f o u r b lu e p rin ts a n d s h o p d ra w in g s w ill once m o re find its w a y to M oscow , L e n in g r a d , a n d o th e r p o in ts. O ne d a y w e w ill w a k e u p to d is c o v e r t h a t w e h a d so ld o u r b i r t h r i g h t to th e b it te r e s t en e m y f o r a m e re m e s s o f p o tta g e . T r a d e w ith th e S o v ie ts h a s bee n a n d w ill re m a in a o n e-w ay s t r e e t a s lo n g a s t h e re g im e s u rv iv e s . I t s s u rv iv a l is g r e a tly e n h a n c e d by t h e d ip lo m a tic r e l a tio n s w h ic h th e U n ite d S ta te s a n d th e f r e e n a tio n s fo o lis h ly c o n tin u e to m a in t a i n d e s p ite o u r d is tr e s s in g e x p e rie n c e s . T h e i r in e x o ra b le goal is a n d m u s t fo r e v e r r e m a i n : N e w c o u n trie s to co n q u e r, m o re h u n d re d s o f m illio n s o f p eo p le s to e n s la v e w ith th e a id o f a c o ld w a r i f p o ssib le , a s h o o tin g w a r i f n e e d be w h e n e v e r th e y a r e r e a d y . T h e y a r e n o t r e a d y y et. T h e y nee d a n o th e r 10 y e a rs to m a s t e r t h e i r ow n p e o p le a n d to e n tre n c h t h e C o m m u n is ts in C h in a a n d th e s a te l l i te n a tio n s . T h e i r p r a y e r i s a c o n tin u a n c e o f th e “p e r e d is h k a ”— a b r e a th in g s p e ll— a n d t h e g u llib le W e s t i s o ffe rin g i t to th e m o n a g o ld en p la tte r . �124 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M B e tw e e n th e y e a r s 1945 a n d 1950 th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t w a s in m o r ta l f e a r o f a w a r w i t h th e c iv iliz e d w o rld , f e a r o f i t s ow n people. T h e w e s te rn s o -c a lle d R u s s ia n e x p e r ts p ro v e d so i g n o r a n t a s to s c a re u s w ith p o s s ib le h o s tilitie s a l m o s t a n y m o m e n t. T h a t w a s w o r k in g in to th e h a n d s o f t h e en e m y . I n th e m e a n tim e th e L e n in - S ta lin -m a d e h u r r ic a n e k e e p s r o a r i n g on, w hilel i t t l e m e n in b ig p o s ts in th e W e s te rn W o rld a r e w o n d e rin g w h a t to do n e x t tom e e t th e S o v ie t c h a lle n g e . W h y d o t h e le a d e r s o f m o re t h a n tw o - th ir d s o f t h e w o r ld tre m b le b e f o re a m is e ra b le l i tt l e b a n d o f R e d F a s c is ts s i tt i n g on an a c tiv e v o lc a n o in M oscow . “T h e r e is n o d a r k n e s s ,” s a i d S h a k e s p e a re , " b u t ig n o ra n c e .” T h a t ’s th e a n s w e r ! Ig n o r a n c e o f fo r e ig n offices, in le g is la tiv e b ra n c h e s o f g o v e rn m e n ts , am o n g th e e d u c a to rs a n d o p in io n m a k e rs , a n d , fin ally , i g n o ra n c e a m o n g th e w id e p u b lic is re s p o n s ib le f o r t h i s s o r r y s p e c ta c le in a C h r i s ti a n w o rld p o s s e s s e d o f a rig h te o u s c a u s e b u t l a c k in g in w ill to le a r n a b o u t t h e e n e m y a n d c o u ra g e to s t a n d u p to th e fr ig h te n e d b a r b a r i a n s in th e K re m lin . T a k e , f o r ex a m p le , th e te s tim o n y g iv en b e fo re a S e n a te c o m m itte e in r e c e n t m o n th s by M r. H a ro ld E . S ta s s e n , F o re ig n O p e ra tio n s A d m in is tr a to r , o n th e s u b je c t o f E a s t-W e s t t r a d e . H e a r g u e d t h a t in c re a s e d “ n o n s tra te g ic " t r a d e b e tw e e n o u r E u ro p e a n a llie s a n d th e C o m m u n is t bloc w o u ld “c a r r y a n e t a d v a n ta g e to th e f r e e w o r ld .” T h e m e re f a c t t h a t sin c e th e d e a t h o f S ta lin such, t r a d e h a s s u d d e n ly b ecom e to p p r i o r i t y w ith th e K r e m lin p o lic y m a k e rs is con c lu s iv e e v id e n c e t h a t i t is in th e in t e r e s t o f th e C o m m u n is t g o v e rn m e n t, t h a t o n ce m o re th e y w a n t to b e re s c u e d by th e c a p i ta l is t c o u n trie s fr o m th e w r a th , o f t h e i r ow n people. W h a t is good f o r th e K r e m lin is b a d f o r u s , n o m a t t e r how g r e a t th e m o n e ta r y g a in . M r. S ta s s e n re lie v e d h im s e lf o f a n o t h e r fa lla c y b e fo re th e c o m m itte e . Het r ie d to c o n v in c e y o u t h a t i f th e W e s t r e fu s e d to s u p p ly R u s s ia w ith n o n s tra te g ic g o o d s i t w o u ld , a s h e s a id , “h a n d to th e S o v ie t r u l e r s o n e o f th e m o s t p o w e rfu l c o ld -w a r w e a p o n s w e co u ld d e v is e .” H o w r i d i c u l o u s ! W h e re d o es h e g e t t h a t n o n s e n s e ? I f w e w e re to c la m p d o w n t h e c o m p le te st a n d tig h te s t e m b a rg o on s h ip m e n ts o f a n y t h i n g to th e S o v ie t U n io n a n d th e s a t e l l i t e n a tio n s , a s w e ll a s on a l l im p o rts , th e R u s s ia n p e o p le s w o u ld b le s s u s f o r it. I f t h e R u s s ia n peo p le w e re f r e e to t a l k to u s fr e e ly th e y w o u ld beg u s o n t h e i r k n e e s n o t to s e ll n o r to b u y fr o m t h e i r G o v e rn m e n t a n y th in g . T h e y h a v e s u ffe re d p riv a tio n s th u s f a r a n d co u ld s t a n d i t f o r so m e y e a r s lo n g e r a s lo n g n s i t w o u ld h u r t t h e i r Go%-e r n m e n t, t h e i r ty r a n t s . T h e w o rse e c o n o m ic c o n d itio n s b ecom e in th e S o v ie t U nion, t h e s o o n e r w ill co m e t h a t e x p lo s io n fr o m w ith in w h ic h w ill d e s tro y th e C om m u n is t re g im e . T h e s a m e is t r u e o f a n o t h e r b a s e le s s r e m a r k m a d e b y M r. S ta s s e n in h is te s tim o n y w h e n h e s a i d t h a t E a s t-W e s t t r a d e w o u ld h e lp “m a in ta in th e b a sic f r ie n d s h ip o f p e o p le b e h in d t h e I r o n C u r t a i n .” W h y , M r. C h a irm a n , th e v e ry o p p o s ite is tr u e . T o fo llo w M r. S ta s s e n ’s co u n se l w ill a l i e n a t e th e f r ie n d s h ip o f t h e R u s s ia n m a s s e s . M a n y a tim e S o v ie t c itiz e n s , in c lu d in g h ig h G o v e rn m e n t fu n c tio n a r ie s w h o w e re p a r a d i n g a s C o m m u n is ts b u t a t h e a r t w e re b i t te r en e m ie s o f th e re g im e , h a v e s a i d to m e : “ W h y do yo u A m e ric a n s com e to th is c o u n tr y tod e a l w ith o u r G o v e rn m e n t? Y ou a r e o n ly e n h a n c in g i t s p r e s ti g e ; yo u a r e tig h te n in g th e n o o se a r o u n d o u r n e c k s .” A n y o n e w h o is te llin g M r. S ta s s e n th e m is le a d in g b a ld e r d a s h ab o v e q u o te d s h o u ld b e fire d fr o m t h e G o v e rn m e n t s e r v ic e s a s a n ig n o ra m u s . A n d a n y o n e w ho a c c e p ts t h e c o u n s e l o f s u c h ig n o ra m u s e s is h im s e lf u n fit to h o ld a co m m a n d in g p o s itio n in o u r G o v e rn m e n t a t s u c h c r it i c a l tim es. I f th is E a s t-W e s t t r a d i n g in s a n ity is n o t c h o k e d o ft a n d m o re co m p e te n t counsel lis te n e d to , L e n in ’s in te r p r e t a t i o n o f th e c a p i ta l is t m e n ta lity w ill b e f u lly b o rn e o u t. H e s a i d : “W e ’ll h a v e th e m b id d in g t o g e th e r f o r th e ro p e .” E a s t-W e s t t r a d e a s is n o w b e in g c a r r i e d o n c a n o n ly h e lp d ig th e g r a v e o f lib e r ty a n d c iv iliz a tio n . T h e p ic tu r e is n o b r i g h t e r i n t h e r a n k s o f o u r b u s in e s s m e n . W h a t, fo r e x a m p le , is o n e to s a y o f (lie s te e l e x e c u tiv e , M r. E r n e s t T . W e ir, w h o h a s bee n p re a c h in g t h a t o u r G o v e rn m e n t re m o v e r e s tr ic t io n s to “c o e x is te n c e ” w i t h th e S o v ie t h e a d h u n t e r s a n d , a s h e p u t it, “e s ta b lis h a n a tm o s p h e r e o f a g r e e m e n t— a r e la x a tio n o f te n s io n , a d is s ip a tio n o f th e p r e s e n t s u s p ic io n a n d d i s t r u s t ” ? T h e tro u b le w ith M r. W e ir is t h a t h e h a s b ee n a d d r e s s in g h is p re a c h m e n t to t h e w ro n g p a r ty . H e s h o u ld a d d r e s s h im s e lf to th e m u m m y in th e L e n in m a u s o le u m on R e d S q u a re , M o scow , i f h e d o es n o t k n o w w h e r e to find th e re m a in s o f t h e a r c h i t e c t o f t h e S o v ie t s la v e s t a t e — L e n in . I t w o u ld b e a w a s te o f h is tim e to co u n se l M a le n k o v , s in c e h e c o u ld n o t p o s s ib ly c h a n g e th e te a c h in g s o f th e m a s te r a n d k e e p h is h e a d on h is s h o u ld e rs . R e la x te n s io n , e s ta b lis h a n a tm o s p h e r e o f a g r e e m e n t b etw een. C o m m u n is t re g im e s a n d s a n i t y in th e w o r ld , t h a t is j u s t a s p o s s ib le a s to ju m p o ff th e E m p ire S ta t e B u ild in g in N e w Y o rk a n d re m a in a liv e . T h e S o v ie ts w a n t m o re te n s io n , m o re d ia g re e m e n t, a n d n o t less. T h e y w ill n e v e r s to p u n til e it h e r th e y o r w e a r e w ip ed off th is e a r t h . M r. W e ir w o u ld do w e ll to c h a n g e h is g h o s t w r it e r . A g a in , M r. C h a irm a n , w h a t is o n e to t h in k o f a fo r m e r S e c r e ta r y o f t h e A rm y [M r. K e n n e th C. R o y a ll] w h o , in a n a d d r e s s b e fo re th e A d v e rtis in g C lu b in N e w Y o rk so m e tim e ag o , a d v o c a te d f r e e c o m m e rc ia l i n te rc o u rs e w ith C o m m u n is t C h in a to c r e a te , a s h e p u t it, “d ir e c t c o n ta c t w ith th e C h in e s e p e o p le a n d com m e rc ia l s o u rc e s o f im p o rts a n d e x p o r ts u p o n w h ic h C h in a w ill co m e to d e p e n d ” ? I s i t p o s s ib le t h a t t h e fo r m e r S e c r e ta r y is i g n o r a n t o f th e f a c t t h a t o n e o f th e f irs t g o a ls o f a n y C o m m u n is t g o v e rn m e n t is t h e t o t a l d e s tr u c tio n o f f r e e d o m estic .an d fo re ig n tr a d e ? T h e m o m e n t th e Ir o n C u r ta in i s r u n g d o w n u p o n a c o u n try , t h e r e c a n b e no d i r e c t c o n ta c t by t h e c itiz e n s o f t h a t c o u n try w ith a n y o n e in th e f r e e w o rld , a n d th e f o r m e r p ro d u c e rs , a s w e ll n s e x p o r te r s a n d im p o rte rs , a r e e i t h e r liq u id a te d o r fo r c e d i n to th e b u re a u c r a c y to do a s th e y a r e to ld by th e C o m m u n is t h ie r a r c h y . H o w e v er, th e fo r m e r C a b in e t officers d id n o t k e e p u s lo n g in s u s p e n s e a s to t h e b a s ic re a s o n f o r h is ig n o ra n c e o f C o m m u n is t th e o ry a n d p ra c tic e . “C h in e s e c o m m u n is m ,” h e a s s u r e d h is au d ie n c e , “is n o t d u e to R u s s ia , b u t r a t h e r to th e g ro p in g o f th e C h in e s e p eo p le f o r som e w a y o u t o f t h e i r m is e ry .” S h a d e s o f th e I n s t i t u t e o f P a c ific R e la tio n s f r a t e r n i t y w h ic h h e lp e d o u r C h in e se fia s c o by c o n te n d in g t h a t M ao a n d h is g a n g s te r s w e re n o t C o m m u n is ts a t a l l ; t h a t th e y w e re o n ly “ a g r a r i a n re f o r m e r s .” H o w t r u e is M r. R o y a ll’s s t a t e m e n t ? P r a c ti c a l l y e v e ry C o m m u n is t le a d e r in C h in a , fr o m M ao d o w n , h a d b ee n t r a i n e d in r e v o lu tio n a r y ta c tic s , m u rd e r , in trig u e , e sp io n a g e , a n d s a b o ta g e in th e C o m m u n is t sch o o ls o f R u s s ia . T h e E a s t e r n ■and L e n in U n iv e r s itie s in M oscow a n d s i m i l a r sch o o ls in o th e r p a r ts o f t h e S o v ie t U n io n h a v e tu r n e d o u t c o u n tle s s th o u s a n d s o f C h in e s e r e v o lu tio n a r y le a d e r s s in c e 1918, a t e n o rm o u s c o s t to th e S o v ie t t r e a s u r y , b u t i t h a s p a id off h a n d s o m e ly . W ith o u t t h e i r a s s is ta n c e a n d le a d e rs h ip , t h e e n s la v e m e n t o f C h in a ’s m illio n co u ld n o t h a v e t a k e n p la c e , a n d th e sa m e is t r u e o f a l l t h e s a t e l l i t e c o u n trie s . F o r th o s e w h o m ig h t s till c lin g to t h e p re p o s te ro u s n o tio n s o f m en lik e M r. R o y a ll, p e r m it m e to s t a t e t h a t a s e a r ly a s 1926 t h e r e w e re a b o u t 2,000 t r a i n e e s in th e S u n Y a t S en U n iv e r s ity in M oscow p re p a rin g f o r th e co m in g d e s tr u c tio n o f fre e d o m a n d t h e e n s la v e m e n t o f C h in a n s p a r t a n d p a r c e l o f L e n in 's p la n to e n c irc le t h e U n ited S ta t e s in o r d e r t h a t it m ig h t f a ll, a s h e p u t i t , " lik e a n o v e r r i p e f r u i t i n to o u r h a n d s .” B y 1927 th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t w a s t u r n i n g o u t no le s s th a n 5,000 t r a i n e e s p e r y e a r to do i t s b id d in g in th e F a r E a s t , a n d a g u llib le w o r ld d id n o t h a v e th e v isio n to t a k e co g n iz a n c e o f it. In 1942, w h ile w e w e re s t r a i n i n g e v e ry n e r v e to s u p p ly t h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t w ith w a r m a te r ie l, w h ile o u r s o n s w e re b r a v in g th e s u b m a rin e -in fe s te d w a te r s o f th e N o r th S ea t r y i n g to d e liv e r th e b a d ly n e e d e d g u n s a n d a m m u n itio n , food, a n d m e d ic in e to t h e R u s s ia n a r m ie s , th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t w a s a l r e a d y p r e p a r in g m en to in t e r r o g a t e A m e ric a n a n d E n g lis h p ris o n e r s o f w a r. O n e e q u a lly lo o k s in v a in f o r g r e a t e r in te llig e n c e a n d e n lig h te n m e n t am o n g th e B r i t is h b u s in e s s m e n . S a id o n e of t h e ir le a d in g m en in re c e n t t i m e s : “ W h ile th e C o m m u n is ts j u s t now see e v e ry fo r e ig n e r a s a sp y , t h e r e m u s t e v e n tu a lly be a s ta b iliz in g p erio d . T h e n t h e r e w ill h a v e to b e h ig h e r t r a d e a n d B r i t is h s h ip s t o c a r r y t h a t t r a d e — s a y , 2, 3, o r 5 y e a rs a h e a d .” S im ila r n o n s e n s e w a s p e d d le d a r o u n d a f t e r t h e R u s s ia n C o m m u n is ts c a m e to p o w e r. B e fo r e m e is a c lip p in g f r o m t h e N ew Y ork T im e s o f A u g u s t 14, 1920. O n p a g e 2 is a d is p a tc h fr o m W a s h in g to n q u o tin g th e A m e ric a n A m b a s s a d o r in P e tr o g r a d , M r. F r a n c is , to th e effec t t h a t w ith in 6 m o n th s t h e r e w o u ld b e no v e s tig e l e f t o f th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t. I n th e lig h t o f B r i t a i n ’s r e c e n t e x p e rie n c e w i t h th e C h in e se C o m m u n ists, th e sort, o f t h in k in g ab o v e q u o te d is a ll th e m o re sh o ck in g . T h e B r itis h S o c ia lis ts ru s h e d a t n e c k -b re a k in g sp ee d to re co g n ize th e C h in e s e C o m m u n is t b a r b a r ia n s . T h e y d id n o t r e a liz e o r d id n o t c a r e t h a t w h ile th e voice fro m C h in a w a s t h a t o f M ao, th e h a n d s p u llin g t h e l ’e ip in g s t r i n g s w e re th o s e o f S ta lin . F o r 4 y e a rs n o w th e B r itis h G o v e rn m e n t h a s bee n s u ffe rin g in s u lts a n d in d ig n itie s a t th e h a n d s o f t h e C o m m u n is t m e rc e n a rie s in C h in a , t h e i r A m b a s s a d o r h a s bee n cool in g h is h e e ls in P e ip in g e v e r sin c e h is a r r i v a l , a n d M ao re fu s e s to re c o g n iz e th e B r i t is h G o v e rn m e n t. D u r in g th e firs t 6 m o n th s o f 1952, fo r e x a m p le , th e B r i t is h s e n t 50 c o m m u n ic a tio n s to th e C o m m u n is t g o v e rn m e n t w ith o u t ev e n b e in g a c c o rd e d th e c o u r te s y o f a s in g le re p ly , l i a s th e B r i t is h lio n lo s t h is v o ice a n d h i s te e th ? 125 �126 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM N o t o n ly h a v e B r i t is h b u s in e s s m e n t a k e n no p ro fits o u t o f C h in a s in c e t h e c u r ta i n w a s r u n g d o w n on t h a t c o u n try , b u t th e y h a v e b e e n th ro w in g g o o d m o n ey a f t e r b a d a t a n a la r m in g r a t e — a b o u t 500,000 p o u n d s s t e r l i n g m o n th ly . D u r in g th e y e a r 1951 t h e B r itis h h a d to p u t a b o u t 17 m illio n p o u n d s s te r lin g in to C h in a to m e e t t h e p a r a l i z i n g ta x e s , to p a y o u tra g e o u s ly in fla te d a n d u s e le s s s t a f f s fo r c e d u p o n th e m by th e C o m m u n is ts . A ll th is is d e s ig n e d to r u i n fo re ig n b u s i n e s s firm s in C h in a a n d to e x t o r t v a lu a b le fo r e ig n e x c h a n g e . H e r s e l f in d i r e e c o n o m ic n ee d , fo r e v e r c r y in g f o r m o re m illio n s fro m th e A m e ric a n ta x p a y e rs , B r i t a i n n e v e rth e le s s c o n tin u e s to c lin g to th e f a r c e o f t r y i n g to do b u s in e s s w ith a g o v e r n m e n t w h ic h h a s n e v e r c o n c e a le d th e f a c t t h a t i t is o u t to d e s tro y a l l nonC o m m u n is t n a tio n s . N o t a s in g le B r i t is h firm h a s a c h a n c e o f s u rv iv in g in C h i n a ; n o t a c e n t w ill e v e r be p a id by th e C h in e s e to t h e B r i t is h o r A m eric an , firm s e x p r o p r i a t e d by th e m , n o t u n t i l th e C o m m u n is t g o v e rn m e n t is d e s tro y e d by i t s o w n people. A n d y e t t h i s n o n s e n s e o f th e B r i t is h b u s in e s s le a d e r w a s p ro m p tly ec h o ed b y a n A m e ric a n c o lle a g u e , no le s s t h a n t h e c h a ir m a n o f th e U n ite d S ta t e s C o u n c il o f th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C h a m b e r o f C o m m e rce w h o to ld th e B o s to n co n fe re n c e o n d i s t r i b u t i o n : “T h e u l t im a te r e s u lt s ,” s a i d M r. G e o rg e A. S lo a n , “w ill be t h a t so m e d a y in th e f u t u r e th e S o v ie ts w ill r e a liz e th e f u t i l i t y o f t h e i r e f fo rts in u n d e r m in in g t h e f r e e n a t i o n s a n d w ill s u s p e n d t h e i r s tru g g le f o r w o rld d o m in a tio n .” M r. S lo a n a p p a r e n t l y re f u s e s to a d m it t h a t h a v in g e n s la v e d o v e r 600 m illio n s o f a lie n p e o p le s in th e c o u rs e o f o n e d e c a d e t h e i r e f fo rts s h o u ld be te rm e d h ig h ly s u c c e s s fu l a n d n o t a fu t i l e e f fo rt a s h e s e e s i t . T h e y h a v e b e e n e m in e n tly s u c c e s s fu l th r o u g h o u t th e w o rld , n o t e x c lu d in g o u r o w n c o u n try , a n d a r e n o w k n o c k in g a t t h e v e r y m a jo r g a te w a y to th e U n ite d S ta te s , th e P a n a m a C a n a l, w ith t h e i r e f fo rts in G u a te m a la . T h e k in d o f b a ld e r d a s h w e h a v e bee n g e ttin g fr o m m e n w h o s h o u ld k n o w b e t t e r h o w to d e a l w ith th e S o v ie t n i g h tm a r e im p e ls m en o f m y b a c k g ro u n d a n d e x p e rie n c e to e x c la im : Y ou m ig h t a s w e ll w a it f o r th e le o p a rd to c h a n g e h is s p o t s ; y o u m ig h t a s w e ll e x p e c t th e e a r t h to c h a n g e i t s c o u r s e a s to s e e t h e S o v ie ts a b a n d o n t h e i r irre s p o n s ib le a n d i r r e s is t i b l e m a rc h t o w a r d w o rld e n s la v e m e n t. M r. C h a irm a n , i t is h ig h tim e to a d m i t t h a t L e n in t r u l y m e a n t b u s in e s s w h e n h e a s s u r e d h is l i s t e n e r s tim e a n d tim e a g a i n : " I t i s e it h e r w e o r t h e y ; * * * W e s t a n d f o r u n in t e r r u p te d re v o lu tio n . W e w ill n o t h a l t h a lf w a y .” T h a t s u c h f a lla c ie s a s m e n tio n e d ab o v e a r e s t il l b e in g p e d d le d a r o u n d by s u p p o s e d ly in te llig e n t m e n o f a f f a i r s 3G y e a r s a f t e r th e r is e o f t h e S o v ie t re g im e m a k e s o n e w o n d e r i f o u r p eo p le e v e r w ill f a th o m th e s e r io u s n e s s o f th e p ro b lem w h ic h is fa c in g th e m . O n e c a n a ls o w o n d e r w h y th e t h o u s a n d s o f fo u n d a tio n s w ith b illio n s o f ta x -f re e d o lla r s h a v e n o t h a d t h e c o m m o n sen se to ta c k le t h i s p ro b le m o f e n lig h te n in g o u r p eo p le , a n d e s p e c ia lly th o s e in s t r a t e g ic p o s itio n s . T o do e le c tric w ir in g o r a p lu m b in g jo b a p e r s o n m u s t t a k e a n e x a m in a tio n a n d s e c u re a c e rtific a te s h o w in g t h a t h e is q u a lifie d . B u t n o t in m a t t e r s a ffe c tin g th e liv e s o f e v e ry m a n , w o m a n , a n d c h ild in th e U n ite d S ta te s — th e so lv in g o f th e m o s t d iffic u lt p ro b le m o f t h e e r a c a u s e d by S o v ie t co m m u n ism . A n y ig n o ra m u s o f t h i s s u b je c t, w ith o u t h a v in g s tu d ie d th e p ro b le m in R u s s ia o r le a r n e d th e b a s ic p rin c ip le s of S o v ie t th e o ry a n d p r a c tic e fr o m th e e x p e rie n c e o f th o s e w h o h a v e m a d e , i t t h e i r l if e ’s w o r k to k n o w t h e t r u t h o f th e m a t t e r , be h e a u n iv e r s ity p ro f e s s o r, a n e d i t o r i a l w r it e r , a b u s in e s s e x e c u tiv e o r a p ro f e s s io n a l, c a n u n d e r t a k e to p o n tific a te o n th is m o s t p e r p le x in g p ro b lem . S om e o f o u r g r e a t e s t s c ie n tis ts w h o w o u ld la u g h th e m s e lv e s s ic k if th e y h e a r d a n o r d in a r y la y m a n p o n tific a te on th e s c ie n tific field s i n w h ic h th e y ex c el, m e n lik e P r o f e s s o r s E in s te in a n d K e tte rin g , f o r e x a m p le , t r y to h o ld f o r th in th e field o f i n t e r n a tio n a l r e la t io n s w ith t h e S o v ie t m e n a c e a n d t r y to in flu en c e p u b lic o p in io n . N o le s s s h o c k in g h a s been t h e p r o p a g a n d a in b e h a lf o f E a s t-W e s t t r a d e by M rs. V e ra M ich ele s D e a n , re s e a r c h d ir e c to r o f th e A m e ric a n F o re ig n P o lic y A s s o c ia tio n . H e r s e lf a n im m ig ra n t fro m S o v ie t ty r a n n y , M rs. D e a n h a s n e v e r bee n back to R u s s ia s in c e 1919, h a s n e v e r h a d a n y b u s in e s s e x p e rie n c e s w ith th e S o v ie t econom y. Y et on J a n u a r y 10, 1950, th e m e m b e rs o f th e N e w Y o rk E x p o r t Clul> lis te n e d to h e r d is c o u rs e o n “ R u s s ia ’s E co n o m ic R e a litie s W ith th e W e s t.” H e r co n c lu d in g re m a r k s w e re a s re v e a lin g a s th e y w e re c o u n te r to o u r i n t e r e s t s : “ I n c o n c lu sio n ,” s a i d M rs. D e a n , “ I w o u ld s a y t h a t w e s h a ll h a v e to m a k e a c h o ic e b e tw e e n tw o r i s k s : O ne r i s k is to t r a d e w ith R u s s ia a n d E a s t e r n E u ro p e , a n d t h e r e th e r is k , o f c o u rse , is t h a t w e w ill b e i n c re a s in g t h e i r c a p a c ity l o r w a g in g w a r — i f t h a t is w h a t th e y a r e p la n n in g to do. I s a y i t b e c a u s e I a n t STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 127 n o t a t a l l c le a r t h a t t h a t is t h e r e a l lin e o f a t t a c k t h a t t h e R u s s ia n s w ill p u rs u e . T h e o th e r ris k is n o t to t r a d e w ith th e m a n d to c o n tin u e to p u t p re s s u re on o u r E R P f r ie n d s a ls o n o t to t r a d e to o m u c h w ith E a s t e r n E u ro p e , a n d th e n w e a r e r u n n in g th e r i s k o f in c re a s in g th e e c o n o m ic d iffic u ltie s o f o u r fr ie n d s in W e s te rn E u ro p e . N ow , in m a k in g t h i s ch o ic e o f ris k s , I w o u ld p lu m p f o r th e r i s k o f t r a d i n g w ith E a s t e r n E u ro p e a n d R u s s ia . * * *” F iv e m o n th s l a t e r th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t o rd e re d th e N o r th K o r e a n s to in v a d e S o u th K o r e a , w h e re f o r m o re t h a n 3 y e a r s w e f o u g h t o u r t h i r d la rg e s t a n d c o s tlie s t w a r. B u t a s h o r t 5 m o n th s e a r l i e r th e re s e a r c h d ir e c to r o f th e A m e ric a n F o re ig n P o lic y A s s o c ia tio n , fe d b y ta x -e x e m p t d o lla r s fr o m o u r fo u n d a tio n s a n d in d iv id u a ls , w a s “ n o t a t a l l c le a r ” t h a t w a r " is th e re a l lin e o f a t t a c k t h a t th e R u s s ia n s w ill p u rs u e .” A n d w h a t is e v e n m o re in e x c u s a b le a b o u t t h i s la d y w h e n 3 m o n th s a f t e r th e K o r e a n w a r b e g a n , w ith th o u s a n d s o f A m e ric a n s la u g h te r e d w ith th e a id o f S ta l in ’s g u n s a n d m i li t a r y le a d e rs , Airs. D e a n w r o te in th e S e p te m b e r 23, 1950, is s u e o f th e l e f t i s t N a tio n m a g a z i n e : “H o w lo n g w ill th e p re te n s e b e k e p t u p t h a t th e P e k in g re g im e m u s t n o t s p e a k in th e i n t e r n a ti o n a l a f f a ir s on b e h a lf o f C h in a ? D o e s a p e rio d o f 16 o r m o re y e a r s o f n o n re c o g n itio n by th e U n ite d S ta t e s lie a h e a d , a s in th e c a s e o f th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t b e tw e e n 1917 a n d 1933?” T w o m o n th s l a t e r , th e C h in e s e C o m m u n is ts , th e d a r lin g o f th e re s e a r c h d ire c to r o f th e A m e ric a n F o re ig n P o lic y A s s o c ia tio n , la u n c h e d t h e i r s a v a g e w a r a g a i n s t th e U n ite d S ta te s . S u re lv M alen k o v , V is h in s k y , M a lik , a n d co m p a n y co u ld h a r d ly h a v e d o n e b e t t e r by th e K r e m lin t h a n d id M rs. D e a n w i t h h e r t a l k b e fo re th e E x p o r t M a n a g e rs C lub. I ta lk e d to a n u m b e r o f p eo p le in th e a u d ie n c e a f t e r th e le c tu r e . T h e y h a d no id e a s o f t h e i r ow n, b u t p a r r o t e d h e r a r g u m e n ts . T h e y a d m itte d t h a t n o n e o f th e m h a d e v e r b e e n to t h e S o v ie t U n io n o r e v e r r e a d a n a u t h o r i t a t i v e book on co m m u n ism in p ra c tic e . O n e o f th e m ev e n c o n fe s s e d t h a t a lth o u g h V ic to r K r a v c h e n k o ’s book I C h o se F re e d o m h a d b ee n on h i s l i b r a r y s h e lf f o r 2 y e a rs , h e h a d n e v e r lo o k ed i n to it. S u c h a n u n in fo rm e d a u d ie n c e , o b v io u sly , is e a s y p re y f o r th e glib to n g u e o f th e E a s t- W e s t t r a d e p r o p a g a n d is t. B u t. a s a ru le , th e s e a r e th e ty p e o f le c tu r e r s o u r t r a d e a s s o c ia tio n s a n d clu b s in v ite to e n lig h te n th e m . W h a t a tra g e d y . T h e a b o v e -q u o te d re m a r k s h a v e been selec ted a s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e th in k in g o f m en a t th e to p ru n g o f o u r b u s in e s s le a d e rs h ip la d d e r. S im ila r u n e n lig h te n e d a n d co n fu s e d re a s o n in g am o n g le a d e r s o f o th e r g ro u p s h a s h e lp e d b rin g A m e ric a to i t s p r e s e n t im p a s s e b y p e r m i t t i n g : 1. C o n tin u a n c e o f d ip lo m a tic r e la t io n s w ith th e S o v ie ts long, f a r to o long, a f t e r i t h a d becom e a p p a r e n t t h a t c o o p e ra tio n w ith th e m in a n y field o f h u m a n e n d e a v o r w a s f u tile . 2. C o n tin u a tio n o f tr a d i n g w ith t h e en e m y lo n g a f t e r w e h a d le a r n e d fr o m d e c a d e s o f e x p e rie n c e t h a t i t is d e c id e d ly d e tr im e n ta l to o u r in te r e s ts . 3. S ittin g w ith th e w o r ld ’s g r e a t e s t m u r d e r e r s in t h e c o u n c ils o f th e U n ite d N a tio n s a s e q u a ls, w i t h m en w h o do n o t r e p r e s e n t th e R u s s ia n p eo p le s, n e v e r re p re s e n te d th e m a n d n e v e r w ill. E v e r y c o n fe re n c e w e s a t in w ith th o s e b a r b a r ia n s p ro v e d f a t a l to u s o r f u t i l e a t b est. I f th e y c a n n o t h a v e t h e i r w a y a t a c o n fe re n c e , th e y a r e d e te rm in e d to w re c k it. T h e y h a v e do n e i t tim e a n d tim e a g a in . Y e t w e p e r s is t in b eg g in g th e m on o u r k n e e s to h a v e som e m o re s e s s io n s . H o w lo n g m u s t th is go on? I n th e p r e s e n t p sy c h o lo g ic a l w a r th e s e co m m issio n s a n d t h e m a n y m o re o m iss io n s a r e d e a d ly s t r i k e s a g a i n s t th e U n ite d S ta te s . In th e m e a n tim e th e flo w e r o f th e N a tio n ’s m a n h o o d h a s h a d to p e r is h on t h e h ills o f K o r e a w ith o u t e lim in a tin g th e s o u rc e o f th e w o rld c h a o s a n d te n s io n . T h e t e n s of t h o u s a n d s o f A m e ric a n a n d F re n c h y o u th s w h o h a v e l a i d do w n t h e i r liv e s on th e d i s ta n t b a ttle fie ld s , th e o th e r te n s o f th o u s a n d s o f m en w h o s e b o d ie s h a v e b ee n m u tila te d f o r life a r e c ry in g fro m t h e i r p r e m a t u r e g ra v e s a n d t h e h o s p ita l b e d s t h a t o u r s ta te s m e n s to p b lu n d e rin g a n d b u n g lin g a n d d e a l w ith th e en e m y m o re r e a lis tic a lly a n d in te llig e n tly . M r. C h a irm a n , h a s a n y o n e in t h i s ro o m e v e r s to p p e d to th in k t h a t w h ile th e K r e m lin h a s 30 o r so m illio n s o f a llie s in th e f r e e c o u n trie s , t h e r e a r e h u n d r e d s o f m illio n s o f s e c re t a llie s o f o u rs b e h in d th e I r o n C u rta in . T h e y a r e s ile n t to b e s u re . B u t th e y c o u ld b e m a d e vocal. T h e y a r e lo o k in g to u s f o r m o ra l a n d p s y c h o lo g ic a l s y m p a th y . I n s t e a d o f t h a t w e h a v e a h ig h G o v e rn m e n t fu n c tio n a r y , M r. S ta s s e n , te ll u s t h a t s e n d in g g oods to R u s s ia w o u ld e n d e a r u s to t h e p eo p le . T h is i s a m o ra l a n d p sy c h o lo g ic a l s u p p o rt to t h e i r en e m ie s, th e K r e m lin ty r a n t s . I n s t e a d o f s a y in g a n d d o in g th in g s w h ic h w ill b o o s t th e m o ra le o f t h e �128 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRA TEG Y AND TACTICS OF W O RLD C O M M U N IS M v ic tim s o f c o m m u n is m , t h e g r e a t W in s to n C h u rc h ill co m e s f o r t h w i t h t h e s h o c k in g s t a t e m e n t w h ic h I q u o te : “ W e s h o u ld e s ta b lis h w ith R u s s ia l in k s w h ic h , i n s p ite o f a ll d i s tr a c ti o n s a n d p e r il s a n d c o n tra d ic tio n s , w ill co n v in c e th e R u s s ia n p e o p le a n d t h e S o v ie t G ov e r n m e n t t h a t w e w is h th e m p e a c e , h a p p in e s s , a n d e v e r-in c re a s in g a n d ev e re x p a n d in g p r o s p e r ity a n d e n r ic h m e n t o f life in t h e i r o w n m ig h ty la u d a n d t h a t w e lo n g to s e e th e m p l a y a p r o u d a n d s p le n d id p a r t i n th e g u id a n c e o f th e h u m a n ra c e .” T h e R u s s ia n G o v e rn m e n t w e c a n n o t co n v in c e. M r. C h u rc h ill w h o h a d m o re e x p e rie n c e t h a n a n y o n e o f u s h e r e o u g h t to k n o w i t b y n o w . T h e o n ly o b s ta c le to p ea ce , h a p p in e s s , a n d a l l t h e o t h e r g o o d th in g s t h a t M r. C h u rc h ill w is h e s th e R u s s ia n p eo p le s is t h e c o n tin u e d e x is te n c e o f t h e S o v ie t re g im e . T h e R u s s ia n p e o p le k n o w t h a t e v e n i f M r. C h u rc h ill a n d m a n y o f o u r o w n b e fu d d le d p e o p le d o n ’t. T o w is h to s e e t h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t p l a y “ a p ro u d a n d s p le n d id p a r t in th e g u id a n c e o f th e h u m a n ra c e ,” t o q u o te M r. C h u rc h ill, s o u n d s lik e th e l i tt l e m o u s e w is h in g t h a t t h e c a t ’s te e th b e s h a r p e r , t h a t th e c a t ’s f e e t c a r r y h e r f a s t e r to th e p ro s p e c tiv e p re y . B e s id e s , th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t is h a r d ly in n e e d o f M r. C h u rc h ill’s good w is h e s . I t is d o in g q u ite w e ll on its o w n w a y , t h a n k yo u . T h e K r e m lin fe e ls t h a t i t is in d e e d p la y in g “ a p ro u d a n d s p le n d id p a r t in t h e g u id a n c e o f th e h u m a n ra c e ” t h a t h a s a lr e a d y fa lle n in to i t s b lo o d -d re n c h e d h a n d s , t h a t i t is g u id in g , a c c o rd in g to i t s d e r a n g e d m e n ta lity , i t s m illio n s o f s to o g e s th r o u g h o u t t h e f r e e w o r ld to b rin g a b o u t i t s d e s ire d r e s u lt s — t h e s o v ie tiz a tio n o f th e w o rld . I t s h o u ld be p la in a s d a y b y n o w t h a t th e s o r t o f t h in k in g ex e m p lifie d by M r. C h u rc h ill, M r. S ta s s e n , M r. W e ir, M r. R o y a l im p e rils o u r s a f e t y a n d s e c u rity . T h e d e s tin ie s o f m a n k in d a r e n o t s a f e i n s u c h h a n d s . U n less th e m a s s e s in t h e c o u n tr ie s s t il l f r e e , b e s t i r th e m s e lv e s a n d p ro v id e m o re e n lig h te n e d a n d c o u r a g e o u s le a d e rs h ip , th e C h r i s ti a n c iv iliz a tio n is doom ed. A s o n e w ith a b a c k g ro u n d o f 37 y e a r s in t h e in t e r n a ti o n a l t r a d e field, I m u s t s t a t e c a te g o ric a lly t h a t th e w h o le S o v ie t t r a d e co m m o tio n is n o th in g m o re n o r le s s t h a n a m e a n s to d r iv in g a w e d g e b e tw e e n t h e f r e e n a tio n s . I t is d e s ig n e d to s u p p ly th e C o m m u n is t sto o g e s in t h e f r e e w o rld w ith p ro p a g a n d a m a t e r ia l t o c o n fu s e a n d b e f u d d le o u r th in k in g . W h a t h a p p e n e d to th e b illio n s o f t r a d e t h a t w a s to fo llo w th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f re la tio n s w ith th e K r e m lin ? I t w a s a m y th . D u r in g th e 20 y e a r s p r io r to th e S eco n d W o rld W a r th e t o t a l p u rc h a s e s a m o u n te d to $1,200 m illio n — a p p r o x im a te ly $-16 m illio n p e r a n n u m . T n i s is a m e r e d ro p in th e o c e a n in o u r v a s t eco n o m y . S om e o f t h e s m a lle s t c o u n trie s i n L a t i n A m e ric a b u y f a r m o re t h a n t h a t fr o m u s a n n u a lly . T h e S o v ie ts c a n n o t a ll'o rd to im p o rt h e a v ily f r o m th e c a p i ta l is t c o u n trie s fo r tw o m a jo r r e a s o n s : F ir s t, th e y c a n n o t a ffo rd to h e lp th e ec o n o m ie s o f c o u n trie s t h e y a r e o u t to d e s tro y , a n d th e y d o n ’t p e r m i t f r ie n d s o f th e U n ite d S ta t e s o r p l a i n g u llib le s in R u s s ia to go a r o u n d p ro p a g a n d iz in g t h a t p u rc h a s e s s h o u ld be m a d e h e re , a s is th e c a s e w itli a good m a n y s u c h g u llib le s h e re . S econd, th e y c a n n o t te ll th e p e o p le d a y in a n d d a y o u t t h a t th e S o v ie t U n io n is th e r e a l p a r a d i s e o f th e w o r k e rs , t h e c o u n try w h ic h h a s in v e n te d e v e ry th in g u n d e r , a b o v e , a n d o n th e s u n , t h a t p eo p le in t h e c a p i ta l is t c o u n trie s a r e s t a r v i n g a n d i t is in c u m b e n t u p o n th e w o r k e rs o f th e S o v ie t f a th e r l a n d to a llo w h ea v y d e d u c tio n s fr o m t h e i r w a g e s to k e e p t h e A m e ric a n w o r k e rs a liv e , a n d a t th e sa m e tim e flood R u s s ia w ith g o o d s fr o m th o s e im p o v e ris h e d c a p i ta l is t i c c o u n trie s . I t j u s t w o u ld n o t m a k e s e n s e , a n d th e S o v ie t p ro p a g a n d is ts a r e s m a r t e r t h a n th a t , f a r s m a r t e r t h a n o u r o w n . W h y , th e n , th i s g r e a t f u s s a b o u t E a s t- W e s t tr a d e ? P a r t o f th e a n s w e r h a s a lr e a d y been g iv en b e fo re . H e re is a n o th e r a n g le : T a k e a lo o k a t th e t r a d e a g r e e m e n ts c o n c lu d e d b e tw e e n R u s s ia a n d th e E u r o p e a n c o u n tr ie s f o r d e liv e r y th is y e a r a n d a fe w y e a r s h en c e. T h e y a r e a l l filled w ith tie -in p u rc h a s e s . I n 1954, f o r e x a m p le , th e S o v ie ts h a v e a g r e e d to s h ip to F in l a n d p e tro le u m p ro d u c ts , s u g a r , lin se e d o il, g a s o lin e , D iese l o il, fu e l o il, co a l a n d co k e, f e r tiliz e r , w h e a t, f o d d e r c a k e s , a n d th e lik e. B u t w h a t is F in la n d s u p p o s e d to s h ip to R u s s ia ? S tr a te g ic g o o d s ex c lu siv e ly . A ll o f i t d e s ig n e d t o s tr e n g th e n t h e m i li t a r y m ig h t o f o u r en e m y , n a m e ly — 44 s h ip s , ta n k e r s , o c e a n fish in g t r a w le r s , o c e a n t u g b o a t s ; 56 l a k e b a r g e s ; flo a tin g c r a n e s , p o w e rp la n t m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t, a n d m a n y m o re s i m i l a r ite m s . H o lla n d , f o r e x a m p le , i s to s u p p ly th e S o v ie ts w ith h e r r in g , so m e b u t t e r , a n d a fe w o th e r fo o d ite m s f o r th e ta b le o f th e S o v ie t h ie r a r c h y , b u t th e m a jo r ite m s s h e is to s h ip to R u s s ia a r e : C a rg o v e s s e ls , r e f r i g e r a t o r v e s s e ls , s u c tio n h o p p e r d re d g e s , b u c k e t d re d g e s , c o a l b u n k e r in g v e s s e ls , a n d so f o r th . E v e r y o n e o f th e m a m a jo r s t r a t e g ic ite m . T u r n to E n g la n d , i f yo u p le a se . S h e is to re c e iv e fro m R u s s ia fo o d s tu ffs w h ic h a r e in s u p e r a b u n d a n c e h e r e a n d in C a n a d a ; lu m b e r a n d tim b e r, w h ic h C a n a d a h a s in s u p e r a b u n d a n c e . B u t B r i t a i n is to s h ip to R u s s ia — t a k e good n o te , p l e a s e : 30 o c e a n l i n e r s o f S,000 a n d 10,000 to n s , 20 s h ip s o f 5,000 to n s , 60 fis h in g tr a w le r s , 30 w h a le rs , 15 s a lv a g e t u g s ; ra ilw a y e q u ip m e n t to p ro p u p th e w e a k e s t lin k o f t h e S o v ie t s y s t e m ; 200 c a t e r p i l l a r c r a n e s ; 110 s e ts o f c o m p le te p o w e r s t a t i o n s ; 150 s te a m b o i l e r s ; 20 p o w e r t r a i n s : 150 d ie s e l e le c tric s t a t i o n s ; e le c tric a l e q u ip m e n t w o r th a b o u t $15 m i ll i o n ; ro llin g m ill e q u ip m e n t w o r th a b o u t $40 m illio n , a n d m 'r e o f t h a t n a tu r e . A n d th is , M r. C h a irm a n , is b e in g p a r a d e d to u s a s n o n s tr a te g ic goods. I t is w o r th y o f n o te t h a t p r a c tic a lly e v e ry c o u n try c a p a b le o f s u p p ly in g s h ip s a n d s im ila r ly h ig h ly s t r a t e g ic m a t e r ia l is b e in g a w a rd e d c o n tra c ts . T h is , o n one h a n d , ta k e s th e b u rd e n off th e S o v ie t s h ip y a rd s , a n d , sec o n d , i t m a k e s i t p o s s ib le f o r th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t to t a k e p o s s e s s io n o f t h a t m a n y m o re h ig h ly s t r a t e g ic e q u ip m e n t in th e e v e n t o f a co n flic t o r f o r th e p u rp o s e o f a id in g s a t e l l i t e s th ro u g h w h o m m is c h ie f is n o w p la n n e d . D id M r. S ta s s e n g iv e y o u f a c t s o r fictio n w h e n h e a s s e r t e d t h a t s u c h t r a d e w o u ld “c a r r y a n e t a d v a n ta g e to th e f r e e w o r ld ” ? T h e t o t a l 1948 tu r n o v e r o f t h e U. S . S. R . t r a d e w ith t h e f r e e w o rld (b o th e x p o r t s a n d im p o rts fr o m ) a m o u n te d to a b o u t $1 b illio n . I n 1950 i t d e c lin e d to $545 m illio n . I n 1952 i t w a s b a c k a b o u t $943 m illio n . T h e fig u re s f o r 1953 w e re a b o u t $790 m illio n . W e h a v e g iv e n a w a y a n n u a lly to o u r E u ro p e a n a llie s a lo n e s e v e ra l tim e s t h a t m u c h . I f th e fo r e ig n t r a d e a m a te u r s a p p a r e n tly s u rr o u n d in g M r. S ta s s e n w o u ld b e re p la c e d by m en w ith p r a c t i c a l fo r e ig n -tra d e ex p e rien c e, n o t j u s t book le a rn in g , a w a y c o u ld be w o rk e d o u t to s a t i s f y th e i n te r n a tio n a l t r a d e n e e d s o f o u r f r ie n d s in E u ro p e a n d a t th e s a m e tim e c la m p d o w n a com p le te a n d t i g h t e m b a rg o a g a i n s t a ll, a b s o lu te ly a ll, s h ip m e n ts to th e S o v ie t bloc. A c o m b in a tio n o f th e k n o w -h o w a n d a f e a r le s s d e te r m in a tio n to h i t t h e en e m y w h e re i t w ill h u r t co u ld b r i n g t h a t a b o u t v e r y e a s ily . B u t th e w ill m u s t b e t h e r e first. 129 W H O M DID W E REC OG N IZE? A m e ric a n s ta te s m e n , D e m o c ra ts a n d R e p u b lic a n s a lik e , b e tw e e n 1917 a n d 1933 d id n o t h a v e to becom e d ip lo m a tic b e d fe llo w s w ith t h e C o m m u n is ts in o rd e r to fin d o u t th e t r u e n a t u r e o f th e K r e m lin b e a s t. T h e y h a d k n o w n fro m th e w r itin g s a n d u t t e r a n c e s o f th e C o m m u n is t le a d e r s b e g in n in g w ith K a r l M a rx a n d e n d in g w ith L en in a n d T ro ts k y t h a t a g o v e rn m e n t h e a d e d by s u c h p e o p le c o u ld n o t a n d w o u ld n o t liv e u p to i t s i n t e r n a ti o n a l o b lig a tio n s, t h a t t h e w o rld co u ld n o t re m a in h a l f fr e e a n d h a l f s la v e . T h e y th e r e f o r e s t e a d f a s t l y re fu s e d to c o m p ro m ise w ith e v il a n d w o u ld n o t bow to a n y d e m a n d s fo r re c o g n itio n . I t w a s e v id e n t t o th e m t h a t a g o v e rn m e n t w h ic h w o u ld n o t fu lfill i t s p le d g e s to i t s ow n p eo p le c o u ld n o t p o ssib ly be e x p e c te d to t r e a t u s a n y b e tte r . T h e y k n e w t h a t th e C o m m u n is t re g im e , a s m en tio n e d b efo re, h a d p ro m is e d b r e a d to its p eople a n d h a s g iv en th e m p e r p e tu a l h u n g e r ; i t p ro m is e d p e a c e a n d h a s g iv en th e m u n in te r r u p te d w a r a t h o m e a n d a b r o a d ; i t p ro m is e d la n d to t h e p e a s a n ts a n d h a s ro bbed th e m o f a ll o f it, m u rd e r in g m illio n s o f re s is t e r s in t h e p ro c e ss, b r in g in g u p o n th e R u s s ia n p eo p le s a fa m in e w h ic h d e c im a te d m illio n s m o re in th e c i t i e s : i t p ro m is e d f r e e dom fr o m o p p re s s io n a n d e x p lo ita tio n a n d h a s in s te a d e s ta b lis h e d th e m o s t i n h u m a n s y s te m o f e x p lo ita tio n e v e r k n o w n to m a n k in d . T h e A m e ric a n s ta te s m e n o f a w is e r e r a — fro m W o o d ro w W ils o n a n d in c lu d in g H e r b e r t H o o v e r— r e fu s e d to h a v e a n y th in g to d o w ith s u c h a re g im e . W e a ll now k n o w h o w r i g h t th e y w e re . W hom d id w e re a lly re co g n ize ? L e t u s l i f t j u s t a tin y c o r n e r o f th e I r o n C u r t a i n a n d see t h e n a k e d n e s s o f th e C o m m u n is t re g im e . B e tw e e n 18S1 a n d 1913. a p e rio d o f 32 y e a rs , t h e r e w e re a t o ta l o f 4.446 e x e c u tio n s in th e w h o le o f R u s s ia u n d e r th e C z a r’s g o v e rn m e n t. N o t o n e o f th e m w a s e x e c u te d f o r p o litic a l offenses. A ll o f th e m w e re s e r io u s c r im in a ls . B u t d u r i n g th e firs t 3 y e a rs o f i t s re ig n , th e S o v ie ts e x te r m in a te d o v e r 300,000 m en , w o m en , a n d c h ild re n . A s i t b e c a m e e n tre n c h e d , i t ra is e d t h e n u m b e r o f m u rd e r s i t co m m itte d . T h e s a ilo r s o f t h e F o r t r e s s o f K r o n s ta d t, r ig h t o u ts id e o f L e n in g r a d , p la y e d a d e c isiv e r o le in h e lp in g th e L e n in -T ro ts k y g a n g to w r e s t p o w e r fro m t h e w e ak k n e e d K e re n s k y p ro v is io n a l g o v e rn m e n t in N o v e m b e r 1917. B y th e tim e th e y e a r 1921 tu rn e d u p th e y w e re so d is illu s io n e d , th o s e p la in s o n s o f th e p e a s a n ts a n d w o rk e rs , t h a t th e y s ta g e d a re v o lt d e m a n d in g th e o rig in a l p led g e s o f th e C om m u n is ts b e t r a n s l a te d in to a c tio n , n a m e ly : p o w e r to t h e w o rk e rs , p e a s a n t s ’ a n d s o ld ie rs ’ d e p u tie s , la n d f o r th e p e a s a n ts , a g o v e rn m e n t o n la w a n d n o t o f e d ic ts , �130 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM fre e d o m o f p r e s s a n d a s s e m b la g e , ju s tic e , a n d lib e rty . F o r t h a t th e y w e re r u t h le s s ly d e s tro y e d by th e L e n in re g im e . S in c e t h e n t h e r e h a v e b e e n n u m e ro u s re v o lts , a l l o f th e m d ro w n e d in t h e b lo o d o f t h e p eo p le . T h e p eo p le s o f R u s s ia h a v e n e v e r re c o g n iz e d th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t a s th e le g itim a te g o v e rn m e n t o f th e c o u n tr y a n d n e v e r w ill. T h e m o re th e p e o p le re b e lle d th e m o re fe ro c io u s th e a t r o c i ti e s o f t h e re g im e . W e w ill n o w v i s it a fe w R u s s ia n c itie s to w itn e s s com m u n is m in a c tio n . O u r firs t s to p is K h a rk o v . I t is O c to b e r IS , 1941, a n d H i t l e r ’s a r m ie s a r e ro llin g i r r e s is tib ly o n w a rd . M illio n s o f R u s s ia n s o ld ie rs h a v e a lr e a d y s u r r e n d e r e d , re f u s in g to fig h t f o r S ta lin a n d h i s C o m m u n is t P a r t y . O n th e c o r n e r o f C h e n is lie v s k y a n d S o v n a rk o m s k y S tr e e t s s t a n d s a b u ild in g o cc u p ied b y t h e d r e a d e d s e c r e t p o lice. I t h a s 4 s to r ie s u n d e r a n d 4 ab o v e t h e g ro u n d . I t is eq u ip p e d w ith t h e m o s t m o d e rn c r e m a to riu m to b u rn t h e b o d ie s o f th e c o n d e m n ed w i t h o u t t r i a l , w ith o u t p ro o f o f g u ilt. A c o rd o n o f a r m e d m en is th ro w n a r o u n d t h e b u ild in g . A n official s e ts th e b u ild in g ; filled w i t h m en a n d w o m en , o n fire. A s t h e fla m e s r is e th e c r ie s o f t h e v ic tim s a r e p ie rc in g t h e t h i c k w a lls o f t h e f a s t n e s s h o ld in g th em . S om e d a r e to com e to th e w in d o w s a n d a r e im m e d ia te ly fire d u p o n . I n d u e tim e t h e b u ild in g is a l l in a s h e s m ix e d w i t h t h a t o f t h e p ris o n e r s . N o n e e sc ap ed . T h e p e r p e t r a to r s o f t h i s c r im e a r e t h e d ip lo m a tic b e d fe llo w s o f th e G o v e rn m e n t o f t h e U n ite d S ta te s . W e n o w t a k e y o u to V in itz a in t h e U k r a in e . O ne o f t h e p e r e n n ia l p u rg e s by th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t is in f u l l sw in g . F o r p o s s e s s in g a te x b o o k i n a fo r e ig n la n g u a g e , f o r c o rre s p o n d in g w ith a r e la t iv e o r a f r ie n d in a fo re ig n c o u n try , fo r o v e r s a l t in g p ic k le s o n a c o lle c tiv e f a r m , f o r in a b i l i ty to p ro d u c e in th e f a c to r y o r m in e a c c o rd in g to th e h e a v y s c h e d u le s im p o se d by th e K r e m lin m a s te r s , people a r e b e in g ro u n d e d u p by th e th o u s a n d s , h e r d e d in ja i l s , s e n t off t o c e r ta in d e a th in d i s ta n t s la v e la b o r c a m p s, o r e x e c u te d in t h e lo c a l h o u s e s o f d e te n tio n . T h e lo c a l j a i l in V in itz a i s filled t o o v erflo w in g . R o o m s d e s ig n e d t o h o ld 16 o r 18 p eople n o w h a v e a h u n d re d o r tw o h u n d re d . F o r w e e k s th e s e p eo p le h a v e b e e n s t a n d i n g o n t h e i r fe e t. S o m e h a v e d ro p p e d d e a d o r f a in t e d fr o m e x h a u s tio n a n d t h e s tif lin g a i r . B u t m o re a n d m o re v ic tim s a r e c o n s ta n tly a r r i v i n g fro m t h e p ro v in c e s . T h e K r e m lin is te a c h in g t h e R u s s ia n p e o p le to re m e m b e r w h o is b o ss o f R e d , u n h o ly R u s s ia . T h e n w o r d co m e s f r o m M oscow to s t a r t liq u id a tio n s . E x e c u tio n s ta k e p la c e n ig h tly . A f te r s u n d o w n g ro u p s o f in m a te s a r e m a rc h e d d o w n to th e g a r a g e below . H e a v y d u t y t r u c k s a r e r u n n in g t h e i r e n g in e s w ith t h r o t t l e s w id e o p en to d ro w n o u t th e c r ie s o f th e v ic tim s a n d th e p is to l s h o ts o f t h e K r e m lin m u r d e r e r s . T h e m en a n d w o m en a r e o rd e re d to s t r i p t o th e w a is t. P r i s o n e r s a r e o rd e re d to fa c e t h e w a ll. K re m lin a g e n ts ti e th e h a n d s o f th e v ic tim s on t h e b ac k , j u s t a s th e m u rd e r e d A m e ric a n s in K o r e a w e re fo u n d w ith t h e i r h a n d s tie d on t h e i r b ac k . T h is is o n e o f M oscow ’s in v e n tio n s . A s t h i s is d o n e, o th e r a g e n ts m o v e fr o m o n e s ta n d in g p r is o n e r t o a n o t h e r a n d fire b u lle ts i n to th e b a c k o f t h e i r h e a d s . P re s e n tly a n o t h e r b a tc h o f p ris o n e r s is b ro u g h t d o w n to t h e g a r a g e a n d o rd e re d to lo a d th e d e a d b o d ies in to t h e r o a r in g tr u c k s . T h e b u tc h e re d p r is o n e r s a r e th e n ru s h e d to th e f o r m e r p e a r o rc h a rd n e a r V in itz a o r to th e old c e m e te ry a n d t h r o w n i n to m a s s g ra v e s . T h i s p e r f o r m a n c e c o n tin u e s th r o u g h o u t th e n ig h t. A t d a w n th e b lo o d s ta in s on t h e p a v e m e n t en r o u te to t h e b u r ia l g ro u n d s a r e c o v e re d w ith s a n d b y p o lice a g e n ts. I n 1943 t h e m a s s g ra v e s w e re op en e d b y th e G e rm a n s . T h e w h o le c ity w a s a ffe c te d b y t h e s te n c h b lo w n b y t h e w in d fr o m th e d ire c tio n o f t h e p e a r o rc h a rd a n d t h e o ld c e m e te ry . T h e lo c a l p o p u la tio n h a d b ee n c o m p la in in g a b o u t i t t o th e G e rm a n o c c u p a tio n a u th o r itie s , a n d th e y g a th e r e d a c o m m issio n o f d o c to rs fro m B elg iu m , F r a n c e , H o lla n d , B u lg a ria , etc ., t o w itn e s s th e o p e n in g o f th e g ra v e s . A t o t a l o f 9,432 b o d ie s w e re fo u n d . F ro m f a r a n d w id e p eo p le s tr e a m e d to V in itz a in s e a rc h o f t h e b o d y o f a r e la tiv e . A m o n g th e m w a s A n n a G o d o v a n y ets. H e r h u s b a n d h a d b ee n ta k e n o u t o f h is h o m e in th e m id d le o f t h e n ig h t a n d sh e h a d n e v e r h e a r d fr o m h im . S h e h a d w r it t e n t o S ta lin f o r t h e w h e re a b o u ts of h e r h u s b a n d . I n tim e s h e re c e iv e d a re p ly fr o m th e n o to rio u s V is h in s k y , th e n c h ie f p ro s e c u to r o f th e S o v ie t s la v e s t a t e , s t a t i n g t h a t h e r h u s b a n d h a d been re le a s e d . O f c o u r s e h e w a s ly in g . I s a a k K a s y a n o v ic li G o d o v a n y e ts h a d been re le a s e d fro m h is s u ffe rin g , to be s u re , s in c e h is b o d y w a s am o n g th e e x c a v a te d th o u s a n d s . T h is , M r. C h a irm a n , is th e w o r k o f o u r d ip lo m a tic b e d fe llo w — th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t w e re co g n ize d in 1933 a n d s t il l m a i n t a i n f r ie n d ly r e la tio n s w ith . A p e r s o n i s j u d g e d by th e co m p a n y h e k ee p s. H o w s h o u ld w e b e ju d g e d fo r k e e p in g c o m p a n y w ith th e s e w h o le s a le m u r d e r e r s ? W h a t h a p p e n e d in V in itz a is a m e re s a m p le o f w h a t h a s b ee n a n d is g o in g on in t h e S o v ie t U n io n a s a STRA TEGY AND TACTICS O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 131 w h o le. I t is a p a t t e r n o f th e w a y th e K r e m lin m a in ta in s i t s e l f in p o w e r, a n d t h i s is b o u n d to c o n tin u e a s lo n g a s th e c iv iliz e d w o rld c o n tin u e s to d e a l w ith th o s e b a r b a r ia n s . T h e s c e n e n o w s h i f t s to Y oozovo, a n i m p o r t a n t r a il w a y ju n c tio n . S in c e 1940 t h e r e h a s been in e x is te n c e in R u s s ia a c h ild -s la v e la b o r s y s te m . B o y s o f 1 2 to IS a n d g i r l s fr o m 14 a n d u p a r e r e c r u ite d i n th e s a m e m a n n e r a s s o ld ie rs a n d sh ip p e d to d i s t a n t p o in ts fr o m t h e i r h o m e s to b e p re s s e d in to s o -c a lle d la b o r re s e rv e s w h e re th e y a r e d e h u m a n iz e d in to ro b o ts to do t h e b id d in g o f th e S o v ie t m a s te r s . S u c h a sch o o l w ith a b o u t 700 y o u th s w a s in Yoozovo a t t h e t im e H i t l e r w a s m ov in g in sev e n le a g u e b o o ts to w a r d M oscow . T h e b o y s w e re b i t te r a g a in s t t h e ir g o v e r n m e n t f o r h a v in g bee n t o r n fr o m t h e i r p a r e n t s a n d t h e i r h o m e e n v iro n m e n t. U n a b le o r u n w illin g to e v a c u a te th e b o y s to s a f e p la c e s , o r d e r s ca m e f r o m M oscow t o l i q u id a te th e m . T o w a r d s u n s e t, a co m p a n y o f s e c r e t p o lic e a r m e d w i t h a u t o m a t i c rifle s d ro v e th e m d o w n to th e o u t s k ir t s o f th e c ity , in a n e a rb y fo r e s t, a n d m o w ed th e m d o w n w i t h m a c h in e g u n s . A h a n d f u l o f th e b o y s m a n a g e d to e s c a p e i n t h e d a r k n e s s to b rin g th e a c c o u n t o f th e m a s s a c re to th e w o rld . T h e m u rd e r e rs o f th e s e c h ild re n a r e liv in g h a p p ily w ith in a fe w b lo ck s fr o m o u r W h ite H o u se— in th e S o v ie t E m b a s s y . W ith th e m u r d e r e r s o f th e s e a n d c o u n tle s s t h o u s a n d s o f o th e r c h ild re n in R u s s ia w e a r e s i tt i n g a t t h e c o n fe re n c e ta b le to b r in g p e a c e to th e w o rld , to a s s u r e th e in d e p e n d e n c e a n d t h e fre e d o m s o f o th e r p eo p le s. W h a t a fa rc e . W h a t a d is g ra c e . O u r re c o g n itio n o f th e K r e m lin re g im e w a s th e m o s t p ric e le s s g i f t b esto w e d u p o n o u r d e a d lie s t en e m y . I t w a s a ll th e m o re in e x c u s a b le b e c a u s e th e C om m u n is ts h a d n e v e r m a d e a s e c re t o f t h e i r t r u e d e s ig n s . " W e h a v e n e v e r con c e a le d th e f a c t ,” s a i d L e n in , “ t h a t o u r re v o lu tio n is o n ly th e b e g in n in g , t h a t it w ill le a d to a v ic to rio u s e n d in g o n ly th e n w h e n w e s h a l l h a v e in fla m e d th e w h o le w o r ld w ith i t s re v o lu tio n a r y fire s” (p p . 22-23, C o lle c te d W o r k s b y L e n in , R u s s i a n e d itio n ) . W ith in d a y s a f t e r re c o g n iz in g t h i s n ig h tm a re h ig h officials in o u r G o v e rn m e n t k n e w t h a t a s e r io u s b lu n d e r h a d b ee n m ad e. W h y a n u p r i g h t m a n lik e S e c r e ta r y C o rd ell H u ll p e r m itte d th is to go on u n c h a lle n g e d r e m a in s a m y s te ry . T o d a y i t is p la in to a n y o n e w h o h a s e y e s to s e e a n d a m in d to t h i n k t h a t t h e r e c a n n e v e r, n e v e r b e p e a c e o n t h i s e a r t h a s lo n g a s th e S o v ie t re g im e s u rv iv e s . A nd o u r c o n tin u in g to d e a l w i t h t h a t G o v e rn m e n t is t h e g r e a t e s t c o n trib u tio n to w a r d i t s s u rv iv a l a n d to m a k e i t p o s s ib le f o r th e m to becom e s tr o n g e r in o rd e r to c a r r y o u t L e n in ’s g r a n d d e s ig n w h ic h y o u w ill find in v o lu m e X , C o lle cted W o rk s b y L e n in , p a g e 172: “ F i r s t w e w ill t a k e E a s t e r n E u ro p e , th e n t h e m a s s e s o f A s ia . T h e n w e w ill e n c irc le th e U n ite d S ta t e s o f A m e ric a w h ic h w ill b e t h e l a s t b a s tio n o f c a p ita lis m . W e w ill n o t h a v e to a t t a c k i t ; i t w ill f a ll lik e a n o v e r rip e f r u i t i n to o u r h a n d s .” I f s t il l f u r t h e r p ro o f is n e e d e d to in s u r e p a s s a g e o f S e n a te R e s o lu tio n 247 a n d re la tio n s w ith th e S o v ie t g a n g s te r g o v e rn m e n t s e v e re d , le t u s t u r n to th i s 1,000p a g e vo lu m e p u b lish e d by th e S ta t e D e p a r tm e n t in 1952, e n t i t l e d : “ F o re ig n R e l a tio n s o f th e U n ite d S ta te s — T h e S o v ie t U n io n 1933-39." W e le a r n fr o m t h i s book t h a t w e s t r u c k o u r h e a d in to th e R ed le o p a rd ’s m o u th w ith o u r e y e s w id e o pen. O n O c to b e r 4, 1933, 6 d a y s b e f o re P r e s i d e n t R o o s e v e lt s t a r t e d th e n e g o tia tio n s , M r. W illia m C. B u ll i t t s e n t a m e m o ra n d u m to th e th e n S e c r e ta r y o f S ta t e C o rd ell H u ll in w h ic h h e w r o te : “ B e fo re re c o g n itio n a n d b e fo re lo a n s , w e s h a ll find th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t re la tiv e ly a m e n a b le . A f te r re c o g n itio n o r lo a n s , w e s h o u ld find t h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t a d a m a n t .” U p o n a r r i v a l in M oscow a s o u r f i r s t A m b a s s a d o r, M r. B u ll i t t d id n o t h a v e to w a it lo n g b e fo re fin d in g th e r e a liz a tio n o f h is p ro p h e cy . I n h is d is p a tc h to th e D e p a r tm e n t o f A u g u s t 2 1 ,1 9 3 5 , h e w r o t e : " T o b r e a k r e la tio n s w o u ld s a t is f y th e in d ig n a tio n w e a ll f e e l a n d w o u ld be j u r id ic a lly c o r r e c t.” [ I ta l ic s m in e.] A n d th e n h is C h r is tia n u p b rin g in g a s s e r t e d it s e l f in d e a lin g w ith a p o w e r w h ic h s e t o u t fro m th e v e r y b e g in n in g o f i t s c a r e e r to d e s tro y a l l t h a t C h r is tia n ity s t a n d s fo r , a n d M r. B u ll i t t w r o te : “B u t in m y o p in io n th is q u e s tio n s h o u ld be d e c id e d n e ith e r o n e m o tio n a l n o r ju r i d i c a l g ro u n d s b u t on th e b a s is o f a cold a p p r a i s a l o f t h e w is e s t c o u rs e to p u rs u e to d e fe n d th e A m e ric a n p eople fro m th e e ffo rts o f th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t to p ro d u c e b loody re v o lu tio n in t h e U n ite d S ta te s .” O n e m u s t fo rg iv e th e a b le M r. B u ll i t t f o r th is m is ta k e . T h e ab o v e lin e s w e re w r it t e n lo n g b e f o re th e th e n C o m m u n is t d e lin q u e n t h a d m a tu re d in to t h e in te r- �132 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M n a tio n a l a n d d a n g e ro u s c r im in a l h e is to d a y . B u ll i t t c o u ld n o t p o s s ib ly h a v e fo re s e e n th e r a v a g e s th e S o v ie t re g im e w o u ld b r in g to th e w o rld w ith in 5 y e a rs . B u t even th e n M r. B u ll i t t f o ile d to t e l l u s h o w m a i n ta in in g a n E m b a s s y in M oscow co u ld d e f e n d th e A m e ric a n p e o p le fro m th e S o v ie t e ffo rts to p ro d u c e a b loody re v o lu tio n in th e U n ite d S ta t e s w h ic h s e e m e d to b e h is p rin c ip a l co n c ern a t th e tim e . I a m s u r e t h a t w e re h e f r e e to t a l k to th e r a n k a n d tile o f th e S o v ie t p eo p le s, t h e y w o u ld h a v e p le a d e d w ith h im to b re a k r e la tio n s a t once a n d d riv e t h e i r s p ie s o u t o f t h e U n ite d S ta te s . T h a t w o u ld h a v e b e e n a s e v e re blow to th e p r e s tig e o f t h e C o m m u n is t re g im e . H a d th is s t e p bee n ta k e n in 1935-36, w h e n th e s u b je c t w a s b e in g d is c u s s e d in s id e t h e G o v e rn m e n t, th e w o rld m ig h t h a v e b ee n a m u c h h a p p ie r p la c e to liv e in to d a y . U n f o r t u n a t e l y M r. B u ll i t t h a d m a n y o th e r r a t h e r w e a k re a s o n s f o r n o t b r e a k in g r e la tio n s a t th e tim e . I n th e s a m e r e p o r t h e w r o t e : “ I f w e s h o u ld s e v e r r e la tio n s n o w on th e g ro u n d t h a t t h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t h a s b ro k e n its p le d g e d w o rd to u s a n d c a n n o t b e tr u s t e d , r e s u m p tio n o f re la tio n s w o u ld b e in o r d in a te ly d iffic u lt. * * *” T h is is r a t h e r p o in tle s s . T h e B r i t is h G o v e rn m e n t w a s a m o n g th e v e ry f irs t to re c o g n iz e th e M oscow re g im e a f t e r 1917. B u t in 1927 i t d isc o v e re d th e m is ta k e a n d b ro k e r e la tio n s . Y e t i t d id n o t p ro v e “ in o r d in a te ly difficult,” a s M r. B u ll i t t fe a r e d , f o r th e m to re s u m e th e u n h a p p y r e la t io n s a g a in . W h y w o u ld i t h a v e bee n d iffe re n t in o u r c a s e ? T h e o n ly re a s o n I c a n th i n k o f is t h a t ho p o ssib ly f e a r e d t h a t o n ce t h e A m e ric a n p e o p le le a r n e d o f t h e c o n d itio n s t h a t p ro m p te d u s to m a k e t h e b re a k th e y w o u ld n o t h a v e p e r m i t t e d o u r G o vernm ent, to m a k e th e m is ta k e a s ec o n d tim e . I n th e s a m e re p o rt, M r. B u ll i t t c o n tin u e d h is i r r a t i o n a l r a ti o n a li z in g w h e n h e s a id : “ I n t h i s d e c a d e th e S o v ie t U n io n e i t h e r w ill b e th e c e n te r o f a t t a c k fro m E u ro p e a n d th e F a r E a s t o r w ill d e v e lo p r a p id l y in to o n e o f t h e g r e a t e s t p h y s ic a l fo rc e s in th e w o rld . In e it h e r e v e n t a n official o b s e r v a tio n p o s t o f t h e U n ite d S ta t e s G o v e rn m e n t in M oscow w ill b e d e s ira b le , to in fo rm th e G o v e rn m e n t in th e U n ite d S ta t e s w ith r e g a r d to a c tiv itie s o f th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t d ire c te d a g a i n s t th e liv e s a n d in t e r e s ts o f A m e ric a n c itiz e n s .” M r. C h a irm a n , I h a v e liv e d in M oscow d u r i n g th o s e y e a rs , I h a v e fo u n d th e e m b a ss ie s th e re , in c lu d in g o u r o w n , to h e n o th in g m o re t h a n p ris o n s fo r th e ir o c c u p a n ts . C a n yo u h a v e a n o b s e r v a tio n p o s t in a p ris o n i f you a r c o n e o f th e p r is o n e r s ? Q u ite u n w ittin g ly , a p p a r e n tly , M r. B u ll i t t p ro v id e s th e a n s w e r in h is v e r y n e x t p a r a g r a p h : “ A m e ric a n d ip lo m a tic r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s in t h e S o v ie t U n io n a r e h a r a s s e d a n d r e s tr ic te d . * * * A s th e S o v ie t U n io n g ro w s in s t r e n g t h i t w ill g ro w in a r ro g a n c e a n d a g g re s s iv e n e s s . * * *” A n d le s s t h a n 7 m o n th s la t e r , on M a rc h 4, 1936, to b e s u re , h e f u r t h e r d w e lt on th e d iffic u ltie s o f liv in g w ith th e n e w p a r t n e r w h e n h e s a i d : “ I h a d a good d e a l d u r i n g l a s t w in te r to t r y m y p a tie n c e , fo r t h e G o v e rn m e n t p o s s e s s e s in a n e x q u is ite d e g re e , th e a r t o f w o r ry in g a fo r e ig n r e p r e s e n ta tiv e w ith o u t g iv in g h im ev e n th e c o n s o la tio n o f a n in s u lt. T h e p o s itio n a s a n A m b a s s a d o r h e r e i s f a r fro m b e in g p l e a s a n t * * * H e c a n r a r e l y o b ta in a c c u r a t e in f o r m a tio n u n t i l e v e n ts h a v e tr a n s p i r e d * * * H is ow n m o v e m e n ts a r e c lo s e ly o b s e rv e d b y e y e s t h a t h e n e v e r se e s * * * I f th e r e f o r e I do n o t w r ite a s o fte n a s m a y b e d e s ire d , th i s is m y ap o lo g y . A n d i f I do n o t f u r n is h m a t t e r o f m o re i n t e r e s t i t m u s t b e a t t r i b u t e d , in p a r t a t le a s t, to th e g r e a t d iffic u lty o f o b ta in in g c o r r e c t in fo rm a tio n . N o c o u r te s y o r l i b e r a li t y is s h o w n in th is p a r t i c u l a r b y t h i s G o v e rn m e n t * * * N o th in g is m a d e p u b lic t h a t is w o r th k n o w in g * * *” A n d m o re t o t h a t effec t. D id h e r e a lly h a v e to s u ffe r th e a n n o y a n c e s a n d i n s u lt s w h ile o u r S ta t e D e p a r tm e n t h e r e w a s a c c o rd in g th e S o v ie t A m b a s s a d o r th e g r e a t e s t fre e d o m a n d c o u r te s ie s ? S in c e a ll re la tio n s b e tw e e n g o v e rn m e n ts a r e b a s e d o n th e p rin c ip le o f re c ip ro c ity , w a s n ’t t h e r e a s in g le official in th e u p p e r e c h e lo n s o f o u r G o v e rn m e n t w ith g u ts en o u g h to re m in d t h e K re m lin t h a t e it h e r th e y t r e a t o u r r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s a s th e y s h o u ld b e o r th e S o v ie t officials w o u ld b e g iv en t h e s a m e K r e m lin t r e a t m e n t ? N o t u n t i l v e r y re c e n tly d id o u r officials w a k e u p to th i s lin e o f th in k in g . I n t h e m e a n tim e o u r p u s s y fo o tin g h a d done th e dam age. T h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t w o u ld n e v e r h a v e becom e th e m e n a c e s h e is to d a y in so b r ie f a p e r io d o f tim e h a d i t n o t bee n f o r th e o p p o rtu n itie s o ffere d b y o u r g r a v e e r r o r o f 1933 in o p e n in g to h e r th e v a s t s to re h o u s e o f o u r te c h n o lo g ic a l k n o w -h o w . A n d w h a t s o r t o f t r e a t m e n t d id o u r te c h n ic ia n s g e t fr o m th e S o v ie ts ? I n a m e m o ra n d u m o f N o v e m b e r 24, 3937, M r. G e o rg e F . K o n n a n , l a t e r o u r M oscow A m b a s s a d o r, w r o te to t h e D e p a r t m e n t : STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O R LD C O M M U N IS M 133 “I n 1935 w r it t e n a s s u r a n c e s w e re g iv e n b y t h e S o v ie t F o re ig n Office to t h e E m b a s s y to t h e effec t t h a t A m e ric a n n a t i o n a l s a b o u t to d e p a r t fro m th e S o v ie t U n io n w o u ld b e p e r m itte d to b e p r e s e n t d u r i n g t h e e x a m in a tio n by t h e S o v ie t c u s to m s o f d ra w in g s , p la n s , a n d s im ila r d o c u m e n ts in t h e i r p o ssessio n . N e v e r th e le s s , in th e c u r r e n t y e a r w e h a v e w itn e s s e d t h e v io la tio n o f th e s e a s s u r a n c e s in th e c a s e o f e n g in e e rs o f R a d io C o rp o ra tio n o f A m e ric a w o r k in g in th e S o v ie t U n io n a n d t h e re te n tio n b y S o v ie t a u th o r i t i e s o f d ra w in g s , p la n s , etc., f o r p e rio d s lo n g en o u g h to p e r m i t co p ie s to b e m a d e . T h e r e i s good r e a s o n to b e lie v e t h a t p a p e rs t a k e n b y t h e S o v ie t a u th o r i t i e s f r o m A m e ric a n c itiz e n s h a v e le d to th e i n frin g e m e n t o f im p o r t a n t A m e ric a n p a t e n ts .” H a v in g b e e n t r e a t e d a s a s o r t o f s a c re d cow f o r th e f i r s t fe w y e a r s a f t e r re co g n itio n , th e b u lly i n th e K r e m lin f e lt s u r e t h a t h e co u ld g e t a w a y w ith a n y th in g , a n d m a d e no m is ta k e in so th in k in g . F o r so m e in e x p lic a b le r e a s o n o u r officials w e re so e a g e r to h a n g o n to th e E m b a s s y p ris o n i n M oscow t h a t th e y w e re w illin g to c o m p ro m is e w ith a n y w ro n g d o in g on t h e p a r t o f th e K re m lin , a n d k n o w in g t h a t t h e K r e m lin t r e a t e d u s a s w e r ig h tly d e s e rv e d , w i t h c o n te m p t. W e h a v e n o o n e to t h a n k f o r t h a t b u t o u r ow n ig n o ra n c e a n d , o n e m ig h t e v e n sa y , c o w a rd ic e . A n d , w h ile o u r e n g in e e rs w e re n o t p e r m itte d to t a k e o u t th e ir o w n p ro p e rty in t h e fo r m o f b lu e p r in ts a n d d ra w in g s , w e p e r m itte d t h e S o v ie t ag e n c y in N e w Y o rk , t h e A m to rg T r a d in g C o rp ., to s h ip tr u c k lo a d s o f s u c h d ra w in g s s to le n o r b o u g h t u n d e r fa ls e p re te n s e s . T h e tim e f o r M r. B u ll i t t to le a v e th e S o v ie t U n io n w a s n e a rin g . H e th e n s e n t a w o rd o f w a rn in g to th e D e p a r tm e n t to g u id e i t in i t s f u t u r e d e a lin g s w ith th e K r e m lin , w h ic h , o f c o u rs e , f e ll o n d e a f e a rs . H e w r o te in h i s r e p o r t d a te d M a rc h 4, 1936: “W e s h o u ld n o t c h e ris h f o r a m o m e n t t h e illu s io n t h a t i t i s p o s s ib le to e s ta b lis h r e a lly fr ie n d ly r e la t io n s w i t h th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t o r w ith a n y C om m u n is t p a r ty o r C o m m u n is t in d iv id u a l. I t is d iffic u lt to c o n d u c t c o n v e rs a tio n s w i t h th e S o v ie t F o re ig n Office b e c a u s e in t h a t i n s ti t u t i o n th e lie i s n o rm a l a n d t h e t r u t h a b n o r m a l a n d o n e ’s in te llig e n c e i s in s u lte d b y th e h a p p y a s s u m p tio n t h a t o n e b e lie v e s th e lie .” T h e f a c t t h a t t h e officials o f t h a t p e r io d d id n o t h a v e th e good s e n s e to p u t a n en d to s u c h a n u n h a p p y r e la tio n s h ip s h o u ld n o t in flu en c e o u r t h in k in g now w h e n w e k n o w th e u t t e r f u t i l i t y o f so d o in g . O f w h a t e a r t h l y good is i t to m a in ta in a n E m b a s s y w h e n w e h a v e to d e a l w ith p a r a n o ia c s a n d l i a r s , w ith m en d ev o id o f a n y decency o r c o u rte s y , in a c o u n try w h e re t h e A m b a s s a d o r, a s B u ll i t t a d m itte d , " c a n r a r e ly o b ta in a c c u r a t e in fo rm a tio n ,” w h e re t h e G o v e rn m e n t d oes n o t w a n t to h a v e a n y fr ie n d ly re la tio n s w ith u s ? Y ou, g e n tle m e n o f th i s c o m m itte e , ho ld th e a n s w e r : P a s s S e n a te R es o lu tio n 247 a n d fo r c e t h e is s u e o f s e v e rin g d ip lo m a tic r e la t io n s w ith o u t f u r t h e r d elay . I w a s in M oscow w h e n M r. B u ll i t t ’s s u c c e s s o r, M r. J o s e p h E . D a v ie s , a r r iv e d on o r a b o u t J a n u a r y 12 ,1 9 3 7 . W e m e t 4 d a y s l a t e r , a n d on J a n u a r y 19 h e w r o te a s ig n ific a n t r e p o r t to S e c r e ta r y C o rd ell H u ll. H e sp o k e of h i s c o n fe re n c e w ith S o v ie t A m b a s s a d o r in W a s h in g to n , A le x a n d e r T ro y a n o v s k y , b e f o re le a v in g : “T h e w r it e r s t a t e d to A m b a s s a d o r T ro y a n o v s k y ,” w r o te M r. D a v ie s, “t h a t if th e s u r p r is in g h is to r y o f th e s e s u b s e q u e n t n e g o tia tio n s a s d isclo sed in th e files o f th e S ta t e D e p a r tm e n t w e r e knoxen to th e A m e r ic a n p u b lic a s t h e y w e r e to m e it w o u ld r e s u lt, i n m y o p in io n , i n a m o s t s e r io u s d e s tr u c tio n o f co nfidence a n d good w ill th e g e n e r a l p u b lic o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s n o w f e l t to w a r d R u s s ia , a n d I th e n s ta te d a lso th a t i t w a s fo r tu n a t e th a t th e r e w a s no p r o b a b ility o f s u c h d isclo su re. * * * T h e A m b a s s a d o r a p p e a re d s o m e w h a t d o w n c a s t b u t m a d e no a t t e m p t a t re jo in d e r .” [ I ta l ic s m in e.] I t w a s in d e e d f o r tu n a t e f o r th e K r e m lin g a n g s te r s t h a t th e A m e ric a n p u b lic a n d p o ssib ly a good m a n y M em b ers o f t h e U n ite d S ta t e s C o n g re ss re m a in e d in ig n o ra n c e . B u t i t c e r ta in ly w a s m o s t u n f o r tu n a t e f o r t h i s c o u n try . W h o m , th e n , d id th e m en re s p o n s ib le f o r t h i s b lu n d e r se rv e — A m e ric a o r R u s s ia ? Y ou k n o w t h e a n s w e r. B y th e tim e t h e S econd W o rld W a r fla re d u p a n d t h e in v a s io n o f R u s s ia by H i t l e r b e c a m e in e v ita b le , o u r S ta t e D e p a r tm e n t files w e re b u lg in g w ith v a lu a b le in fo rm a tio n on w h ic h to g u id e u s in m a k in g s o u n d d e c isio n s a s to h o w to d e a l w ith th e K r e m lin c r im in a ls . A s e x a m p le , p e r m it m e to q u o te f r o m B u ll i t t 's r e p o r t o f J u l y 1 9 ,1 9 3 5 , in w h ic h h e w r o t e : “D ip lo m a tic re la tio n s w ith f r ie n d ly s t a t e s a r e n o t re g a rd e d by th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t a s n o rm a l f r ie n d ly re la tio n s b u t a r m is tic e re la tio n s , a n d i t is th e co n v ic tio n o f th e le a d e r s o f th e S o v ie t U n io n th a t th is a r m is tic e ca n n o t p o ssib ly be e n d e d b y a d e fin itiv e pea c e b u t o n ly b y a renexoal o f b a ttle . T h e S o v ie t U n io n �134 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM g e n u in e ly d e s ire s p e a c e on a l l f r o n ts a t th e p r e s e n t tim e , b u t t h i s p e a c e is looked u p o n m e re ly a s a h a p p y r e s p it e in w h ic h f u t u r e w a r s m a y b e p re p a re d . * * * “T o th in k o f t h e S o v ie t U n io n a s a p o s s ib le a lly o f th e U n ite d S ta t e s in c a s e o f w a r w ith J a p a n is to a llo w th e w is h to b e f a t h e r to th e t h o u g h t T h e Soviet U n i o n w o u l d certainly a t t e m p t to avo i d b e c o m i n g a n ally until J a p a n h a d b een t h or o u g h l y def e a t e d a n d w o u l d t hen m e r e l y u s e the o p p o rtunity to acquire M a n ch u r i a a n d Sovietize China." [ I ta l ic s m in e .] T h e s e p ro p h e tic w a r n in g s s h o u ld h a v e g u id e d o u r r e la tio n s w i t h S ta lin a t Y a lta a n d P o ts d a m . A m e r ic a ’s h is to r y to d a y w o u ld h a v e bee n a m u ch h a p p ie r one, I a s s u r e y o u . W e a r e n o w p a y in g d e a r ly f o r th o s e b lu n d e rs a n d f o r th e n e g lig e n c e in n o t p ro p e rly e v a lu a tin g B u ll i t t ’s w a rn in g s a n d in n o t m a k in g p u b lic y e a rs a g o t h e t r u e s t a t e o f a f f a ir s b e tw e e n o u r G o v e rn m e n t a n d th e K re m lin . I d e e m i t o f u tm o s t im p o rta n c e to d is c u s s th e s e f a c t s n o w in th e h o p e t h a t p re s e n t in c u m b e n t in t h e S t a t e D e p a r tm e n t w ill n o t c o n tin u e th e b lu n d e rs , a s fr o m n o w on th e c o n se q u en ce s to u s m ig h t b e f a r m o re f r ig h t f u l t h a n h e r e to fo re . M r. C h a irm a n , a y e a r a n d a h a l f h a d e la p s e d s in c e o u r n ew A m b a s s a d o r, M r. D a v ie s , re a c h e d M oscow . H e g o t a t a s t e o f th e M oscow p ris o n w a lls . D e s p ite t h a t h is o c e a n g o in g y a c h t r i d i n g t h e c a lm w a te r s o f th e B a ltic S ea w a s a lw a y s a t h is d is p o s a l to lig h te n t h e t o r t u r e o f d o in g h is s t r e t c h in t h e M oscow p ris o n by t a k i n g t r i p s o u ts id e th e s tif lin g M oscow a tm o s p h e r e , h e f e lt h e h a d h a d e n o u g h o f lif e in th e C o m m u n is t p a r a d is e . O n J u n e 6, 1938, lie s a t d o w n to d i c t a t e d is p a tc h 1932, h i s s w a n s o n g : “I n v ie w o f t h e s h r in k a g e o f th e n u m b e r o f A m e ric a n c itiz e n s now in th e S o v ie t U n io n a n d u p o n m a n y o t h e r g ro u n d s a s tro n g a r g u m e n t, fr o m c e r t a i n p o in ts o f v iew , m ig h t lie m a d e t h a t th e c o n tin u a n c e o f d ip lo m a tic re la tio n s h e r e is u n n e c e s s a r y u n d e r p r e s e n t c o n d itio n s a n d in a d v is a b le .” H a d h e s to p p e d r i g h t th e r e , h e w o u ld h a v e b ee n f o r g iv e n f o r m a n y o th e r b lu n d e rs m a d e by h im w h ile A m b a s s a d o r a n d a f te r w a r d . B u t h e co u n se le d c o n tin u a n c e o f r e la t io n s b e c a u s e “ th e J a p a n e s e a t t i t u d e in th e P a c ific ,” ig n o rin g co m p le te ly M r. B u ll i t t ’s w a rn in g s o f 2 y e a r s b e fo re t h a t “T o t h in k o f th e S o v ie t U n io n a s a p o s s ib le a lly o f th e U n ite d S ta t e s in c a s e o f w a r w ith J a p a n i s to a llo w th e w is h to b e f a t h e r to t h e th o u g h t.” T h a t is p re c is e ly w h a t h a p p e n e d , n s w e n o w k now . T h e y jo in e d t h e w a r a g a i n s t J a p a n w h e n t h a t c o u n tr y h a d b ee n “ th o ro u g h ly d e f e a te d ,” a s B u ll i t t h a d fo r e c a s t, a n d d id i t in o rd e r to “ a c q u ire M a n c h u ria a n d S o v ie tiz e C h in a ,” a s f a r s i g h te d B u ll i t t h a d w a rn e d . M r. D a v ie s h a d f u l l a c c e ss to th e files a n d ig n o re d th e m . N o t on ly d id h e ig n o re t h e s o u n d e r co u n se l o f a d ip lo m a t w h o s e s t a t u r e M r. D a v ie s co u ld n e v e r liv e to a t t a i n , b u t h e m a d e h im s e lf rid ic u lo u s w h e n in th e v e ry sa m e r e p o r t o f J u n e 6, 1938, h e to ld th e S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t : “A s fo r o u rs e lv e s , t h i s s y s te m is a t y r a n n y , c lo th e d in h o r r o r . W h ile a d ic t a t o r s h i p o f th e m o s t r u t h l e s s a n d c r u e l ty p e e x is ts h e r e , i t a p p e a r s to d iffe r fr o m a F a s c i s t d ic ta to r s h ip , a t l e a s t in one re s p e c t. D ic ta to r s h ip o v e r th e p r o l e t a r i a t is n o t t h e o b je c tiv e o r e n d th is s y s te m p ro f e s s to see k , a s is th e ca se w i t h F a s c i s t id eo lo g y . T h e f a c t o f d i c t a t o r s h i p is ap o lo g ize d f o r h e r e .” T h is is b a ld e rd a s h o f th e r a n k e s t s o r t. M r. D a v ie s , i t w o u ld seem , h a d s w a l lo w ed h o o k , lin e a n d s in k e r t h e fa ls e h o o d s d is h e d o u t to h im by th e S o v ie t officials. I s i t a n y w o n d e r t h a t t h e w h o le h is to r y o f o u r r e la t io n s w i t h th e S o v ie ts is s u e s a s te n c h en o u g h to re a c h th e m o s t d i s ta n t s t a r s ? T h e R u s s ia n p eo p le s k n o w th e m e a n in g o f th e S o v ie t n p o lo g ies fo r th e d ic t a t o r s h i p o v e r th e p r o l e t a r i a t . T h e y h a v e b ee n liv in g w ith i t f o r o v e r 36 y e a rs . T h e y k n o w i t th ro u g h th e fe e l o f t h e b u lle t a s i t p ie rc e s th ro u g h th e b n ck o f th e s k u l l; th e y h a v e bee n fe e lin g i t in th e s la v e - la b o r c a m p s by t h e m illio n s ; th e y h a v e b ee n fe e lin g i t on th e c o lle c tiv iz e d f a r m s a n d in th e s o c ia liz e d m in e s a n d f a c t o r i e s ; th e y fe el i t w h e n t h e r e is a k n o c k on th e d o o r in t h e d a r k o f th e n ig h t a n d a loved o n e is t o r n a w a y n e v e r to h e se e n a g a i n ; th e y fe e l i t — b u t w h a t is t h e u s e to e n u m e r a te m o re ? M r. D a v ie s w a s n o t a w a r e o f th o s e “ b le s s in g s ” in M oscow ’s e m p ire a n d a c c e p te d th e ap o lo g ie s o f th e S o v ie t officials a n d th e a s s u r a n c e s t h a t th e d i c t a t o r s h i p is n o t o f l a s t i n g n a tu r e . I t m ig h t be w e ll to re m in d s u c h p eo p le t h a t w e h a v e bee n p ro m is e d t h a t th is d i c t a t o r s h i p w ill l a s t u n t i l th e w h o le w o rld h a s b e e n co m m u n ize d , a n d t h a t in c lu d e s t h e U n ite d S ta te s . I f w e w a n t to h a s te n t h i s p ro c e s s , th e n l e t u s c o n tin u e t h e d ip lo m a tic re la tio n s w ith t h e en e m y . I a m w o n d e rin g h o w m a n y t h e r e s t il l re m a in in th e S ta t e D e p a r tm e n t w ho a r e a s u t t e r l y i g n o r a n t a b o u t t h e C o m m u n is t m e n a c e a s M r. D a v ie s w a s w h e n h e w a s o u r A m b a s s a d o r? I f t h e r e a r e , I f e a r t h a t S e n a te R e s o lu tio n 247 m ig h t STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 135 re m a in a p io u s w is h e v e n i f i t is p a s s e d . S h o u ld t h a t , G od fo rb id , be th e ca se, t h e r e a r e so m e p e o p le in th is c o u n tr y w h o w o u ld u n d e r ta k e to s e c u re te n o r m o re m illio n s o f s ig n a tu r e s to t h w a r t th e o b s tru c to rs . W h a t is r e a lly th e th in k in g o f th e R u s s ia n p e o p le o n t h i s q u e s tio n o f t h e i r t o t a l i ta r i a n re g im e ? I th i n k in a n y o f o u r d e a lin g s w ith th e K r e m lin w e m u s t be g u id e d by w h a t re a c tio n o u r w o rd s o r d e e d s w o u ld p ro d u c e in th e m in d s of th e R u s s ia n p eoples. T h e y a r e g o in g to d e c id e th e f a t e o f th e w o r ld o n e d a y w h e n th e y r i s e to d e s tro y t h e i r t y r a n n y . I n a l l o u r p la n s w e m u s t c o n s id e r t h e ir w is h e s a n d n o t th o s e o f t h e i r o p p re s s o rs . I s h o u ld lik e, th e re fo re , to o ffer a fe w ex a m p le s a n d fr o m th e m o u th s o f R u s s ia n s b o rn a n d re a r e d u n d e r th e K r e m lin re g im e . H e re is w h a t M a j. L . R o n z h in , a r e c e n t S o v ie t e s c a p e e f r o m h is p o s t in E a s t e r n G e rm a n y , s a id : “E v e r y w h e r e I h a d o cc asio n t o b e s in c e m y e a r ly a d u lth o o d * * * I h a v e see n th e o n e a n d n e v e r-c h a n g in g p ic tu re o f n a k e d p o v e rty , in h u m a n to il, s e m i s t a r v a t io n on a w a g e w h ic h is b a r e ly e n o u g h to b u y b r e a d a n d p o ta to e s , a n d ev e n t h a t in in su fficie n t q u a n titie s . “O n e 5 -y e a r p la n fo llo w ed a n o th e r, b u t th e p ic tu r e c h a n g e d o n ly in d e ta il. T h e C o m m u n is t p o w e r c o n tin u e s to ro b a n d o p p re s s th e p eo p le , to lie, lie, a n d lie * * *. T h e m ira c le s p e rfo rm e d by o u r p a t r i o t i c h e r o e s d u r in g th e w a r a g a in s t th e G e rm a n in v a d e rs b ro u g h t v ic to ry , b u t t h i s h a s n o t b ro u g h t u s o u t o f o u r e t e r n a l w a n t a n d la w le ss n e s s b y th e G o v e rn m e n t. E v e r y th in g re m a in e d th e s a m e a f t e r th e w a r. T h e o n ly c h a n g e m a d e is th e a d d r e s s to w a r d w h ich th e m a in s t r e a m o f p r o p a g a n d a o f h a t e is d ire c te d . F o rm e rly i t w a s a d d r e s s e d to H i t l e r ’s G e rm a n y ; n o w i t is a d d r e s s e d to A m e ric a . H o w e v e r, t h e F a s c is ts w e h a te d w ith o u t p ro p a g a n d a , b u t to w a r d th e A m e ric a n N a tio n a n d i t s A rm y , o u r p e o p le a r e filled w ith t h e m o s t te n d e r fe e lin g s , a n d f o r so m e v e ry good re a s o n s * * *. W e re m e m b e r w e ll th e b re a d a n d th e m e a t, t h e c lo th e s a n d . m e d ic in e s, th e g u n s a n d t a n k s a n d s h ip s a n d b o m b e rs A m e ric a s e n t u s to h elp u s w in th e w a r * * I r e p e a t, th is is th e v o ice o f t h e R u s s ia n people, th i s is th e v o ice o f t h e C om m u n is t g e n e ra tio n , a n d , a b o v e a ll, t h e v o ice o f a m a n w h o h a d e v e ry th in g g iv en to h im by th e C o m m u n is t G o v e rn m e n t— ed u c a tio n , t r u s t , p o s itio n , a n d a l l th e good th in g s t h a t lif e c a n offer. B u t h e h a s s a c rific e d i t a l l fo r th e p u rp o s e o f co m in g to th e W e s t to h e lp u s fig h t a g a in s t th e e n e m y p la n n in g to d e s tro y us. W e h a d b e t t e r h e e d s u c h m en o r w e, to o , w ill b e w h e re th e 800 m illio n a r e b eh in d th e I r o n C u rta in . I s th e S o v ie t ab s c e s s rip e n in g ? W h a t a r e th e fe e lin g s o f t h e m illio n s o f S o v ie t s o ld ie rs ? M a jo r Iio n z h in h a s th e ev id e n c e . E n te r in g h is office one m o rn in g w ith th e o c c u p a tio n a r m y i n E a s t P r u s s i a , h e fo u n d a l e t t e r s lip p e d u n d e r t h e d o o r. I t r e a d : “ W e a r e c o n v in c ed t h a t y o u w ill n o t t u r n t h i s l e t t e r o v e r to y o u r p o litic a l c o m m is s a r. S u c h a c tio n w o u ld b e b a d f o r y ou, a s i t w o u ld b e d ire c te d to th e p o litic a l d e p a r tm e n t o f th e a r m y a n d y o u w o u ld s u ffe r, too. A n d now to th e p o in t: ‘‘A ll t h e p o litic a l in d o c trin a tio n s , p o litic a l in fo rm a tio n , p ro s e c u tio n a n d p e r s e c u tio n by th e p o litic a l c o m m is s a r, b rin g in g in t h e c o u n te rs p ie s , b a r b e d w ire , a n d locks on th e g a te s — a l l t h a t h a s becom e so re p u ls iv e to u s t h a t w e a r e n o w on th e v e rg e o f op en d efia n ce a n d d e s e rtio n s. “ Y ou d o n ’t k n o w a n d n e i t h e r does th e p o litic a l c o m m is s a r t h a t a t n ig h t, w h e n w e a r e on g u a r d d u ty , w e p e r m i t o u r b u d d ie s to go v is itin g t h e i r g i r l fr ie n d s a n d th e y do th e sa m e w h e n th e y s t a n d g u a r d . W e do th is a lth o u g h w e k n o w t h a t w e a r e lia b le to g e t 5 to 10 y e a rs in p ris o n f o r su c h a c tio n . “ W e th e r e f o r e a s k y o u , c o m ra d e officer, to e x p la in to th e h ig h e r c o m m a n d t h a t i t w o u ld b e w is e f o r th e m to re m o v e th e o p p re s s iv e re s tr ic tio n s fr o m a ll s o ld ie rs in th e a r m y o f o c c u p a tio n i n G e rm a n y . “ A n d n o w : D o w e c o r re c tly u n d e r s ta n d co m m u n ism ? W e liv e d b e fo re th e re v o lu tio n in v e r y b a d c irc u m s ta n c e s . T h a t w a s p r io r to so cialism . O u r m a te r i a l c o n d itio n s d id n o t im p ro v e u n d e r so c ia lis m . B u t h e r e in G e rm a n y , v is itin g G e rm a n h o m es w e n o t i c e : A fa m ily o f t h r e e o r ev e n a w id o w w ith a son o r a d a u g h te r. T h e y h a v e a liv in g ro o m , d in in g room , b ed ro o m , a k itc h e n w ith electrics to v e , a b a th ro o m w ith m o d e rn f a c ilitie s . I n o th e r w o rd s, a ho m e o f 3 o r 4 room s. T h e ro o m s a r e w e ll fu r n is h e d w ith s o ft f u r n it u r e , w ith ru g s on th e floor, ra d io , a n d so m e ev e n h a v e a n au to m o b ile . “W e h a v e th e r e f o r e com e to th e c o n c lu sio n t h a t h e re , a p p a re n tly , c o m m u n ism w a s e s ta b lis h e d lo n g ago. H e n c e n o t w e h a v e a n y th in g to te a c h th e m h o w to liv e c o m fo rta b ly , w e ll, a n d h a p p y , b u t w e s h o u ld le a r n fro m th em . (S ig n e d ) Y o ub So l d ie b s .” �136 S T R A TEG Y AND TA C TIC S OF W O RLD C O M M U N IS M M a jo r R o n z h in a d d e d : “ I e s c a p e d to th e W e s t to fig h t f o r th e fre e d o m o f m y f a th e r l a n d a n d a l l i t s p eo p le s.” V ic to r M ay e v , a n o t h e r officer w h o h a s e s c a p e d fr o m t h e S o v ie t a r m y o f occ u p a tio n in G e rm a n y , h a s t h i s t o te ll u s : “ E a r l y th is y e a r I w a s s t il l w e a rin g th e officer's u n ifo rm o f th e S o v ie t a r m y o f o c c u p a tio n in G e rm a n y . M e e tin g m e on th e s t r e e t s o f th e to w n w h e re I w a s s t a tio n e d , G e rm a n s n o d o u b t th o u g h t to th e m s e lv e s : ‘H e r e h e goes, th e R u s s ia n o c c u p a tio n is t— t h e s o u rc e o f a l l o u r m is f o rtu n e s a n d u n h a p p in e s s .’ A t t h a t v ery m o m e n t I w a s t r y i n g to fin d m y p la c e in th e r a n k s o f fig h te r s a g a i n s t co m m u n ism , in th e r a n k s o f f ig h te r s f o r a b r i g h t e r f u t u r e f o r m y p eo p le * * *. “H o w m a n y in t h e S o v ie t A rm y t h in k s i m i l a r th o u g h ts ? A s a fo r m e r r a n k in g officer o f th e R e d A rm y , I t a k e f u l l re s p o n s ib ility f o r d e c la rin g t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h a t a r m y w a s n e v e r in s y m p a th y w ith a n d n e v e r a p p r o v e d o f th e a n t i n a t i o n a l p o lic ie s o f th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t a n d th e C o m m u n is t P a r t y * * * “ D is s a tis f a c tio n o f th e p e o p le a n d th e R e d A rm y w ith t h e p o licies o f th e G ov e r n m e n t is g ro w in g h o u rly . T h is is p a r ti c u la r l y t r u e o f th e a r m ie s o f o c c u p a tio n in G e rm a n y , A u s tr ia , a n d th e s a t e l l i t e n a tio n s . T h e G o v e rn m e n t i s tr e a t in g i t s m i li t a r y p e r s o n n e l l i k e s e m ip ris o n e r s . T h e y a r e is o la te d fr o m th e lo ca l p o p u la tio n . I t is t r y i n g to in o c u la te th e R e d A rm y w ith th e p o iso n o f d i s t r u s t a n d h a t r e d f o r th e p e o p le in th e o cc u p ied te r r i to r ie s . R u t E u ro p e is t h e b e s t school f o r th e S o v ie t p r i v a t e a n d officer. T h e r e th e y se e v iv id ly th e w h o le d e c e p tio n a n d th e fa ls e h o o d o f th e S o v ie t p ro p a g a n d a * * Ig o r M a tro s o v , a n o t h e r r e c e n t e s c a p e e fr o m th e S o v ie t U n io n , o ffe rs so m e food f o r th o u g h t, i f w e h e r e w ill o n ly l is te n to t h i s rin g in g voice o f t h e p eo p le w h o se f r ie n d s h ip is so b a d ly n e e d e d in o r d e r to r i d th e w o rld o f th e S o v ie t n ig h t m a r e : " T h e f r e e w o rld m u s t t a k e f u l l a d v a n ta g e o f th e o p p o rtu n ity to a s s i s t th e R u s s i a n p eo p le to d e s tro y t h e e n e m y o f a l l m a n k in d — co m m u n ism . W e a r e n o t su g g e s tin g w a r. W e a r e n o t a s k in g f o r a r m s a n d a m m u n itio n . W e n e e d th e m o ra l a n d p sy ch o lo g ica l a s s is ta n c e w h ic h th e W e s t c a n a n d s h o u ld g iv e u s * * * N o t o n e d e c e n t a n d h o n e s t p e rs o n in th e w o r ld w a n ts w a r. B u t p e a c e c a n n o t be b o u g h t; w e m u s t fig h t fo r i t * * * T h a t i s w h y th e a t t e m p t s o f p e o p le in (h e W e s t to co m e to t e r m s w ith th e K r e m lin a r e to ta lly in c o n c e iv a b le to u s R u s s ia n s . W ith s tu p id c o m p ro m is e s t h e W e s t c a n o n ly re s c u e B o lsh e v ism fro m d e s tr u c tio n * * I n v iew o f o u r e x p e rie n c e w itli t h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t s in c e w e to o k th e f a ta l s t e p b y re c o g n iz in g (h e re g im e m o re t h a n 20 y e a r s ago, in v iew o f th e a t t i t u d e o f t h e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f t h e R u s s ia n p eo p le s w h o a r e r e a d y to t e a r t h e i r G o v e rn m e n t to t a t t e r s , in v ie w o f th e m is c h ie f th e C o m m u n is t h e ir a r c h y in M oscow h a s been d o in g to u s a n d th e o th e r civ iliz e d n a tio n s th ro u g h t h e i r sto o g es in o u r m id s t, i t is in d e e d a p riv ilig e to c o n g r a t u l a t e th e a u t h o r s o f th e re s o lu tio n u n d e r d isc u ssio n h e r e , S e n a te R e s o lu tio n 247, in tro d u c e d by S e n a to rs W illia m E . .Tenner a n d 1 'a t M c C n rra n u r g in g th e a d m i n i s tr a t i o n to s e v e r re la tio n s w ith th e en e m y o f m a n k in d — t h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t. I f a d o p te d a n d th e b r e a k ta k e s plac e, i t w ill e le c t r i f y o u r h u n d r e d s o f m illio n s o f a llie s b e h in d th e I r o n C u r ta in , i t w ill in s p ir e th e m to c a r r y on t h e i r s tru g g le w ith o u r co m m on en e m y , i t w ill co n v in c e th em ( h a t w e a r e t h e i r t r u e fr ie n d s , ( h a t t h e W e s t h a s fin ally see n th e e r r o r o f its w a y s by d e a lin g w ith a fo r c e w h ic h is o u t to d e s tro y a ll th e m o ra l a n d s p i r i t u a l v a lu e s c r e a te d by m en th r o u g h o u t th e m llle n in . A nd a t th e s a m e tim e i t w ill b rin g con s te r n a t io n to th e d i c t a t o r s a n d th e d e sp o ts. W e m u s t n o t h e lp th e C o m m u n ists to p ro lo n g th e a g o n y by r e s c u in g th e m b y s e llin g (h e m th e m u ch -n e ed e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s a n d m a c h in e ry to c o n tin u e th e s tra n g le h o ld u p o n t h e i r v ic tim s. T o a c t o th e rw is e m ig h t len d to c a ta s tr o p h e , a s i t m ig h t fo rc e th e p eo p le s b e h in d th e Iro n C u r t a i n to m a k e p e a c e w ith th e d e s p o ts . A nd t h a t is p re c is e ly w h a t th e K re m lin w a n ts . L o sin g f a it h in o u r d e te r m in a tio n to r e s is t th e s p re a d o f th e e v il C o m m u n i s t fo rc e , a n d th e w a y th e W e s t h a s bee n h a n d lin g th e m illio n s o f C o m m u n is t fifth -c o lu m n m e m b e rs in t h e i r ow n c o u n trie s is c e r ta in ly n o t co n d u c iv e to t h i n k in g t h a t w e a r e f u l l y a liv e to t h e g r a v ity o f th e s itu a tio n , a n d m ig h t le a d th e o p p re s s e d te n s o f m illio n s in R u s s ia a n d th e s a t e l l i t e s to th e co n c lu sio n ( h a t w e a r e h o p ele ss. W e m u s t n o t p e r m i t t h i s to h a p p e n . B r e a k in g re la tio n s n o w is t h e o n ly s e n s ib le (h in g to do to p ro v e w ith d e e d s a n d n o t m e re rh e to r ic . T o d a y a 3re a r ag o th e E a s t G e rm a n p e o p le ro s e s p o n ta n e o u s ly to d e f y t h e i r C o m m u n is t p u p p e t g o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e S o v ie t o c c u p a tio n fo rc e s . R u s s ia n so l d ie r s a n d officers p r e f e r r e d f a c in g a firin g s q u a d r a t h e r t h a n s h o o t d o w n th e p r o te s tin g w o rk e i’s o f E a s t G e rm a n y . T h e re b e llio n , to b e s u re , w a s p u t d o w n by t h e o v e rp o w e rin g S o v ie t fo rc e s . B u t th e e x a m p le h a s been sh o w n to th e r e s t o f t h e v ic tim s th r o u g h o u t th e S o v ie t bloc, a n d i t w ill n o t be f o r g o tte n if w e in (h e STRA TEGY AND TACTICS OF W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 137 W e s t a r e s m a r t en o u g h n o t to le t i t d ie d o w n . A n d o n e o f th e f i r s t a n d m a jo r s te p s is th e s e v e rin g o f d ip lo m a tic r e la t io n s n o t a lo n e by t h i s c o u n tr y b u t th e e n t i r e c iv iliz e d w o rld a s a bloc. I f t h i s is a c c o m p a n ie d b y th e tig h e s t a n d co m p le te st t r a d e e m b a rg o , i t w ill n o t b e long, I a m s u re , b e fo re t h e m a s s e s b e h in d t h e Ir o n C u r ta in w ill e n d t h e i r n ig h tm a re w ith o u t t h e s h e d d in g o f A m e ric a n blood, w i t h o u t b e n d in g o u r b a c k s i n p ro v id in g th e te n s o f b illio n s o f d o lla r s w h ic h w ill o th e rw is e becom e n e c e s s a r y in o rd e r to e s ta b lis h o u rs e lv e s a s a g a r r is o n n a tio n a n d in o r d e r to p ro p u p o u r w e a k e r a llie s . I n c o n c lu sio n I s h o u ld lik e to g iv e a w o rd o f c a u tio n . T h e K r e m lin l i a r s w ill t r y to u s e th e b re a k in g o f d ip lo m a tic re la tio n s in t h e i r p ro p a g a n d a c a m p a ig n to te ll t h e i r p eo p le t h a t w e a r e p r e p a r in g to w a g e w a r u p o n th em . F ro m n o w on w e m u s t m a k e i t c le a r t h a t w e a r e t a k in g th is s te p on s tr ic tly m o ra l g ro u n d s , t h a t w e d o n ’t w a n t to d e a l w ith th e m u r d e r e r s o f t h e R u s s ia n p eo p le s, t h e i r o p p re s s o rs a n d e x p lo ite rs . W e m u s t te ll th e m t h a t w e w a n t to h e lp th e m re g a in t h e i r fre e d o m , r e g a in t h e i r la n d , t h e i r re lig io n , a n d t h e i r p la c e am o n g h o n o ra b le p eo p le s o f th e w o rld . W e m u s t te ll th e m t h a t w e c a n n o t p e r m i t c r im in a ls lik e V is h in s k y a n d P a n y u s h k in , w h o se h a n d s a r e d rip p in g w i t h th e blood o f th e R u s s ia n p eoples, to t r e a d t h e s a c re d s o il o f a G o d -lo v in g n a tio n lik e th e U n ite d S ta te s . W e c a n a n d m u s t a s s u r e th e m ( h a t o n ce th e y , t h e p eo p le , h a v e o v e r t h ro w n t h e i r ille g itim a te g o v e rn m e n t a n d e s ta b lis h e d one on th e p rin c ip le s of t r u e d e m o c ra c y b a s e d on th e f r e e e x p re s s io n o f t h e c itiz e n s by m e a n s o f f r e e a n d s e c re t b a llo t, a s y s te m o f g o v e rn m e n t w h e re th e in d iv id u a l c itiz e n i s th e so v ereig n a n d n o t th e b u re a u c r a c y , th e n w e w ill w elco m e w ith jo y t h e i r r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s a n d w o rk h a n d in h a n d f o r l a s t i n g p e a c e a n d h u m a n p ro g re s s . Mr. A r f .x s . Mr. Marcus, -will you kin d ly give the committee a brief resume of your background and experience with particular reference to the contacts and experience you have had in Soviet .Russia? Mr. M a r c u s . I began my international career in the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce in 1917. I came to this country from Russia, old Russia, in 1910 as a young immigrant boy, and went to work as a blacksmith. Three years later I was the youngest immi gration officer in America?at Galveston, Tex. After passing an examination for commercial attach^, by some ac cident, I was called by the FB I to work for them in Chicago, and finally landed in Washington. In 1920 I resigned, to go to Russia----- The C h a ir m a n . The FBI, you say? At that time there was no FBI. Mr. M a r c u s . At that time it was known as the Bureau of Investiga tion of the Department of Justice. In 1920 I resigned, to go to Russia as the first American relief direc tor for an American organization. The C h a i r m a n . G o ahead. Mr. M a r c u s . Between that time and the outbreak of the Second World War I had occasion to be in the Soviet Union on 14 different occasions as a representative of such firms as the Studebaker Corp., the American Hair & Felt Co. of Chicago, the American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp., the Reed Container Corp., and similar firms, that brought me into contact with the leading people in Russia in the industrial and commercial field of the Soviet Government. One of them I might mention, Anastasi Mikoyan, the present head of the Ministry of Trade, and close collaborator of Stalin, and now of Malenkov. I have seen the Soviet Union arise from the ashes. In 1925, for instance, the vice chairman of the board of the Iron and Steel Trust of Russia begged me to find a capitalist in America who would lend �138 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O R LD C O M M U N IS M him $750,000 to buy machinery and equipment, they were so poor at that time. Since then they have risen to a terrific power, not because they are so capable— they are; I am not in any way underestimating them— but because of the aid they have received from America and the western nations by hook or crook, mostly the l atter. They have stolen from us the entire industrial technology for the heavy industries. As a result of recognition in 1933 we threw open to them our laboratories and our plants, and they just helped themselves to i. t Senator W e l k e r . Then you would not say they had stolen i . As t a matter of fact, they received i as a gratuity. t Mr. M a r c u s . Well, they received i as a result of the ignorance of t our people. I will give you one example. M a y I give you one ? Senator W e l k e r . Answer the question. Since we opened the door for them I cannot assume that that would be classed as stealing. Mr. M a r c u s . W e opened the door for them and i was under false t pretenses. They dangled billions of dollars of trade to us prior to recognition, and our people were hungry. Our factories, some of them were i l . And we wanted to get orders from them. And the de Russians said, “Sure, we will give you orders. You s l us machine el so-and-so, and with i we will take the blueprints and the shop drawt ings.” And as a result of that they never came back for that same machine or that same type of machine. I will give you one very concrete example. M y boss in the American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp., Mr. Clarence M. Wooley, the chairman, called me in one day and introduced me to the late chairman of the York Ice Machinery Co., Mr. Shipley. Mr. Shipley told me a story that for 3 years he had been trying to get business in Russia and couldn’ do a thing. So he brought in his engineer and told me the t story. He, had been to Russia on two occasions and taken with him trunks full of blueprints and shop drawings to show them what they were producing. Then the company, the York Ice Machine Co., re ceived their engineers in their own plant. Nothing happened. And I said to Mr. Shipley, “W h y should there have been orders given to you? You have given away your entire technology.” Repeat that by the hundreds and hundreds of plants and you have the story. Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Marcus, will you t l a l t l later on in your testi el ite mony with respect to other espionage operations of the Soviets? M r. M a r c u s . Yes, s r i. Mr. A r e n s . N o w , for the purpose of your background and building the background of your own l f , you are presently identified as a ie director of the American Friends of Russian Freedom, Inc. Mr. M a r c u s . Correct. I am a member of the board. Mr. A r e n s . In that organization are such men as Gen. Frank L. Howley, James O ’ Neil, Gen. William Donovan, and others of like character. Mr. M a r c u s . Admiral Standley, who was American Ambassador to Russia, Admiral Maxwell, and Spruille Braden, and many others. Mr. A r e n s . Y o u have discussed with the s taff o the record the ff contacts you have with the underground, the anti-Communist under ground behind the Iron Curtain. STRA TEGY AND TACTICS O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 139 M r. M a r c u s . That is correct. Mr. A r e n s . And you and 3'our associates are in contact with that underground operation ? Mr. M a r c u s . Correct. Mr. A r e n s . N o w , Mr. Marcus, may I explicitly invite your atten tion to the general subject matter of the Soviet interest in east-west trade, the so-called Russian trade offensive, and ask you, on the basis of your background and experience, what you feel i really behind s the alleged Soviet interest in east-westtrade. Mr. M a r c u s . I sounded the alarm about this coming offensive before Stalin died in 1952, and here i an article which was published in a s trade magazine called Export Trade and Shipper in 1952. The pur pose of this east-west trade offensive--Senator W e l k e r . Excuse me. May that be incorporated by refer ence only ? The C h a ir m a n . By reference, it may go in the record. (The article referred to was marked “Marcus Exhibit No. 1” and f l d for the information of the committee.) ie M r. M a r c u s . The purpose of i i to steal our light industry t s technology, just as in the case of the heavy industry. They bought samples and that was the end. And today they are already competi tors of ours in India and many other countries of the world, and in South America. I am glad you brought that up because we have got to discuss i t very carefully. The Soviet Government i scared to death of a war with the United s States. If war broke out today that would be the end of the Soviet Government because their people will tear them to death. N o w they want to destroy the United States without a war. One way is to encircle us. And on page 172, volume 1 in Collected Works by 0, Lenin in 1923, before he died in January 1924, he said as follows, and I quote: F i r s t w e w ill t a k e e a s te r n E u ro p e , t h e n th e m a s s e s o f A s i a ; th e n w e w ill e n c irc le th e U n ite d S ta te s , w h ic h w ill b e th e l a s t b a s tio n o f c a p ita lis m . W e w ill n o t h a v e to a t t a c k . I t w ill f a ll lik e a n o v e r rip e f r u i t in to o u r h a n d s . Korea, China, Indochina— a l that i a part of this philosophy of l s avoiding a clash with us so that they will not be destroyed by their own people. This i one way, and they are succeeding magnificently. s The second way i by destroying our $25 billion international trade. s Mr. A r e n s . In other words, i i your suggestion that the second s t reason for the Russian trade offensive i to establish a ruinous com s petition in world markets? Mr. M a r c u s . Correct. Mr. A r e n s . To the United States? Mr. M a r c u s . Absolutely. Mr. A r e n s . Will you kindly, on the basis of your background and experience, give us your best judgment and appraisal of that phase of the Russian trade offensive ? Mr. M a r c u s . Yes, s r Right after Stalin’ death they started in i. s buying consumer goods. Now, right after the war, the Russian people were in such dire need of consumer goods and yet they did not get i . For over 3 decades they have been living on the barest subt �140 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM sistence, living in the most primitive conditions. A nd I have been a l l over Russia. The C h a ir m a n . H o w recently have you been in Russia? Mr. M a r c u s . Just before the Second World War. I am in constant contact with escapees, and in a few minutes I will give you a statement by Major Ronzhin L. Kozhin, who escaped recently. This i a picture s of the major. Mr. A r e n s . Y o u have, as you have indicated, underground contacts through this organization of which you are a member of the board of directors. Mr. M a r c u s . Correct. W h y do they do this? For the very purpose to buy samples of our consumer goods. But that i not a l There is also a tie-in ar s l. rangement. “If you will s l us the consumer goods we also want the el machinery producing the consumer goods.” And when they buy the machinery to produce the consumer goods they also want the shop drawings and the blueprints. And, having that, that i the end of i . Then they can use their millions of slaves, s t and the millions of slaves in China, and their raw materials don’ t count because that i also being produced by slaves. This is to out s produce us, to flood the world markets. There i a psychological s reason in i , too. They want to show the people of the world here, t “W e are producing the finest cars, we are producing the finest shirts and suits and shoes and so on.” That has a ter i i propaganda value rfc to them. Senator W e l k e r . M a y I interrupt, Mr. Chairman ? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Y o u made the statement, Mr. Marcus, that they bought certain goods. As a matter of fact, we gave them some tanks and some airplanes and so forth that were very easily copied by them, and they have copied them. Mr. M a r c u s . Correct. Senator W e l k e r . A n d made probably even better airplanes than we gave them. Mr. M a r c u s . And the only person who had the gumption to get up and speak up before the world was our member associate of theFoard of directors, Admiral Standley, when during the war, the Soviet Gov ernment was trying to conceal the fact that the tanks and machinery and planes and food and clothing was being sent by America, so he spoke out and they were compelled, Stalin was compelled thereby to acknowledge the fact that America was sending them. Mr. A r e n s . As president of the Institute of Foreign Trade, have you had occasion to make a study of the trade agreements currently in vogue between the Soviet Union and other countries of the world? M r. M a r c u s . Definitely. Mr. A r e n s . With what other countries does the Soviet Union at the present time have trade agreements? M r. M a r c u s . I a m going to speak only of the years 1952 and 1953. There are the following countries to which we have been feeding bil lions of dollars: Sweden, Israel, Italy, Norway, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Iran, Denmark, France, Iceland, Australia, India, Pakistan, Greece, and New Zealand. STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O R LD C O M M U N IS M 141 Mr. A r e n s . Y o u are specific in your prepared statement, but can you t l us in general what commodities or item? are involved in el those trade agreements? Mr. M a r c u s . Russia i supplying to those countries commodities s like wheat, corn, and various other foodstuffs and some raw materials, all of which are obtainable in the United States in abundance as well as in Canada, timber, pulpwood, and so on. Russia i receiving s for that ocean liners of 8,000 and 10,000 tons, freighters of 5,000 tons, by the dozens. I have here the number of them enumerated from o f c a sources. Cranes, lathes, a l strategic. A $14 million steel fiil l mill, rolling mill, i to be supplied by England to Russia. Electrical s equipment running into the tens of millions of dollars. Here i an interesting thing. Great Britain i to supply the greatest s s number of ships. It i a l enumerated in m y testimony. Netherlands, s l ships; Denmark, ships; one of them i supplying steamers. s W hy? N o w when you supply a steamer to the Soviet Union today what does i mean? It means that much s e l that much pressure taken t te, off the Russian steel mills, that much labor taken o f and i i faster. f, t s You have 3 countries, 5 countries producing steamers for them. They can get ready for the final clash, as they call i , that much quicker. t Senator W e l k e r . M a y I ask a question? The C h a ir m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Marcus, in the l s of countries with which it Russia has had trade agreements I did not notice that you mentioned any of the South American countries. D o you have any information on that? M r. M a r c u s . A rg e n tin a is one. I am sorry I d id n o t m ention it. Senator W e l k e r . Based upon your experience, and, as I recall your testimony, you are an adviser with respect to internatonal trade ? M r. M a r c u s . Yes. Senator W e l k e r . I will ask you what vour opinion would be with respect to the Government of the United States sending to a dictator ship in South America a strip steel mill which i capable of not only s processing steel but titanium or aluminum and other ferrous metals— Keep in mind that I say a dictatorship— that has trade agreements with Russia, and I think i i common knowledge that trading mis t s sions from Russia and the satellite countries are a l over South l America as of this moment, s r i. Mr. M a r c u s . Correct. Senator W e l k e r . Can you comment on that, sir? M r. M a r c u s . I happen to be the one who wrote a memorandum in November 1933, when I was, for a short time, foreign trade consultant in Washington, entitled “H o w W e Ourselves Destroy our Foreign Trade.” Today there i a great deal of talk about investments abroad. s And I say to you gentlemen that i means “invest abroad and lose t your shirt.” That i ,to m y mind, a crime. W e should not s l anything of that s el sort to any country unless the production will help raise the standard of living of that country. N o w in most instances i will not do so t , especially in Latin America. In most instances i i going to be used t s for the purpose of increasing the foreign trade in competition with America. �142 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M Senator W e l k e r . Further, how could our country be assured that they would use this strip steel mill to raise the standard of living of this dictatorship country, or whether or not i might well be used to t help Russia and her satellites? M r. M a r c u s . T he only w ay is to have it specifically stated in the agreem ent. Senator W e l k e r . All right. What does an agreement mean, Mr. Marcus? Let’ be frank. It i a piece of paper that can be torn up. s s I have heard about agreements ever since I have been in the Senate, and prior thereto. It does not seem to me that Russia keeps an agree ment very well. Mr. M a r c u s . Not Russia. Senator W e l k e r . Or any other satellite country. M r. M a r c u s . W e were speaking about Latin America, Senator. Senator W e l k e r . That i right. s M r. M a r c u s . In speaking about the Soviet Union there i absolutely s no possible chance of their living up to their agreements. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Chairman, i you will allow me to inquire f further, I want to be informed on this matter. Mr. M a r c u s . Yes. Senator W e l k e r . Will you t l me in simple language what the el difference i between a dictatorship, say, in our Latin American coun s tries and the dictatorship that we have in Soviet Russia? I will ask you if i i not a fact that i i a l based upon socialism. A m I cor t s t s l rect ? Mr. M a r c u s . Not necessarily. I wouldn’ say that Peron i a t s Socialist. Senator W e l k e r . Does not the Government there in Argentina own most everything? Mr. M a r c u s . In the Latin American countries— and this i also s based upon personal experience— the dictator i not for personal ag s grandizement whereas in the Soviet Union i i for the purpose of t s sovietizing the whole world. Senator W e l k e r . Very well. Assuming this s teel mill i bought s by the country i s l , that would be socialism, would i not? tef t Mr. M a r c u s . Oh, naturally, that i a step toward i. s t Senator W e l k e r . Can you help me on defining what socialism i, s how many steps behind communism i i . ts M r. M a r c u s . I t is th e prelude to communism. Senator W e l k e r . It i about a half step behind, i i not ? s st Mr. M a r c u s . A l t l bit more, but i i a step in that direction. ite t s Senator W e l k e r . Then i i your testimnov that, based upon your t s experience, you think i would not be a satisfactory solution for the t protection of this country, for our country to s l to a dictatorship that el has trade agreements with Russia and the satellites and Guatemala, a steel mill capable of giant capacity that could very well be used in the United States of America as of this moment, sir? M r. M a r c u s . Definitely. In m y own business I have many a time lost a c i n , by telling him “Don’ s l i there. Country must come let t el t before profit.” I would like, Mr. Chairman, to call your attention to a very im portant statement that President Eisenhower made yesterday. A correspondent at the press conference stated that Congressman Martin STRA TEGY AND TACTICS OF W O RLD C O M M U N ISM 143 Dies told the House yesterday that if we really wanted to stop com munism dead in their tracks right now and not just give lipservice to i , that we would cut o f from Russia the nonstrategic goods, food t f and f b r which i needs most, because he says “She i spending 80 ie, t s percent of her productive energy for war purposes.” And the President, to m y great regret, merely replied something like Mr. Stassen replied to a Senate committee here, I think to the Foreign Relations Committee— the President said we must not con sider— this i not quoted— this i from the New York Times— you have s s to remember that the s t l i e , including Red China, were, after a l aelts l, different from Russia. Gentlemen, not at a l I think somebody i misinforming the l. s President to the detriment of our country. The Soviet Government was the one that brought about the Communist revolution in China and in the satellite countries. Every one of the leaders, from Mao Tse-tung down, were educated in Russian schools. I was in such a school in 1926. I was passing by in Kiev, a military academy. And I walked in as a matter of curiosity. In those days Stalin was not yet in the saddle. They talked to me. They didn’ know whether I was an American t or a native Russian from the way I speak Russian. With great pride they showed me the department in the military academy where they were training Chinese since 1921; they were train ing Chinese there for the revolution in China. The Soviet Union has spent hundreds of millions of dollars. The Sun Yat Sen University, the Lenin University, the Far East Univer s t . They have turned out as many as 5,000 trainees a year in iy sabotage, in espionage. Senator W e l k e r . Yo u are speaking now about the Lenin School for Sabotage and Espionage and the like? Mr. M a r c u s . Correct. Therefore, to say that they are different i s really not correct, you know, and I am afraid that somebody i mis s informing. Mr. A r e n s . Is there such a thing as a differentiation, in your judg ment, to be made between strategic and nonstrategic material ? Mr. M a r c u s . Not even a pin should be considered as nonstrategic. Mr. A r e n s . In other words, everything i strategic in trade with the s Soviets ? Mr. M a r c u s . Everything i strategic? s Mr. A r e n s . Why? Mr. M a r c u s . If you asked the Russian people, i we had the means f of speaking to the 200 million people of Russia freely, they would plead with us on their knees, “Please don’ come here. Don’ s l t t el anything or buy anything from our government.” Many a time Russian functionaries, high functionaries in Russia, when I was there on o f c a business for m y corporation, have said to fiil me, “W h y do you Americans come here to deal with our government? You are only enhancing i s prestige. You are only tightening, the t noose around our necks.” Time and time again. And I may mention here a name, a fellow by the name Serebryakov, the man who wrote the constitution of the Russian Socialist Federated Republics. �144 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM So that i what we are doing in shipping food or machinery or s anything of the sort; we are helping the Soviet Government to tighten the noose around the necks of the Russian people. The worse condi tions become in the Soviet Union and the satellite nations, the better for u . s Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Marcus, have you had occasion to take note of Sen ate Resolution 247, which was introduced in the Senate by the Senator from Indiana and the Senator from Nevada, which would call for the severance of diplomatic relations with the Iron Curtain Govern ments, and the convoking of an international conference for the pur pose of taking united action to destroy the international Communist menace ? Mr. M a r c u s . Yes, s r i. Mr. A r e n s . What i your appraisal, as president of the American s Institute of Foreign Trade and as a director of the American Friends of Itussian Freedom, and as a man conversant in international trade, of that resolution ? Mr. M a r c u s . Severance of trade relations— of a l relations, diplo l matic and trade relations with the Soviet Union, i far too long over s due. M r. A r e n s . W h y ? Mr. M a r c u s . I have here a thousand-page book published by the United States State Department in 1952, and if any one of you would read carefully the reports by Bullitt you would have to come unavoid ably to the conclusion that diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union i the greatest misfortune to our country. s M r. A r e n s . W h y ? M r. M a r c u s . Because i was the greatest gift that America had t given to the Soviet Union. No. 1 i gave them world-wide prestige. , t Right after our recognition, many other countries which would never have recognized them went into action and recognized the Soviet Union. No. 2 i opened to them the avenues for espionage and infiltration. , t Senator W e l k e r . H o w ? M r. M a r c u s . Well, we were friends with them. W e gave visas to their men. I do not know how many people there are in the Soviet Embassy here, but I will give you a l t l example. ite Australia, which recently had this l t l incident with the Soviet ite Government, they had 9 people in the Australian Legation in Moscow; 9 including women and children. H o w many did Moscow have in , Australia? Fifty. And the same thing here. They came here by the thousands. I myself knew several hundred of the Russian buying commissions. They were nothing but spying commissions. Senator W e l k e r . M ay I inquire? The C h a ir m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Then i i your testimony, I take i , that the t s t Soviet Embassies here are nests for saboteurs, espionage agents, and for the distribution of Communist propaganda throughout our country? Mr. M a r c u s . For no other purpose. Mr. A r e n s . Off the record. (Discussion off the record.) STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 145 Mr. M a r c u s . I say t i , that everyone, Vishinsky, Panyushkin, hs Gromyko— especially Vishinsky— every one of them are. Their hands are dripping with the blood of men, women, and children. Mr. A r e n s . D o you have a particular incident to account respecting the massacre in the Soviet Union, to your knowledge, of a number of children by people who are currently in diplomatic status? Mr. M a r c u s . Every one of them who represents the Soviet Govern ment i ipso facto an accessory to the act of murder committed. s Mr. A r e n s . What was that act? Could you t l the committee el about i ? t Mr. M a r c u s . I want to give you three l t l experiences of acts of ite our bedfellows, the diplomatic bedfellows that America, a Christian nation, has. The German armies were moving irresistibly on toward Moscow. They were approaching a very important railway junction. In that city they had a boys’school. It i really a slave labor school to de s humanize children, to robotize them into obedient servants of the Soviet Government. That subject I have treated in an article called Dehumanizing Children For Soviet Conquest, They were afraid to leave them in the city because they were very bitter against the Soviet Government for having torn them away from their mothers and fathers. They couldn’ evacuate them into a safer place because the t rolling system broke down completely. I am the son of a famous Russian railroad builder, and I know some thing about the railroad system in Russia. It i the weakest link in s the whole structure of their economy. So at 5 o’ clock in the afternoon they rolled up a company of secret police with trucks. They herded the boys into the trucks, drove them out into a ravine and there mowed them down with machineguns. Senator W e l k e r . In what year was t i , sir? hs Mr. M a r c u s . In 1941. I will take you now to the city of Kharkov in the Ukraine. ' The C h a ir m a n . D o you know this of your own knowledge ? Mr. M a r c u s . I know this: In 1950 i delivered a speech to about 1,400 Russian escapees in the D P camp known as Schlesheim near Munich. There were people in that city from Yoozovo who told me. A few of the children escaped. I will take you now to Kharkov. On Sovnarkomsky Street at a certain corner there stood a 4-story building. It had also 4 stories under the ground equipped with the most modern crematorium to burn up the bodies of the executed. And there, just before the Ger mans were to occupy, the building was surrounded by secret service men, and the building was set on f r with everybody in the building ie destroyed. In the city of Vinitza— I a m giving you those as examples— what happened in Vinitza and Yoozovo and Kharkov as an example of what has been going on through the years, the famous purge was go ing on just before the war. And the j i had rooms to accommodate al 16 to 18 people, and they were f l e with 50 or 100 or 150, and more ild were being brought in from the provinces, and there was no more room. So Moscow gave orders to liquidate them. Every night batches of those men and women would be brought down, their hands tied on �146 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M their back, just like the American boys were executed by the Chinese in Korea, and as they were having their hands tied other secret-service men would pass by and f r bullets into the back of the heads. Then ie another batch of prisoners would be brought down from the j i to al load those dead bodies into the trucks. They buried them in a former pear orchard that belonged to a for mer Russian merchant, or into the old cemetery. When the Germans occupied finally the population began to plead with them that there was a t errific stench coming from the direction of those places, and, in the presence of an international medical commission made up of French, Germans, Italians, and all the other people that they had already conquered, the Germans had conquered, they opened up the graves and found 9,446 bodies. A mong them was the body of a man by the name of Godovanyets. His wife has written to Vishinsky asking him what happened to her husband, and he wrote back and said, “Your husband has been released.” Sure, he has been released, released from misery and suffering. He was one of the bodies found in that grave. This i typical of what has been going on in other countries. You s know about the Katyn Forest Massacre of 10,000 Polish o f c r . It fies was done with a purpose. To show you how far-sighted, how far ahead they were, in 1942, while America was straining i s economy to t send them the guns and the bombers and the food and clothing and medicines, while our boys were braving the submarine-infested North Sea to try to deliver that equipment, the Soviet Government was already training soldiers in English and in the method of interro gating American and English prisoners of war. Mr. A r e n s . Is i ludicrous to suggest even a possibility that we t could s tat a conference table to bring peace to the world with men who i have perpetrated these international outrages? Mr. M a r c u s . I think i i unquestionably immoral and absolutely t s to the detriment of the United States. Senator W e l k e r . M a y I interrupt to go back through this t esti mony. There i some testimony that perhaps I misunderstood. I s want i eminently clear in the record as best you can give i under t t oath. You have stated that many times Soviet citizens, including high government functionaries, have asked you, begged you to stop trad ing with Russia. I believe you omitted to say that these high govern ment functionaries were parading as Communists. Mr. M a r c u s . That i right. s Senator W e l k e r . But at heart were bitter enemies of the C o m m u nist Government? M r. M a r c u s . Correct, Senator. Senator W e l k e r . I wanted to bring that out because you omitted to say that. Mr. M a r c u s . That i perfectly true. D o you think this man Sere s bryakov— he was one of the top men, he was the one who wrote the constitution, as I said, of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republics. H e made a remark to me, he said, “I wrote the constitu tion, and look who i running Russia, this i literate brute.” s l Of course, he was taking his l into his own hands. All I had to ife do was put in one telephone c all and he would have been shot. He was shot anyway on February 1,1937. STRA TEGY AND TACTICS O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 147 Mr. A r e n s . M ay I ask a question or two to clear up some of the areas of your testimony. Mr. Marcus, what i your reaction to the suggestion that, after a l s l, our Embassies and consulates located behind the Iron Curtain are listening posts for information for our Government ? Mr. M a r c u s . Gentlemen, i there a listening post in a prison ? Our s Embassies have been, are, and will continue to be, as long as we main tain diplomatic relations with Russians, prisons. They cannot stick their noses out. They are afraid. They are being hounded and hounded. I wouldn’ have to make any statement. It i right here in t s this book, and I put i into m y testimony. t Our good friend Bullitt— here I am going to quote you a very l t l ite from his statement. On October 4,1933— and this i very important; s I think i should be emphasized— we went into this recognition of the t Soviet Government with eyes wide open. Six days before President Roosevelt started negotiations for recognition our future ambassador, Bullitt, wrote a memorandum to Secretary Hull, dated October 4 , 1933, page 16 in this book, in which he said: B e fo r e re c o g n itio n a n d b e fo re lo a n s w e s h a l l fin d t h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t re la tiv e ly a m e n a b le ; a f t e r re c o g n itio n o r lo a n s w e s h o u ld find th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t a d a m a n t. Precisely. Bullitt did not have to wait very long to find the correctness of his statement. Here i a report of his dated August 21, 1935, page 245 s in this book, the o f c a book by the State Department: fiil A m e ric a n d ip lo m a tic re p re s e n ta tiv e s in th e S o v ie t U n io n a r e h a r a s s e d a n d re s tr ic te d . A s th e S o v ie t U n io n g ro w s in s t r e n g t h i t w ill g ro w in a r ro g a n c e a n d a g g re s s iv e n e s s . T o b r e a k r e la tio n s w o u ld s a t i s f y th e in d ig n a tio n w e a l l fe e l a n d w o u ld b e ju r i d i c a l l y c o rre c t. That far I went with m y good friend Bullitt, but then I disagreed wholeheartedly. Then he said, well, the Soviet Union i going to be a s big country, an important factor in world a f f airs. W e have to have a listening post. And that, to m y mind, i one of the greatest mistakes that we made. s W e should have broken relations right there and then. It would have been one of the severest blows to the Soviet Government because the prestige of that Government would have been terribly hurt, and the people of Russia would have gained a lot of encouragement and emboldened to continue their resistance. Mr. Chairman, why are 10 or 20 million Russians in slave-labor camps today ? W h y have millions perished in those slave-labor camps at the hands of executioners? Because they have been kowtowing and loving their government? It i because they have been continuing s their resistance. The Soviet agricultural population will never, never surrender to the collectivization. I will give you a l t l experience. After m y speech in Schleslieim, ite Germany, a l t l fellow introduced himself to me. H e was an escapee, ite a former o f c r in the Red army. And he told m e his father was a fie poor peasant who had only 1 horse, 1 cow and a few pigs and very l t l ite land. But when the collectivization movement started he refused to join the c l o lectivists. There was a reason for that. �14 8 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M For centuries the Russian peasants were serfs. In 1861 they were freed. By 1913, Mr. Chairman, 75 percent of the peasants of Russia were tilling t i i own s i . That was the dream that had been the ler ol dream for centuries. And then one of the principal promises of the Communists to the Russian people in 1917 was bread, and they have given them perpetual hunger; land— they have taken i away from t them; peace— they have given them perpetual war at home and abroad; freedom from oppression by the secret police— and they have given them a secret police system that the world has never been able to even fathom the extent of i. t N o w this l t l fellow said to me, “M y father and whole family were ite bundled up and shipped to Siberia. Mother died on the way, and father died soon after they arrived.” So the poor l t l boys were scattered to various schools, and he ite become an o f c r a lieutenant. He said, “The f r t time I received fie, is orders to go into battle against the Germans I deserted and took my whole company with me. W e never forgave nor forgot,” quoting him, “what the Soviet Government had done to our parents.” Senator W e l k e r . May I inquire? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . A moment ago you stated that our embassies or our emissaries behind the Iron Curtain were really prisoners and not listening posts. Do you have an observation with respect to the time when Russia invited a number of prominent labor leaders to the Soviet country and showed to them what was presented to us, at l a t before es, this committee, as the glorious democracy and the wonderful economy and peace of Russia? N o w if you say our o f c r are prisoners how fies about this invitation? M r . M a r c u s . Senator, those o f c r represent the capitalists, and fies these labor leaders represent the workers, and that i what they want, s to dupe the workers of America. Do you know, gentlemen, that in Russia the worker i being assessed from his wages every week so much s to help maintain the starving workers in the United States? Of course, the Russian workers don’ believe i. t t Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Marcus, reverting for the moment into this ques tion of East-West trade, on which you are an expert, what i your s reaction to the suggestion that the West needs certain commodities which can be procured only from behind the Iron Curtain ? In other words, to what extent i the West dependent upon East-West trade? s M r . M a r c u s . That i absolutely untrue. The East-West trade s amounted to— i i known there i a lot of illegal East-West trade t s s going on, and I have treated that in an article on the subject— what i known, and this i from o f c a sources— you have the figures s s fiil there— i about $550 million a year. That trade i absolutely nons s essential as far as the Europeon, as far as the free world i concerned, s and I will t l you why. el Every item that they are getting from Russia they could easily obtain in the United States, in Canada and Latin America. W e are giving away billions to our so-called a llies who are insisting upon this East-West trade. It would be far cheaper to the United States to subsidize the exportation to them of the items which they are buy ing from Russia today, or even to buy some of the things that they have to s l in order to avoid i. el t STRA TEG Y AND TACTICS O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 149 I would call i preclusive buying and preclusive selling because that t would keep from the Russians the most strategic items like ships and cranes and lathes and electrical equipment which, all of i , goes t for war purposes. Also, Mr. Chairman, remember t his, and you will find this in volume 18, page 385, Collected Works by Lenin, and I am quoting: A s soon a s w e a r e s tro n g en o u g h to d e s tro y t h e w h o le c a p i ta l is t w o r ld w e w ill g r a b h im by t h e c o lla r— by Lenin. W as that just a wild boast by a maniac? Oh, no. Look at i. t Since 1945 what has happened ? Six hundred and f ifty million people behind the Iron Curtain. This i the answer— 650 million people not s grabbed by the collar but by the throat. And let no one t l you, or el Mr. Stassen t l you, the nonsense that this i going to help improve el s relations between the United States and the Russian people. I am going to show you what i happening in an article in the s American Legion magazine entitled “The Reds Reach for Your Wallet.” Mr. A r e n s . In what month and year i that ? s Mr. M a r c u s . August 1950. Half a million extra copies were printed of this a t c e You will ril. find on page 59, and this i something that I think President Eisen s hower would do well to take note of: On M ay 19, 1951, th e E x e c u tiv e C o m m itte e o f th e C o m m u n is t I n t e r n a t i o n a l ( t h e o ld C o m in te rn n o w re n a m e d th e C o m in fo rm ) w o rk e d o u t a b l u e p r in t f o r th e f u t u r e c o n q u e s t o f t h e B a lk a n c o u n trie s . F o r e x a m p le , s e c tio n ( e ) o f th e first p a ra g ra p h s tip u la te s : “O nce p o w e r h a s b e e n s eize d by th e p a r ty ”— by the Communist Party— “fo re ig n p o lic y w ill b e l a i d d o w n b y th e d ip lo m a tic r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s o f th e U. S. S. R . w h o w ill re c e iv e th e n e c e s s a ry d ire c tiv e s f r o m th e C o m in te r n .” P a r a g r a p h 2 m a k e s t h i s s ig n ific a n t s t a t e m e n t : “ T h e c o u n try w h e re th e c e n tr a l co m m itte e o f th e C o m m u n is t P a r t y h a s V -cently a s s u m e d p o w « r s h o u ld n o t a p p ly f o r in c lu s io n in th e S o v ie t U n io n u n til m e n e c e s s a r y i n s tr u c tio n s to t h i s effe c t h a v e b ee n re c e iv e d fr o m th e E x e c u tiv e C o m m itte e o f th e C o m in te rn , n o w th e C o m in fo rm .” That i why President Eisenhower i in error when he says that s s Red China and the satellites are, after a l different from Russia. l, They are not different from Russia. The final step has not been attended t . W hy? They have time. The Chinese Communists o have to master, they have to execute 20 million people there. That i s o f c a . That was brought to the American Communist Party. And fiil Frank Cvetic told me that. They have to execute 20 million people there. They have in the s atellite countries the same. They have to execute a l the people like we are, capitalists, don’ you s l t ee, and intellectuals. But here i the law--s Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Marcus, as a member of the board of directors of the American Friends of Russian Freedom, and as one who is in intimate contact with the underground in Russia, could you express to this committee your opinion as to what would be the psychological effect of the severance of diplomatic relations on the rank and f l ie of the people behind the Iron Curtain ? M r . M a r c u s . It would be the most electrifying, stimulating, inspir ing act that we could give to the Russian people since 1917. They have �150 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S OF W O RLD C O M M U N IS M said to me, “Drive them out of the United Nations. Drive them out of your country. They are the plague.” And they are. W e are dealing here with a power that can never, never change. They can talk from now until doomsday about coexistence, but they don’ mean i. t t It i a l done for the purpose of catching the gullibles and getting s l more. Now, technology does not stand s i l About the only invention— tl. and now I am speaking as a native Russian— the only invention that Russia can boast of as truly Russian i the samovar and the balalaika. s Everything else has been stolen from abroad. A samovar i a con s traption which boils water for tea on the table, and the balalaika i a s musical instrument, a three-quarter musical instrument. Mr. A r e n s . Would you be disposed, Mr. Marcus, to give a brief thumbnail sketch of the events causing the recognition oi the Soviet Union? I see you have covered that in your prepared statement, with which the staff has been conversant heretofore. Mr. M a r c u s . Pardon me. I didn’ quite get the question. t Mr. A r e n s . Give a resume of the events leading to the recognition of Soviet Russia, the circumstances surrounding the recognition. Mr. M a r c u s . The statesmen of America, prior to 1933, Republicans and Democrats alike, did not have to become bedfellows of the Soviet Government in order to realize that i was absolutely futile and to t the detriment of the United States interests to have recognition. There was a man by the name of Walter Duranty on the New York Times. H e used to imbibe a great deal of vodka. H e once drank a whole quart of vodka at m y dinner table in the Moscow International Hotel. He, to m y mind, contributed more than any other corre spondent in the world toward befuddling and bamboozling Americans into ultimate recognition. There was another character by the name of Lincoln Steffens, the late Lincoln Steffens. H e and Bullitt were sent to Moscow in 1918 by the late President Wilson, just to take a look at things. H e came back and upon arriving heralded the grand news to the world: “I have seen the future, and i works.” t Imagine a man who spent about 6 days in Russia, didn’ know a t word of Russian, and so early in the game— when I told that to Mikoyan on board ship, on the steamship N o rmandie in October 1936, I was traveling with Mikoyan on the same ship, and I met him and his wife, and I was having business relations with him. I tried to s l him a $20,300 machine for $185,000. I asked a quarter of a million el dollars, but he wouldn’ give i to me. H e said, “You are a highway t t robber, aren’ you ?” t I told him very frankly the machine cost us $20,300 to make. H e said, “W h y are you asking a quarter of a million?” I said, “I know what you are going to do. You are going to buy one machine and copy i . I said, “You have to pay us for the blue t” prints and so on.” When I told him about this statement of Lincoln Steffens he said, “Why, Lenin, Trotsky, and I none of us, had that confidence in our , survival that this man had.” For years and years they didn’ have any confidence in their sur t vival. And i would have taken very l t l , especially in 1921 when t ite the Kronstadt uprising took place in Kronstadt Fortress near Lenin- STRA TEGY AND TA C TIC S OF W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 151 grad. The men who helped bring about the Soviet Government were the sailors of Kronstadt. When they saw that they had been deceived, that their fathers had been robbed of the land instead of having car ried out the promise, they revolted and, of course, they were executed, drowned in blood by Trotsky. Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Marcus, do you care to give us a thumbnail sketch of your experiences regarding the Soviet penetration into American finance and American industry, into American industrial establish ments via their trade missions and delegations which have been oper ating in the United States? Mr. M a r c u s . Shakespeare said, and I quote, “There i no darkness s but ignorance.” And ignorance has been our greatest enemy; the ignorance prevailing in the circles of our financiers and our indus trialists i simply inexplicable and inexcusable. s Mr. A r e n s . What do you mean by that? Mr. M a r c u s . I mean by that— you take, for instance, here i the s president of a s teel corporation, Mr. Weir. He keeps on telling why we should do everything to bring about better coexistence. I think that that man should address his great wisdom not to the President of the United States, not to the people of the United States but to the m u m m y in the mausoleum in Red Square, to Lenin. Senator W e l k e r . That same philosophy was used in 1947 after Czechoslovakia had been taken over by Russia when we s i l shipped tl them railroad trains. A m I correct? M r. M a r c u s . Correct. And i i the same mentality as you will t s see even today. President Eisenhower and Mr. Stassen s i l talk tl about China and the satellite nations— “Oh, they are separate and apart from Russia.” It i one big b s lot. The trouble with us i that s we are thinking in our Anglo-Saxon terminology. Here we have a l e . It seems to me that now, of a l the times, we should be as lis l tight as you could make us, because we are fighting for our existence. They are absolutely out to destroy u . They have said that time and s time again. W e gullibles have not taken them seriously. \Mr. A r e n s . Can they destroy us economically? Do they have the potential and capacity ? Mr. M a r c u s . Yes. Give them another 10 years, i there i no una f s nimity between our country and, let’ say, England. Right now, s when we are s i l pumping billions of dollars into England and they tl go ahead and supply such strategic materials as cranes and lathes and ships and everything else of that nature, then how do you expect there i going to be any unanimity later with South and Central America s when they start pumping into those countries manufactured goods as a result of having stolen our technology ? You see we are really stupid, and there i no possible excuse for i . I say ignorance because i i s t t s exactly the word. Lenin said, and I am quoting him— you will find i in volume 17, t pages 22-23, Russian edition: W e h a v e n e v e r co n c ea le d t h e f a c t t h a t o u r re v o lu tio n is on ly th e b e g in n in g , t h a t i t w ill le a d to a v ic to rio u s e n d in g o n ly th e n w h e n w e s h a ll h a v e in fla m e d th e w h o le w o rld w ith i t s r e v o lu tio n a r y fires. Senator W e l k e r . May I ask a few questions here, and then I prom iseI will not interrupt any more. �152 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M This witness i very profound, but this i for m y information, s r s s i. The C h a ir m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Are you familiar with an organization known as Amtorg ? Mr. M a r c u s . Certainly. Senator W e l k e r . Will you describe that to the committee, please? M r . M a r c u s . The Amtorg i a New York-incorporated organization. s There was only one American on the board of directors, and, strange as i may sound, he was a classmate of mine in the George Washington t University here. His name i Dr. Ohsol. H e i a graduate of Har s s vard University, not a Communist, but he i afraid to talk because he s has relatives in Latvia. He i a Latvian, originally. s I was in the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Affairs on the 11th floor, and the Federal Trade Commission, for which he was working— he was one of the top investigators, he was an economist, on the seventh fl o . So we met in the George Washington University. H e was the or only board member. Otherwise, i i a 100-percent Soviet Govern t s ment-owned organization. That organization was mistaken by a great many American firms as an American organization, and i just an agency of the Soviet Gov s ernment in reality. They had the entree;they had very high type of f c a s like Bogdanoff, Peter Bogdanoff. By the way, he has already iil been executed, too; liquidated. H e was of the old aristocracy of Rus s a You see they used that kind of people for a time, and now they i. don’ need them any more. And he made a wonderful entree to bank t ing houses and to institutions, industrial institutions. I might say that I myself have negotiated a $30 million deal for the Studebaker Corp. in Russia in 1927 and 1928. It f l through. el Senator W e l k e r . N o w that you have described Amtorg to us do you happen to know a gentleman by the name of David Davis? Mr. M a r c u s . David Davis? No, s r i. Senator W e l k e r . Y o u are not familiar with the fact that he was the leading Communist o f c a of the American Communist Party and fiil has been on the payroll of Amtorg in New York, the Soviet trading agency ? Mr. M a r c u s . I h a d dealings w ith th e engineering d epartm ent. Senator W e l k e r . D o you know a gentleman by the name of George Mink of the Soviet G P U ? M r . M a r c u s . George M i n k ? No, s i r . Senator W e l k e r . I will ask you this question. Do you have any information about whether or not the Soviet conspiracy has tried and has, in e f c , infiltrated Central America for many years? fet Mr. M a r c u s . I was in Mexico City in April 1951. There was a philological congress of a l of Latin America held in the c l ity, and I am somewhat of a philologist, although since I met a Russian who knew 41 languages I stopped talking about myself as a philologist. I was invited to that congress just for the cocktail party and I was introduced there to the former Ambassador of Mexico. Senator W e l k e r . What was his name? Mr. M a r c u s . I don’ remember his name. The Mexican Ambas t sador to Russia. Senator W e l k e r . Oumansky? STRA TEGY AND TA C TIC S OF W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 153 Mr. M a r c u s . Not Oumansky;he was dead at that time. It i too s bad he didn’ die before. And there, the man who introduced me to t him said later on that he i one of the most important Soviet agents s in Mexico. N o w Mexico has been infiltrated to a t r i i extent. erfc Guatemala at that time was already known to me. It i only now s has i come to the forefront. You s e in Latin America, I will t l t e, el you very candidly, you can buy everybody from the President down. And the Soviet Union doesn’ care. What does i mean to them? t t Tens of thousands of slaves are digging gold and they can afford i . For instance, in 1947 Russia was going through a t r i ic famine. t erf Did anybody in this country ever hear about i ? No. W h y ? Because t our press representatives, they are also prisoners and none of them know the Russian language. So the result was this:the Soviet Government, despite the famine, shipped shiploads of grain to Italy and to France. W h y ? For prop aganda purposes, to embolden, to s up the workers and the C o m tir munists in those respective points. Speaking about the blunders that we have made, i simply would t take us days and days, and inexcusable blunders. Senator W e l k e r . I think I will take judical notice of that. Mr. M a r c u s . W h e n the ECA, for instance, came into being— and I am an old friend of Paul Hoffman, although I don’ think he i t s going to be a friend of mine now— I pleaded with him a few days after he came into o f c . I repeated what I said in the N ew York fie University in November 1947, long before the E C A Act was passed. 1 t l l t e students of the New York University that a l the billions oc h" l that the Marshall plan would pump into Europe and a l the billions l of N A T O would accomplish nothing unless, parallel to those two actions, we carried on a t r i i , savage campaign in Italy and France erfc against the Communist movement in those respective countries and at the same time go on the liberation offensive. That i what we s have been negligent i . n r J\e result was this: They pooh-poohed that idea. “W e must not t l the French and the Italian Government what to do in their own el country.” W e have pumped billions and billions of dollars i , and look at i. n t One out of every three in Italy i s i l voting the Communist Party, s tl and one out of four i s i l voting the Communist Party in France s tl because we did nothing in that respect. Senator W e l k e r . M y f inal question, Mr. Chairman. The C h a ir m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Marcus, the chairman of this subcommittee, Senator Jenner, has assigned me to head the task force to go out to the west coast and investigate the infiltration of Communists who are coming to our country from the borders of Mexico, i that e i t . f xss Do you think that i a pretty wholesome thing for us to do? s Mr. M a r c u s . I am afraid, Senator, that the people who are really doing the infiltrating you won’ catch. t Senator W e l k e r . I must differ with you there. We. will probably not catch them a l but I think we will get a bite while somebody else l, i getting a mouthful. s Mr. M a r c u s . I think a far better thing to do would be, in my mind, what I have been advocating for years. History has catapulted �154 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S OF W O RLD C O M M U N IS M America into a very d ffic l position, the leader of the world to save i ut the Christian civilization from this nightmare, this Communist night mare. And, unfortunately, we have been going about i like amateurs. t Every man that they have had, for instance, handling the psycho logical warfare was an amateur, and, to m y mind, anyone who takes on a job of that nature without the background and without the training and experience i just as criminally liable as if I were to s perform a surgical operation on a patient. That has been going on. Now, we have to have, just as the Soviet Government has spent money on training schools to train people to destroy civilization that we know and cherish, so we have to have schools and train men and women who will dedicate their l v s not just between golf playing or ie, between cat, dog, doll, and fashion shows like our women are indulg ing, but really dedicate their lives to destroy the Soviet Union, the Soviet Government. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Marcus, you realize that this committee was born with one of i s principal duties to alert the American people to t the dangers that might affect the internal security of the United States of America, and if our task force i successful in showing to the Amer s ican jieople that we, in fact, do have hordes of Communists coming across the line on the west coast, that would be some help at least in carrying out our duties assigned to us by the Congress of the United States. Mr. M a r c u s . There i no question about i. But I maintain that we s t should also— for instance, I have been wanting the American business men— the international traders who are so gullible, so ignorant on this subject— to organize a committee to go to Latin America and to talk to their counterpart, the exporters and importers. W e have a power ful organization. D o you know we could throttle the Communist bloc i we ever got to do something because we know their tricks? W e could f stop the illegal sales of strategic materials and equipment to the Soviet Union and the satell t s But you just can’ get them together. ie. t Senator W e l k e r . They have been dragging their f eet, in other words. Mr. M a r c u s . Worse than that. M a y I t l that in the text of the el testimony? In 1950 the Exporters Club— not that I am trying to invite myself— but a man like I have never appeared before that E x porters Club in N e w York. But a Mrs. Vera Dean, the research direc tor of the American Foreign Policy Association, who has been preach ing all over the United States before business organizations on eastwest trade, she appeared there. A nd when she got through I gave her plenty. She will never forget that tongue lashing I gave her. I talked to a great many people in the audience, and they all agreed with her. Not one of them, upon questioning by me, had been to the Soviet Union. Not one of them had ever read a book about communism in practice or communism in theory. And one of them even made a confession that for 2 years he had had on his library shelf Kravchenko’ book, s I Chose Freedom, but had never read a l n . ie H o w do you expect them to understand what I a m talking about? The American Mercury published an article of mine which no magazine in the United States would publish, entitled “A Boycott Long Overdue.” STRA TEGY AND TACTICS O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 155 Senator W e l k e r . What date i that, sir? s Mr. M a r c u s . November 1953. I had i for a year. t Senator W e l k e r . I w onder if th a t could be incorporated by re fe r ence. The C h a ir m a n . It will be incorporated by reference. (The document referred to was marked “Marcus Exhibit No. 2” and f l d for the information of the committee.) ie Senator W e l k e r . I have concluded m y questions, and I want to thank you very much. Mr. A r e n s . I have two brief areas to cover with you now, Mr. Marcus. D o you have information respecting Soviet pilfering of patents and patentable items in the United States ? Mr. M a r c u s . Yes, s r i. Mr. A r e n s . Would you cover th a t extemporaneously very briefly, please? Mr. M a r c u s . To begin with, f r t as to know what to pilfer, that i is, s easy. For 25 cents— i used to cost 10 cents and now 25 cents at the t Patent O f c , you can know exactly what i going on in the American fie s patent f e d Then you set out to reach that particular industry where il. this i being produced. And how i that done? Well, Browder told s s the Comintern Conference in 1930, and you will find i right here, t reported— no; 1935; I beg your pardon— reported by the State De partment. H e told that as of 1930 the Communists in the United States had 500 c l s in strategic industries embracing about 1 million el workers. That was before recognition. Imagine what i i today. So t s they go ahead and t l the boys in those various— i i so easy, you el t s know. I have worked in factories. It i so easy to infiltrate a blue s print or a shop drawing at night and have i photostated during the t night and deliver i in the morning and nothing has been detected. t W h y ? Because our employees are always so gullible that they haven’ the fainest idea how to protect their i terests. t n The majority of workers in American industry are loyal American citizens, but they are so ignorant about the Communist conspiracy, and nothing i being done to bring i to their attention so they could s t watch those few infiltrated Communists to keep them from stealing them. Mr. A r e n s . M ay I just inquire briefly in one other area. That i ,on s the basis of your background and experience in years gone past before the fabulous rise which you have had in the industrial world, have you had occasion to reach conclusions in your own mind respecting the relationship which exists between the immigration system in the United States and the Communist penetration? In other words, i the Communist conspiracy in the United States a weed which has s been transplanted from abroad via the loopholes in the immigration system ? Mr. M a r c u s . It isn’ a very pleasant thing for me to answer that t question the way I must answer i under oath. Unfortunately, very t few’Americans, naturalized Americans, feel the sense of indebtedness to the United States that a few of us do f e . The Socialist move el ment w'as brought into this country by immigrants to w hom the doors wT swung wide open. And the opportunities— most of them came ere without a shirt on their backs, and here they have amassed fortunes; �156 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O R LD C O M M U N IS M here they have assumed positions in the industrial and economic and a l other f e d . The Communist movement was a direct outgrowth l ils of these alien and naturalized citizens. I know a great many of them. I know one case of a man that I sometimes can’ sleep when I think t of that man. There was a man who came to this country at the age of 15 and went out peddling on Delancey Street. B y the time he was 40 he was already a multimillionnaire. H e was one of the leaders in the Socialist movement in 1919. H e helped form the Communist move ment and then went to Russia to create there the acetylene-gas industry. A nd they treated him— I used to be in Russia during those days as a buyer for American Hair & Felt Co. I used to come there to accept merchandise, cattle hair, raw materials which we needed badly at that time. And I found his wife used to cry to me. She would say, “They spit at him;they call him bourgeois.” Imagine. For a Communist to call you bourgeois i for a high priest s to be called an atheist. And yet i carried on and i carried on, and t t then they virtually threw him out of there and paid him out of the investment he made, and he had a concession for 15 years. H e came back, and what did he do ? Did he become a good Ameri can ? Oh, no. H e continued to carry on. I don’ have to t l you— i i in the record here where a former t el t s Attorney General testified before a Senate committee— I don’ know t which— that 91.4 percent of the leaders of the Communist movement of the United States were of foreign origin or married to foreigners. To me i i a very painful thing and in which I think I have probably t s failed to do a very important task, and that i to go after the natural s ized citizens of America. I can talk to them, whereas they would not take i from a native born. I a m sure they would take i from a t t naturalized citizen to t l them they are not good Americans, that el they are betraying the trust of this country unless they become leaders in the forefront of this struggle against the Soviet Union. Mr. Chairman, I hope nobody will get the impression that I am ad vocating war. It isn’ necessary. On the contrary, I am bending a l t l m y efforts toward preventing a third world war, and we can s i l tl do that. Whereas the Soviet Government has in this country, let us say— take J. Edgar Hoover’ figure of 25,000 hard-core Communists, or even s 50,000 or 100,000; we have 200 millions of Russians behind the Iron Curtain. W e have millions in the satellite countries and in China who are with us. But there i no movement except the l t l thing we s ite have tried with the American Friends of Russian Freedom. Mr. A r e n s . Would severance of diplomatic relations be a step to ward war or a step toward avoiding war ? Mr. M a r c u s . O n the contrary, i will scare the Soviet Government t to death from starting a war. Here i a recent escapee. This i the Russian, and this i a Russian s s s paper published in San Francisco. And the escapee by name i s Andrei Ivanovich Novoshichi. I think this ought to go into the record; i i very interesting. In other words, he says that i the t s f Soviet Government should start a war the soldiers will not fight for the Soviet Government and will destroy the Soviet Government. 157 Mr. A r e n s . Through the years you have from time to time been in consultation with our s taff in the development of the Immigra tion and Nationality Act, the McCarran-Walter Act. O n the basis of your background and experience, what would be the effect upon the security of the United States if the new security provisions of the McCarran-Walter Act were knocked out, as some groups and organ izations and people are trying to do at the present time? Mr. M a r c u s . I think i will be the greatest service to the Kremlin. t Mr. A r e n s . I have no further questions, Mr. Chairman. The C h a i r m a n . Thank you very much. M r . M a r c u s . Not at a l l. The C h a i r m a n . The committee i adjourned. s (Whereupon, at 11:55 a m., the committee was recessed, subject . to the call of the Chair.) X � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Strategy and Tactics of World Communism", Hearings before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-Third Congress, Second Session on Strategy and Tactics of Communism, Part 2, June 10, 15, and 17, 1954. 42 pages. Description An account of the resource Testimony of John C. Caldwell, J. Anthony Marcus, General Albert C. Wedemeyer. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States Government, United State Senate Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1954-06 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_6_1_3_3 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/efacb92a92af277fe38e95f3d998bde4.pdf ea48577491dd07b997adc148997e87c6 PDF Text Text A . ' THE CHURCH1 BOLE IN EDUCATIONAL CONTBOVERSY S v ( S p e e c h to h e d e l i v e r e d b y B i n d l e y J. St i l e s , De a n , S c h o o l of Education, U n i v e r s i t y o f V i rginia, to A r l i n g t o n M i n i s terial A s s o c i a t i o n , C l a r e n d o n B a p t i s t C h u r c h , N o r t h H i g h l a n d Street, A r l i n g t o n , E.D.S.T.) T h ursday, A p r i l 25, 1 9 5 ^ - -O s J O A„M„ In a n y p e r i o d o f cris i s the A m e r i c a n p e o p l e b e c o m e m o r e c r i t i c a l o f the w o r k o f t h e i r p u b l i c institutions. a t mospher e o f c o n fusion, It is to h e expected, rea c t i o n , therefor e , that i n the c u r r e n t a n d doubt, m a n y w o u l d c r i t i c i z e o u r p u b l i c s c h o o l s . Since W o r l d W a r II, c r i t i c i s m s a n d o u t r i g h t a t t a c k s u p o n p u b l i c s c h o o l s h a v e b e e n m a d e w i t h s u c h a b u n d a n c e an d o f t e n w i t h s u c h r e c k l e s s a b a n d o n that c o n f i d e n c e i n p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n is b e i n g se r i o u s l y shaken. e s t a b l i s h e d n a t i o n a l groups, Criticisms have come f rom individuals, long a n d al s o f r o m n e w l y f o r m u l a t e d o r g a n i z a t i o n s w h o s e m a j o r ob j e c t i v e is to p r e s s a t t a c k s a g a i n s t p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n . These l a t t e r groups, h e a d e d b y p r o f e s s i o n a l s s k i l l e d at m a r s h a l l i n g the forces of r e a c t i o n - a n d also o f the d i s c o n t e n t e d h a v e f l o o d e d the c o u n t r y w i t h l i t e r a t u r e c o n t a i n i n g s w e epi ng, d r a m a t i c a l l y e m o t i o n a l i z e d , c h a rges a g a i n s t p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n . T h e i r e f f o r t s are c a l c u l a t e d to a p p e a l to a m a s s aud i e n c e a n d to inci t e c o m m u n i t y d i s t r u s t a n d r e b ellion. A n y o n e w h o w a n t s to c r i t i c i z e the p u b l i c s c h o o l s i n his c o m m u n i t y in an i r r e s p o n s i b l e m a n n e r c a n o b t a i n h e l p f r o m s u c h national organizations which wi l l provide materials and plans for "tailor-made attacks" ag a i n s t schools. These g r o u p s and thei r s u p p o r t e r s , f o r g e t t i n g E d m u n d B u r k e ' s i n s i g h t f u l o b s e r v a t i o n , "I d o not k n o w the m e t h o d o f d r a w i n g u p an i n d i c t m e n t a g a i n s t a w h o l e p e o p l e " , ar e a p p a r e n t l y s e e k i n g to d i s c r e d i t g e n e r a l l y p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n a n d those m o s t c l o s e l y a l l i e d w i t h it. T h e y str i v e to set e d u c a t i o n a l gr o u p a g a i n s t group, administrator a g ainst tea cher, t e a c h e r a g a i n s t o f f i c i a l s i n State D e p a r t m e n t s o f E d u cation, a gai n s t p r o f e s s o r of education, liberal arts p r o f e s s o r p r i v a t e school, a g a i n s t p u b l i c school, and, al s o , th e c h u r c h w i t h i t s v a s t m e m b e r s h i p a n d o t h e r c i t i z e n s a g a i n s t the schools. O p p o s i n g the attacks o n s c h o o l s have b e e n v i g o r o u s e f f o r t s b y t e a c h e r s p r o f e s s i o n a l asso c i a t i ons, citizens' g r o u p s a n d others. T h e y s e e k to c o u n t e r a c t t h e n e g a t i v e i m p a c t of school criticisms, b o t h i n i n d i v i d u a l c o m m u n i t i e s a n d o n the n a t i o n a l level,, �So varied, h a v e t h e c r i t i c i s m s b e e n t h a t almost n o a s p e c t o f h a s b e e n missed. the e d u c a t i o n a l p r o g r a m The res u l t i s t h a t it i s n o w al m o s t i n p o s s i b l e i n m a n y c o m m u n i t i e s f o r c i t i z e n s to d i s c u s s t h e i r s c h o o l s w i t h o u t b e i n g c l a s s e d as e i t h e r f o r o r a g a i n s t p u b l i c edu c a t i o n . Th o s e w h o d e f e n d the s c h o o l s , as w e l l a s those w h s cri t i c i z e , have been and ar e b e i n g s u b j e c t e d to p e r s o n a l a b u s e a n d mal i g p m e n t i n the d a i l y p r e s s , o n the air, in popular magazines. T h e e d u c a t i o n a l a t m o s p h e r e is s u c h th a t honest, o f the s t r e n g t h a n d w e a k n e s s e s of p u b l i c m i d d l e ground. We objective analysis s c h o o l s is p r a c t i c a l l y imp o s s i b l e . T h e r e i s no s e e m to h a v e l o s t f a i t h i n M r. J e f f e r s o n ' s w i s d o m that w h e n r e a s o n a n d expe r i m e n t h a v e b e e n in d u l g e d , e r r o r w i l l fl e e b e f o r e them. Many — k n o w that T h o m a s P a y n e w a s r i g h t - s e e m d e t e r m i n e d n o t to p e r m i t "truth" i rr e s t i b l e natu r e , and who no doubt to e x e r t i t s f o r t h e y n e i t h e r s e e k it n o r d o t h e y e x t e n d to t r u t h th e l i b e r t y o f a p p e aring. So m a n y i n d i v i d u a l s a n d g r o u p s ar e c r i t icizing, c h a nnels. t h r o u g h s u c h a m u l t i p l i c i t y of A l l t y p e s of e d u c a t i o n a l p r a c t i c e s a n d s e r v i c e s ar e b e i n g c ha l l e n g e d . And such a v a r i e t y o f c o n t r a d i c t o r y p r o p o s a l s f o r sc h o o l s are b e i n g a d v a n c e d that m o s t p e o p l e to d a y are t h o r o u g h l y confused. M a n y r e a d i l y b e l i e v e th e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t t h e i r p u b l i c s c h o o l s r e g a r d l e s s o f w h e t h e r t h e y a p p l y to p a r t i c u l a r c o m m u n i t i e s , o f s u b s t a n t i a l evi d e n c e . paired. A s a c o nsequence, a n d in sp i t e o f ty p i c a l l a c k the w o r k of the p u b l i c s c h o o l s is b e i n g i m S e r i o u s e d u c a t i o n a l d a m a g e i s b e i n g do n e at a t i m e w h e n the A m e r i c a n p e o p l e f a c e the g i g a n t i c t a s k o f p r o v i d i n g b u i l d i n g s a n d tea c h e r s f o r g r e a t l y e x p a n d i n g s c h o o l e n r o l l ments. If ou r p u b l i c sc h o o l s are to p e r f o r m a d e q u a t e l y a n d e f f i c i e n t l y t h e i r f u n c t i o n , t he schools are to remain r e s p o n s i v e to the w i l l o f a l l o u r p eople, c h a n n e l s f o r c r i t i c i s m a n d s u g g e s t i o n b e k e p t open. c i s m is the o b l i g a t i o n of e v e r y citizen. if it is i m p e r a t i v e t h a t The offering of constructive criti A n eq u a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y r e s t s u p o n m e m b e r s of sch o o l b o a r d s a n d school o f f i c i a l s to b e s e n s i t i v e a n d r e c e p t i v e to c r i t i c i s m s o f f e r e d b y re s p o n s i b l e citizens. Where criticisms of school are solicited and given, an obligation rests with all �-3- citizens and their school authorities to separate destructive attacks from constructive proposals for the improvement of schools. Religious leaders are called upon to help the American people to reestablish in our communities an atmosphere which permits the sincere , objective examination of educational problems. The leadership of the church is vital in helping us return to the fundamental and traditionally American rules of "fair play'* in our criticism of public schools. To furnish this leadership, the church must, first of all, disqualify itself as one of the participants in the controversy about the public schools. It must see clearly that by following the doctrine of "separation of church and state" laid down by our founding fathers, we do not pit the church and state against each other. Secondly, organized religious groups of all faiths must stand firmly for what is right, honest and decent; they must protect those who consciously, in good faith with and while being loyal to, the purposes of education in our nation, offer sincere criticism or support to our public schools. With equal vigor all religious groups must oppose those who bear false witness against public education in the United States. And finally, the church should stimulate citizens to appraise continuously the extent to which public schools are enabled, both by financial support and community endorsement, to perform adequately their educational task. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Church's Role in Educational Controversy", Speech to be delivered by Lindley J. Stiles, Dean, School of Education, University of Virginia, to Arlington Ministerial Association, Clarendon Baptist Church, April 29, 1954. 3 pages. Description An account of the resource Speech commenting on the attacks on public education and the need for religious leaders to help to reestablish an atmosphere which permits an objective examination of educational problems. To do so, churches must remove themselves from being participants in the controversies. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Virginia, Lindley J. Stiles Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 4/29/54 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_6_1_3_4 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/d90224ac2e890cb676bc1f82c8474ea5.pdf 865ac237f9f57c3789e3df05921247fa PDF Text Text iu HORACE MANN LEAGUE NEWS No. 14 AND AmeA&ca REVIEWS 1955 S eries August 15, 1955 At the St. Louis meeting of the C en tral Division of the H orace Mann League in F ebru ary 1955 a w ell-received a d d re ss was delivered by the Superintendent of In struction of that city in which he describ ed the procedures which were followed in integrating the public schools. It is reproduced here at the request of se v e ra l of our m em bers who heard the ad d ress. St. Louis Integrates its Public Schools Philip J . Hickey Superintendent of Instruction St. Louis Public Schools On May 17, 1954, the Supreme C ourt of the United States unanimously ruled that children of a m inority group forced to attend racially segregated public schools w ere being denied the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment and that they were being deprived of liberty without due process of law in violation of the Fifth Amendment. The ruling specified that even though physical facilities and other tangible factors of racially se p arate schools may be equal, s e g regation itself deprives the children of the minority group of equal educational op portunities because it generates in them a feeling of in ferio rity as to th e ir statu s in the community "that may affect th e ir h ea rts and minds in a way unlikely ev er to be undone" and that also affects th e ir motivation to learn in such a way as to tend to re ta rd their educational and m ental development. Immediately a fte r the announcement of the decision that ra c ia l segregation in pub lic education was unconstitutional, the Board of Education of the City of St. Louis perfected plans to integrate the schools under its ju risd ictio n . This alm ost in sta n t aneous response may be attributed to se v eral facto rs. In the first place, the St. Louis community itself had been undergoing a steady p ro cess of dem ocratization over the past ten y ears as evidenced by an ti-segregation pronouncements of its church and synagogue organizations and its local p re ss, desegregation of its le a d ing colleges and universities and its Catholic elem entary and high schools, and consistent d ecrease in racial segregation and discrim ination in hotel accom m oda tions, public and com m ercial rec re atio n , housing, and employment. In the second place, this sam e decade had w itnessed continuously in creasin g integration of St. Louis public school teachers and principals in the perform ance of th e ir p rofessional duties and the operation of their professional organizations, as illu stra te d by in creased integration of course of study and book selection com m ittees, in c re a se d in tegration of the city-wide E lem entary School P rincipals A ssociation the p resen t president of which happens to be a Negro, and the elim ination of ra c ia l b a rs in the M issouri State T eachers A ssociation. And in the th ird place, th e re had been in operation in the St. Louis Public Schools since Novem ber, 1945, a sy stem a tic human �- 2- relations program of far-reach in g proportions which was inaugurated under the auspices of the A m erican Council on Education and the direction of D r. Hilda Taba and which had fo r its objective discovery and utilization of effective m eans of pro moting good w ill, cooperative living, mutual understanding, and appreciation for one another among the groups of people living in St. Louis. By May 17, 1954, this objective had been to a m easureable extent realized (1) through a c u rric u la r ap proach which involved introduction of m aterials and techniques in the se v e ra l are as of learning — a r t, literatu re, m usic, science, e tc ., - - which would conduce to the im provem ent of human rela tio n s, (2) through an e x tra cu rricu la r approach which involved a ric h variety of ac tiv itie s of an intergroup and inter-sch o o l as w ell as an intram ural nature, and (3) through an extensive in -se rv ic e education approach which involved helping St. Louis te ac h ers acquire sk ills in assistin g pupils to o v er come a rtific ia l b a rrie rs to the acceptance of each individual on his own m e rits. At a special meeting on June 22, 1954, therefore, the Board - - as popularly elec t ed representatives of a community already rejecting the principle of segregation and implementing the principle of integration in significant aspects of its life — officially and unanimously adopted and publicly announced a program for d eseg reg a tion of the schools under its control. This program provided (1) for com plete and orderly integration of the St. Louis Public Schools, beginning Septem ber, 1954, and ending Septem ber, 1955, (2) fo r minimum disruption of the educational p ro gram of students during this period of transition by perm itting those alread y en ro ll ed in a p articu lar school to continue to attend that school until graduation if they and their parents desired and if the school did not becom e overcrowded, and (3) for fair and equitable protection of the in te rests of em ployees and candidates fo r employment without regard to r a c e . Several days a fte r the adoption of th is plan, the sta te 's A ttorney-general ruled that because of the decision of the United S tates Supreme C ourt th e re w ere no longer any valid laws in M issouri which eith er r e quired or perm itted segregation of the races in public schools, thus legally c le a r ing the way fo r unmodified inauguration of the program . Both before and a fte r announcement of the plan, a num ber of key leadership and opinion-form ing organizations of th e community volunteered th eir support and a s s is t ance. These included the local p r e s s , which urged prom pt and if possible a c c e le r ated im plem entation of the program ; the League of Women V oters, which published a pamphlet designed to help the public understand and cooperate with what the Board was undertaking; the Metropolitan Church Federation, which set aside a Sunday for prayer in all its m em ber churches fo r the success of integration; the Rabbinical A ssociation, which issued a statem ent calling on all citizen s to work tow ard and pray for su ccessful integration; the Catholic Church, which had already d e s e g re g a t ed its own schools and counselled its m em bers to cooperate with the Board of E du cation in its program of desegregation; the National Conference of C hristians and Jew s, which undertook training of teen-age leadership groups; the city-w ide p aren ts and patrons organizations, which took further steps tow ards integration on the p a r ent level; and the M ayor's Com m ission on Human R elations, which conducted a workshop on integration for teach ers and adm inistrato rs, bringing to the city a number of educators who had had experience in this field. �-3In Septem ber, 1954, as the in itial step in im plem entation of the plan, the public colleges and the special schools and classes w ere reorganized on an integrated b asis. Stowe Teachers College and Stowe Junior College had been an institution with a Negro student body and a Negro teaching and custodial personnel. H arris T eachers College and H a rris Junior College had been an institution with a white student body and a white teaching and custodial personnel. The two w ere combin ed into one institution and housed in the H a rris College Building, with approxim ate ly forty percent of the student body and faculty Negro and sixty percent of the stu dent body and faculty w hite. T here was also integration of the c le ric a l personnel and custodial staff. The tran sitio n was m ade without incident and in a clim ate of frien dliness and good w ill - - with all in any way participating determ ined to see that it was properly consum m ated. The sp ecial schools and c la sse s for various types of handicapped children were integrated according to the sam e pattern in Septem ber, 1954, and the general high schools and adult education program s sim ila rly integrated on January 31, 1955. In Septem ber, 1955, the operation will be com pleted with integration of the regular elem entary schools and the technical high schools. Each school integrated thus far has proceeded to function after the change with norm al educational effective ness and with a degree of social m aturity which has reflected c re d it on all involv ed. One tangible outcome of the high school and college integration has been that crowded conditions which had prevailed for many y ears at the g en eral high schools for N egroes have been m arkedly am eliorated and two buildings — a fo rm e r college and a fo rm er special school - - have been used for relief of se v eral heavily populat ed elem entary schools. Some additional re lie f much needed on the elem entary lev el will be available when integration proceeds to its third and final step. H ere then is the St. Louis experience of in tegration of its public schools as it is now in pro cess. It is a sto ry of steadily evolving dem ocracy, of community cooper ation, of professional vision on the part of te a c h e rs and principals, of wisdom in policy making and announcement of plans on the p art of the Board of Education, of intelligence in executing the plans as form ulated, of development of dem ocratic student leadership, and of a long-range program of educating boys and g irls in wholesome human relatio n s. We believe that it w ill eventuate in St. L ouis' becom ing a g re a te r and m ore dem ocratic A m erican community and in its public school sy stem 's becoming a m ore tru ly efficient serv an t of such a com munity. We are also convinced that from the economic point of view the community w ill receive g rea ter value for its tax do llar because of the elim ination of unnecessary duplica tion of facilities, reduction in expenses of tran sp o rtatio n , and elim ination of waste in classroom s at a tim e when classroom s a r e at a prem ium . Thus the Board of Education will be enabled to devote a la rg e r proportion of its funds to one of its most urgent problems - - reduction of class siz e . * * * * * * * * * * S elm er H. Berg P resident -General Superintendent of Schools Oakland 6, California E. I. F . WilUams S ecretary-G eneral H eidelberg College Tiffin, Ohio � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Horace Mann League of America, News and Reviews" No.14, August 15, 1955. 3 pages. Description An account of the resource Reproduction of a talk, "St. Louis Integrates Its Public Schools", given by Philip J. Hickey, Superintendent of Instruction, St. Louis Public Schools, describing the procedures followed to integrate the St. Louis Public Schools. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Horace Mann League of America, Philip J. Hickey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-08-15 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_6_1_2_8 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/fdb4b8cb21e052c2461122425872ec7b.pdf 54fb48c47a0fd4dc062eb47e4b3d0cc2 PDF Text Text Gov. Battle Opens New School Distinguished Guest Present at Ceremonies Stratford Jun io r High School will be officially opened today by Governor Battle. Charles R. Fenwick, senator from Arlington to the Virginia Assembly, will introduce Governor Battle, to the assem bled Arlington citizens in the Stratford gymnasium. One of the most functional Junior High Schools in Virginia, S trat ford presents Arlington with a challenge and a singular opportunity for the reali zation of many educational hopes. The keys to the new building will be presented after Governor B attle’s ad dress. The presentation will be made by Mr. Lee Paschal, president of the Wise Contracting Company to Mr. Colin Mc Pherson, chairman of th e Arlington School Board. Reverend George F. Tittman, Rector of St. Mary’s Episcopal Church, Arling ton, will give the invocation. A fter the invocation the audience will sing appro priately, Carry Me Back to Old Virginny. The visitors will be welcomed by Mr. Rolland W. Stoebe, Chairman Special Committee from Stratford PTA; Mr. Claude Richmond, Principal from S trat ford Faculty, and Bruce Haslam, Presi dent of the Student Council from the Stratford Student body. PTA Elects New President On February 27 the Stratford PTA elected Mr. Rolland W. Stoebe, presi dent, and Mr. J. D. Ensminger, vicepresident. This was the first PTA m eet ing in the new school. The PTA expres sed its gratitude to Mr. William S. H ar ris, retiring president, and to Col. Mal colm D. Jones, retiring vice-president, Mr. William A. Early, Supt. of Schools. Arlington, will introduce Mr. Dowell Howard, State Supt. of Instruction who will speak briefly to the visitors. who are moving out of Arlington County. The ceremonies will be closed by Paul R. H unter, M inister of Rock Spring Congregational Church, Arlington, who will give the benediction. half of the Swanson PTA, presented the A fter the form al program, Stratford students will conduct the visitors on an inspection tour of the school. cepted by Mr. W. S. Harris. The S trat Miss Lena Wolfe principal of Claude A. Swanson Junior High School, on be Stratford PTA with a gavel for use of the presiding officer. The gift was ac ford PTA expressed its appreciation to the Swanson PTA. �P ag e Two THE SIGNPOST March 3, 1951 W ELC O M E TO STRATFORD! The Parents, the Students, and the Faculty of Stratford Junior High School welcome you to your new building. And it is new!— the newest thing in Arlington. Bright and shiny and wonderful. We’re so proud we’re just “bust in’.” We older “kids,” (parents to you,) are all wishing we could go to school in this beautiful building. But we can’t quite figure out how the Junior High School fits into the picture. Most of us finished eight grades of gram mar school and then four years of high school. Now our children have six years of elementary school, then three years of junior high and then three more years of high school. Let’s see just what a Junior High School is. world in which they are living. Proper oral and w ritten expression a re taught as tools needed for effective communi cation in everyday life. One period is devoted to Math and an other to Physical Education and Health. An introduction to the physical sciences in a laboratory or to the practical sciences, Industrial A rts or Homemaking takes another period. Seventh graders spend the remaining period in Music, A rt or Commerce (12 weeks for each). Eighth and ninth graders are able to elect further work in the field in which they have a special interest. L et’s take a look at how Stratford has been planned and constructed to provide the curriculum required by the Virginia State D epartm ent of Education. For a personally conducted "Cook’s Tour” of Arlington’s newest school building . . . The Gymnasium The Junior High Program This Junior High—grades 7, 8 and 9 —is the day-time home of our twelve, th irteen and fourteen year old young sters. H ere they begin to apply the knowledge of the fundamentals of the "three R’s” acquired in elementary school. They also explore new fields of knowledge. Some subjects prepare them for family and community living and others help them to select wisely their future courses of study in high school and college. The school day is divided into six class periods. During two of these periods one teacher instructs a class in “Core.” To many of us this is an unfam iliar term . We studied English, Grammar, Compo sition, Spelling, Civics, Citizenship and History all at various times and as sepa rate subjects. All the class room work for these subjects involved the use of Eng lish and practical application of Gram mar, Composition and Spelling. In “Core” (which really means a coordinated pro gram for study of related subjects— Language, Arts, and Social Studies) the students apply th eir knowledge of Eng lish to the study of other subjects. Thus a them e may be w ritten on a historical subject or on a recent current event. The students taking "Core" read and learn about the community, nation and Before we leave le t’s take another good look at this gymnasium we’re now in. It is the largest playing floor in any of our Arlington school buildings, (yet is none too large for the physical educa tion program required by the Virginia Curriculum.) In reality, it is two sepa rate gyms which may be combined into one for special events such as we are holding here today. The tall columns in the middle of each side wall are elec trically operated doors which can be moved across to divide this big room into two smaller gyms—the boy’s gym, with Donald D ruckenm iller and Clarence H ulett in charge, at the end near the Cherrydale Recreation Area, and the G irl’s Gym, with Mary Thorne and Kittie Blakemore as instructors, at the east end. The bleacher seats on either side, flanking the movable doors, can be fold ed up out of the way for non-spectator sports, so that the maximum floor space can be made available. Note the extra space under the baskets a t the ends and sides and the recessed drinking foun tains—definite safety features. The exits at either end, nearest the athletic field (Old Dominion side), lead directly to the girls’ and boys’ locker rooms, respective ly. L ater in our tour we’ll reach these locker rooms, but right now let’s go out the door at the east end, cross the corri dor and en ter the cafeteria. The Cafeteria The cafeteria will seat approximately 500, but with over 1,000 students en rolled, there will be two different lunch periods for the different classes. Two serving lines are provided in the kitchen. At the end near the recreation area, a window opening is provided into the cafeteria and another onto the terrace so that refreshm ents may be served without using the entire kitchen space. In accordance with the specifications of the Virginia Board of Education, the kitchen meets all requirem ents for hotel kitchens. Let’s take a quick look at the modern equipm ent which Mrs. Clara Gaddy, supervisor, and her staff will use for efficient preparation and serving of more than a thousand lunches daily. Steam tables, a potato peeler, pressure cooker, vegetable steamer, potato mash er, m eat slicer, gas-fired range and ovens, dishwasher and sterilizer, walk-in refrigerator, and many “king-size” uten sils—all are part of this complete kit chen! Since all food handlers m ust be spotlessly clean, a locker room with shower is provided for the kitchen staff. Did you notice that the end nearest the recreation area can be closed off and used in connection with the recreation program w ithout using the rest of the kitchen? Now th at we have satisfied the inner man (or woman) with imaginary partici pation in a wonderful cafeteria lunch, furnished the students at nominal cost as part of the Federal School Lunch Pro gram, let’s reverse our steps and climb the stairs at the end of the building to the third floor. As we reach the third floor corridor, just to our left, a flight of eight steps leads up to the “home making” departm ent. Before we reach this departm ent, let’s stop at Room 312 on the left, where John M. Long holds his classes in Math 9. Note the movable desks and chairs of several heights, so that the tall and the short (and the aver age) student can sit comfortably. The preen chalkboards eliminate eye-strain. The corkboards in a light green shade serve as bulletin boards and for display of pupils’ work. March 3, 1951 Home-Making Department Room 313, next on the left, is a small office and conference room for the home making staff, M argaret Diedrich, Joanne Craig, Cyrenne Ledford, and Lorraine Simpson. Immediately beyond is Room 314, first of the home-making rooms. Sinks, cupboards, gas stoves, electric stoves, automatic clothes washers, port able clothes washers, refrigerators, elec tric appliances and utensils—all the latest kitchen and home equipment—just what our modern young housewives will have in their homes when they settle down. Adjoining the kitchen portion of the room are a num ber of sewing machines, both the good old fashioned treadle type, and the newer electric driven. Not forgotten are the ironing boards and irons, since no sewing task is complete without pressing. And what home-maker would consider herself fully competent if she didn’t know the correct way to iron. Our young home-makers are taught not only to cook and sew, but also how to serve and to set a table properly. The more advanced students before com pleting their training will assist in the serving and operation of the cafeteria. Room 315, adjacent to 314, is almost its duplicate, except that its equipment is of different style, make and arrange ment. The num ber of students enrolled require these duplicate facilities to keep class sizes down to a workable group. All the students are rotated among the several rooms and thereby obtain fam il iarity with all types of equipment. Room 316 is strictly kitchen. Again with lots of cupboards, drawers, and sinks, and stoves, etc. If you haven’t spotted it already, open one of those cabinets in front of you (the one th at appears to have a little red light near the bottom). Isn’t that a slick way of drying those very essential dish towels so they’ll be dry in time for the next class? Slide right on through that movable partition into Room 317. This is the “Home Living Room” part of this de partm ent. The furniture can be moved back out of the way, and if you investi gate those doors on the far side, you’ll find they conceal more sewing machines and all the other things needed to teach classes in “Child Care” and “Home Nur sing.” By the way, that fireplace is no fake; it really works. Did you know that this is the first completely equipped home-making departm ent in A rlington’s schools, where instruction in accordance with the Virginia State curriculum can be given? (Wonder how one goes about Page Three THE SIGNPOST getting invited up to help the home m aker staff sample all the stuff these kids of ours will learn to cook. Gee! Wouldn’t a plate of fudge taste swell about now! B etter yet, maybe this would be the place for some coffee and choco late brownies. Hey men! How does that sound?) We leave the Home-making D epart ment with considerable regret and pause briefly at Room 318, on our left, as we come back down th at short flight of steps. This is the book room, from which students will obtain their texts. They will also be able to purchase paper and pencils and other supplies. And—if your youngster arrives home without his gloves or jacket or cap, remind him to stop at 318, because it’s also the lost and found. Art Department Now we’re back in the main corridor. Room 319 (includes 320 making it a double room) on our left is the large room in which Audrey Watt holds her art classes. Doors open on to a patio, suitable for outdoor sketching classes. A sink is provided at one end for easy cleaning of brushes and paint pots. Nu merous cupboards for art supplies are built in under the windows. The large doors hinged at the bottom a re for stor age of large sheets of paper. As we come back into the corridor (12 feet in width, with recessed lockers with combination locks), but with 400 students jam m ing them in the between periods rush, none too wide, on our right, Room 311 provides a small office for Wayne Bloomingburg’s Guidance work. Next on the right, Helen Arington meets with her art classes in Room 310. Have you noticed the “built-jns’ ’in all these rooms? The prism atic glass block windows that refract the light up to the ceilings without glare? The openings above the lockers that admit both light and ventilation into the corridors? Science Instruction On the left, Room 321 is designed and equipped as a science classroom. It and Room 202 on the second floor are the first science classrooms in Arlington that will perm it students to perform their own experim ents at their desks. Bar bara Macy instructs seventh and ninth graders in the fundam entals of science in this room. Did you spot the double gas and electric connections at each table? Across the hall, in Room 309, Martha Baker teaches our embryonic titans of commerce the rudim ents of business. Back to the left side again, we’re at Room 322 with a sign on the door m ark ed “PREVIEW.” This is the audio-visual center with facilities for previewing re cordings, film strips and films. Mr. E arle’s classes in speech therapy meet in this room. Opposite Room 322, is a small office (Room 308) for the “floating” teachers, Clare Ann Stieg, Edward Cook, and Jam es Earle (more about these instruc tors later). Adjoining this office, in Room 307, C atherine Packard puts potential secretaries through the early phases of typing. Notice the typing desks and the special large closet for storage of typing paper and other supplies; big enough for the eventual mimeograph machine, of which every secretary ought to know a little bit, so she can do that job in a pinch. (Since many of the graduates of A rlington’s schools find jobs with Uncle Sam, this business of m ultiple copies and mimeograph stencils is really the stuff.) The Library Back into the corridor again, on our right we could go down the main stairs to the lower floors; but instead, we’ll go to our left into the Library. At the moment the shelves are still somewhat bare. It's going to take a little while to acquire all the books essential for our library. (Looks like a potential PTA project coming up.) On our left as we enter, Mary Keith, the librarian, will issue books over the counter. Ju st be yond, through that door, is the workroom where new books are cataloged, indexed, repaired and all those other things that librarians have to do to keep th eir library operating efficiently. T here’s even a sink around that far corner, to help the li brary staff with their cleanup work. Those small tables and numerous chairs out in the front of us in the main room are just right for library research or for small group instruction in use of the library. This part of the library is also the hom^ room for Jack B. Simpson’s charges. *The opposite end of the library is furnished with light green plastic chairs and wall seats, so soft you just want to curl up in them with a good book. Well, and why not? W hat’s a li brary for. if not for enjoym ent of good books? This is the end for the current periodicals and newspapers, ju st as essen tial to good education as the traditional “three Rs.” �P age F o u r Reversing our steps, back through the double doors, Room 306, across the hall, is the spot where our ninth graders are initiated in the mysteries of algebra. Lewis Francis supervises the ceremon ies.” Ju st beyond, in Room 305, Lewis Tim berlake also officiates in more m yster ious "goings-on”—ninth grade Latin. L ater in the day, Clare Ann Stieg teaches the ninth graders the fundam entals of Spanish. Also on the right side of the corridor, in Rooms 304 and 303, seventh and ninth graders receive instruction in H ealth under the supervision of Kenneth Boegner and Malcolm Wayne. Mr. Bloomingburg’s Home Room also as sembles in Room 303. Did you notice the arm chairs in the language room in stead of the desks and chairs? Much more practical for a language class. Put them in a circle or in several groups— isn't it easier to converse with someone face-to-face ra th e r than to the back of his head? On the left of the hall, Susanne Muel le r holds ninth grade Core in Room 301. Joy Kilby has similar classes in 302. All ninth grade Home Rooms are on the th ird floor, seventh grade on the second floor, and eighth grade on the first floor. In so far as possible, in order to relieve congestion on the stairways, subjects for the same grades are also taught on the same floors. Now le t’s go down to the second floor and look at some of the seventh grade rooms. We'll use the stairway on the right at the end of the corridor. Student Activities Coming out at the second floor, le t’s look through the doors on our right, down into the lobby of the auditorium. The small balcony, or mezzanine, is set aside for student activities. JRC (Junior Rec reation Club) committees, the Student Council, and other groups are privileged to use this as th eir meeting place. (How difficult it was when we were in school to find a m eeting place for our student activities.) In the first room on our left, Room 204. Joseph Kuliek instructs in seventh grade Math. Across the hall, in 202, S pear Davis teaches seventh and ninth grade science. (This is the other com pletely equipped science classroom.) John Atkins perform s a sim ilar task of scien tific instruction of our eighth graders in Room 201. Carol Groom, in 206, and Mildred Harrison, in 205, both have classes in seventh grade core. Simeon Taylor, in Room 207, has seventh, eighth, and ninth grade math classes. THE SIGNPOST Health Department Next on the right, is the Nurse’s office. Actually five small rooms—a health ex amination room, a boys’ infirm ary, a girls’ infirmary, and a clinic of two small rooms. Mrs. Thelma Weaver of the School H ealth D epartm ent is on duty here, three or four days a week. School Administration On the right beyond is the main en trance to the school from the Vacation Lane side. On the left, the main stair way to the upper and lower floors. Now, we should like to suggest that you enter the Office through the side door. This first office is th a t of our Principal, Claude Richmond. Nearby is the vault for safe keeping of im portant records. The next little spot is reserved for the electrical gadgets that make the Public address system work. Then the main office itself. Jane Ross and Grace M arrs serve as school secretaries and will greet you with a cherry "Hello!” when you call JAckson 5-7500. This long counter is really just a cover over a whole series of three draw er file cases. Ju st beyond are three small offices—for the Assistant Principals, Evelyn Barnes and Doris Mor tim er, and the Guidance Director, Mary Mare. Now, back into the corridor. Again on our right, th e next three rooms are teacher’s rooms, two lavatories and a lounge. Earlier we mentioned the "floating” teachers. The schedule of in structors provides for six periods. Each teacher is scheduled to instruct for five of the six periods, providing one free period for study, correction of papers, or occasional relaxation. (Several teach ers are scheduled to teach all six periods due to the increased enrollment.) During this free period, another teacher (a float er) uses the classroom. As a result more office space must be provided for the teachers than is available in the class rooms alone. This accounts for Rooms 322, 313 and 308. And this teacher’s lounge permits a little bit of that needed relaxation. Room 210, opposite the lounge, is as signed to Marjorie Thomson for seventh grade Math. Joseph Macekura and Dicie Armstrong hold seventh grade core classes in Rooms 208 and 209. L et’s go down the main stairway with the substan tial handrail and non-skid treads. The tile walls require practically no main tenance—ju st an occasional wash job. T urn to the left at the bottom of the stairs. March 3, 1951 Rooms 109 and 110 are classes in eighth grade core under the instruction of Sally Powell and Dorothy McCord. William Allman teaches seventh grade core in Room 111. (How did a seventh grade room get down here on the first floor?) Physical Education Just beyond is the girls’ locker room. (To get yourself oriented, you are now directly under the door of the main gym that you started from when you began this tour.) Inside the locker room are a num ber of benches on which the girls may sit while changing into or out of gym clothes. The lockers spaced in rows are in groups of seven—one cloth ing locker and six small lockers. Each of the small lockers is equipped with a combination lock. These are used for storage of the pupil’s gym clothes be tween gym periods. Each pupil is as signed one of the small lockers. When dressing for gym, the student removes her gym clothes from the small locker and hangs her dress and other clothing in the clothing locker, locking it with the combination lock from the small locker. A fter gym class, the process is reversed, but not until the student has properly showered. The showering is a continuous process. Once one starts there's no turning back. (The w ater tem peratures in the showers are controlled from a series of m aster valves, regulated by the Phyical Education instructor, pro viding three temperatures.) Do you want to try it? First, into the soaping area with 100°F sprays, then into the rinsing areas—which become progressively cool er—final tem perature 80°F, then an antisepsic foot bath (just try and jum p over this), get your towel from the supply room, dry yourself, turn your towel in, and you’re right back in the locker room to slip into your clothes and get to the next class. (For the very modest girls and occasionally desired by others, two separate dressing booths with shower stalls have been provided.) A separate stairway at the fa r side of the locker room leads right up to the main gym. A small auxiliary gym is located between the girls’ and boys’ locker rooms. This is provided for classes in Rhythmics, Tumbling, W restling and other activities not requiring a high ceiling and to take care of the overflow from the large gyms above when team matches are being played. The boys’ locker room is sim ilar to the girls’. If you care to, you may reach it by crossing the auxiliary gym, or by en- March 3, 1951 tering it from the last door on the left at the end of the corridor. L et’s retrace our steps for a short distance and take a look at the other end of this floor. You may have noticed that there are no classrooms on the other side of this cor ridor (left side as we retrace our steps.) That side of the building is below ground level. The Virginia Board of Education will not perm it perm anent type class rooms to be built below ground level. The first room on our right after we pass the main stairway, Room 108, is where Helen Friauf holds special classes. Rooms 107 and 106 have been assigned to Glenn Piper and Blanche Sautebin for seventh and eighth grade Math. Eve lyn Chapman meets with her eighth grade core class in Room 105. Opposite the latter is Room 101, headquarters for the chief custodian, Vernon Bowers. Community Services Just outside this room and hardly noticeable unless you’re looking for it, is a recessed folding grill which can be pulled across the corridor and shut off the school rooms from the auditorium. This still perm its access from the lobby to the boys’ and girls’ lavatories at the left end of the corridor. Continue through the door at the end of the corridor into the lobby of the auditorium. To the left, in order, a tele phone booth, a small fish pond, the stair way from the second floor, the Vacation Lane entrance to the auditorium , and a check room. In the center of the lobby is a large trophy case soon to be filled (we hope) with many awards to our stu dents. On the right, a ticket office and doors to the corridors and entrance from the Old Dominion side. Peeking into the auditorium, we notice the ar rangem ent of the seats, about 500 in all, of varying widths, so that no individual will sit directly behind another. We’ll take a closer look at the stage a fte r we finish with the Music Department. So back into the lobby and through the doors on the Old Dominion side and into the corridor. Music Department First on our right, in Room 104, Jose phine Schofield instructs in group in strum ental music. Still another type of chair is provided for the music rooms— had you noticed? (Appears to be a pretty good idea to get this “noisy” part of our school instruction off by itself.) In the next room, 103, Lou Sanderson works with the classes in vocal music. At the end of this hall beyond the stairs are Page Five THE SIGNPOST three small rooms, each with a wash basin that may be used for dressing rooms for stage productions or as spe cial individual instrum ental music prac tice rooms. While we’re back here, don’t you want to see the stage? Notice the places for storage up overhead. The reason the stage floor is part maple and part pine is not to save money, but to make it easier to drive nails or screws in the pine portion when setting up scenery for stage productions. Those big double doors at the rear of the stage are de signed so that heavy pieces (maybe a grand piano) can be brought on to the stage. Industrial Arts Department Let’s go down to the Industrial Arts Department, using this little stairway on the side of the stage. Walk straight ahead to the shop, below the auditorium and about the same size in floor space. Victor Repp, Robert Vaughn, replace ment for Rodger Hicks who has just answered “G reetings” from Uncle Sam. and A lbert Hoefer provide instruction for seventh, eighth and ninth graders. Rows of work benches, each with six lockers below, with hand tools—planes, chisels, saws, hammers, squares, rules, power tools, lathe, table saw, band saw, serollsaw, drill press, jointer, drafting tables, T-squares, triangles, drafting in strum ents, handicraft kits—just every thing to keep these youngsters of ours busy every minute. Across the hall, the Shop Annex provides facilities for the seventh grades. (How does one get registered for some adult education to be able to use some of this equipment?) Just beyond the shop on the right is the boiler room and heating plant for the entire school. On our left is a large un finished room for storage of school sup plies and equipment. L et’s go back up the stairway on our left into the lobby of the auditorium. General Construction Features We’re now back in the lobby of the auditorium and have completed our tour of the Interior of the building. Did you notice—the fluorescent lighting in all the classrooms which provides proper illumination to all ports of the rooms on those dark days? Or the heating units in each room therm ostatically regulated, that insure proper controlled tem pera tures in every room? Or that the walls of the corridors and stairways up to a foot or so above eye-level are of ceramic tile, that requires no m aintenance—a quick wash job will clean them right up? Or that above the tile, the walls are paint ed cinder block, an inexpensive type of construction? O r th at the ceilings are acoustical tile, to deaden noise and there by facilitate classroom instruction? Or that the window fram es and chalkboard and bulletin board moldings are fabri cated aluminum—a lifetim e feature re quiring no maintenance. Exterior You probably noted as you entered the building the numerous walks and road ways providing access to the building from all sides. Did you see the bicycle racks flanking each of the approach walks? The athletic field will be con structed on the Old Dominion side of the building with direct access to the locker rooms. (You know th ?t terrace immediately below the sidewalk will be a wonderful place for perm anent steps— like the W atergate—of brick o r concrete forming a natural Stadium.) We hope you enjoyed your visit to Stratford. Don’t you agree with us that this is a wonderful new school?—That it has been well planned and constructed without waste for the functions of a Junior High School? Don’t you concur with the VirgiiTa Board of Education that this is “the most functional secondary school in Virginia?” All of our secondary schools in Arlington should have the same facilities for instruction as we have in this new building. We want others in Arlington to enjoy ^chool facilities equal to these in Stratford, and to be proud of their part in the Arlington School System as we are. To that end, WE, the Parents, Students and Faculty of Stratford pledge our continued support. This special issue of The Signpost is published and printed by The Stratford PTA. �Page Six THE SIG N PO ST PROGRAM Saturday, 2 P.M., March 3, 1951 Gymnasium Stratford Junior High School Arlington, Virginia MUSIC BY THE STRATFORD BAND INVOCATION: Reverend George F. Tittman, Rector of St. Mary’s Episcopal Church, Arlington. SONG: “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny” — Everybody WELCOME TO VISITORS: Rolland W. Stoebe, President of the Stratford Parent-Teachers Association. Claude Richmond, Principal — from the Stratford Faculty. Bruce Haslam, President of the Student Council — from the Students of Stratford. INTRODUCTION OF DISTINGUISHED GUESTS STRATFORD GIRLS CHORUS: “Panis Angelicus” — Franck ADDRESS BY MR. DOWELL HOWARD: Mr. Dowell Howard, State Superintendent of Instruction, introduced by Mr. William A. Early, Superintendent of Schools, Arlington. STRATFORD ORCHESTRA: Theme from Brahms First Symphony. ADDRESS BY GOVERNOR JOHN S. BATTLE: Introduction of the Honorable John S. Battle, Governor of the Com monwealth of Virginia, by Senator Charles R. Fenwick. PRESENTATION OF THE KEY TO THE BUILDING: The key to the new building presented by Mr. Lee Paschal, President of the Wise Contracting Company to Mr. Colin MacPherson, Chairman of Arlington County School Board. SONG: “The Star Spangled Banner” — Everybody BENEDICTION: Reverend Paul R. Hunter, Minister of the Rock Spring Congrega tional Church, Arlington. MUSIC BY THE STRATFORD BAND March 3, 1951 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Signpost", Stratford Junior High School, Arlington, Virginia, Special Issue, March 3, 1951. 4 pages. Description An account of the resource Special issue concerning official opening by Governor Battle, school departments and includes opening program. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington County Public Schools, Stratford Junior High School Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_2_1_11 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/932478f709b77b2770893b8cae6619dc.pdf a4858b7fb2fd01b9e1a0b83d3a47d6d0 PDF Text Text Special Issue STRATFORD JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL, ARLINGTON, V IR C IN IA March 3. 1951 Gov. Battle Opens New School Distinguished Guest Present at Ceremonies Stratford Junior High School will be officially opened today by Governor Battle. Charles R. Fenwick, senator from Arlington to the Virginia Assembly, will introduce Governor Battle, to the assem bled Arlington citizens in the Stratford gymnasium. One of the most functional Junior High Schools in Virginia, S trat ford presents Arlington w ith a challenge and a singular opportunity for the reali zation of many educational hopes. The keys to the new building will be presented after Governor Battle’s ad dress. The presentation will be made by Mr. Lee Paschal, president of the Wise Contracting Company to Mr. Colin Mc Pherson, chairm an of th e Arlington School Board. Reverend George F. Tittman, Rector of St. Mary’s Episcopal Church, Arling ton, will give the invocation. A fter the invocation the audience will sing appro priately, Carry Me Back to Old Virginny. The visitors will be welcomed by Mr. Rolland W. Stoebe, Chairman Special Committee from Stratford PTA; Mr. Claude Richmond, Principal from S trat ford Faculty, and Bruce Haslam, Presi dent of the Student Council from the Stratford Student body. PTA Elects New President On February 27 the Stratford PTA elected Mr. Rolland W. Stoebe, presi dent, and Mr. J. D. Ensminger, vicepresident. This was the first PTA m eet ing in the new school. The PTA expres sed its gratitude to Mr. William S. Har ris, retiring president, and to Col. Mal colm D. Jones, retiring vice-president, Mr. William A. Early, Supt. of Schools, Arlington, will introduce Mr. Dowell Howard, State Supt. of Instruction who will speak briefly to the visitors. who are moving out of Arlington County. The ceremonies will be closed by Paul R. H unter, M inister of Rock Spring Congregational Church, Arlington, who will give the benediction. half of the Swanson PTA, presented the A fter the formal program, Stratford students will conduct the visitors on an inspection tour of the school. cepted by Mr. W. S. Harris. The S trat Miss Lena Wolfe principal of Claude A. Swanson Junior High School, on be Stratford PTA with a gavel for use of the presiding officer. The gift was ac ford PTA expressed its appreciation to the Swanson PTA. �P age Two THE SIGNPOST March 3, 1951 W ELC O M E TO STRATFORD! The Parents, the Students, and the Faculty of Stratford Junior High School welcome you to your new building. And it is new!— the newest thing in Arlington. Bright and shiny and wonderful. We’re so proud we’re just “bust in’.” We older “kids,” (parents to you,) are all wishing we could go to school in this beautiful building. But we can’t quite figure out how the Junior High School fits into the picture. Most of us finished eight grades of gram mar school and then four years of high school. Now our children have six years of elementary school, then three years of junior high and then three more years of high school. Let’s see just what a Junior High School is. world in which they are living. Proper oral and w ritten expression a re taught as tools needed for effective communi cation in everyday life. One period is devoted to Math and an other to Physical Education and Health. An introduction to the physical sciences in a laboratory or to the practical sciences, Industrial Arts or Homemaking takes another period. Seventh graders spend the remaining period in Music, A rt or Commerce (12 weeks for each). Eighth and ninth graders are able to elect fu rth er work in the field in which they have a special interest. Let’s take a look at how Stratford has been planned and constructed to provide the curriculum required by the Virginia State D epartm ent of Education. For a personally conducted “Cook’s Tour” of Arlington’s newest school building . . . The Gymnasium The Junior High Program This Junior High—grades 7, 8 and 9 —is the day-time home of our twelve, thirteen and fourteen year old young sters. H ere they begin to apply the knowledge of the fundamentals of the ‘‘three R’s” acquired in elem entary school. They also explore new fields of knowledge. Some subjects prepare them for family and community living and others help them to select wisely their future courses of study in high school and college. The school day is divided into six class periods. During two of these periods one teacher ihstructs a class in “Core.” To many of us this is an unfam iliar term. We studied English, Grammar, Compo sition, Spelling, Civics, Citizenship and History all at various times and as sepa rate subjects. All the class room work for these subjects involved the use of Eng lish and practical application of Gram mar, Composition and Spelling. In “Core” (which really m eans a coordinated pro gram for study of related subjects— Language, Arts, and Social Studies) the students apply th e ir knowledge of Eng lish to the study of other subjects. Thus a theme may be w ritten on a historical subject or on a recent current event. The students taking “Core” read and learn about the community, nation and Before we leave let's take another good look at this gymnasium we’re now in. It is the largest playing floor in any of our Arlington school buildings, (yet is none too large for the physical educa tion program required by the Virginia Curriculum.) In reality, it is two sepa rate gyms which may be combined into one for special events such as we are holding here today. The tall columns in the middle of each side wall are elec trically operated doors which can be moved across to divide this big room into two smaller gyms—the boy’s gym, with Donald D ruckenm iller and Clarence H ulett in charge, at the end near the Cherrydale Recreation Area, and the G irl’s Gym, with Mary Thorne and Kittie Blakemore as instructors, at the east end. The bleacher seats on either side, flanking the movable doors, can be fold ed up out of the way for non-spectator sports, so that the maximum floor space can be made available. Note the extra space under the baskets at the ends and sides and the recessed drinking foun tains—definite safety features. The exits at either end, nearest the athletic field (Old Dominion side), lead directly to the girls’ and boys’ locker rooms, respective ly. L ater in our tour we’ll reach these locker rooms, but right now let’s go out the door at the east end, cross the corri dor and enter the cafeteria. The Cafeteria The cafeteria will seat approximately 500, but with over 1,000 students en rolled, there will be two different lunch periods for the different classes. Two serving lines are provided in the kitchen. At the end near the recreation area, a window opening is provided into the cafeteria and another onto the terrace so that refreshm ents may be served without using the entire kitchen space. In accordance with the specifications of the Virginia Board of Education, the kitchen meets all requirem ents for hotel kitchens. L et’s take a quick look at the modern equipm ent which Mrs. Clara Gaddy, supervisor, and her staff will use for efficient preparation and serving of more than a thousand lunches daily. Steam tables, a potato peeler, pressure cooker, vegetable steam er, potato mash er, m eat slicer, gas-fired range and ovens, dishwasher and sterilizer, walk-in refrigerator, and many “king-size” uten sils—all are part of this complete kit chen! Since all food handlers must be spotlessly clean, a locker room with shower is provided for the kitchen staff. Did you notice that the end nearest the recreation area can be closed off and used in connection with the recreation program without using the rest of the kitchen? Now th at we have satisfied the inner man (or woman) with imaginary partici pation in a wonderful cafeteria lunch, furnished the students at nominal cost as part of the Federal School Lunch P ro gram, let’s reverse our steps and climb the stairs at the end of the building to the third floor. As we reach the third floor corridor, ju st to our left, a flight of eight steps leads up to the “home making” departm ent. Before we reach this departm ent, let’s stop at Room 312 on the left, where John M. Long holds his classes in Math 9. Note the movable desks and chairs of several heights, so that the tall and the short (and the aver age) student can sit comfortably. The green chalkboards eliminate eye-strain. The corkboards in a light green shade serve as bulletin boards and for display of pupils’ work. March 3, 1951 Home-Making Department Room 313, next on the left, is a small office and conference room for the home making staff, M argaret Diedrich, Joanne Craig, Cyrenne Ledford, and Lorraine Simpson. Immediately beyond is Room 314, first of the home-making rooms. Sinks, cupboards, gas stoves, electric stoves, automatic clothes washers, port able clothes washers, refrigerators, elec tric appliances and utensils—all the latest kitchen and home equipment—just what our modern young housewives will have in their homes when they settle down. Adjoining the kitchen portion of the room are a num ber of sewing machines, both the good old fashioned treadle type, and the newer electric driven. Not forgotten are the ironing boards and irons, since no sewing task is complete without pressing. And what home-maker would consider herself fully competent if she didn’t know the correct way to iron. Our young home-makers are taught not only to cook and sew, but also how to serve and to set a table properly. The more advanced students before com pleting their training will assist in the serving and operation of the cafeteria. Room 315, adjacent to 314, is almost its duplicate, except that its equipment is of different style, make and arrange ment. The num ber of students enrolled require these duplicate facilities to keep class sizes down to a workable group. All the students are rotated among the several rooms and thereby obtain famil iarity with all types of equipment. Room 316 is strictly kitchen. Again with lots of cupboards, drawers, and sinks, and stoves, etc. If you haven't spotted it already, open one of those cabinets in front of you (the one that appears to have a little red light near the bottom). Isn’t that a slick way of drying those very essential dish towels so they’ll be dry in time for the next class? Slide right on through that movable partition into Room 317. This is the “Home Living Room” part of this de partm ent. The furniture can be moved back out of the way, and if you investi gate those doors on the far side, you’ll find they conceal more sewing machines and all the other things needed to teach classes in “Child Care” and “Home Nur sing.” By the way, that fireplace is no fake; it really works. Did you know that this is the first completely equipped home-making departm ent in A rlington’s schools, where instruction in accordance with the Virginia State curriculum can be given? (Wonder how one goes about Page Three THE SIGNPOST getting invited up to help the home m aker staff sample all the stuff these kids of ours will learn to cook. Gee! Wouldn’t a plate of fudge taste swell about now! B etter yet, maybe this would be the place for some coffee and choco late brownies. Hey men! How does that sound?) We leave the Home-making D epart ment with considerable regret and pause briefly at Room 318, on our left, as we come back down that short flight of steps. This is the book room, from which students will obtain their texts. They will also be able to purchase paper and pencils and other supplies. And—if your youngster arrives home without his gloves or jacket or cap, remind him to stop at 318, because it’s also the lost and found. Art Department Now we’re back in the main corridor. Room 319 (includes 320 making it a double room) on our left is the large room in which Audrey Watt holds her art classes. Doors open on to a patio, suitable for outdoor sketching classes. A sink is provided at one end for easy cleaning of brushes and paint pots. Nu merous cupboards for art supplies are built in under the windows. The large doors hinged at the bottom a re for stor age of large sheets of paper. As we come back into the corridor (12 feet in width, with recessed lockers with combination locks), but with 400 students jam m ing them in the between periods rush, none too wide, on our right, Room 311 provides a small office for Wayne Bloomingburg’s Guidance work. Next on the right, Helen Arington meets with her art classes in Room 310. Have you noticed the "built-ins’ 'in all these rooms? The prism atic glass block windows that refract the light up to the ceilings without glare? The openings above the lockers that admit both light and ventilation into the corridors? Science Instruction On the left, Room 321 is designed and equipped as a science classroom. It and Room 202 on the second floor are the first science classrooms in Arlington that will perm it students to perform their own experim ents at their desks. Bar bara Macy instructs seventh and ninth graders in the fundam entals of science in this room. Did you spot the double gas and electric connections at each table? Across the hall, in Room 309, M artha Baker teaches our embryonic titans of commerce the rudim ents of business. Back to the left side again, we’re at Room 322 w ith a sign on the door m ark ed "PREVIEW.” This is the audio-visual center with facilities for previewing re cordings, film strips and films. Mr. Earle’s classes in speech therapy meet in this room. Opposite Room 322, is a small office (Room 308) for the “floating” teachers, Clare Ann Stieg, Edward Cook, and Jam es Earle (more about these instruc tors later). Adjoining this office, in Room 307, Catherine Packard puts potential secretaries through the early phases of typing. Notice the typing desks and the special large closet for storage of typing paper and other supplies; big enough for the eventual mimeograph machine, of which every secretary ought to know a little bit. so she can do that job in a pinch. (Since many of the graduates of A rlington’s schools find jobs with Uncle Sam. this business of m ultiple copies and mimeograph stencils is really the stuff.) The Library Back into the corridor again, on our right we could go dowm the main stairs to the lower floors; but instead, we’ll go to our left into the Library. At the moment the shelves are still somewhat bare. It’s going to take a little while to acquire all the books essential for our library. (Looks like a potential PTA project coming up.) On our left as we enter, Mary Keith, the librarian, will issue books over the counter. Ju st be yond, through that door, is the workroom where new books are cataloged, indexed, repaired and all those other things that librarians have to do to keep th eir library operating efficiently. T here’s even a sink around that far corner, to help the li brary staff with th eir cleanup work. Those small tables and numerous chairs out in the front of us in the main room are ju st right for library research or for small group instruction in use of the library. This p art of the library is also the home room for Jack B. Simpson’s charges. The opposite end of the library is furnished with! light green plastic chaii-s and wall seJats, so soft you just want to curl up in them w ith a good book. Well, and why not? W hat’s a li brary for, if not for enjoym ent of good books? This is the end for the current periodicals and newspapers, ju st as essen tial to good education as the traditional “three Rs.” �P age F o u r Reversing our steps, back through the double doors, Room 306, across the hall, is the spot where our ninth graders are initiated in the m ysteries of algebra. Lewis Francis supervises the ceremon ies.” Ju st beyond, in Room 305, Lewis Timberlalce also officiates in more myster ious “goings-on”—ninth grade Latin. L ater in the day, Clare Ann Stieg teaches the ninth graders the fundamentals of Spanish. Also on the right side of the corridor, in Rooms 304 and 303, seventh and ninth graders receive instruction in H ealth under the supervision of Kenneth Boegner and Malcolm Wayne. Mr. Bloomingburg’s Home Room also as sembles in Room 303. Did you notice the arm chairs in the language room in stead of the desks and chairs? Much more practical for a language class. Put them in a circle or in several groups— isn't it easier to converse with someone face-to-face ra th e r than to the back of his head? On the left of the hall, Susanne Muel le r holds ninth grade Core in Room 301. Joy Kilby has similar classes in 302. All ninth gx-ade Home Rooms are on the third floor, seventh grade on the second floor, and eighth grade on the first floor. In so far as possible, in order to relieve congestion on the stairways, subjects for the same grades are also taught on the same floors. Now let’s go down to the second floor and look at some of the seventh grade rooms. We’ll use the stairway on the right at the end of the corridor. Student Activities Coming out at the second floor, let’s look through the doors on our right, down into the lobby of the auditorium. The small balcony, or mezzanine, is set aside for student activities. JRC (Junior Rec reation Club) committees, the Student Council, and other groups are privileged to use this as th eir meeting place. (How difficult it was when we were in school to find a m eeting place for our student activities.) In the first room on our left, Room 204. Joseph Kulick instructs in seventh grade Math. Across the hall, in 202, Spear Davis teaches seventh and ninth grade science. (This is the other com pletely equipped science classroom.) John A tkins perform s a sim ilar task of scien tific instruction of our eighth graders in Room 201. Carol Groom, in 206, and Mildred H arrison, in 205, both have classes in seventh grade core. Simeon Taylor, in Room 207, has seventh, eighth, and ninth grade m ath classes. THE SIGNPOST Health Department Next on the right, is the Nurse’s office. Actually five small rooms—a health ex amination room, a boys’ infirm ary, a girls’ infirm ary, and a clinic of two small rooms. Mrs. Thelma W eaver of the School H ealth D epartm ent is on duty here, three or four days a week. School Administration On the right beyond is the main en trance to the school from the Vacation Lane side. On the left, the main stair way to the upper and lower floors. Now, we should like to suggest that you enter the Office through the side door. This first office is that of our Principal, Claude Richmond. Nearby is the vault for safe keeping of im portant records. The next little spot is reserved for the electrical gadgets that make the Public address system work. Then the main office itself. Jane Ross and Grace M arrs serve as school secretaries and will greet you with a cherry “Hello!” when you call JAckson 5-7500. This long counter is really ju st a cover over a whole series of three draw er file cases. Ju st beyond are three small offices—for the Assistant Principals, Evelyn Barnes and Doris Mor tim er, and the Guidance Director. Mary Mare. Now, back into the corridor. Again on our right, the next three rooms are teacher’s rooms, two lavatories and a lounge. E arlier we mentioned the "floating” teachers. The schedule of in structors provides for six periods. Each teacher is scheduled to instruct for five of the six periods, providing one free period for study, correction of papers, or occasional relaxation. (Several teach ers are scheduled to teach all six periods due to the increased enrollment.) During this free period, another teacher (a float er) uses the classroom. As a result more office space must be provided for the teachers than is available in the class rooms alone. This accounts for Rooms 322, 313 and 308. And this teacher's lounge permits a little bit of that needed relaxation. Room 210, opposite the lounge, is as signed to Marjorie Thomson for seventh grade Math. Joseph Macekura and Dicie Armstrong hold seventh gx-ade core classes in Rooms 208 and 209. L et’s go down the main stairway with the substan tial handrail and non-skid treads. The tile walls inquire practically no main tenance—ju st an occasional wash job. Turn to the left at the bottom of the stairs. March 3, 1951 Rooms 109 and 110 are classes in eighth grade core under the instruction of Sally Powell and Dox-othy McCord. William Allman teaches seventh grade core in Room 111. (How did a seventh grade room get down here on the first floor?) Physical Education Ju st beyond is the girls’ locker room. (To get yourself oriented, you are now directly under the door of the main gym that you started from when you began this tour.) Inside the locker room are a num ber of benches on which the girls may sit while changing into or out of gym clothes. The lockers spaced in rows are in groups of seven—one cloth ing locker and six small lockers. Each of the small lockers is equipped with a combination lock. These are used for storage of the pupil's gym clothes be tween gym periods. Each pupil is as signed one of the small lockers. When dressing for gym, the student removes h er gym clothes from the small locker and hangs her dress and other clothing in the clothing lockei-, locking it with the combination lock from the small locker. A fter gym class, the process is revei-sed, but not until the student has properly showei-ed. The showering is a continuous pi'ocess. Once one stai’ts th ere’s no turning back. (The w ater tem peratures in the showers are controlled from a series of m aster valves, regulated by the Phyical Education instructor, pro viding three tem peratures.) Do you want to try it? Fii'st, into the soaping area with 10CPF sprays, then into the rinsing areas—which become progressively cool er—final tem perature 80°F, then an antisepsic foot bath (just try and jum p over this), get your towel from the supply room, dry yourself, tu rn your towel in, and you’re right back in the locker room to slip into your clothes and get to the next class. (For the very modest girls and occasionally desired by others, two separate dressing booths with shower stalls have been provided.) A separate stairway at the far side of the locker room leads right up to the main gym. A small auxiliary gym is located between the girls’ and boys’ locker rooms. This is provided for classes in Rhythmics, Tumbling, W restling and other activities not requiring a high ceiling and to take care of the overflow from the large gyms above when team matches ai’e being played. The boys’ locker room is sim ilar to the gii-ls’. If you care to, you may reach it by ci-ossing the auxiliary gym, or by en- Marcli 3, 1951 lei'ing it fi’om the last door on the left at the end of the corridor. L et’s retrace our steps for a short distance and take a look at the other end of this floor. You may have noticed that there are no classrooms on the other side of this coi‘ridor (left side as we reti'ace our steps.) That side of the building is below ground level. The Virginia Boai’d of Education will not perm it perm anent type classrooms to be built below ground level. The first room on our right after we pass the main staii-way, Room 108, is where Helen Fi-iauf holds special classes. Rooms 107 and 106 have been assigned to Glenn Piper and Blanche Sautebin for seventh and eighth grade Math. Eve lyn Chapman meets with her eighth gi'ade coi'e class in Room 105. Opposite the latter is Room 101, headquarters for the chief custodian, Vernon Bowers. Community Services Ju st outside this room and hardly noticeable unless you’re looking for it, is a recessed folding grill which can be pulled across the coi’ridor and shut off the school rooms from the auditox'ium. This still perm its access from the lobby to the boys’ and girls’ lavatories at the left end of the corridor. Continue through the door at the end of the corridor into the lobby of the auditorium. To the left, in oi'der, a tele phone booth, a small fish pond, the stair way from the second floor, the Vacation Lane entrance to the auditorium , and a check room. In the center of the lobby is a large trophy case soon to be filled (we hope) with many awards to our stu dents. On the right, a ticket office and doors to the corridors and entrance from the Old Dominion side. Peeking into the auditorium, we notice the ar rangem ent of the seats, about 500 in all, of varying widths, so that no individual will sit directly behind another. We’ll take a closer look at the stage a fter we finish with the Music Department. So back into the lobby and through the doors on the Old Dominion side and into the corridor. Music Department First on our right, in Room 104, Jose phine Schofield instructs in group instrum ental music. Still another type of chair is provided for the music l’ooms— had you noticed? (Appears to be a pretty good idea to get this "noisy” pai't of our school instruction off by itself.) In the next room, 103, Lou Sanderson works with the classes in vocal music. At the end of this hall beyond the stairs are Page Five THE SIGNPOST three small rooms, each with a wash basin that may be used for dressing rooms for stage productions or as spe cial individual instrum ental music prac tice rooms. While we’re back here, don’t you want to see the stage? Notice the places for storage up overhead. The reason the stage floor is part maple and part pine is not to save money, but to make it easier to drive nails or screws in the pine portion when setting up scenei’y for stage productions. Those big double doors at the rear of the stage are de signed so th at heavy pieces (maybe a grand piano) can be brought on to the stage. Industrial Arts Department Let’s go down to the Industrial Arts Department, using this little stairway on the side of the stage. Walk straight ahead to the shop, below the auditorium and about the same size in floor space. Victor Repp, Robert Vaughn, replace ment for Rodger Hicks who has just answered “G reetings” from Uncle Sam. and A lbert Hoefer provide instruction for seventh, eighth and ninth graders. Rows of work benches, each with six lockers below, with hand tools—planes, chisels, saws, hammers, squai'es, x-ules, power tools, lathe, table saw, band saw, sci-ollsaw, drill press, jointei-, drafting tables, T-squares, triangles, drafting in strum ents, handicraft kits—ju st every thing to keep these youngsters of ours busy every minute. Across the hall, the Shop Annex provides facilities for the seventh grades. (How does one get registered for some adult education to be able to use some of this equipment?) Just beyond the shop on the right is the boiler room and heating plant for the entire school. On our left is a lai'ge un finished room for storage of school sup plies and equipment. L et’s go back up the stairway on our left into the lobby of the auditorium. General Construction Features We’re now back in the lobby of the auditorium and have completed our tour of the interior of the building. Did you notice—the fluoi-escent lighting in all the classrooms which provides pi-oper illumination to all pai-ts of the rooms on those dark days? Or the heating units in each room therm ostatically regulated, that insure proper controlled tem peratui’es in every room? Or that the walls of the corridors and stairways up to a foot or so above eye-level are of ceramic tile, that requires no m aintenance—a quick wash job will clean them right up? Or that above the tile, the walls are paint ed cinder block, an inexpensive type of construction? O r that the ceilings are acoustical tile, to deaden noise and th ere by facilitate classroom instruction? Or that the window fram es and chalkboard and bulletin board moldings are fabri cated aluminum—a lifetim e feature re quiring no maintenance. Exterior You probably noted as you entered the building the numerous walks and road ways pi-oviding access to the building from all sides. Did you see the bicycle racks flanking each of the appi-oach walks? The athletic field will be eonstnxcted on the Old Dominion side of the building with direct access to the locker rooms. (You know th at terrace immediately below the sidewalk will be a wonderful place for perm anent steps— like the W atergate—of brick or concrete forming a natural Stadium.) We hope you enjoyed your visit to Stratford. Don’t you agree with us that this is a wonderful new school?—That it has been well planned and constructed without waste for the functions of a Junior High School? Don’t you concur with the Virgin a Board of Education that this is “the most functional secondary school in Virginia?” All of our secondary schools in Arlington should have the same facilities for instruction as we have in this new building. We want others in Arlington to enjoy school facilities equal to these in Stmtford, and to be proud of their part in the Arlington School System as we are. To that end, WE, the Parents, Students and Faculty of Stratford pledge our continued support. This special issue of The Signpost is published and printed by The Stratford PTA. �P age Six THE SIG N PO ST PROGRAM Saturday, 2 P.M., March 3, 1951 Gymnasium Stratford Junior High School Arlington, Virginia MUSIC BY THE STRATFORD BAND INVOCATION: Reverend George F. Tittman, Rector of St. Mary’s Episcopal Church, Arlington. SONG: “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny” — Everybody WELCOME TO VISITORS: Rolland W. Stoebe, President of the Stratford Parent-Teachers Association. Claude Richmond, Principal — from the Stratford Faculty. Bruce Haslam, President of the Student Council — from the Students of Stratford. INTRODUCTION OF DISTINGUISHED GUESTS STRATFORD GIRLS CHORUS: “Panis Angelicus” — Franck ADDRESS BY MR. DOWELL HOWARD: Mr. Dowell Howard, State Superintendent of Instruction, introduced by Mr. William A. Early, Superintendent of Schools, Arlington. STRATFORD ORCHESTRA: Theme from Brahms First Symphony. ADDRESS BY GOVERNOR JOHN S. BATTLE: Introduction of the Honorable John S. Battle, Governor of the Com monwealth of Virginia, by Senator Charles R. Fenwick. PRESENTATION OF THE KEY TO THE BUILDING: The key to the new building presented by Mr. Lee Paschal, President of the Wise Contracting Company to Mr. Colin MacPherson, Chairman of Arlington County School Board. SONG: “The Star Spangled Banner” — Everybody BENEDICTION: Reverend Paul R. Hunter, Minister of the Rock Spring Congrega tional Church, Arlington. MUSIC BY THE STRATFORD BAND March 3, 1951 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Signpost", Stratford Junior High School, Arlington, Virginia, Special Issue, March 3, 1951. 4 pages. Description An account of the resource Special issue concerning official opening by Governor Battle, school departments and includes opening program. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington County Public Schools, Stratford Junior High School Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_2_1_12 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/819337b6670f1d4d2ac9dc41d157875c.pdf 71cf1b6b6bf442c837b9fe0386eab79e PDF Text Text Vol. 1, No. 7 STRATFORD JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL, ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA Barbara Garnett Speaks on Democracy Barbai-a G arnett was introduced on Friday, February 23 to the assembled members of Stratfox-d by Mr. Simpson. Mr. Simpson told the assembly that Barbai-a would like to know how the audience would like the speech. He said, “A speech is sometimes compared to a steer’s horns. A point here and a point there with a lot of bull in between. But there is no bull here, as you will see.” He remai'ked that the first prize was approxim ately $4,000 dollars in scholarship, down to $1,000 for fourth prize. Barbara won the Stx-atford contest and first place in the county contest which was held on Tuesday, February 27. After the first moments until the last word the audience was in complete silence. The audience fi-om th eir continued ovation showed they thought it was a bx-illiant speech. We give B arbara our sincerest wishes and hope she goes on to gx-eater suc cess in the coming contests! HOMEROOM NEWS Mx-s. A rm strong’s homei-oom 7B1 had a skating party on Saturday, February 24, at Riverside. John Darlington has recently joined 7B1. Mrs. Thomson’s homeroom 7B3 had a Valentine Party at the home of Gail Fx-y on February 17. Paul Bunker has joined 7B3. Mr. Cook’s homeroom 7B5 had a Valentine Pax-ty during sixth period on Febx-uary 14. Mr. Kulick’s homeroom 7B6 had a skating party on Friday, February 16, at Riverside. Miss Groom’s homeroom 7B7 had a skating party on Saturday, February 24, at Riverdele. Vicki Graham is a new member of 7B7. Miss Sandei-son’s homeroom 7B8 gave a farewell pax-ty for Molly Hinshaw who left Friday, February 23. Mr. Davis’ homei-oom 8B6 has gained two members. They are Nancy Betts from Ohio, and Mike Lamay from St. Agnes. March 8, 1951 Classes Begin in New Building March 2nd Mr. Hicks Leaves Stratford Mr. Roger Hicks, industrial ax-ts teach er, left Stratford on Wednesday Febru ary 21. He has been called into the army. Two of the main reasons that made Mr. Hicks decide to be a teacher were that many of the members of his family were teachers and also because California Teachers College, which he later at tended, was near his home. E xtra-curricular activities made up a large part of his college life. He was editor of the college yearbook in his senior year and sung tenor in some of the musical groups. He was also Presi dent of the Student Government. Our form er eighth grade shop teacher says he is unmax-ried and ‘‘very eligible.” He said his pet peeve is ‘‘people who are on the slow side of doing what you ask.” Mr. Hicks just came to Arlington this year. He wox-ked in a hotel in Maine during the summer. At Stratford he was faculty sponsor of the hall patrols. He was known at Stratford for being continually “on the go.” Stratford Students Present Radio SKit The following students took part in a radio skit “Watch What You Say” over WARL, on Tuesday February 20. Carolyn Scheele, Mary H unter, Bruce Haslam, Jim Freidersdorff and Cecil Truluck. Sound effects wei-e handled by Robert Dunn and music was provided by Pat Logan. Another skit on “Bicycle Safety” will be presented March 15. Mr. Earle is director. On Tuesday, February 27, the ninth grade went bx-iefly through there sched ules in the new building at 10 o’clock. Lunch was served in the cafeteria and they returned to Washington-Lee for the regular schedule. On Wednesday and Thursday the eight and seventh grades went through th eir schedules and returned to Washington-Lee. On F ri day classes began at Stratford. The hours are from 8:40 to 3:20. On Saturday, March 3, the opening ceremonies were held in the gym. A special issue of The Signpost will be published on Thursday March 22. This issue will contain two full pages of pictures taken at the opening cex-emonies. There will also be pictures taken in and around the building. This will be the best issue we have yet published and everyone will want a copy. In order that you may receive this issue if you have not subscribed x-eserve your copy immediately. Stratford Girls Win One — Lose One On February 15, the Girls Basketball Varsity beat Thomas Jefferson 24-21 in a thrilling game. Stratfox-d led at the end of the first half 14-10. Ixx the second half Stratford made 10 points and Thomas Jefferson 11, ending the game 24-21 in favor of Stratford. Highest scorer for Stratford was Valerie Reyn olds with 15 points. On Febuary 21 the Stx-atford girls lost to Dolly Madison 20-23. A fter a hard fought first half the score was 10-12. Stratford came up in the third quarter 17-15 but Madison came back with Stratford losing 20-23. Highest scorer for Stratford was Bobby Tucker with 8 points. �THE SIGNPOST Page Two LIFE AND LIMB Bi-weekly newspaper published by the students of Stratford Jun io r High School, Arlington, Virginia. Printed by Universal Printers, Arlington Virginia. Vol. 1 M arch 8, 1951 No. 7 STAFF Editor-in-C hief............Billy Van Deusen Feature E d ito r...............Elaine Alexander Editorial & News Editor Jackie Albrecht Sports E d ito r...................... Donald Sours Business M anagers........ Steve Milliken, Vernon Iden, Gene Weedon, Rosemary Young Circulation M anagers .. Joanne Witzel, Eustace Land, Grace Tunnicliffe, Frank Rollins Exchange Editors .......... Winona Payne Barbara McHenry, Jo Ann Hemphill Faculty Sponsor................Mr. Macekura Reporters ......... Priscilla Welbon, Linda Condra, Evelyn David, Kathleen Blake, P at Williams, Dottie Gordon, Lois Garino, Elaine Koup, Barbara H ar rington, Ruthie Bowman, Greg Hetter, Johnny Hetzer, Donna Clow, Joan B arrett, Joyce Simmons. Further Work Done On Student Constitution The Constitution Committee which is headed by Bruce Haslam and supervised by Mr. Allman has almost completed the Constitution for the student body to vote upon. All the core class and some English classes have had discussions on its contents. It has been passed by the faculty and an assembly will be held soon. Penny For Your Thoughts By the tim e you will read this week’s thoughts we will be settled in our new school at long last. I would like to say th at the boys basketball team in doing a wonderful job this year. We are right behind you boys. We at Stratford are proud and honored at the leader ship Bobbie G arnett has given us. There has been some talk about having com bined boys and girls gym class on Friday, will this keep up? The students hope hail patrols won't be necessary at S trat ford. It seems th a t lately people don’t seem to value themselves much. In this age of motor vehicles and je t planes people ju st don’t seem to care. Of course some people will say, “I’m insured, so what!” Being insured they feel free to go barreling around a curve at sixty or running down the stairs as if there were a fire upstairs. An easy way to get skull fractures; a hard way to learn a lesson. Just goes to prove that some people need a lot to knock some sense into th eir heads. Some kids might say “Stay home and be safe don’t go to school.’’ That is a ridiculous statement. Many accidents can and do happen in the home. Of course many of those could be prevented with a little caution. Slipping on a rug, fall ing downstairs, slipping on soap in the bathtub are common accidents. Few people realize that, in comparison, more people were kinned and injux-ed last year than in the entire Korean War. To be exact there were 90,000 killed and injured in this countxy, compared with 47.000 in nine months of war. If all people involved in accidents had been careful a lot of lives and limbs could have been saved. Let us all try to be a little more care ful and have a little safety. If we all thought a little more and moved slower we all would be much safer. Be safety conscious in our new buiding and we will have a fine safety record. FACULTY SPOTS Miss Blanche Sautebin, who came to Stratford thx-ee months ago to take over Mr. Palm er’s classes, is now faculty sponsor of the hall patrols. Miss Sautebin has attend Jamestown College, North Dakota, University of Oregon, and University of Montana. She had has teaching experience in North Dakota, Minnesota, and Oregon. This is her first year in Arlington. During World War II Miss Sautebin was a recx-eation worker for the Red Cross overseas. She served in Germany, New Guinea, Philippines, and Japan. Miss Sautebin will probably never forget an unusual experience which occuri-ed during the war. She m et a new ly liberated prisoner, the father of a child who been in her class back in the states. He had not heard from his family for a long time so Miss Sautebin was able to pi’ovide him with the needed and happy news of his family. March 8, 1951 Faculty Team Sets Record Have you seen Stratford’s lanky five who have been galloping around the gyms of several Arlington Junior High Schools lately? Despite their not too enviable record they have been cheered on by over-whelming crowds against th eir terrific opposition. Of course, you know we are talking about our Stratford men’s faculty basket ball team, made up of: Mr. Hulett, Mr. Davis, Mr. Kulick, Mr. Cook, Mr. Earle, Mr. Piper, Mr. Wayne, Mr. Taylor, Mr. Francis, and Mr. Druckenmiller. One of the team ’s greatest stars, Mr. Earle, believes th at lack of height is greatly responsible for th eir past de feats. He also says th at the entire faculty team is greatly appreciative of the school spirit which Sti’atford stu dents have shown. Sti'atford’s lanky five are far from being defeated in morale and have high hopes for the future. Stratford Boys Defeat Madison 23-21 On Friday, February 16, Stratfox-d de feated a fast Madison basketball team by a tight score of 23-21. Stratford held the lead throughout most of the game, but not by a wide margin. In the first quarter Stratford only led by one point with a score of 4-3. In the second quarter Stratford pulled a little farth er ahead, making six points against four points for Madison. By half time the score was 10-7. It was still anybody’s game. Stratford was still in the lead in the third quarter, making nine points while Madison made six. When the game entered the fourth quarter, the score was 19-13, S tratford’s favor. In the final minutes of the game Madison rallied, almost closing the gap with eight points. Stx-atford only made four points this period and ju st bax-ely held a two point lead when the final whistle blew. Skip Motes was high scorer with six points. Bob Childx-ess and Dick Mabry were next with four points each. O ther wise the points were made by Davis (3), Jacobs (2), Kennedy (2) and Hetzer (2). Both teams and their coaches wex’e fighting hard in this game. As a result of an argum ent between a Madison coach and the referee, Bob Childress was awarded a free throw. Coach Dnxkemiller said th at the secret of the team ’s victoxy was in its fast breaking when in possession of the ball. THE SIGNPOST March 8, 1951 Record of the Week Faculties of Stratford-Madison Meet on Basketball Floor Stratford’s faculty was defeated on February 16 by a strong Dolly Madison faculty by a score of 34-17. In the first half Madison made 15 points and S trat ford only 4. Stratford did a little b etter in second half, making 5 and 8 points in the third and fourth quarters. Madison made 8 and 12 points in the same periods. Mr. Earle and Mr. Francis were high scorers with 4 points each. Otherwise the points were made as follows: Davis (2), Cook (2), Kulick (2), and Taylor (1). B etter luck next tim e teachers! Page Three MILTON H. C0MLEY by RUTHIE BOWMAN Florist • Landscaping 5353 LEE H IG H W A Y The record of the week is Pattie Page’s smash hit “Tennesee Waltz." Pattie Page does a duet, first making one record, then making a second record and com bining them for a beautiful song. On the back of this Mercury record is a solo p art Miss Page sings “Long Long Ago.” The “Tennessee Waltz” was w ritten by Peewee Kixik and Red Stewart and is under the direction of Jack Aoel. Patti appeared recently at the Capital Theater in Washington. Arlington, Virginia CLARENDON TRUST COMPANY T he R a n k On T he Circle C o m p lete B a n k in g Services FREE P A R K IN G L O T MOVIE HIGHLIGHTS MEMBER FD IC by LOIS GARINO “Kim,” the technicolor version of the Kipling novel is a spectacle filled with the exciting wonders of India. This film takes place in the days when English Sahibe’s were running the govex-nment and the Russians were trying to stir things up around the Kyber Pass. Kim, (Dean Stockwell) describes the adventures of a twelve year old orphan. Erroll Flynn plays Mabub Ali the Red Beard. Red Beax-d poses as a horse trader, but actually he is a native agent for the English Government. • OWENS 7777 Subscribe To ® l]c tsonkfyn’s efforisf J S tg n p n s t Member Florist Telegraph Delivery Association M o n ey w ill b e c o lle c te d in h o m e ro o m f o r th e seco n d h a lf, M arch 12 - 1 4 . • 2046 WILSON BOULEVARD Arlington, Virginia T h e P r ic e 5 0 / C H e stn u t 3233 First F ederal Savings & L oan A ssociation O X fo rd 4141 FURNITURE O f A rlington fo r every room in your home C h a rtered by th e F ederal G o v ern m en t for th e p u rp o se of e n co u rag in g t h r if t an d hom e o w n ersh ip in th is c o m m u n ity A t sensible prices. M ONTHLY REDUCTION HOME LOANS BOTH STORES OPEN EVERY EVENING UNTIL NINE Dividends Paid Semi-Annually Accounts Opened With $5.00 Savings Accounts Insured Up to $10,000.00 2050 WILSON BOULEVARD CHestnut 7100 ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA ARLINGTON O p e n A S a v in g s A c c o u n t L argo O r S m a ll T h e S e e d M u s t B e S o tc n T o G a th e r A H a rv e st Miller & Wrentt BARNES & KIMEL CO. OXford 0713 Opon U n til Noon S a tu rd a y s H o u rs 9 A. M. to 4 P. M. ALEXANDRIA m DALE LUMBER COMPANY "A rlin g to n ’s Sm artest” Plywood — Lumber — Millwork — Hardware — Pain! F u r n itu r e “On Clarendon Circle” 2217-21 N. Pershing Drive A rlington, V irginia Arlington, Virginia Glebe 3100 3 2 0 0 N. Washington Blvd. OWens 4343 • JAckson 8-6999 *— 3«C zxxz rxKi 3HC 3tK= :xtc �THE SIGNPOST Page Four March 8, 1951 TATTLER FAD-SHIONS ALLCRAFT CYCLE SHOP by Kathy I’ll start this off right now with a con tribution from one of the girls in journa lism class who wants to rem ain anony mous and healthy. Here goes; Skirts, shirts, all sorts of clothes, enough to make one go daffy. Chartreuse ties, jackets and sweaters make our students look classy. Stratford girls wear bright up-to-date things; dresses, and bright socks to boot. But some of the boys look sloppy and drab, I don’t think they give a hoot. With wornout jeans and patched up earns th eir persons they do clothe. They come to class hoping they will pass, but their dirty nails I loathe. But they do comb their hair, though their faces could be cleaner. And the way they tease th eir poor in structors, nothing could be meaner I must watch myself I greatly fear, for some will not like that crack. So. I shall scrub my nails and ears or this poem might hit me back. * * * On that tender note ends the poem and I shall now attem pt to give you gals a peek into the spring fashions. The “shortie coat” is going to be very im portant this spring. In full swingback lines belted in the back or “boxy” it is tops. The accent this year is on soft pas tels with such names as “sunshine yel low,” “robin’s egg blue,” etc. The suits are checked, tweed, pastel linen, and navy blue mostly with pencil slim and pleated skirts. Bat wing sleeves in coats, blouses and jackets can’t go wrong. If you seem to need something to pep up your wardrobe on those days when it isn't w inter but not yet spring a new “blouse-sweater” will do the trick. They are in everything from soft angora to nubby cotton chenille to smooth nylon. Some have pockets, collars, and buttons All look nice with those little fitted waists. If any of you are interested in sewing that beautiful embossed cotton is on sale at Penny's in Clarendon, or in Washing ton. It looks wonderful in sunback dress es especially. It also launders beautifully. Adios, hope I’ve given you some ideas for your wardrobe. La C. SMITH,, Inc. Everything in Building Materials H eatin g E quipm ent — P aint 3330 N. W ashington Blvd. The ta tte r runs to beat the deadline. While running the following tid-bids are heard in the breeze. A certain boy in the basketball team is lonely for a cheerleader, namely Pete Ward. Can this be true? Bobby Childress is always calling Nancy Christhopher up. The Ware brothers at W-L seem to have gotten two of our Stratford girls, They are Don Ware and Joan Chase, Bob Ware and Diane Stocking. We hear that Dick Davis would like to know Darrell Hamacer much better. P at sy B urnett is always in a daze. Could it be because of Raymond Edwards? John ny Hetzer is trying to convince Lotte Lueders that he’s the right boy for her. Virginia Meyers thinks Don Rea is a very nice boy. What about this Don? There are four girls after Joe Wright, which will it be? Lucy Hastings, Janice Medley, Ann Thomas, or Betty Kerfoot? Donna Clow is always running to the wrong class and Sammy Day is usually there, he doesn’t mind. Carol Leatherman and Nancy Wagstaff don’t seem to like Stratford boys. I wonder why? Dianne Sopoznich and Doris Jean MeKinsey are interested in Paul Bunker. He doesn’t seem to notice, someone better tip him oil'. Why is Susan Goulett giving Billy Creekmore such a hard time? Johanna Haily won’t let anyone look in her wallet. Could it be that she has finally gotten that picture of David Leffler? Mariyn Gluntz seems to have quite a crush on Mike Netzer. Still running the tattler pants, “I'll be seeing you, oops I mean I'll be hearing about you.” Schwinn & English Bicycles Repairs - Service - Accessories 31361DTH STREET • OWENS 4464 W. J. BAUMBAOH, Inc. Plumbing & Heating Sales-Service Fixzit System 4147 Wilson Boulevard JAckson 4-1250 Cherrydale Florist “ Say It W ith Flow ers" ★ C orsages T h a t A re D iffe re n t 3725 Lee Highway OWens 1181 Taylor’s Stationery & Printing School and A r t Supplies 3155 WILSON BLVD. OWens 2666 A R L I N G T O N T R U S T C O M P A N Y , INC. A R L IN G T O N , V IR G IN IA COMMERCIAL ACCOUNTS SAFE DEPOSIT BOXES SAVINGS ACCOUNTS ACCOUNTS OF INDIVIDUALS AND CORPORATIONS INVITED MEMBER FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION FEDERAL, ST A T E AND COUNTY DEPOSITARY ROSSLYN BRANCH 2029 North Moore Street —------ MAIN OFFICE 55 North Courthouse Road " NAVY FACILITY Arlington Navy Annex � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Signpost", Stratford Junior High School, Arlington, Virginia, Vol. 1, No. 7, March 8, 1951. 3 pages. Description An account of the resource Issue includes "Classes Begin in New Building March 2nd" and school activities. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington County Public Schools, Stratford Junior High School Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_2_1_13 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/7dbc216e9a5f8e5224412af1f3dbcd70.pdf 8470d1a36348b0be2656a7eebfb92a1b PDF Text Text Stratford Is Officially Opened Gov. Bestfle Makes Opening Address The day on which Stratford Junior High School was officially dedicated is a day we shall long remember. The cere mony was held in the Stratford Gym nasium on March 3, 1951, before many distinguished guests and citizens of Ar lington. The program was highlighted with speeches by Mr. Richmond, Mr. Early, Senator Fenwick, Governor Battle, and our own Bruce Haslam. Many other no tables were present, some of them being county and state officials, and presidents of prom inent Arlington organizations. There were many fine speeches, b u t as evidenced by the applause, one of the best was a short one made by the P resi dent of our Student Council, Bruce Has lam. He welcomed the people and thank ed them for giving us a fine new school on behalf of the students. State Senator Charles R. Fenwick in troduced the Honorable John S. Battle, G overnor of the Commonwealth of V ir ginia. Governor Battle spoke about the educational system of Virginia and some of its early founders. His speech was highlighted with the idea of our teachers responsibility of teaching not only the prescribed subjects, but the reasons why, so we may realize and appreciate the idea of democratic principles of govern ment. Governor Battle called Stratford “ a wonderful building.” To Stratford’s teachers, the governor said: "Teach them (the students) the value of the real freedoms we now enjoy, those things we have inherited." When that is done, he added, “this school shall have justified its existence.” Another fine speech was made by Mr. Reese, Architect of Stratford. He com mended the Wise Construction Company and other companies on the fine job they did in building our new school. Mr. Reese also spoke of the reasons certain materials were used in th e construction of our new school. Two of these being; glass brick for lighting purposes and light colored stone and tile because they give the school a “lift.” (Continued On Page 5) �THE SIGNPOST • Page Two BARNYARD BEHAVIOR ( L fj t jS r g n p o s t Bi-weekly newspaper published by the students of Stratford Junior High School, Arlington, Virginia. P rinted by Universal Printers, A rlington, Virginia. Vol. 1 M arch 22, 1951 March 22, 1951 No. 8 STAFF Editor-in-Chief ..........Billy Van Deusen Feature Editor .......... Elaine Alexander Editorial & News Editor Jackie Albrecht Sports Editor .................... Donald Sours Business M anagers........ Steve Milliken, Vernon Iden, Gene Weedon, Rosemary Young Circulation M anagers .. Joanne Witzel, Eustace Land, Grace Tunnicliffe, Frank Rollins Exchange Editors .......... Winona Payne Barbara McHenry, Jo Ann Hemphill Faculty Sponsor ...............Mr. Macekura Photographers............... Morton & Rolland Reporters ..............Elaine Koup, Ruthie Bowman, Joyce Simmons, Patsy Wil liams, Evelyn David, Johnny Hetzer, K athleen Blake, George Weaver, Frank Rollins. Barbara Garnett Places In Oratorical Contest In her first experience in public speak ing Barbara G arnett tied for second place in the state oratorical contest on March 7, with a boy from Charlottes ville who had won for the last three years. Barbara first presented her oration before Mr. Sim pson’s first period class. The class gave her some helpful hints on how to improve h er speech. The students of Stratford wish Barbara the best of luck and may she have even better success in future oratorical con tests. An old m ountaineer and his wife mov ed to the city. A fter th e ir first night in the new home, the wife woke up first and nudged h er husband, A in’t it about time you was getting up to build the fire, paw?” "Land sakes no, maw. We m ight as well get used to these city ways right now. I'll just call the fire departm ent.” NEW FACULTY MEMBERS One of the best parts of the day to any Stratford student is the forty min utes devoted to lunch. With food care fully prepared by professional cooks and dieticians, and ample time for relaxa tion, there is no reason why we cannot enjoy it. As few rules have been made as possible and the student is allowed a lot of freedom, with the best facilities money can buy. But sometimes students seem to forget where they are eating. Perhaps it would make them feel more at home to eat in a cafeteria th at resembled the part of the barnyard where bacon is grown. They dash to the cafeteria, complain about the food, eat the food in an un mannerly form, then go outside or wand er the halls to disturb classes, leaving the tables for someone else to clean up. Many are not guilty, but the few who lose their manners will lose the liberal privileges for all. The hams who think that cutting in line is a big joke, or think that complaining is a sign of intelligence, or disturbing classes a great sport can not be tolerated. Unless these heels are stepped on now, lunchtime will be come ju st another class. To avoid this a little common courtesy must be practiced. Make sure everyone helps to clean the table, and wait patient ly in line. The food is not bad, so take your time and taste it. The cafeteria is a place where students can relax and enjoy lunch, so stay there and let the other classes get something done. S trat ford is a modern school but old fashion ed manners are not outdated. March 22, 1951 THE SIGNPOST Page Three Candid Shots Taken a t ©pening Ceremonies MR. KENNETH L. BOEGNER, health teacher, is one of our new faculty mem bers. He graduated from Newton High School, in Newton, Massachusetts. He later attended Boston University. One of his most interesting experiences hap pened when he was in the service. He was at the Atomic Bomb experimental grounds on the Island of Bikini. His hob bies include knot tieing, chess, sports, and repairing old cars. This is Mr. Boegn er’s first year of teaching. jfr * J jt MISS DOROTHY McCORD, core and speech teacher, came to us from Penn sylvania. She has taken over the classes of Mrs. M arjorie Boxa. Miss McCord was born in Scenery Hill, Pennsylvania. She attended West Newton High School. She later graduated from Fairm ont State College in West Virginia where she ma jored in dramatics. Miss McCord work ed at the FBI in Washington, D. C. for 14 months. * * * * MR. ROBERT VAUGHN, eighth grade shop teacher, hails from Arlington, Vir ginia. He graduated from WashingtonLee High School. He then attended the University of Maryland. He is married and has one son. His hobbies are making models, and photography. This is his first year of teaching. S peech C la s s e s P r e s e n t R a d io P la y The two ninth grade speech classes pre sented a fifteen m inute safety play titled “On a Bicycle Built F or You,” over radio station WARL on Tuesday, March 13. The cast consisted of Dick Mabry, Bruce Haslam, Jim Street, Stanley Richards, George Wilkes, Darlene Graham, Anne Reed, and Margie Elliott. The musical background was supplied by Pat Logan. • The speech classes hope to put on a play over our public address system for the entire school in the very near future. The title of this play will be, “The Em p ero r’s New Clothes.” Mr. Jack B Simpson, speech and core teacher, is writing a history of Stratford, to be carried on from teacher to teacher through the years. HOMEROOM NEWS Miss Powell’s homeroom, 8B2. is plan ning to buy a picture of Stratford Hall. They are also bringing plants to put in the windows. The president has appoint ed a committee of six to take care of the plants and the condition of the room. In the near future they hope to have a homeroom party. It is certainly hoped that the other homerooms are doing their share too, to improve the appearance of our lovely building. Mr. P iper’s homeroom, 7B8, has lost a member, Molly Hinshaw, who has moved to Indiana. Mr Allman’s homeroom, 8B5, and Miss W att’s homeroom, 8B7, are going to have a swimming party shortly after Easter. Miss Groom’s homeroom, 7B7, has a new member, Paul Barton, who came from Dolly Madison Junior High School. * * * * Miss M ueller took her ninth grade core class to the Washington Post build ing on February 21. The class learned the process of publishing a newspaper. The students were then guided through the entire building. They were given a series of slides on newspapers. Claude M. Richmond, principal, greets Covernor Battle (top left) ; Evelyn Barnes and Doris Mortimer, assistant principals, and Mr, Richmond (top center) ; Dowell Howard, State Superintendent of Instruction, speaks (top right) ; Covernor Battle signs autograph (left center) ; Colin MacPherson, Chairman of Arlington County School Board, presents the key to the building to Mr. Richmond, Covernor Battle looks on (center) ; Senator Charles R. Fenwick speaks (right center) ; William A. Early, Superintendent of Arlington Schools, speaks (bottom left) ; Covernor John S. Battle makes address (bottom center) ; Candid shot of Covernor Battle and Dowell Howard (bot tom right). �Page Four THE SIGNPOST March 22. 1951 School Features New Facilities The gym is the largest in Arlington schools. The floor is m arked off for bad minton, volleyball, and basketball. Note the p artition in th e center of the picture, it closes to make the gym into two sm aller ones. Stratford Junior High School is located on nine acres of ground adjoining the seven acre Old Dominion Playground, which is used for athletic activities. The total cost of the building was approxi mately $1,600,000. The gym has the largest playing floor of any of A rlington’s schools. It is divid ed off into two sm aller gyms during class periods, with one for the boys and one for the girls. The floor is marked off for badminton, volleyball, and basketball. Special features of the gym include fold ing bleachers, four loudspeakers, electric scoreboard, and an observation room for the instructor. The cafeteria will seat approximately 500, but with 1,070 students enrolled it is necessary to have two lunch periods. At the end of the kitchen near the rec reation area, a window is provided into the cafeteria and another onto the te r race so that refreshm ents may be served without using the entire kitchen space. The home economics departm ent has a kitchen which contains sinks, cupboards, gas stoves, electric stoves, automatic clothes washers, portable clothes wash ers, refrigerators, electric appliances and utensils. O ther features are electric and treadle sewing machines, and a complete ly furnished living room. The art departm ent features doors which open from the class room on to a patio, suitable for outdoor sketching classes. At one end of the class room is a sink for easy cleaning of brushes and paint pots. Numerous cupboards for art supplies are built in under the windows. The science rooms are the first in Ar lington that perm it students to perform their own experim ents at their desks. There are double gas and electric con nections at each table. In the shop are rows of work benches, each with six lockers below, with hand tools—planes, chisels, saws, hammers, squares, and rulers. Power tools include a band saw, table saw, scrollsaw, lathe, drill press, and jointer. O ther things available in the shop are drafting instru ments and handicraft kits. The auditorium will seat 534 people. At the entrance of the auditorium in the lobby is a ticket office, trophy case, fish pond, and a mezzanine where special meetings are held. The science rooms are the first in Arlington that perm it students to perform their own experim ents at their desks. There are double gas and electric connec tions at each table. Stratford is the most functional and best planned school in the state of Vir ginia. THE SIGNPOST March 22, 1951 S tratfo rd Is Officially O pened (Continued From Page 1) Mr. Lee Paschal, President of the Wise Construction Company, presented the key to Stratford to Mr. Colin MacPherson. Chairman of Arlington County School Board, who in turn gave it to our Principal, Mr. Claude Richmond. To add an air of student participation to the ceremony the Stratford Band, Or chestra, and Girls Chorus took part in the program. Reverend George F. Tittman, Rector of St. Mary’s Episcopal Church, gave the invocation and Reverend Paul R. Hunter, M inister of the Rock Spring Congrega tional Church, pronounced the benedic tion. Photo Credits Page 1—W ash in g to n P o st Page 3—M o rto n & R oland Page 4—A rlin g to n S un During a chemistry quiz the teacher asked a student to identify a form ula he had ju st placed on the board. Student: Er-ah I have it on the tip of my tongue. Teacher: In th at case you had better spit it out, it’s nitric acid. Page Five Stratford Girls Lose to Swanson L. C. SMITH, Inc. The Stratford girls basketball team took second in the county championship, with Dolly Madison placing first. Everything in Building Materials H e atin g E quipm ent — P ain t 3330 N. W ashington Blvd. Stratford was tied with Madison until losing the last game w ith Swanson here in our new gym on Monday, March 1. The score at the end of the first half was 10-7 in favor of Swanson. At the end of the last thrilling half, which kept the spectators on the edge of th eir seats, the score stood 18-11 with Stratford losing. Highest scorer for Stratford was Evelyn David who made 6 points. CLARENDON TRUST COMPANY T he B a n k On T he Circle C om plete B a n k in g Services FREE P A R K IN G L O T Personality Sketch MEMBER FD 1C Bobby Smith, eighth grade JRC presi dent, was born in Washington, D. C. Bobby has lived in Arlington most of his life. He attended Woodrow Wilson school for seven years. Bobby’s main interest is art. He likes all sports, but football is his favorite. His ambition is to be a cartographic engineer (one who makes or draws maps or charts). Bobby is a very busy boy at Stratford. He is president of his homeroom, 8B5, and is also on the Constitution Committee. Bob by is one of those boys who is going to contribute much to Stratford. • OWENS 7777 Cherrydale Florist “ Say It W ith Flow ers” ★ C orsages T h a t A re D iffe re n t ★ 3725 Lee Highway OWens 1181 Patronize Our Advertisers F irst F ederal Savings & L oan A ssociation O f A rlington C h a rte re d by th e Federal G o v ern m en t for th e purpose of en co u rag in g t h r if t a n d hom e o w n ersh ip in th is c o m m u n ity Dividends Paid Semi-Annually | Accounts Opened With S5.00 Savings Accounts Insured Up to S10,000.00 M ONTHLY REDUCTION HOME LOANS 2050 WILSON BOULEVARD ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA H ours 9 A. M . to 4 P. M. O pen U n til Noon S a tu rd a y s OHestnut 7100 T h e S e e d M ust B e S o ic n T o G a th e r A H a rv e st FURNITURE for every room in your home OXford 0713 O p e n A S a v in g s A c c o u n t L a rg e O r S m a ll U a l e l u mber d c o m pa n t A t sensible prices. Plywood — Lumber — Millwork — Hardware — Paint BOTH STORES OPEN EVERY EVENING UNTIL NINE “On Clarendon Circle” A rlington, V irginia BARNES & KIMEL GO. ARLINGTON ALEXANDRIA GLebe 3100 3 2 0 0 N. Washington Blvd. IXSC ix x i ix j c ix x i ix x i 3HC IX X I IX XI IX X I I �THE SIGNPOST Page Six TATTLER March 22, 1951 Inquiring Reporter FAD-SHIONS by Kathy Well, well, I do declare, the T attler’s here to get in people’s hair. A certain Miss W ashburn has got “those eyes” for a certain Mr. Jacobs. How about oblig ing sir? Reliable sources report that Carol W egner is wild over David Daljord. M arie Silsby has her eye on a new boy in core class. Could it be Mike Lamay? Sybil Child is looking out for Bob Reed. W hat happened to Susan Duley? Barbara Harrington and Mickey Mc Carthy are still going strong. Could this be love? Butch Rubble likes Sidney Tally, but she prefers Eddie Briggs. There are two boys in Mary Louis’ heart, Don Larrick and Bob Bengston. How is that cute boy that comes around grinning at Kathleen Blake in the lunch line and visa-versa? Well spring is here early and the love bug has come with it. Yes, love is grand isn’t it Paul Quintus and Jo Hutton? Bruce Reynolds would do anything for Nancy Christopher. Pat Logan seems to like going with a boy named Irvin. Can you imagine who Ann Murphy is swooning about? You guessed it, none other than Marshall Brooks. B arbara Zinn didn’t want to leave W-L, could it be because of Pete Binns? El bert Jenkins likes Jean Clendening, what’s Chris Jackson going to say? John Richmond likes Carol Leatherm an, how about this Faith? Lotte Luenders seems to like h er new seat in Mr. Timberlake's class. Who's the cute little girl who is walking Roy Heinbuch home? A fter w riting the swirl of social life, the T attler, in complete exhaustion sits and dream s of a fondling Easter bunny. MILTON H. COMLEY Florist • Landscaping 5353 LEE H IG H W A Y One of the questions some of the girls have been asking each other is, “What are you going to wear for Easter?” The following replies have been given by some of our students. Jo Hutton — A checked suit with flare-backed jacket and a pencil slim skirt and probably red accessories. K ate Lloyd — I think I’ll wear a blue gabardine suit. Helen Calkins — A gold checked suit with a green hat and green gloves. Jane Green — A yellow organdy dress with a black velvet sash. Willie Clow — I want to get a green tweed suit, brown shoes, and purse and w hite hat and gloves. Lotte Lueders — A natural straw hat and bag, blue gloves, shoes, and a pink pique dress. P at Moravetz — A rose suit and a beige hat and coat, brown gloves and alligator shoes, and purse. * * * * This time a poem was contributed for the girls. Here goes; Lipstick, rouge, all sorts of stuff, You would think our girls w eren’t pretty enough. They lick it, suck it, and sm ear it on thick. The way they do it makes me sick. A fter watching one girl, their secret I found, Their beauty is bought for a dollar downtown. * * * Our question for this issue is, “How do you like the early school hours?" ' Dale Kennedy — If you can make it out of bed it’s all right. Stanley Richards — I think they are fin e.. Pete Ward — It’s too early. Joan Chase — They are fine, but I miss the W-L kids. Betty Paterson — They’re all right if you can stay awake through the sixth period. Bobbie G arnett — All you have to do is ask my teachers, as they keep asking me why my eyes are closed. Richard August — I don’t like them because I miss my beauty sleep. Bill Franklin — I don’t like getting up at 6:30 in the morning. Carolyn Kennedy — I like it but the classes are too long. L ennart Koneczny — I think we should have another half hour sleep and go to school later. John Kaparakis — It's hard to get used to the early morning classes. Johnny Farris — I like it because I get home in time to serve my papers. 8 x 1 0 prints can be bought of any picture on page 3 for $1 each. tlon&fyn's eHorisf * Short and Sweet: Some of the boys loud gym shorts . . . Anne Reed’s black bow tie . . . Those “catty” fourescent jackets . . . Pricilla Cheek’s matching plaid hat and skirt . . . The ultra-sheer cotton and nylon blouses we have been seeing at parties. Member Florist Telegraph Delivery Association • 2046 WILSON BOULEVARD Arlington, Virginia C U e stn u t 3233 Arlington, Virginia O X fo rd 4141 BUY THE SIGNPOST Miller & Wrenn " A rlin g to n ’s Sm artest” F u r n itu r e 2217-21 N. Pershing Drive Arlington, Virginia OWens 4343 • JAckson 8-6999 A R L I N G T O N T R U S T C O M P A N Y , INC. A R L IN G T O N . V IR G IN IA COMMERCIAL ACCOUNTS SAFE DEPOSIT BOXES SAVINGS ACCOUNTS ACCOUNTS OF INDIVIDUALS AND CORPORATIONS INVITED MEMBER FEDERAL DEPOSIT IN SU RAN C E CORPORATION FEDERAL, ST A T E AND COUNTY DEPOSITARY ROSSLYN BRANCH 2029 North Moore Street MAIN OFFICE NAVY FACILITY 1513 North Courthouse Road Arlington Navy Annex � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Signpost", Stratford Junior High School, Arlington, Virginia, Vol. 1, No. 8, March 22, 1951. 4 pages. Description An account of the resource Issue includes "Stratford Is Officially Opened", candid photos at opening ceremonies, new facilities and school activities. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington County Public Schools, Stratford Junior High School Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_2_1_14 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/28622db9b2ea42016c2d4c595f351463.pdf d976ef6cad7d0fda9bdf0b102fb1b3ac PDF Text Text Stratford Is Officially Opened Gov. Battle Makes Opening Address The day on which Stratford Junior High School was officially dedicated is a day we shall long rem ember. The cere mony was held in the Stratford Gym nasium on M arch 3, 1951, before many distinguished guests and citizens of A r lington. The program was highlighted with speeches by Mr. Richmond, Mr. Early, Senator Fenwick, G overnor Battle, and our own Bruce Haslam. Many other no tables were present, some of them being county and state officials, and presidents of prom inent Arlington organizations. There were many fine speeches, but as evidenced by the applause, one of the best was a short one made by the Presi dent of our Student Council, Bruce Has lam. He welcomed the people and thank ed them for giving us a fine new school on behalf of the students. State Senator Charles R. Fenwick in troduced the Honorable John S. Battle, Governor of the Commonwealth of Vir ginia. Governor Battle spoke about the educational system of Virginia and some of its early founders. His speech was highlighted with the idea of our teachers responsibility of teaching not only the prescribed subjects, but the reasons why, so we may realize and appreciate the idea of democratic principles of govern ment. Governor Battle called Stratford “ a wonderful building." To Stratford’s teachers, the governor said: "Teach them (the students) the value of the real freedoms we now enjoy, those things we have inherited.” When that is done, he added, “this school shall have justified its existence.” Another fine speech was made by Mr. Reese, Architect of Stratford. He com mended the Wise Construction Company and other companies on the fine job they did in building our new school. Mr. Reese also spoke of the reasons certain materials were used in the construction of our new school. Two of these being; glass brick for lighting purposes and light colored stone and tile because they give the school a “lift." (Continued On Page 5) �Page Two W q t jS t g t t p o s t THE SICNPOST BARNYARD BEHAVIOR One of the best parts of the day to any Stratford student is the forty min utes devoted to lunch. With food care fully prepared by professional cooks and dieticians, and ample time for relaxa tion, there is no reason why we cannot Vol. 1 M arch 22, 1951 No. 8 enjoy it. As few rules have been made as possible and the student is allowed STAFF a lot of freedom, with the best facilities Editor-in-C hief............ Billy Van Deusen money can buy. Feature Editor ............Elaine Alexander But sometimes students seem to forget where they are eating. Perhaps it would Editorial & News Editor Jackie Albrecht make them feel more at home to eat in Sports Editor .................... Donald Sours a cafeteria th at resembled the part of Business M anagers........ Steve Milliken, the barnyard where bacon is grown. Vernon Iden, Gene Weedon, Rosemary They dash to the cafeteria, complain Young about the food, eat the food in an un mannerly form, then go outside or wand Circulation M anagers .. Joanne Witzel, e r the hrlls to disturb classes, leaving Eustace Land, Grace Tunnicliffe, the tables for someone else to clean up. F rank Rollins Many are not guilty, but the few who Exchange E d i t o r s .......... Winona Payne lose their manners will lose the liberal Barbara McHenry, Jo Ann Hemphill privileges for all. The hams who think Faculty S ponsor.....................................Mr.Macekuracutting in line is a big joke, or think that that complaining is a sign of intelligence, P hotographers............... Morton & Rolland or disturbing classes a great sport can Reporters .............. Elaine Koup, Ruthie not be tolerated. Unless these heels Bowman, Joyce Simmons, Patsy Wil are stepped on now, lunchtime will be liams, Evelyn David, Johnny Hetzer, come ju st another class. Kathleen Blake, George Weaver, Frank To avoid this a little common courtesy Rollins. must be practiced. Make sure everyone helps to clean the table, and wait patient ly in line. The food is not bad, so take Barbara Garnett Places your time and taste it. The cafeteria is a place where students can relax and In Oratorical Contest enjoy lunch, so stay there and let the other classes get something done. S trat ford is a modern school but old fashion In her first experience in public speak ed manners are not outdated. ing Barbara G arnett tied for second place in the state oratorical contest on March 7, with a boy from Charlottes ville who had won for the last three years. Bi-weekly newspaper published by the students of Stratford Junior High School, A rlington, Virginia. Printed by Universal Printers, A rlington, Virginia. Speech Classes Present Radio Play Barbara first presented her oration before Mr. Simpson’s first period class. The class gave her some helpful hints on how to improve her speech. The students of Stratford wish Barbara the best of luck and may she have even better success in future oratorical con tests. An old m ountaineer and his wife mov ed to the city. A fter th e ir first night in the new home, the wife woke up first and nudged h er husbond, A in't it about time you was getting up to build the fire, paw?” The two ninth grade speech classes pre sented a fifteen minute safety play titled “On a Bicycle Built For You,” over radio station WARL on Tuesday, M arch 13. The east consisted of Dick Mabry, Bruce Haslam, Jim Street, Stanley Richards, George Wilkes, Darlene Graham, Anne Reed, and Margie Elliott The musical background was supplied by Pat Logan. The speech classes hope to put on a play over our public address system for the entire school in the very near future. The title of this play will be, “The Em peror’s New Clothes.” Mr. Jack B. Simpson, speech and core teacher, is writing a history of Stratford, “Land sakes no, maw. We might as to be carried on from teacher to teacher well get used to these city ways right now. I’ll ju st call the fire departm ent.” | through the years. March 22, 1951 NEW FACULTY MEMBERS M arch 22, 1951 THE SICNPOST Page Three Candid Shots Taken a t Opening Ceremonies MR. KENNETH L. BOEGNER, health teacher, is one of our new faculty mem bers. He graduated from Newton High School, in Newton, Massachusetts. He later attended Boston University. One of his most interesting experiences hap pened when he was in the service. He was at the Atomic Bomb experim ental grounds on the Island of Bikini. His hob bies include knot tieing, chess, sports, and repairing old cars. This is Mr. Boegner’s first year of teaching. ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ MISS DOROTHY McCORD. core and speech teacher, came to us from Penn sylvania. She has taken over the classes of Mrs. M arjorie Boxa. Miss McCord was born in Scenery Hill, Pennsylvania. She attended West Newton High School. She later graduated from Fairm ont State College in West Virginia where she ma jored in dramatics. Miss McCord work ed at the FBI in Washington, D. C. for 14 months. * * * * MR. ROBERT VAUGHN, eighth grade shop teacher, hails from Arlington, Vir ginia. He graduated from WashingtonLee High School. He then attended the University of Maryland. He is married and has one son. His hobbies are making models, and photography. This is his first year of teaching. HOMEROOM NEWS Miss Powell’s homeroom, 8B2, is plan ning to buy a picture of Stratford Hall. They are also bringing plants to put in the windows. The president has appoint ed a committee of six to take care of the plants and the condition of the room. In the near future they hope to have a homeroom party. It is certainly hoped that the other homerooms are doing th eir share too, to improve the appearance of our lovely building. Mr. P iper’s homeroom, 7B8, has lost a member, Molly Hinshaw, who has moved to Indiana. Mr. Allman’s homeroom, 8B5, and Miss W att’s homeroom, 8B7, are going to have a swimming party shortly after Easter. Miss Groom’s homeroom, 7B7, has a new member, Paul Barton, who came from Dolly Madison Junior High School. * * * * Miss M ueller took h er ninth grade core class to the Washington Post build ing on February 21. The class learned the process of publishing a newspaper. The students were then guided through the entire building. They were given a series of slides on newspapers. Claude M. Richmond, principal, greets Governor Battle (top left) ; Evelyn Barnes and Doris Mortimer, assistant principals, and Mr. Richmond (top center) ; Dowell Howard, State Superintendent of Instruction, speaks (top right) ; Covernor Battle signs autograph (left center) ; Colin MacPherson, Chairman of Arlington County School Board, presents the key to the building to Mr. Richmond, Governor Battle looks on (center) : Senator Charles R. Fenwick speaks (right center) : William A. Early, Superintendent of Arlington Schools, speaks (bottom left) j Covernor John S. Battle makes address (bottom center) ; Candid shot of Covernor Battle and Dowell Howard (bot tom right). �Page Four THE SICNPOST March 22, 1951 School Features New Facilities The gym is the largest in Arlington schools. The floor is m arked off for bad minton, volleyball, and basketball. Note the partition in the center of the picture, it closes to make the gym into two sm aller ones. Stratford Ju nior High School is located on nine acres of ground adjoining the seven acre Old Dominion Playground, which is used for athletic activities. The total cost of the building was approxi mately $1,600,000. The gym has the largest playing floor of any of A rlington’s schools. It is divid ed off into two sm aller gyms during class periods, w ith one for the boys and one for the girls. The floor is marked off for badm inton, volleyball, and basketball. Special features of the gym include fold ing bleachers, four loudspeakers, electric scoreboard, and an observation room for the instructor. The cafeteria will seat approximately 500, but with 1,070 students enrolled it is necessary to have two lunch periods. At the end of the kitchen near the rec reation area, a window is provided into the cafeteria and another onto the te r race so th at refreshm ents may be served w ithout using the entire kitchen space. The home economics departm ent has a kitchen which contains sinks, cupboards, gas stoves, electric stoves, autom atic clothes washers, portable clothes wash ers, refrig erato rs, electric appliances and utensils. O th er features are electric and treadle sewing machines, and a com plete ly furnished living room. The a rt departm ent features doors which open from the class room on to a patio, suitable for outdoor sketching classes. At one end of the class room is a sink for easy cleaning of brushes and paint pots. N um erous cupboards for a rt supplies are built in u n der the windows. T he science rooms are the first in Ar lington th a t perm it students to perform th e ir own experim ents at th e ir desks. T here are double gas and electric con nections at each table. In th e shop are rows of work benches, each with six lockers below, with hand tools— planes, chisels, saws, ham m ers, squares, and rulers. Pow er tools include a band saw, table saw, scrollsaw, lathe, drill press, and jointer. O ther things available in the shop are drafting in stru m ents and han d icraft kits. The auditorium will seat 534 people. At the entran ce of the auditorium in the lobby is a ticket office, trophy case, fish pond, and a mezzanine w here special m eetings are held. The science room s are the first in A rlington th a t p erm it stu d e n ts to perform th e ir own exp erim en ts at th e ir desks. T here are double gas and electric connec tions at each table. S tratfo rd is th e m ost functional and best planned school in the state of V ir ginia. THE SICNPOST March 22, 1951 S tratfo rd Is Officially O pened (Continued From Page 1) Mr. Lee Paschal, President of the Wise Construction Company, presented the key to Stratford to Mr. Colin MacPherson, Chairman of A rlington County School Board, who in turn gave it to our Principal, Mr. Claude Richmond. To add an air of student participation to the ceremony the Stratford Band, Or chestra, and Girls Chorus took p a rt in the program. Reverend George F. Tittman, Rector of St. M ary’s Episcopal Church, gave the invocation and Reverend Paul R. Hunter, M inister of the Rock Spring Congrega tional Church, pronounced the benedic tion. Photo Credits P age 1—W a sh in g to n P o st P age 3—M o rto n & R o lan d P age 4—A rlin g to n S u n D uring a chem istry quiz the teacher asked a student to identify a form ula he had ju st placed on the board. Student: E r-ah I have it on the tip of my tongue. Teacher: In th a t case you had b etter spit it out, it’s nitric acid. Page Five Strafford Girls Lose to Swanson L. C. SMITH, Inc. Everything in Building Materials The Stratford girls basketball team took second in the county championship, with Dolly Madison placing first. H e atin g E quipm ent — P a in t 3330 N. W ashington Blvd. Stratford was tied w ith Madison until losing the last game w ith Swanson here in our new gym on Monday, M arch 1. The score at the end of the first half was 10-7 in favor of Swanson. A t the end of the last thrilling half, which kept the spectators on the edge of th eir seats, the score stood 18-11 with Stratford losing. Highest scorer for Stratford was Evelyn David who made 6 points. Personality Sketch Bobby Smith, eighth grade JRC presi dent, was born in Washington, D. C. Bobby has lived in A rlington most of his life. He attended Woodrow Wilson school for seven years. Bobby’s main interest is art. He likes all sports, but football is his favorite. His am bition is to be a cartographic engineer (one who makes or draws maps or charts). Bobby is a very busy boy at Stratford. He is president of his homeroom, 8B5, and is also on the C onstitution Committee. Bob by is one of those boys who is going to contribute m uch to Stratford. CLARENDON TRUST COMPANY T h e B a tik O n T h e Circle C o m p le te B a n k in g Services FRE E P A R K IN G L O T MEMBER FD IC • OWENS 7777 Cherrydale Florist “Say It With Flowers" ★ C o rsag es T h a t A re D iff e re n t 3725 Lee Highway Patronixe Our Advertisers OWens 1181 F irst F ed era l S a vin g s & L o a n A sso cia tio n O f A rlin g to n C h a rte re d by th e F ed eral G o v e rn m e n t (o r t h e p u rp o se of e n c o u ra g in g t h r i f t a n d h o m e o w n e rsh ip in th i s c o m m u n ity Savings Accounts Insured Up to $10,000.00 Dividends Paid Semi-Annually Accounts Opened With $5.00 M O N TH LY RED U C T IO N HOM E LOANS 2050 WILSON BOULEVARD CHestnut 7100 ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA OXford 0713 O p en U n til N oon S a tu r d a y s H o u rs 9 A. M . to 4 P. M . T h e S e e d M u s t B e S o w n T o G a th e r A H a r v e s t FURNITURE fo r every room in your home A t sensible prices. BOTH STORES OPEN EVERY EVENING UNTIL NINE BARNES & KIMEL CO. ARLINGTON ALEXANDRIA O p e n A S a v in g s A c c o u n t L a r g e O r S m a l l Id a l e l u m b e r c o m pa n y Plywood — Lumber — Millwork — Hardware — Paint “On Clarendon Circle” Arlington, Virginia 3200 N. Washington Blvd. — NF--------- **------------------------------. - X K = X ! g — GLebe 3100 XKT" MV---------M --W ] �THE SICNPOST Page Six TATTLER March 22, 1951 Inquiring Reporter FAD-SHIONS by Kathy Well, well, I do declare, the T attler’s here to get in people’s hair. A certain Miss W ashburn has got “those eyes” for a certain Mr. Jacobs. How about oblig ing sir? Reliable sources report that Carol W egner is wild over David Daljord. M arie Silsby has her eye on a new boy in core class. Could it be Mike Lamay? Sybil Child is looking out for Bob Reed. What happened to Susan Duley? Barbara Harrington and Mickey Mc Carthy are still going strong. Could this be love? Butch Rubble likes Sidney Tally, but she prefers Eddie Briggs. There are two boys in Mary Louis’ heart, Don Larrick and Bob Bengston. How is that cute boy that comes around grinning at Kathleen Blake in the lunch line and visa-versa? Well spring is here early and the love bug has come with it. Yes, love is grand isn’t it Paul Quintus and Jo Hutton? Bruce Reynolds would do anything for Nancy Christopher. P at Logan seems to like going with a boy named Irvin. Can you imagine who Ann Murphy is swooning about? You guessed it, none other than Marshall Brooks. Barbara Zinn didn’t want to leave W-L, could it be because of Pete Binns? El bert Jenkins likes Jean Clendening, what’s Chris Jackson going to say? John Richmond likes Carol Leatherm an, how about this Faith? Lotte Luenders seems to like her new seat in Mr. Tim berlake’s class. Who’s the cute little girl who is walking Roy Heinbuch home? A fter writing the swirl of social life, the Tattler, in complete exhaustion sits and dream s of a fondling Easter bunny. MILTON H. COMLEY Florist • Landscaping 5353 LEE H IG H W A Y One of the questions some of the girls have been asking each other is, “What are you going to wear for Easter?” The following replies have been given by some of our students. Jo Hutton — A checked suit with flare-backed jacket and a pencil slim skirt and probably red accessories. K ate Lloyd — I think I’ll wear a blue gabardine suit. Helen Calkins — A gold checked suit with a green hat and green gloves. Jane Green — A yellow organdy dress with a black velvet sash. Willie Clow — I want to get a green tweed suit, brown shoes, and purse and white hat and gloves. Lotte Lueders — A natural straw hat and bag, blue gloves, shoes, and a pink pique dress. P at Moravetz — A rose suit and a beige hat and coat, brown gloves and alligator shoes, and purse. * * * * This time a poem was contributed for the girls. Here goes; Lipstick, rouge, all sorts of stuff, You would think our girls weren’t pretty enough. They lick it, suck it, and sm ear it on thick. The way they do it makes me sick. A fter watching one girl, their secret I found. Their beauty is bought for a dollar downtown. * * * Our question for this issue is, “How do you like the early school hours?” Dale Kennedy — If you can make it out of bed it’s all right. Stanley Richards — I think they are fine. Pete Ward — It’s too early. Joan Chase — They are fine, but I miss the W-L kids. Betty Paterson — They’re all right if you can stay awake through the sixth period. Bobbie G arnett — All you have to do is ask my teachers, as they keep asking me why my eyes are closed. Richard August — I don’t like them because I miss my beauty sleep. Bill Franklin — I don’t like getting up at 6:30 in the morning. Carolyn Kennedy — I like it but the classes are too long. L ennart Koneczny — I think we should have another half hour sleep and go to school later. John Kaparakis — I t’s hard to get used to the early morning classes. Johnny Farris — I like it because I get home in time to serve my papers. 8 x 1 0 prints can be bought of any picture on page 3 for $1 each. tsonkfyn’s IFforisf * Short and Sweet: Some of the boys loud gym shorts . . . Anne Reed’s black bow tie . . . Those "catty” fourescent jackets . . . Pricilla Cheek’s matching plaid hat and skirt . . . The ultra-sheer cotton and nylon blouses we have been seeing at parties. Arlington, Virginia Member Florist Telegraph Delivery Association • 2046 WILSON BOULEVARD Arlington, Virginia C H e stn u t 3233 O X fo rd 4141 BUY THE SICNPOST Miller & Wrenn "A rlin g to n ’s Sm artest” F u r n itu r e 2217-21 N. Pershing Drive Arlington, Virginia OWens 4343 • JAckson 8-6999 A R L I N G T O N T R U S T C O M P A N Y , INC. A R L IN G T O N , V IR G IN IA COMMERCIAL ACCOUNTS SAFE DEPOSIT BOXES SAVINGS ACCOUNTS ACCOUNTS OF INDIVIDUALS AND CORPORATIONS INVITED MEMBER FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION FEDERAL, ST A T E AND COUNTY D EPO SITARY ROSSLYN BRANCH 2029 North Moore Street MATN OFFICE NAVY FACILITY 1515 North Courthouse Road Arlington Navy Annex � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Signpost", Stratford Junior High School, Arlington, Virginia, Vol. 1, No. 8, March 22, 1951. 4 pages. Description An account of the resource Issue includes "Stratford Is Officially Opened", candid photos at opening ceremonies, new facilities and school activities. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington County Public Schools, Stratford Junior High School Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_2_1_15 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/c8b8b5158885576cfeb903aefc109759.pdf 5b663d8264a44b5435267bcc4a8c1b9d PDF Text Text Vol. 1, No. 4 STRATFORD JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL, ARLINGTON, V IR G IN IA January 19, 1951 Mew School Nears Completion School Plant Offers Best In Educational Planning Stratford Junior High School is lo cated on nine acres of ground adjoining th e seven acre Old Dominion Playground, which will be used for athletic activities. The total cost of the building and fur nishings will be $1,676,909. The con tra c t calls for its completion on Febru ary 7. The above picture shows the back of th e building as it appears from Old Do minion Drive. On the left hand side (not in picture) is the home economics de partm ent, which is on the top floor. It consists of a complete house including living room, dining room, and kitchen. Below the home economics departm ent is the main gym which is equipped with a sliding door which closes it off into two gyms during class periods, making one side for boys and one for girls. During games the doors will be opened to make one large gym. The floor is marked off for badminton, volleyball, and basket ball. Special features of the gym include folding bleachers, built-in loudspeakers, electric scoreboard, and an observation room for the instructor. Beneath the large gym is the auxiliary gym for danc ing and exercises, and the locker rooms. The ultram odern cafeteria is also on the left. The three floors in the middle of the picture are class rooms. There are thirtythree class rooms of which twelve are exceptionally large. In the center of the building is the modern library and office. There will also be guidance offices and a full time nurse. The halls are twelve feet wide with built-in lockers. On the right hand side of the picture are the instrumental music rooms, which are on the first floor. Underneath the music rooms, in the basement, is the shop. The shop is completely sound proof. In back of the music rooms is the audi torium, which will seat 534 people. The auditorium will be closed off from the rest of the building when it is not in use during school hours. It will also be closed off to keep people out of the building when it is used outside of school hours. At the entrance of the auditorium is a ticket office, trophy case, fish pond, and a mezzanine where special meetings will be held. Stratford is the most functional and best planned school in the state of Vir ginia. �Page Two Action Taken To Develop Point System Due to the rum ors going around school about points, true facts have been se cured from the chairman of the Faculty Points System Committee. The commit tee consists of nine members who are: Mr. Richmond, principal; Mr. Allman, chairman; Mr. Hullet, Mr. Orbell, Mr. Druckenmiller, Mr. Francis, Miss Blakemore, Mrs. Thorne, and Mrs. Thompson. It will be in the latter part of March or maybe April before the system will be underway. The reason for the delay is because the committee must translate other schools’ points to our own system. For example Swanson uses the 1,000 point system. They must find out how many Swanson points are in one of ours. This must also be done for the other schools. A county wide point system would mean that you could transfer from one school to another, without harming your points one way or another. How ever, it will be about two years before the system is working correctly. The rea son for this is because most of the eighth and ninth grade students have had a chance to earn points at other schools, and the seventh graders haven’t. At the present time it is thought that 100 points will be needed for a school letter. Instead of having several letters for services, athletics, and so forth there will be ju st one. There will be an insig nia such as a football for a football player. A fter a student earns one letter, additional points will be given toward a bar or star or something similar. The boys on the football squad who received certificates will receive a school letter as soon as they are available. The stu dents who were on other teams will re ceive points. L et’s all get to work and earn our school letter. Hall Patrols Tour New Building On Friday, January 5, thirty-three members of the hall patrol went on a tour through the new building. This tour was conducted by Mr. Richard Muller, superintendent of the school. Faculty members accompanying the patrols were Mr. Claude Richmond, principal; Mrs. Doris M ortimer, assistant principal; and Mr. Roger Hicks, sponsor. The purpose of this tour was to acquaint the patrols with the building so they will be able to help you find your class when we move over there next month. THE SIGNPOST Homeroom News The Signpost perfect subscription award was given to Mrs. Armstrong’s 7A1 homeroom class. A check for three dollars was proudly presented to the class by the Signpost. 7A1 homeroom had a Christmas party on December 18 at the Arlington County Recreation House on Washington Blvd. 8A2, Miss Powell’s homeroom class, had a skating party on Friday, January 12 at Riverside. Editor’s Note; It may not be known that the poems that appeared in the first issues of The Signpost were w ritten by Judy Van Schaick, a student in Mr. Allman’s journalism class. Judy has re cently moved to California with her family. We wish to thank Judy for her fine poetry. Stratford Drops Opening Game A rough and ready Paul Junior High team set back the Stratford quintet in th eir opening game of the '51 season. Control of the backboards was the de ciding factor as the three six footers of Paul rebounded success.ully throughout the game. The first quarter saw Paul sweep into the lead with Bob Childress being the only Stratford player to score. Mid-way in the second quarter S trat ford forged into the lead by a 12-10 score. Co-captains Dick Mabry and Pete Ward were intsrum ental in this surge into the lead but by the time the half ended Paul was once more in the lead 14-13. Stratford was rocked on its heels in the third quarter as Paul went on into a lead th at it never relinquished. Trailing 25-16 the Stratford squad once again spurted and Paul themselves leading by only 27-25. A last minute goal cinched the game and Stratford found themselves on the short end of a 29-25 score. Scoring honors for Stratford went to Childress and Kennedy with six each. Scoring for Stratford went as follows; Forwards-Moles (3), Jacobs (1), Ward (4), and Mabry (2); Centers-Hockersmith •0), and Davis (0); Guards-Childress (6), Hetzer (2), Kennedy <6), and Whetzel (1). Scoring by Q uarters 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Final 9 5 7 8 29 5 8 3 9 25 January 19, 1951 January 19, 1951 Winter Riding Now Possible At Alexandria Stratford Spots by ALVINA EREN Mrs. William Dillon’s riding classes, held at Hayfield Farm, in Fairfax, will go on thru rain, sleet and snow this winter. Bad weather riding is made pos sible by virtue of a large inside riding arena. Nice weather will find the rugged x-iders in the open, enjoying Hryfield’s rolling acres. Mrs. Dillon stresses th at she is interested in accepting students who are interested in becoming fine riders, with a view to a good turn out for the annual spring horse show. Applications will be accepted until Jan. 23 for the winter semester. For infor mation telephone OVei'look 3895. Field Trip Briefs . . . Students of Stratford have been con tinuing their field trips. Finding them .nteresting and educating, they visited Washington and Arlington County. Am~ng the places that have been visit ed are Stratfoi'd Hall and Wakefield in Westmoi-eland County, Virginia. Mrs. Armstrong took her 7A1 and 7A3 core classes to see the colonial homes at Stratford Hall and Wakefield on Nov. 21. There they found excellent subjects for their st.,dy of Home Life in Early Amex-ica. On Dec. 7, Mr. Atkins and his science class went to the Naval Observatory in Washington. This trip was to find out the correct time in the United States and to furnish important information about the sun and the moon. Ch'natown in the District of Columbia was visited by Mrs. Baxa’s core class on Dec. 19. The Core class had lunch at the Cathay Restaurant. Chow Mein, Chop Suey, and some American dishes were served. Pep Rally Held On January 5, Stratford held its bigte s t pep rally of the season. The cheer leaders with Barbara G arnett directing did many of their cheers with the whole student body. Some of the cheers includ ed T-E-A-M, The Term and The Coach, and Two Bits. Mr. Druckenmiller inti'oduced the basketball team to the student body. We all wish them luck for the com ing season and hope they can secui'e the County Basketball Championship for Stratfoi'd. Page Three THE SIGNPOST —Photo by Mi Iliken. Lee's Birthday Observed Today Today is the hundred-forty-fourth birthday of one of Vii'ginia’s greatest men, Gen eral Robei-t E. Lee. He was born on January 19, 1807 at Sti'atford Hall, the home of the Lee family and the place for which our school is named. It was the home of many famous Lees, including “Light Horse” Harry, and two signers of th e Declara tion of Independence, Richard Henry and Lightfoot Henry. Robert E. Lee lived at Stratford for only four years, but it remained in his family until it was sold in 1829. R obert E. Lee x-eceived his education at Alexandria and later became a graduate of West Point. He married a descendant of Martha Washington in 1831. He had seven children. Lee spent many years of his life working on the defenses of the Nation. He ser ved in the Mexican War in 1846 and won much praise, plus several promotions for his bravery and skill. He also sei-ved with the Cavah-y against the Indians. He was for a short tim e superintendent of West Point. When Virginia seceeded from the Union he was offered a position in the Federal army, but he declined and went with his home state. Hei-e he worked his way up to commandei’-in-chief of the Confedei'ate Army. For sevex-al years the South, thi-ough his leadeiship. defended itself against the overpowering North. With an army of 80,000 he could stop a Federal ai’my of 180,000 with heavy casualties to the Union troops. But at last, being outnumbered and war-weary, he surrendered on April 9, 1865 to General Gi-ant at Appomattox. Dismissed of a chai-ge of treason through Gi'ant’s influence, he became pi-esident of Washington-Lee College. He served there until his death in 1870. He always took an interest in the welfare of his men, w hether on the battlefield or as supei’intendent at West Point. Stratford Hall is owned by Robert E. Lee Memorial Foundation, Inc. who pur chased it in 1929 to restore and preserve this 1100 acre plantation. Guides show visi tors the house and grounds from 9.00 to 5:30 every day in the year except December 25. Admission is 50 cents for adults and 25 cents for children, with a special price of 25 cents for adults and 15 cents for children in groups of twenty-five or more. Our school may well be proud of a name connected with this famous family and plantation. The Green Bay Packers won their fifth professional football title by troucing the New Yoi'k Giants, 27-0, before 32,000 at Milwaukee. THE DEFENSE ATTORNEY was sum ming up. “The man who l-obbed that bank was a genius,” he told th e jury. “His every move was clevei-ly planned. Now will you please take a good look at the defendant?” Tennessee beat Aubuirn, 7-0, to finish its grid season unbeaten, untied, and unseored on. READ THE SIGNPOST ELEVEN YEARS AGO (1939) One of Arlington County’s most suc cessful teachers is Stratford’s Mrs. Dicie Armstrong. A native Virginian, she has traveled extensively in North America, but has always called Arlington her home. Some time ago Mrs. Armstrong had the opportunity to have a 6 weeks tour in the United States, Canada and Mexico, Some of th e highlights of this tour were the Grand Canyon and Yellowstone Na tional P ark whose scenic beauty impress ed h er greatly. Mrs. A rm strong has attended Madison State Teachers College, George Wash ington, and U niversity of Virginia. She has had experience teaching grades one through eight, but says she prefers seventh grade. One of h er interesting hobbies is the collecting of antique furniture and sil ver. H er beautiful home reflects her art of interior decorating which is another of her hobbies. It is rum ored the new suit she has ju s t bought was purchased to match her new convertible. Those of us who have had the good fortune to study English under her will always appreciate h er understanding ways. SIX YEARS AGO (1944) Glenn Davis raced 50 yards to score one of the touchdowns as Army walloped Navy, 23-7, for its ninth victory of the year. TWO YEARS AGO (1948) In a driving snowstorm at Shibe Park, Philadelphia, th e Eagles won the NFL title over the Chicago Cardinals by a 7-0 margin. Steve Van Buren scored in the fourth quarter. Poet's Corner Listen my children And you shall hear Of the Signpost calling In every ear There are fashions for girls And movies too The T attler unfurls Choice whisperings for you T here’s news for all For every you and you So answer the call �THE SIGNPOST Page Four . Platter Parade by Ruthie Bowman by Evelyn David Here are the ten top tunes as picked by our stafT. Do you think this should be the order of these tunes? In first place is “Tennessee Waltz” by Patti Page. Second is “My H eart Cries for You” by Vic Damone. Third, by all means, is “The Thing” by Phil Hairis. Fourth, an old tune brought back, is "Thinking of you,” which is a very pretty number. Fifth place goes to that very clever song “You’re Ju st in Love” by Perry Como and the Fontaine Sisters. "H arbor Lights” comes in sixth with quite a few different versions. “Oh, Babe” that song with rhythm comes in seventh, su n j by Kate Star. “I’ll Never Be Free,” hillbilly style, is eighth. In ninth place we have "Nevertheless,” another old song brought back, composed by the old re liable Ruby and Kalmar who also com posed “Thinking of You.” Last of all a beautiful song by Bing Crosby, “All My Love.” T in t's just about it. How do you like it? STAFF Editor-in-C hief............Billy Van Deusen Feature E d ito r..............Elaine Alexander Editorial & News Editor . Jackie A lbrecht Sports Editor .......................Donald Sours Business M anagers........ Steve Milliken, Vernon Iden, Gene Weedon Circulation Managers .. Joanne Witzell, Eustace Land, Grace Tunnecliffe, Frank Rollins Loafers and oxfords are still the boys’ favorites. Some, however go out for rid ing boots with chains and what-nots on them. Those fluorescent colors in char treuse. blue and orange are back again, this time in shoestrings. E ither Jane Green or Tommy Hackersmith has the doubtful honor of starting this fad. P hotographer.................. Stuckey Studio Faculty Sponsor ................................... Mr.Macekura R e p o r te r s .............. Winona Payne, Jo Ann Hemphill, Priscilla Welbon, Ev Our Hall Patrols have the thankless elyn David, Barbara McHenry, Kathjob of keeping order in the halls. They lene Blake, Ruthie Bowman. must attend many meetings and take being pushed around for granted. We will all reach our classes safely and more quickly if a little cooperation is shown our patrols. If everyone ran down Newspapers are more than folded, the halls disregarding the hall patrols printed sheets of paper that are sold on serious accidents could result. corners and thrown on your front For these reasons it is necessary for us porches. A newspaper is a living thing, all to obey and cooperate with the Hall sometimes more alive than you or I. Patrols to make their thankless duty a It is made of human lives, human tears little easier. and fears. It is made of children and adults, teachers and lawyers, laborers and clergymen. The Signpost, to the SIX YEARS AGO (1944) staff, means: Harold G reen (left defeated Rocky Graziano in 10 rounds before a crowd of S— Sound, strong minds and bodies 10,237 at Madison Square Garden. to collect and print the best. I—Interest in everyone, his strength and weakness. G—G rit to work for and seek the ^9onf?fyn’s eftorisf truth. N—News—the events that concern all Member Florist Telegraph the people. P—Pride in each word we print. Delivery Association O—Objectiveness in reporting and printing the news that is free from p re • judice and intolerance. 2046 WILSON BOULEVARD S— Sincerity and honesty as guiding Arlington, Virginia principles. T—T ruth without which th ere is no C H e stn u t 3233 O X fo rd 4111 freedom, liberty, or democracy. This Christmas seems to have been a very merry one for all Stratfordites. L et’s see what Santa Claus left for us in the way of clothes. A Thankless Job Shirley Thompson got a grey blouse and an attractive blue plaid skirt. Diane Stocking has been wearing those silk neck scarfs she got for Xmas. That pretty gray wool dress Sherrie Jam es was wear ing was a Christmas gift. Santa left Eva Markwood an orange blouse and a grey checked skirt. Mary Morrison was a little surprised at some of her presents. She got four pairs of angora gloves! A NEWSPAPER Susan Goulett found a beautiful purple tweed twin sweater set in her Xmas stocking. Lottie Lueders got a sweater in a heavenly shade of lavender. Well, the feature editor is hot on my heels, so I ’ll have to close my wardrobe warblings, now. Ip D Q O O O O O O e O O O S O D C X Ij I OLD DOMINION BANK jj .. Three locations To Serve You X jlj jj jj jlj 2926 COLUMBIA PIKE 3555 LEE HICHWAY 4254 FAIRFAX DRIVE JL V A M o m h er O f T h e F e d e ra l R e s e r v e In s u r a n c e F o r p a r a t io n J. V jlj jj Inquiring Reporter A fter great deliberations on the part of two eminent scholars of Stratford; the following question came to light. “What was your New Year’s resolution?” The red-faced students began to stammer: Johnny Hetzer—Not to give my teach ers a hard time. Ann Reed—To be sweet to Warren. Bobby Brown—To eat twice as much. Ruthie Myers—To go steady with Ed die Drecher. Johnny Blush—To do as much in Typ ing class as Joe Martina does. Jackie Albrecht—Go on a diet. Mary McKinely—Not to like Don Moy er. Barbara Harrington—To be one jump ahead of the clock. Elbert Jenkins—Start liking Ann Reed. C H E R R Y D A L E D RU G S T O R E | j X School Supplies— Fountain Service— Cosmetics 3922 Lee High way DitC 3UC A rlin g to n , Virginia DitC r a te ix k : r x tc rx tc ALLCRAFT CYCLE SHOP The time was twelve-ten as I left home for the last day of school in 1950. As I walked along, I dreamed of those glor ious, well not so glorious days in school. My mind was still in a cloud when I started to cross my neighbors back yard. But suddenly, I jerked back to the pres ent. Before me, blocking my way was a chicken, no, a rooster, but what's the difference. In algebra, I was taught to state my problem clearly and then look it over. Well, my problem stated itself with a crow, as I looked it over. “How can I get around this obstacle without getting pecked?” I asked myself. (A previous experience taught me that the thing would peck!) It seemed that the answer would never come, so taking a new grip on myself and keeping my tru s ty algebra book handy, I started bravely forward. As I drew closer, the rooster started to edge in with his head cocked to one side. This I knew to be his method of attack. Quick as a flash he darted in— but I was ready. I waved the book in front of his face. I stopped him for a moment, but that moment was all I needed, I dash ed past. But—oops—dropped my Latin book. I stopped to pick it up, while again the chicken moved in. This time I was not quite ready and I barely missed being pecked. The chicken’s beak and my alge bra book connected with a crack which left a dent in my book, to sperk nothing of the flattened condition of his beak. By this time my neighbor roused from her after-lunch nap, by the commotion, came to the door. I glanced up. and with out listening to what she had to say (putting it frankly) I lit out. I had had hopes of the chicken be ing eaten for my neighbor's Christmas dinner—but no such luck. Schwinn & English Bicycles Repairs - Service - Accessories 313610TH STREET • OWENS 4464 Stuckey Studio* Portrait & Commercial Photography N. GARFIELD ST. at IFILSON BLVD. C H estnut 4877 CLARENDON TRUST COMPANY T he B a n k On T h e Circle C o m p lete B a n k in g Services FREE P A R K IN G L O T MEMBER FD IC • OWENS 7777 Miller & Wrenn " A rlin g to n ’s Sm artest” F u r n itu r e 2217-21 N. Pershing Drive Arlington, Virginia OWens 4343 • JAckson 8-6999 S U B S C R IB E TO TH E SIG N P O ST Cherrydale Florist A R L I N G T O N T R U S T C O M P A N Y , INC. “Say It With Flowers” A R L IN G T O N . V IR G IN IA ★ C orsages T h a t A re D iffe re n t X Page Five CHICKEN In this issue the limelight is turned on shoes. As usual, saddle oxfords and loaf ers are tops with the girls. Also suede oxfords or loafers with crepe soles are being seen here and there. At the par ties during the holiday season, black suede prevailed over everything. High and semi-high heels are being worn more and more. The conduct of Straford students at the bus stops is fast becoming a major issue here at school to both pupils and teachers. Valuable property has been, and is being, destroyed for no good re ason. This fault does not lie with every one, but everyone will share the bad name our school will receive if such con duct continues. The reputation we are making for ourselves now will live on for many years, and it must not be one of vandalism and destructiveness. When at the bus stops, we must rem em ber th at we are on private property, and must have enough self-respect to practice selfcontrol for the little time we must be there. No. 4 We hope THE SIGNPOST will continue to grow into the finest expression of the faculty and student body. It can grow only if everyone shares in the task of supporting and encouraging the staff. The Signpost is your paper, it will reflect you and you alone, therefore, give it a good start and subscribe. THE SICNPOST by Kathy Bi-weekly newspaper published by the students of Stratford Jun io r High School, Arlington, Virginia. Printed by Universal Printers, Arlington Virginia. J a n u a ry 19, 1951 January 19, 1951 Fad-shions A Major Issue W at Yol. 1 January 19, 1951 ★ 3725 Lee Highway OWens 1181 COMMERCIAL ACCOUNTS SAFE DEPOSIT BOXES SAVINGS ACCOUNTS ACCOUNTS OF INDIVIDUALS AND CORPORATIONS INVITED MEMBER FEDERAL DEPOSIT IN S I RANGE CORPORATION FEDERAL. ST A T E AND COUNTY DEPOSITARY ROSSLYN BRANCH 2029 North Moore Street MAIN OFFICE NAVY FACILITY 1515 North Courthouse Road Arlington Navy Annex �Page Six January 19, 1951 THE SIGNPOST TATTLER The tattler has heard that the New Year has entered. That is news. The same old faces, the same headlines, the same world, so, with great glee the ta ttle r makes a resolution, To Be Heard B ut Not Seen. The new list of romantic ravings be gins with Dick Davis and Ann Gosnell, A rt E berdt and Anne Reed, Bruce Reynolds and Sherrie James. Winkie Gordon received a note from Elsie Dutrow, well. Barbara Hull has her eyes on Roy Heinbuch, well, what’s the response, Roy? Among the list of steadies are Jane Green and Don Lancaster, Bobbie Railey and Don Smith, and last but not least, Susan Goulett and Billy Creekmore. What’s in the meeting Jack Cornwell and K arren Brock have between first and second periods? A fairly new couple around school is Doug Corbin and Mary Hunter. Betty Paterson, Bert Ankeney and Diane Stocking, Ross Fletcher were at Margo Mann’s house Sunday night. Who was with Margo? None other than Bubs Ankeney. This is getting good! Jackie Albrecht seems to think more of W-L boys than our Stratfordites. Could it be because of Jeff Lindsey? Ann Swain’s hook and line is out for Art Eberdt. Pat Hackney and Bob Bengston have eyes only for each other. Have Jay Foxwell and Joan Atkins met Dick Mabry yet? Mary Ann Morrison and Jan Dykeman are still going strong. Larry Yeatman and Jean Branner seem like two love birds in a cage. Did you notice Johnny Ferris has had eyes for Joddie Dunman? What tall, black-haired boy and what small, blond cheerleader are getting along fine? Tommy and Jo seem almost inseparable. Pete Shepard sits in Math class swooning over Joyce Simmons. Betty Wilson finally found in the Lost and Found what she wanted, Jimmy Pollard! Did you see Nancy Corson and Frank Hudnor sitting in the bus? L arry Bohnert and Libby Griffith are laughing at each others jokes. Cecil Duncan looks only David Kelley’s way. David Daljord is just wild over Carole Wegner. Sonny Carrera seems to be the only lone wolf in the class. Jim Coleman and Anne Murphy are supposedly secretly in love. Did you hear the sweet stories Molly Hinshaw is telling—well, you know who. Betty Jameson had better have a split personality to be able to suit both Danny Long and Kenny Colton. The T attler closes this column with joy for the dream joy now approaches. C L A S S IF IE D A D S TV TALK If you want to buy, sell, trade, or have rost or found something place a Classi fied Ad in THE SIGNPOST. The cost is only 2c per word. The following ads were used by some of our satisfied cus tomers. WANTED: Five strong, able bodied boys with some knowledge of a game called basketball. Report to Coach Druck enmiller, in the gym. WANTED: Bright, intelligent student to test electric chairs. Apply Warden Lawes, San Quentin. FOR SALE: ’33 Buick, one door sedan (needs body work) slight knock in motor is ju st a mechanic trying to get out. FOR SALE: Coat. Never been used. Lump over shoulder is tailor still working on it. FOR RENT: One Shanty in Old Shanty Town, complete with hot and cold running rats. Private bath-tub, on most occasions. Bud Abbott and Lou Costello have signed a contract with NBC-TV to replace M artin & Lewis on “Comedy Hour” some time this month. A fter this they will oc cupy the vacancy of Fred Allen on the same show. . . Spike Jones will “spike” TV with an appearance in the near future . . . Folk singer Burl Ives will make a series of fairy tales for TV . . . W alt Disney believes the preview of “Alice in W onderland” presented on TV Christmas Day will do wonders for the film’s box office . . . Milton Berle has returned after a two week vacation . . . The ten top TV shows in the Hooperatings for December are: “Texaco Star Theatre,” "Fireside Theatre,” “Godfrey’s T alent Scouts,” Toast of the Town,” “Cactus Jim ,” “Man Against Crime,” “Mama,” “Philco Tele vision Playhouse," “Lights Out," and “Your Show of Shows.” If you want to place a Classified Ad in THE SIGNPOST see Mr. Macekura in room 307. TWO YEARS AGO (1948) Southern Cal held Notre Dame’s un beaten, untied team to a 14-14 deadlock at the Coliseum in Los Angeles. TH E Q U A L IT Y SH O P Movie Highlights by Barbara McHenry N ationally K now n M en’s W ear “Watch the Birdie” is a comedy con cerning a camera store owner (Red Skel ton) who in trying to meet his bills, tries his hand at taking newsreel pictures to earn the extra money. In one incident he goes to take pictures of the christening of a yacht, but he has an accident and in this way meets his love interest of the picture (Arlene Dalh). In this movie Red gets into trouble with some gangsters, because he had taken movies of two men planning to wreck someone’s business. There are many humorous incidents in this film and it is recommended for the whole family. Wilson Bird, & Ar. H ighland St. A R L IN G T O N % \ 7 R G IN IA POLLOCK REFRIGERATION COMPANY An I horized Frigidaire Sales & Service 2900 WILSON BLVD. Arlington, Virginia First F ederal Savings & L oan Association O f A rlinglon C h a rtered by th o F ederal G o v ern m en t for th e purpose of en co u rag in g th r if t a n d hom e ow nership in th is c o m m u n ity Savings Accounts Insured Up to $10,000.01) Dividends Paid Semi-Annually Accounts Opened IT’ith So.00 MONTHLY REDUCTION HOME LOANS 2050 WIL’ ON BOULEVARD - ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA H ours 9 A. M. to 4 P. M L Open U ntil Noon S a tu rd a y s Giles I nut 7100 T h o S p e d M u s t H r S o tvn T o G a th e r A H o rvest OXford 0713 O p e n A S a v in g s A c c o u n t L a rg e O r S m a ll � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Signpost", Stratford Junior High School, Arlington, Virginia, Vol.1, No. 4, January 19, 1951. 4 pages. Description An account of the resource Issue includes information on new school building and school activities Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington County Public Schools, Stratford Junior High School Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_2_1_7 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/9106bb363dc7feb33f5e2143d5fe517e.pdf b0f67733adcdd5b09c20b1a7beeec995 PDF Text Text STRATFORD JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL, ARLINGTON, V IR G IN IA January 19, 1951 New School Nears Completion School Plant Offers Best In Educational Planning Stratford Junior High School is lo cated on nine acres of ground adjoining the seven acre Old Dominion Playground, which will be used for athletic activities. The total cost of the building and fu r nishings will be $1,676,909, The con tract calls for its completion on Februrry 7. The above picture shows the back of the building as it appears from Old Do minion Drive. On the left hand side (not in picture) is the home economics de partm ent,. which is on the top floor. It consists of a complete house including living room, dining room, and kitchen. Below the home economics departm ent is the main gym which is equipped with a sliding door which closes it off into two gyms during class periods, making one side for boys and one for girls. During games the doors will be opened to make one large gym. The floor is marked off for badminton, volleyball, and basket ball. Special features of the gym include folding bleachers, built-in loudspeakers, electric scoreboard, and an observation room for the instructor. Beneath the large gym is the auxiliary gym for danc ing and exerc'ses, and the locker rooms. The ultram odern cafeteria is also on the left. The three floors in the middle of the picture are class rooms. There are thirtythree class rooms of which twelve are exceptionally large. In the center of the building is the modern library and office. There will also be guidance offices and a full time nurse. The halls are twelve feet wide with built-in lockers. On the right hand side of the picture are the instrum ental music rooms, which are on the first floor. U nderneath the music rooms, in the basement, is the shop. The shop is completely sound proof. In back of the music rooms is the audi torium, which will seat 534 people. The auditorium will be closed off from the rest of the building when it is not in use during school hours. It will also be closed off to keep people out of the building when it is used outside of school hours. At the entrance of the auditorium is a ticket office, trophy case, fish pond, and a mezzanine where special meetings will be held. Stratford is the most functional and best planned school in the state of Vir ginia. �JPage Two THE SIGNPOST Action Taken To Develop Point System Due to the rum ors going around school about points, tru e facts have been se cured from the chairman of the Faculty Points System Committee. The commit tee consists of nine members who are: Mr. Richmond, principal; Mr. Allman, chairm an; Mr. Hullet, Mr. Orbell, Mr. Druckenmiller, Mr. Francis, Miss Blakemore, Mrs. Thorne, and Mrs. Thompson. It will be in the latter p art of March or maybe April before the system will be underway. The reason for the delay is because the committee must translate other schools’ points to our own system. For example Swanson uses the 1,000 point system. They must find out how many Swanson points are in one of ours. This must also be done for the other schools. A county wide point system would mean that you could transfer from one school to another, w ithout harming your points one way or another. How ever, it will be about two years before the system is working correctly. The rea son for this is because most of the eighth and ninth grade students have had a chance to earn points at other schools, and the seventh graders haven’t. At the present tim e it is thought th at 100 points will be needed for a school letter. Instead of having several letters for services, athletics, and so forth there will be ju st one. There will be an insig nia such as a football for a football player. A fter a student earns one letter, additional points will be given toward a bar or star or something similar. The boys on the football squad who received certificates will receive a school letter as soon as they are available. The stu dents who were on other teams will re ceive points. L et’s all get to work and earn our school letter. Hall Patrols Tour New Building On Friday, January 5, thirty-three members of the hall patrol went on a tour through the new building. This tour was conducted by Mr. Richard Muller, superintendent of the school. Faculty members accompanying the patrols were Mr. Claude Richmond, principal; Mrs. Doris Mortimer, assistant principal; and Mr. Roger Hicks, sponsor. The purpose of this tour was to acquaint the patrols with the building so they will be able to help you find your class when we move over there next month. Homeroom News The Signpost perfect subscription award was given to Mrs. Armstrong’s 7A1 homeroom class. A check for three dollars was proudly presented to the class by the Signpost. 7A1 homeroom had a Christmas party on December 18 at the Arlington County Recreation House on Washington Blvd. 8A2, Miss Powell’s homeroom class, had a skating party on Friday, January 12 at Riverside. Editor’s Note: It may not be known th at the poems that appeared in the first issues of The Signpost were w ritten by Judy Van Schaick, a student in Mr. Allman’s journalism class. Judy has re cently moved to California with her family. We wish to thank Judy for her fine poetry. Stratford Drops Opening Game A rough and ready Paul Junior High team set back the Stratford quintet in their opening game of the ’51 season. Control of the backboards was the de ciding factor as the three six footers of Paul rebounded successfully throughout the game. The first quarter saw Paul sweep into the lead with Bob Childress being the only Stratford player to score. Mid-wry in the second quarter S trat ford forged into the lead by a 12-10 score. Co-captains Dick Mabry and Pete Ward were intsrum ental in this surge into the lead but by the tim e the half ended Paul was once more in the lead 14-13. Stratford was rocked on its heels in the third quarter as Paul went on into a lead that it never relinquished. Trailing 25-16 the Stratford squad once again spurted and Paul themselves leading by only 27-25. A last minute goal cinched the game and Stratford found themselves on the short end of a 29-25 score. Scoring honors for Stratford went to Childress and Kennedy with six each. Scoring for Stratford went as follows: Forwards-Motes (3), Jacobs (1), Ward (4), and Mabry (2); Centers-Hockersmith (0) , and Davis (0); Guards-Childress (6), Hetzer (2), Kennedy (6), and Whetzel ( 1 ) . Scoring by Quarters 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Final Paul 9 5 8 7 29 5 Stratford 8 3 9 25 January 19, 1951 January 19, 1951 THE SIGNPOST | Winter Riding Now Possible At Alexandria Strafford Spots by ALVINA EREN Mrs. William Dillon’s riding classes, held at Hayfield Farm, in Fairfax, will go on thru rain, sleet and snow this winter. Bad w eather riding is made pos sible by virtue of a large inside riding arena. Nice weather will find the rugged riders in the open, enjoying Hayfield’s rolling acres. Mrs. Dillon stresses that she is interested in accepting students who are interested in becoming fine riders, with a view to a good turn out for the annual spring horse show. Applications will be accepted until Jan. 23 for the w inter semester. For infor mation telephone Overlook 3695. Field Trip B r ie fs . . . Students of Stratford have been con tinuing their field trips. Finding them interesting and educating, they visited Washington and Arlington County. Among the places that have been visit ed are Stratford Hall and Wakefield in Westmoreland County, Virginia. Mrs. Armstrong took her 7A1 and 7A3 core classes to see the colonial homes at Stratford Hall and Wakefield on Nov. 21. There they found excellent subjects for their study of Home Life in Early Amer ica. On Dec. 7, Mr. Atkins and his science class went to the Naval Observatory in Washington. This trip was to find out the correct time in the United States and to furnish im portant information about the sun and the moon. Chinatown in the District of Columbia was visited by Mrs. Baxa’s core class on Dec. 19. The Core class had lunch at the Cathay Restaurant. Chow Mein, Chop Suey, and some American dishes were served. Pep Rally Held On January 5, S trat'o rd held its big gest pep rally of the season. The cheer leaders with Barbara G arnett directing did many of their cheers with the whole student body. Some of the cheers includ ed T-E-A-M, The Term and The Coach, and Two Bits. Mr. Druckenmiller intro duced the basketball team to the student body. We all wish them luck for the com ing season and hope they can secure the County Basketball Championship for Stratford. Page Three Lee's Birthday Observed Today Today is the hundred-forty-fourth birthday of one of Virginia’s greatest men. Gen eral Robert E. Lee. He was born on January 19, 1807 at Stratford Hall, th e home of the Lee family and the place for which our school is named. It was the home of many famous Lees, including “Light Horse” Harry, and two signers of the Declara tion of Independence, Richard Henry and Lightfoot Henry. Robert E. Lee lived at Stratford for only four years, but it rem ained in his family until it was sold in 1829. Robert E. Lee received his education at Alexandria and later became a graduate of West Point. He m arried a descendant of M artha Washington in 1831. He had seven children. Lee spent many years of his life working on the defenses of the Nation. He ser ved in the Mexican War in 1846 and won much praise, plus several promotions for his bravery and skill. He also served with the Cavalry against the Indians. He was for a short tim e superintendent of West Point. When Virginia seceeded from the Union he was offered a position in the Federal army, but he declined and went with his home state. H ere he worked his way up to commander-in-chief of the Confederate Army. For several years the South, through his leadership, defended itself against the overpowering North. W ith an army of 80,000 he could stop a Federal army of 180,000 with heavy casualties to the Union troops. But at last, being outnumbered and war-weary, he surrendered on April 9, 1865 to G eneral G rant at Appomattox. Dismissed of a charge of treason through G rant’s influence, he became president of Washington-Lee College. He served there until his death in 1870. He always took an interest in the welfare of his men, w hether on the battlefield or as superintendent at West Point. Stratford Hall is owned by Robert E. Lee Memorial Foundation, Inc. who pur chased it in 1929 to restore and preserve this 1100 acre plantation. Guides show visi tors the house and grounds from 9:00 to 5:30 every day in the year except December 25. Admission is 50 cents for adults and 25 cents for children, w ith a special price of 25 cents for adults and 15 cents for children in groups of twenty-five or more. Our school may well be proud of a name connected with this famous family and plantation. The Green Bay Packers won their fifth professional football title by troucing the New York Giants, 27-0, before 32,000 at Milwaukee. THE DEFENSE ATTORNEY was sum ming up. “The man who robbed that bank was a genius,” he told the jury. “His every move was cleverly planned. Now will you please take a good look at the defendant?” Tennessee beat Auburn, 7-0, to finish its grid season unbeaten, untied, and un scored on. READ TIIE SIGNPOST ELEVEN YEARS AGO (1939) One of Arlington County’s m ost suc cessful teachers is Stratford’s Mrs. Dicie Armstrong. A native Virginian, she has traveled extensively in N orth America, but has always called A rlington h er home. Some tim e ago Mrs. Armstrong had the opportunity to have a 6 weeks tour in th e U nited States, Canada and Mexico, Some of th e highlights of this tour were the Grand Canyon and Yellowstone Na tional P ark whose scenic beauty im press ed her greatly. Mrs. Arm strong has attended Madison State Teachers College, George Wash ington, and University of Virginia. She has had experience teaching grades one through eight, but says she prefers seventh grade. One of her interesting hobbies is th e collecting of antique furniture and sil ver. H er beautiful home reflects h er a rt of interior decorating which is another of her hobbies. It is rum ored the new suit she has ju st bought was purchased to match her new convertible. Those of us who have had th e good fortune to study English u nder her will always appreciate h er understanding ways. SIX YEARS AGO (1944) Glenn Davis raced 50 yards to score one of th e touchdowns as Army walloped Navy, 23-7, for its ninth victory of the year. TWO YEARS AGO (1948) In a driving snowstorm a t Shibe Park, Philadelphia, th e Eagles won the NFL title over the Chicago Cardinals by a 7-0 margin. Steve Van Buren scored in the fourth quarter. Poet’s Corner Listen my children And you shall hear ! Of the Signpost callilng In every ear There are fashions fo r girls And movies too The T attler unfurls Choice whisperings for you T here’s news for all F or every you and you So answer the call And get the Signpost, too �Page Four THE SICNPOST A Major Issue jitg ttp O S t Bi-weekly newspaper published by the students of Stratford Junior High School, Arlington, Virginia. P rinted by Universal Printers, Arlington Virginia. Vol. 1 Jan u ary 19,1951 J a n u a ry 1 9 , 1 9 5 1 No. 4 STAFF Editor-in-C hief............Billy Van Deusen Feature E d ito r..............Elaine Alexander Editorial & News Editor Jackie A lbrecht Sports E d ito r......................... Donald Sours Business M anagers........ Steve Milliken, Vernon Iden, Gene Weedon Circulation Managers .. Joanne Witzell, Eustace Land, Grace Tunneclifle, F rank Rollins A Thankless Job A NEWSPAPER adults, teachers and lawyers, laborers and clergymen. The Signpost, to the staff, means: S—Sound, strong minds and bodies to collect and p rin t the best. I—Interest in everyone, his strength and weakness. G—G rit to work for and seek the truth. N—News—the events that concern all the people. P—Pride in each word we print. O—Objectiveness in reporting and printing the news that is free from pre judice and intolerance. S— Sincerity and honesty as guiding principles. T—T ruth without which there is no freedom, liberty, or democracy. We hope THE SIGNPOST will continue to grow into the finest expression of the faculty and student body. It can grow only if everyone shares in the task of supporting and encouraging the staff. The Signpost is your paper, it will reflect you and you alone, therefore, give it a good start and subscribe. SIX YEARS AGO (1944) Harold G reen (left defeated Rocky Graziano in 10 rounds before a crowd of 10,237 at Madison Square Garden. In this issue the limelight is turned on shoes. As usual, saddle oxfords and loaf ers are tops with the girls. Also suede oxfords or loafers with crepe soles are being seen here and there. At the par ties during the holiday season, black suede prevailed over everything. High and semi-high heels are being worn more and more. Loafers and oxfords are still the boys’ favorites. Some, however go out for rid ing boots with chains and what-nots on them. Those fluorescent colors in char treuse, blue and orange are back again, this time in shoestrings. E ither Jane Green or Tommy Hackersmith has the doubtful honor of starting this fad. This Christmas seems to have been a very merry one for all Stratfordites. L et’s see what Santa Claus left for us in the way of clothes. Shirley Thompson got a grey blouse and an attractive blue plaid skirt. Diane Stocking has been wearing those silk neck scarfs she got for Xmas. That pretty gray wool dress Sherrie Jam es was wear ing was a Christmas gift. Santa left Eva Markwood an orange blouse and a grey checked skirt. Mary Morrison was a little surprised at some of her presents. She got four pairs of angora gloves! Susan Goulett found a beautiful purple tweed twin sweater set in her Xmas stocking. Lottie Lueders got a sweater in a heavenly shade of lavender. Well, the feature editor is hot on my heels, so I’ll have to close my wardrobe warblings, now. tfonfrfyn’s eJforisf Member Florist Telegraph Delivery Association Page Five CHICKEN by Ruthie Bowman by Kathy Photographer ...................Stuckey Studio Faculty S ponsor.....................................Mr.Macekura Reporters ................ Winona Payne, Jo Ann Hemphill, Priscilla Welbon, Ev Our Hall Patrols have the thankless elyn David, Barbara McHenry, Kathjob of keeping order in the halls. They lene Blake, Ruthie Bowman. must attend many meetings and take being pushed around for granted. We will all reach our classes safely and more quickly if a little cooperation is shown our patrols. If everyone ran down Newspapers are more than folded, the halls disregarding the hall patrols printed sheets of paper that are sold on serious accidents could result. corners and thrown on your front For these reasons it is necessary for us porches. A newspaper is a living thing, all to obey and cooperate with the Hall sometimes more alive than you or I. Patrols to make th eir thankless duty a It is made of human lives, hum an tears little easier. and fears. It is made of children and THE SICNPOST Platter Parade Fad-shions The conduct of Straford students at the bus stops is fast becoming a m ajor issue here at school to both pupils and teachers. Valuable property has been, and is being, destroyed for no good re ason. This fault does not lie with every one, but everyone will share the bad name our school will receive if such con duct continues. The reputation we are making for ourselves now will live on for many years, and it must not be one of vandalism and destructiveness. When at the bus stops, we m ust rem em ber th at we are on private property, and must have enough self-respect to practice selfcontrol for the little time we m ust be there. J a n u a ry 1 9 , 19 5 1 by Evelyn David H ere are the ten top tunes as picked by our staff. Do you think this should be the order of these tunes? In first place is “Tennessee Waltz” by Patti Page. Second is “My H eart Cries for You” by Vic Damone. Third, by all means, is “The Thing” by Phil Harris. Fourth, an old tune brought back, is "Thinking of you,” which is a very pretty number. Fifth place goes to that very clever song “You’re Ju st in Love” by Perry Como and the Fontaine Sisters. "Harbor Lights” comes in sixth with quite a few different versions. “Oh, Babe” th at song with rhythm comes in seventh, sung by Kate Stax-. “I’ll Never Be Free,” hillbilly style, is eighth. In ninth place we have “Nevertheless,” another old song brought back, composed by the old re liable Ruby and Kalm ar who also com posed “Thinking of You.” Last of all a beautiful song by Bing Crosby, “All My Love.” That’s just about it. How do you like it? Inquiring Reporter A fter great delibei’ations on the part of two eminent scholars of Stratford; the following question came to light. “What was your New Year’s resolution?” The red-faced students began to stammer: Johnny Hetzer—Not to give my teachei's a hard time. Ann Reed—To be sweet to Warren. Bobby Brown—To eat twice as much. Ruthie Myei-s—To go steady with Ed die Drecher. Johnny Blush—To do as much in Typ ing class as Joe Martina does. Jackie Albrecht—Go on a diet. Mary McKinely—Not to like Don Moy er. Barbara H arrington—To be one jump ahead of the clock. Elbert Jenkins—S tart liking Ann Reed. ALLCRAFT CYCLE SHOP The time was twelve-ten as I left home for the last day of school in 1950. As I walked along, I dreamed of those glor ious, well not so glorious days in school. My mind was still in a cloud when I started to cross my neighbors back yard. But suddenly, I jerked back to the pres ent. Before me, blocking my way was a chicken, no, a rooster, but what’s the difference. In algebra, I was taught to state my problem clearly and then look it over. Well, my problem stated itself with a crow, as I looked it over. “How can I get around this obstacle without getting pecked?” I asked myself. (A previous experience taught me that the thing would peck!) It seemed th at the answer would never come, so taking a new grip on myself and keeping my tru s ty algebra book handy, I started bravely forward. As I drew closer, the rooster started to edge in with his head cocked to one side. This I knew to be his method of attack. Quick as a flash he darted in— but I was ready, I waved the book in front of his face. I stopped him for a moment, but that moment was all I needed, I dash ed past. But—oops—dropped my Latin book. I stopped to pick it up, while again the chicken moved in. This tim e I was not quite ready and I barely missed being pecked. The chicken’s beak and my alge bra book connected with a crack which left a dent in my book, to speak nothing of the flattened condition of his beak. By this time my neighbor roused from her after-lunch nap, by the commotion, came to the dooi\ I glanced up, and with out listening to what she had to say (putting it frankly) I lit out. I had had hopes of the chicken be ing eaten for my neighbor’s Christmas dinner—but no such luck. Schwinn & English Bicycles Repairs - Service - Accessories 3136 10TH STREET • OWENS 4464 S tu c k e y S tu d io Portrait & Commercial Photography N. GARFIELD ST. at WILSON BLVD. C H estnut 4877 CLARENDON TRUST COMPANY T he B a n k O n T h e Circle C o m p lete B a n k in g Services F RE E P A R K IN G L O T MEMBER FD IC • OWENS 7777 Miller & Wrenn "A rlin g to n 's Sm artest ” F u r n itu r e 2217-21 N. Pershing Drive Arlington, Virginia OWens 4343 • JAckson 8-6999 S U B S C R IB E TO T H E S IG N P O S T • Cherrydale Florist Arlington, Virginia C H e stn u t 3233 O X fo rd 4141 A R L I N G T O N T R U S T C O M P A N Y . INC. "Say It W ith Flow ers" 2046 W ILSO N BOULEVARD A R L IN G T O N , V IR G IN IA ★ ,X ’ -~ ~ XKI IXiC ....... ------------- w ------- 34fC C H E R R YD A LE DRUG STO R E X 3 C School Supplies— F ountain Service— Cosmetics 3922 Lee H ighw ay -« « ■ A rlin g to n , Virginia -------- IX iC ix x ----- XiC 1 C orsages T h a t A re D iffe re n t COMMERCIAL ACCOUNTS SAFE DEPOSIT BOXES SAVINGS ACCOUNTS ACCOUNTS OF INDIVIDUALS AND CORPORATIONS INVITED MEMBER FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSU RANCE CORPORATION FEDERAL, ST A T E AND COUNTY DEPOSITARY 3725 Lee Highway ROSSLYN B RA N CH M A IN O F F IC E NAYY F A C IL IT Y OWens 1181 2029 North Moore Street 1515 North Courthouse Road Arlington Navy Annex �Page Six January 19, 1951 THE SICNPOST TATTLER The tattler has heard th at the New Year has entered. That is news. The same old faces, the same headlines, the same world, so, with great glee the tattler makes a resolution, To Be Heard But Not Seen. The new list of romantic ravings be gins with Dick Davis and Ann Gosnell, A rt Eberdt and Anne Reed, Bruce Reynolds and Sherrie James. Winkie Gordon received a note from Elsie Dutrow, well. Barbara Hull has her eyes on Roy Heinbuch, well, what’s the response, Roy? Among the list of steadies are Jane Green and Don Lancaster, Bobbie Railey and Don Smith, and last but not least, Susan Goulett and Billy Creekmore. What’s in the meeting Jack Cornwell and K arren Brock have between first and second periods? A fairly new couple around school is Doug Corbin and Mary Hunter. Betty Paterson, B ert Ankeney and Diane Stocking, Ross Fletcher were at Margo Mann’s house Sunday night. Who was w ith Margo? None other than Bubs Ankeney. This is getting good! Jackie A lbrecht seems to think more of W-L boys than our Stratfordites. Could it be because of Jeff Lindsey? Ann Swain's hook and line is out for Art Eberdt. Pat Hackney and Bob Bengston have eyes only for each other. Have Jay Foxwell and Joan Atkins met Dick Mabry yet? Mary Ann Morrison and Jan Dykeman are still going strong. Larry Yeatman and Jean Branner seem like two love birds in a cage. Did you notice Johnny Ferris has had eyes for Joddie Dunman? What tall, black-haired boy and what small, blond cheerleader are getting along fine? Tommy and Jo seem almost inseparable. Pete Shepard sits in Math class swooning over Joyce Simmons. Betty Wilson finally found in the Lost and Found what she wanted, Jimmy Pollard! Did you see Nancy Corson and Frank H udnor sitting in the bus? Larry Bohnert and Libby Griffith are laughing at each others jokes. Cecil Duncan looks only David Kelley’s way. David Daljord is just wild over Carole Wegner. Sonny C arrera seems to be the only lone wolf in the class. Jim Coleman and Anne Murphy are supposedly secretly in love. Did you hear the sweet stories Molly Hinshaw is telling—well, you know who. Betty Jameson had b etter have a split personality to be able to suit both Danny Long and Kenny Colton. The T attler closes this column with joy for the dream joy now approaches. C L A S S IF IE D A D S TV TALK If you w ant to buy, sell, trade, or have rost or found something place a Classi fied Ad in THE SIGNPOST. The cost is only 2c p er word. The following ads were used by some of our satisfied cus tomers. WANTED: Five strong, able bodied boys w ith some knowledge of a game called basketball. Report to Coach Druck enmiller, in the gym. WANTED: Bright, intelligent student to test electric chairs. Apply W arden Lawes, San Quentin. FOR SALE: ’33 Buick, one door sedan (needs body work) slight knock in motor is ju st a mechanic trying to get out. FOR SALE: Coat. Never been used. Lump over shoulder is tailor still working on it. FOR RENT: One Shanty in Old Shanty Town, complete with hot and cold running rats. Private bath-tub, on most occasions. Bud Abbott and Lou Costello have signed a contract with NBC-TV to replace M artin & Lewis on “Comedy Hour” some time this month. A fter this they will oc cupy the vacancy of Fred Allen on the same show. . . Spike Jones will “spike” TV with an appearance in the near future . . . Folk singer Burl Ives will make a series of fairy tales for TV . . . Walt Disney believes the preview of “Alice in W onderland” presented on TV Christmas Day will do wonders for the film’s box office . . . Milton Berle has returned after a two week vacation . . . The ten top TV shows in the Hooperatings for December are: “Texaco Star Theatre,” “Fireside Theatre,” “Godfrey’s Talent Scouts,” Toast of the Town,” “Cactus Jim ,” "Man Against Crime,” “Mama,” “Philco Tele vision Playhouse,” "Lights Out,” and “Your Show of Shows.” If you want to place a Classified Ad in THE SIGNPOST see Mr. Macekura in room 307. TWO YEARS AGO (1948) Southern Cal held Notre Dame’s un beaten, untied team to a 14-14 deadlock at the Coliseum in Los Angeles. THE Q U A L IT Y SH O P Movie Highlights by Barbara McHenry N atio n ally K now n M en 's W ear “Watch the Birdie” is a comedy con cerning a camera store owner (Red Skel ton) who in trying to meet his bills, tries his hand at taking newsreel pictures to earn the extra money. In one incident he goes to take pictures of the christening of a yacht, but he has an accident and in this way meets his love interest of the picture (Arlene Dalh). In this movie Red gets into trouble with some gangsters, because he had taken movies of two men planning to wreck someone’s business. There are many humorous incidents in this film and it is recommended for the whole family. Wilson Blvd. & T . H ighland S t. V A R L IN G T O N , V I R G IN IA POLLOCK REFRIGERATION COMPANY A uthorized Frigidaire Sales & Service 2900 WILSON BLVD. Arlington, Virginia First F ederal Savings & L oan A ssociation O f A rlington C h a rtered by th e F ederal G> v rrn m c n t lo r th e purpose of en co u rag in g t h r if t a n d hom e ow nership in th is c o m m u n ity Savings Accounts Insured Up to $10,000.01) Dividends Paid Semi-Annually Accounts Opened II itli$',.00 MONTHLY REDUCTION HOME LOANS 2050 WILSON BOULEVARD ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA H ours 9 A. M. to 4 P. M. Open U n til Noon S a tu rd a y s CHestnut 7100 T h e S e e d M n n t lie S o tc n T o G a th e r A Ilo r r e s t OXford 0713 O p en A S a v in g * A c c o u n t L a rg e O r S m a ll � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Signpost", Stratford Junior High School, Arlington, Virginia, Vol.1, No. 4, January 19, 1951. 4 pages. Description An account of the resource Issue includes information on new school building and school activities Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington County Public Schools, Stratford Junior High School Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_2_1_8