5 20 1839 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/24dc75c8e1ab9822dc97c0e919b6e036.pdf fbab158a8878bc7e7a699db3aa05afc3 PDF Text Text SETTING THE RECORD STRAIGHT The Legislative Committee created under the authority of Chapter 37, Acts of the Special Session, General Assembly, 1956, knoim as the Committee on Racial Ac­ tivity and Law Reform (popularly knoim as the Thomson Committee) released informa­ tion published in the Times Dispatch, under the dateline of March 13, 1956, with reference to testimony given in an "Executive Session" by Dr. J. M. Tinsley and W. Lester Banks (president emeritus and executive secretary, respectively) of the Virginia State Conference of NAACP Branches which was erroneous and misleading. While it is true that in the year 1956 the Conference receipts totaling s 0 , 587.95 % exceeded expenditures by 0lO,926,U3s these figures do not take into account past due obligations of the Conference for previous years, nor the current obligations for pending litigation which would have been paid in 1956 but for the anti-HAACP bills enacted at the Special Session of the General Assembly, These obligations remain outstanding, because upon advice of counsel (our lawyers), all such activity was suspended pending a judicial determination of these laws. (Arguments are scheduled before a three judge Federal District Court in Richmond on April 11, 1957). Previously, the Committee had required and had been furnished a statement of receipts and expenditures for the calendar year of 1956, and from these statements the Committee reached and published its conclusions without inquiring as to out­ standing obligations. Support of the NAACP program during 1956 was in excess of that received in ary previous year. Nearly one-half of the total receipts from all sources was received after the Legislature closed its Special Session on September 29, 1956. By requesting that the hearing be held publicly, NAACP counsel sought to avoid MISINTERPRETATIONS such as the statement attributed to Dr. J. M. Tinsley and W. Lester Banks that the "NAACP operated illegally in Virginia for a number of years". The witnesses stated that the NAACP did not register with the State Corporation Commission as a foreign corporation until 1956. The chairman of the Committee (Mr. Thomson) in giving to the press a portion of testimony heard in "Executive Session" added his own conclusion that the organizationis earlier activities in Virginia were subject to the law requiring foreign business corporations to register. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Setting the Record Straight," 1959 Description An account of the resource "Setting the Record Straight," 1959, paper written by Virginia NAACP in response to the Report of the Committee on Offenses Against the Administration of Justice." Deals with allegations regarding misuse and misreporting of funds and not registering with proper state commissions. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Virginia NAACP Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1959 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 18_1_9_1_38 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/c9e1ee3d594213af24cd3a7d9f39b7ac.pdf 7317215a065b4f6799f5d3617a505529 PDF Text Text STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM HEARINGS BEFORE TH E , SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE i ADMINISTRATION OE THE INTERNAL SECURITY ACT AND OTHER INTERNAL SECURITY LAWS OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY UNITED STATES SENATE EIGHTY-THIRD CONGRESS S C N S S IO E O D E S N ON S R T G A D T C IC O T A E Y N A T S F W R D C M U IS O L O MN M JU E 1, 1 , A D 1 , 15 N 0 5 N 7 94 / P rinted fo tlie u e o th C m itte o th J r s f e o m e n e udicia ry \ U N IT E D S T A T E S G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G O F F IC E 47760 W A S H IN G T O N : 1954 �C M IT E O T E JU IC RY O M TE N H D IA W IL L IA M L A N G ER , N o rth D a k o ta . C h a irm a n A L E X A N D E R W IL E Y , W isconsin P A T M cCA RRA N , N ev a d a W IL L IA M E . JE N N E R , I n d ia n a H A R LEY M. K IL G O R E , W e s t V irg in ia A R T H U R V. W A T K IN S , U ta h JA M E S O. E A ST L A N D , M ississip p i R O B E R T C. H E N D R IC K S O N , N ew Je rse y E S T E S K E FA U V E R , T en n essee O LIN D. JO H N ST O N , S o u th C a ro lin a E V E R E T T M C K IN LEY D IR K S E N , Illin o is THOM AS C. H E N N IN G S , J r ., M isso u ri H E R M A N W E L K E R , Id a h o JO H N L. M CCLELLAN, A rk an sas J O H N M A R S H A L L B U T L E R , M a ry la n d CONTENTS T s o y o— e tim n f C ld e J h C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a w ll, o n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ M rc s J A th n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a u, . n o y________________ Wd m y r, G n A e C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ e e e e e . lb rt _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ hi Su b c o m m it t e e T o I n v e s t ig a t e Ac t a n d Ot Ad t h e h e r I m in is t r a t io n n t er n a l Se c of u r it y t h e La In t er n a l Se c u r it y w s W IL L IA M E . JE N N E R , In d ia n a , C h airm an P A T M cC A R R A N , N ev ad a JA M E S O. E A ST L A N D , M ississippi O L IN D. JO H N S T O N , S o u th C a ro lin a J O H N L. M CCLELLA N , A rk a n sa s A R T H U R V. W A T K IN S , U ta h R O B E R T C. H E N D R IC K S O N , N ew J e rs e y H E R M A N W E L K E R , Id a h o JO H N M A R S H A L L B U T L E R , M a ry la n d T a s k F o r c e I n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e S t r a t e g y a n d T a c t i c s o f W o r l d C o m m u n is m W IL L IA M E . JE N N E R , In d ia n a , C h airm an H E R M A N W E L K E R , Id a h o II P A T M cC A R R A N , N ev ad a R ic h a b d A k e n s , S p e c ia l Counsel P ag e 95 11 2 77 �STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM T U S A , JU E 1 , 1 5 H R D Y N 0 94 U n it e d S t a t e s S e n a t e , S u b c o m m it t e e To I n v e s t ig a t e t h e A d m in is t r a t io n o f t h e I n t e r n a l S e c u r it y A c t a n d O t h e r I n t e r n a l S e c u r it y L a w s , o f t h e C o m m it t e e o n t h e J u d ic ia r y , Washington, D. C. The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10:30 a. m., in room 157, Senate Office Building, Hon. William E'. Jenner (chairman of the subcommittee) presiding. Present: Senators Jenner and Welker. Also present: Richard Arens, staff director, and Frank W. Schroeder and Edward R. Duffy, professional staff members. The C h a ir m a n . General Wedemeyer, will you be sworn and testify ? Do you swear the testimony you will give in this hearing will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God ? General W e d e m e y e r . I do, sir. The C h a i r m a n . The hearing today is a continuation of a series of hearings which are being conducted by a task force of the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Senate on the strategy and tactics of world communism. As I stated in announcing this series of hearings the Communist conspiracy in the United States is only one tentacle of a worldwide octopus which has as its principal target the United States of America. It is therefore essential that we keep abreast of the strategy and tech niques of world communism if we are to appraise adequately the operation of this conspiracy in our Nation. The witness who will testify today is a distinguished American whose deeds will be fully recorded in the history of our country which he has served so well. We are confident that from the wealth of experience and wisdom which are his, Gen. Albert Wedemeyer will have significant contribu tions to make to our committee. TESTIMONY OF GEN. ALBERT C. WEDEMEYER The C h a ir m a n . Y o u may proceed, Mr. Arens, with questioning General Wedemeyer. Mr. A r e n s . General, for the purpose of our record, would you kindly give us a brief resume of the various Army commands which you have held and your experience in various theaters of operation in the world ? 7 7 i �78 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM General W e d e m e y e r . I presume, gentlemen, that you do not want me to go back beyond the time that I began to attain a little rank and responsibility, which would mean about 1940; is that correct? Mr. A r e n s . Yes, sir. General W e d e m e y e r . Prior to that time 1940 for background, I did serve in China and in the Philippines; I served in Germany, where I was a student of the War College for 2 years and was assigned to German troop units during the maneuver period in the summers. During my 2 years (1936-38) in. Germany, I traveled all over Europe. Immediately prior to the war (1940), I was assigned to the Strategy and Policy Group of the General Staff in Washington and had some responsibilities in the area of strategic planning for World War II. During the war I attended world conferences at London, Quebec, Washington, Casablanca, and Cairo, as a member of General Mar shall’s staff. In 1943 I was sent to India to serve as Deputy Chief of Staff to Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten in the Southeast Asia Command. The headquarters of this command was in New Delhi, India. After 1 year in that position I was sent September 1944 to China to assume command of the China theater, relieving Gen. Joseph Stilwell. I remained in command of that theater for the duration of the war and until it was disbanded in May 1946. I returned to the United States and awaited orders to return to China where I was scheduled to serve as Ambassador at the request of President Truman. There were developments that caused the cancellation of that ap pointment, and in September 1946 I was given command of the Second Army, with headquarters in Baltimore. This Army area com prised seven Eastern States of our country. Then I returned to the Pentagon and served as Deputy Chief of Staff to General Eisenhower, again in charge of strategic or global planning. In 19471 was sent to the Far East on a Presidential mission to make a survey of the political, economic, psychological, and military condi tions in China and Korea. I was required, on that mission, to analyze the developments in that important area and to submit recommenda tions to the President in connection with continued United States policy in that area. In 1949 I was assigned to command the Sixth Army, comprising the eight Western States of our country. While on that assignment I requested retirement July 1951 from the Army. At that time the law permitted an officer to voluntarily retire at the conclusion of 30 years*service, and I took advantage of that law. I am presently connected with industry, as vice president and a di rector of Avco Manufacturing Corp. Mr. A r e n s . General, on the basis of your background and experi ence, would you care to express to the committee what you feel are the principal elements of the Communist global tactics? General W e d e m e y e r . Gentlemen, in my judgment there are four general areas which we must consider when evaluating or analyzing the Communist movement. Those areas comprise the political, eco nomic, psychological, and military. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 79 Mr. A r e n s . Could you kindly illustrate from your experience each of these four elements and how they operate? General W e d e m e y e r . I will try to do so, sir. In the political area, the Communists have endeavored to under mine confidence of peoples in their respective governments. They have resorted to the distortion of facts regarding nistorical developments, to lies, to chicanery, even to murder. In fact to any tactics that might permit them to extend gradually the control of peoples and nations. They have successfully oriented toward the Kremling millions of peo ple and many nations through those tactics, and in such manner as to permit their unequivocal control. While science has been improving weapons which permit the more effective destruction of human lives and the works of man, science .has concurrently improved the means whereby unscrupulous leaders can gain and maintain physical control over various areas geograph ically and mental or spiritual control over huge numbers of people. In the latter case, I refer, of course, to the radio, the motion picture, and flying columns, when they are required to employ the intimidation of force, and the various gadgets that have been introduced by science to facilitate thought control or brain washing as well as physical control of peoples. M r. A r e n s . D o y o u h a v e a c o m m e n t to m a k e w ith re fe re n c e to th e econom ic e le m e n t ? General W e d e m e y e r . Within the economic area, the Soviet un scrupulously, in the closing days of the war and immediately there after, misrepresented the assistance given to people in warstricken areas. I can give you a direct example in connection with the lend-lease that was sent in postwar years to China by American taxpayers. The Com munists, Soviet agents, changed the labels on boxes and indicated that the supplies that were abundantly sent to help rehabilitate the area, those supplies, according to the changed labels on the boxes, emanated in the Soviet Union. Of course we know that the United States con tributed approximately 78 percent of the world lend-lease program. They resorted freely to economic pressures. As soon as they gained control of peoples or areas, they immediately oriented the economy of such areas toward the Kremlin, denying to the people indigent to the areas the fruits of their labor. They imposed rigid collectivization and regimentation of labor, all industrial and farming activities. Even today I could give you a quick example. There are abundant oil resources in Rumania, the Ploesti oil fields, which would be ade quate for the requirements of that country. In addition the Ru manians would still have surpluses to export and thus help their econ omy by increasing revenues. However, the price of gasoline in Ru mania today is $2.40 a gallon, prohibitive in cost, of course, to the people. The bulk of the gasoline is taken over by the Soviet repre sentatives. They direct it to their selfish interest, for their military or for purposes connected with Soviet trade with oil-thirsty countries. These are a few of the many examples that one might give to indi cate the economic pressures to which the Soviet subject peoples once they gain control of their governments. Mr. A r e n s . D o you have a comment to make with reference to the psychological element of the Communist global tactics? �80 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM General W e d e m e y e r . In the psychological field, the rulers in the Kremlin have been most successful. After so many years of war, with attendant disruptions and dislocations, with many people disillusioned concerning their own previous ideas and ideologies that had proved unsuccessful in that world struggle, there was everywhere fertile soil for the distortions of facts, the lies, and false promises of the Soviet leaders. Thought control and brain washing were included in the Communist tactics in these various war-torn areas. Even here in our own country, being a trusting people, many of us were deceived by the Soviet tactics. We had just won a great war. The Soviet Union had been one of our principal allies. We Americans felt that now we could enjoy an era of peace and prosperity. Some of us seemed to hope, certain of our leaders and some gullible American people hoped that we now could, evolve an international modus operandi whereby peace and prosperity could be facilitated. The United Nations Charter epitomized the spirit of the times, and if carried out with sincerity of purpose, of course, it would have been a wonderful approach to world peace, a civilized and realistic approach to good will toward all men—to vic tors and vanquished alike. But unfortunately, and definitely, the Soviet had no intention of keeping their promises of abiding by the terms of the United Nations Charter. They had broken faith before and it was indeed most unfortunate that our responsible leaders of the Government had not provided safeguards which would definitely protect the military victory for which we had sacrificed so much. Even back in 1933 the Soviet broke faith with us. They promised when we recognized them diplomatically, when we exchanged diplo matic amenities, that they would not, under any circumstances, finance, support, or initiate activities and organizations that had for their pur pose, interfering in any way with our Government, social structure, political, and economic structures. Everyone knows now in this country that the Soviet Union and satellites have continuously made and are even now making every effort to undermine confidence in American leaders, both military and civilian. They are making every effort to create cleavages between social classes, between management and labor, between races, white, black, brown, and between religions, Catholics, Jews, and Protestants. They have had marked success in the field of propaganda in the “cold war.” I attribute this primarily to the fact that we are a gullible and trusting people. These are traditional characteristics of Americans. Mr. A r e n s . And now your final element here, as a word of back ground, if you please, sir, the military element of the Communist global strategy; what is your comment on that, if you please? General W e d e m e y e r . Yes, sir. Immediately after World War II, the Soviet did not decrease mate rially their military strength. In that same atmosphere of trust and naivete, we emasculated our military forces, and so did our other allies, our friendly allies. Consequently the military posture of the free nations, vis-a-vis the Soviet Union and satellites, was such that the Communist nations en joyed a great preponderance of military strength. Their military forces were not directly employed in their program of aggressions, 81 but their immediate availability, their very existence was utilized as a weapon of intimidation. Furthermore, they continued to create and maintain potential powder kegs around their periphery, any one of which could be ignited at times and under conditions of their choosing. Invariably they implemented their aggressions and military operations with satellite troops, involving only a few of their own people as technical advisers, arch conspirators, and propaganda artists. Korea, China, presently Indochina, are irrefutable evidence that they have carried on their program of world conspiracy and aggres sion with military involvement in the manner just described. In my judgment, the Soviet Union will resist assiduously the direct use of their own military forces. Mr. A r e n s . General, how late is it on the timetable of the Soviets for world conquest, in your judgment? General W e d e m e y e r . A s a private American citizen, completely unemotionally I say to you, sir, that it is now very late; I am not completely a pessimist, but it is very, very late. 'Obviously, immediately after the war we should have been realistic in evaluating the world situation. Past experiences with the Com munists—realism demanded that we take the steps necessary to protect the victories for which the American people made such great sacrifices, both human and material. But I am confident that, if our political and military leaders will realistically appraise the current situation and utilize intelligently and in an integrated manner those four major instruments of national policy, political, economic, psychological, and military, we still can emerge victorious, in protecting and preserving our national interests. Mr. A r e n s . General, do you believe it is in the best interests of the United States of America and the free nations of the world to break off diplomatic relations with the Iron Curtain countries? General W e d e m e y e r . I definitely do. I would have recommended, had I been asked, several years ago that we not exchange diplomatic amenities with the Soviet Union and satellites. I base this on the experience that we have had and other countries have had in the field of international relations with Communist domi nated countries. I base that statement on my knowledge of the doc trine of Karl Marx, which I have read carefully, both in English and German, the two volumes of Das Kapital and the Communist Mani festo, which spell out very clearly the aims and the objectives of the Soviet conspiracy. We all should have very vivid recollection of Mein Kampf, which was promulgated by Adolph Hitler, and in which the objectives of the Nazis were clearly spelled out but unfortunately disregarded by most Americans and Allies. The C h a i r m a n . General, you have made an expression that you think it would be proper for the best interests of this country to break off diplomatic relations with the Iron Curtain countries, and I believe that you went back in your earlier statement stating that they have broken their word since they were brought into the family of nations in 1933, that they immediately set out to destroy, to harass and to set up fifth columns in this country, by subversion, by sabotage, and by espionage. And the record is clear on that. Just within the last 47769— 54— p t. 2------- 2 �82 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 2 days, I think, General Franco of Spain made a statement that re ceived wide publication in this country, that we also, if we are intent on fighting this cold war, should break off trade relations, and our allies should break off trade relations and isolate the Soviet. What is your opinion on that, if you have one on that, this morning? General W e d e m e y e r . I defintely have an opinion about that, sir. There are advantages and disadvantages in breaking off trade rela tions with any country, but it is my conviction that more advantages would accrue to the United States and other free nation^, who have objectives compatible with our own, to break off trade relations with the Soviet Union and satellites. We should not attempt any of the accepted and traditional contacts or relations with Communist coun tries unless and until they give irrefutable evidence, tangible evidence, of their sincerity of purpose in connection with world peace, honest dealings, equity, and justice among all peoples. The C h a i r m a n . General, if we did break off diplomatic relations with the Soviet, what effect would the severance ot these diplomatic relations have upon the procurement of intelligence information, for example, by our Government? General W e d e m e y e r . Proponents of continued diplomatic relations with the Communist countries have often stated that if we were to break off diplomatic relations with them, that we would close windows through which they can observe developments in countries behind the Iron Curtain. When we send diplomatic representatives to any coun try, we do so in keeping ethical arrangements, whereby our representa tives are honor bound to respect the laws, the customs, and the tradi tions of the country in which they are serving. Our foreign repre sentatives behind the Iron Curtain have experienced, and continue to experience insults, humiliations, harassments, and restrictions which unquestionably preclude the effective performance of their duties. Furthermore, the United States has been greatly restricted, unreason ably so, with regard to the number of representatives we are permitted to maintain in our embassies, legations, or official agencies behind the Iron Curtain. Exorbitant rents are charged and degrading treatment of our representatives add to the mockery and sham of diplomatic amenities and common decency is unknown in contacts with officials of the Communist countries. Conversely, and stupidly, we permit the Reds to maintain their embassies, legations, and agencies within our borders, extending naively every facility and courtesy in conso nance with the traditional diplomatic code of ethics and international law. We must recognize that every representative of a Communist country, enjoying our hospitality and the usual diplomatic immunities within our borders, is a provacateur, saboteur, propaganda agent, spy, and potential murderer, for he is thoroughly indoctrinated and fanat ically believes that the end justifies the means. The C h a ir m a n . And yet we extend to their diplomatic corps the courtesies that are denied to us ? General W e d e m e y e r . Exactly, sir. The Communists always maintain a disproportionate number of representatives in any area, while prescribing rigidly a limited num ber of representatives from other countries. The C h a ir m a n . And when you multiply the satellite nations, we are getting very little representation and they are getting a great deal; is that not correct ? General W e d e m e y e r . I agree with that. Yes, sir. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Chairman. The C h a ir m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . May I divert just a moment on the subject matter that you brought up ? General Wedemeyer, it is certainly a great honor to have a great American like you before our committee. I want to thank you for coming here on behalf of, I am sure, all of us. I want to ask you whether or not you are familiar with the hear ing Senator Jenner’s task force held in New York a couple of weeks ago, at which I had the honor to be the chairman, wherein we held a hearing down at the Customs House and we found millions of pieces of Communist propaganda filling a room to the ceiling easily twice the size of this and perhaps three times the size of this room. This propa ganda had been brought in by boat, airplanes, and other modes of transportation and intercepted by our very loyal customs officials there. And I might say we only have four in the huge port of New York. I will ask you if it is not a fact, by virtue of the diplomatic rela tions we have with Russia today, that that permits the influx of this huge volume of illegal propaganda that is coming into this country as of now, sir? General W e d e m e y e r . Senator Welker, in my judgment, it does. I am familiar with the incident or the case that you related. Our pres ent diplomatic status with Communist countries does definitely facili tate the propagandizing of our people, the illicit and clandestine oper ations of Red conspirators, including the entrance of subversive printed matter, which unquestionably is designed to undermine con fidence in our way of life, confidence in our Constitution and Bill of Rights and confidence in our leaders. I would like to relate an experience, Senator, if I may, along the same line. When I was in command of the Sixth Army on the west coast, Mrs. Wedemeyer and I attended in 1950, a local motion-picture show in San Francisco. We were astounded to see an obviously Communistinspired film being shown. When Stalin’s picture was flashed on the screen, which was frequent, the audience applauded. There were nuances and inuendoes, if one analyzed the theme of the picture ob jectively, that definitely glorified the Soviet and depreciated our free enterprise economic system, respect for the dignity of the individual. Similar un-American or anti-American ideas were threaded through this film. Concurrently, Senator Welker, in Korea, American boys were dying to protect American principles of liberty—the freedoms which have made our country great. Accordingly, I protested to the State Department. I wrote a com munication immediately, spelling out this personal experience that I had had in an American motion-picture show, just outside the gates of the Presidio at San Francisco about 2 or 8 years ago. I hope sin- 83 �84 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM cerely that appropriate steps have been taken by our Government to evaluate all foreign films and printed matter entering this country. Senator W e l k e r . I have one more thing, Mr. Chairman. The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . I think Senator Jenner’s committee—and I helped him on the matter—was the first congressional committee to discover the first motion picture in the English version to come to our shores which tried to influence the American people, had it been shown and had it not been intercepted, that our loyal Army was guilty of the in famous germ warfare that they propagandized so heavily throughout this country. And that, I think you will agree with me, General, was by virtue of the fact of our silly diplomatic relations with a country that is determined to destroy ours. General W e d e m e y e r . I agree with you 100 percent, sir. Senator W e l k e r . Thank you, sir. Mr. A r e n s . General, what would be the effect of severance of diplo matic relations on the economy of our Nation? General W e d e m e y e r . Mr. Arens, I think we would have to extend that question a bit to include the economic implications, if we severed trade relations along with diplomatic relations, right? Mr. A r e n s . Yes; i f y o u please, sir. General W e d e m e y e r . American industry is very complex and highly integrated. We do at present go to farflung places for raw materials that are important factors in our expanding productive capacity and its concomitant, our high standard of living. For example, we get manganese, chrome, and tungsten, and we do obtain diverse kinds and quantities of raw materials from remote areas, many of them from countries located behind the Iron Curtain. But I am mindful of the ingenuity and the resourcefulness of the German people when, during both World War I and II, they were denied access to raw materials from remote areas. Yet they carried on a stupendous war effort for a long period of time. I have confi dence in the ingenuity and the resourcefulness of American industry to resort to substitutes and to exploit resources more readily available in lieu of sources behind the Iron Curtain. It would affect our economy but definitely would not be dangerous to our economy; nor would it seriously impair our security if those raw materials from behind the Iron Curtain were denied to us. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Chairman, right on that line----The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . General, you are certainly informed of the f a c t that, while we are doing business with Communist-dominated coun tries, some o f our own local mines, producing lead, copper, zinc, and especially antimony, are shut down, and people are going out of work by virtue of the fact that we are doing busines with these countries? General W e d e m e y e r . Yes, sir; I am aware of that, sir. Senator W e l k e r . And that is a tragic situation for America, I think you will agree with me. General W e d e m e y e r . Yes, sir. I would like to qualify my concurrence somewhat, Senator Welker. I strongly believe in the development of our own resources. Fur ther, I agree with any program designed to keep our American people gainfully employed. However, I am sure you will agree that inter- STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 85 national trade is desirable when it can be carried on advantageously to our own country, whose interest we always must place first. Comity requires that advantage should accrue to the countries with whom we are trading. I would like to conserve our natural resources to a com mensurate degree and thus insure, if an emergency develops, that we would not be dependent upon remote areas, sir. It is my judgment—and I have given considerable thought and study to this problem—that we are not dependent upon outside re sources for a healthy economy in this country if we do as you suggested, namely, utilize our own resources to an appropriate degree and prepare for their immediate utilization in the event of an emergency. Furthermore, sir, I would like to state that there are excellent sources of imported raw materials that have not as yet been developed north of us, m Canada and Alaska, and south of us throughout the Latin-American countries. While paying so much attention to the Far East and to Western Europe and Middle East developments, in my judgment, gentle men, we have neglected to assist in the development of the natural resources of Latin America. Also we have failed to create the good will and mutual confidence that are so essential to cooperation and collaboration through the Latin American countries. The C h a i r m a n . General Wedemeyer, there is a great discussion going on saying that, no, we should not trade with the Soviet and her satellites in strategic materials, but certainly it is all right for us and our allies to trade with the Soviet and her satellites in nonstrategic materials. You, as a great military man, could you help this committee in dis tinguishing between strategic and nonstrategic materials, when it comes to the standpoint of trade ? General W e d e m e y e r . Yes, sir. Strategic materials are those which contribute positively to the political, the economic, the psychological, and military strength of a country. The C h a i r m a n . Where d o y o u draw the line, General ? General W e d e m e y e r . I was coming to that, sir. In my judgment, a country that receives any product from beyond its borders profits thereby and is strengthened in a political, economic, and military sense. Some of our friends, presently carrying on trade with Communist countries justify this by claiming that the products involved could not be interpreted as strategic material. Let us con sider cotton as an example. I f we were to deny cotton to Red China, this would severely hurt the economy of that country and would con tribute to the problems of the Chinese Communist leaders and thus retard or preclude the consolidation of Communist gains in that country. I f the people of a country are not employed, if they cannot obtain the necessities of life, they invariably attribute their difficulties or un employment situation to their political leaders. If they are gain fully employed and can obtain the necessities of life, they also as sociate their more favorable plight to their leaders. In other words, economic stability is a concomitant of political stability. I personally feel that we should not trade with any country that has for its proven objective the destruction of everything we stand for, �86 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM or is scheming and plotting to destroy us. Certainly there can be no justification for trade of any kind or description with countries with whom we are at war or with whom our proven friends are at war. If my firm conviction to the effect that any product imported into a country irrefutably helps the economy—the industry and hence the war effort of that country, is sound and defensible, how can our allies possibly justify trade with such a country. The C h a i r m a n . General, to change the subject a little here, would you help this committee in this respect: What bearing does the Com munist military aggression in the Far East have on the security of the United States ? General W e d e m e y e r . Sir, about half the population of the world, 1,200,000,000 people, live generally throughout the Far East. Only a fringe, only a veneer of those people have an education. Approxi mately 80 percent cannot read or write. They want basically food, shelter, and the opportunity to improve their lot and to live in peace. About 400 years ago many Western nations initiated what might be termed the gunboat policy. They compelled those people to trade with them, utilizing the intimidation of force. The orientals have heard stories about this gunboat policy. They have been handed down by word of mouth and have been exaggerated, of course, with the retelling. Furthermore, and concurrently over the past few centuries, western powers colonized and planted their flags in various parts of the Far East. They demanded and received preferential treatment. Economic exploitation and colonization by western powers are two developments m the Far East that the orien tals are really determined to eliminate. It is not communism, nor is it democracy, that they understand or fear. A strong nationalism is running rife in the area, and Commu nist propaganda has skillfully given impetus to this.^ Militarily, to return specifically to your question—if you will retain the information I have just given as background—militarily the teem ing millions of people, if oriented toward the Kremlin, would provide the Soviet Union with a vast reservoir of manpower which they could and would undoubtedly use to implement their sinister plans. The people in the Far East, the soldiers when fed, led, trained and equipped properly, make valiant fighting men, excellent soldiers. Therefore, manpowerwise, if the Far East were to fall under the aegis of the Soviet, a great advantage would accrue to the Soviet as against the free nations. I f the Communists capture all of Asia, southeast Asia, our own military security would be somewhat jeopardized. However, assum ing that we retained control of the bastion along the littoral, extend ing from the Aleutians down through the Japanese Islands, Okinawa, the Ryukyus, the Philippines, and then on down through the Micronesian and Melanesian Islands, the Reds could be blocked off effec tively if they attempted military operations to the east and south. I must emphasize that our security, if we retain that bastion, would not be seriously jeopardized. I personally do not believe, gentlemen, in utilizing American boys in ground fighting in any of the military operations on the Asiatic mainland. The free people indigenous to that area, if they want their freedom, if they want to oppose those oriental people who are unfortunate tools STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 87 of the Kremlin, should sacrifice and fight. I would suggest that we make available to them the military equipment and the technical know-how to use it, but I would not involve American manhood in that caldron of Asia. I am opposed to sending American ground forces there for that and many other reasons, sir. The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker? Senator W e l k e r . I assume, General Wedemeyer, from that state ment that you do not believe that the American armed services should attempt to fight another Korea wherein they are denied the right to win? General W e d e m e y e r . Definitely not, sir. I mentioned earlier, Senator Welker, that there are four major instruments—if you will pardon the repetition—four major instru ments of national policy available to any country; namely, political, economic, psychological, and military. The intelligent and tiinety use of the first three of these instru ments should preclude the use of the fourth—the military. When the first three fail in providing the security for our country, in the final analysis we must resort to the military, of course, still utilizing the other three instruments of foreign policy, too. Once we resort to military forces, we should give the military com mander clear-cut instructions to win a victory. We should give him the means to win that victory, whatever that might involve. We should provide him with the benefits of American ingenuity and in dustrial might, and instruct him to win in the American tradition, honorably but definitely. We should give him our loyal support in the process. We should not tell him to go to the 50-yard line and not even attempt to kick a field goal from that position and then expect victory. The C h a i r m a n . In other words, General, am I correct in this assumption that we as a nation must be morally responsible for our own commitments on peace and security for this Nation? General W e d e m e y e r . Completely, sir. The C h a i r m a n . And that we dare not commingle troops, commingle command, and so forth, where we morally cannot be responsible for the decision which we once make? General W e d e m e y e r . I agree with that completely, sir. Senator, in my 11 years in the Orient—if this would help you and members of the committee to evaluate the situation there more objec tively, may I add—I do not believe that the Koreans or the Chinese who observe a white man, an American soldier, killing orientals, even though those orientals, for the present at least as I stated earlier, are tools of the Kremlin, that such Koreans or Chinese approve deep in their hearts and minds. Actually they resent the killing of their people by our people, and they don’t comprehend our humanitarian motives. Military force is not the primary answer to the problem in the Far East. I think, again, that the people themselves, if they really want their liberty, should fight for it as our forefathers fought for their freedom here in this country. It will mean more to them, and furthermore we will not be adding fuel to the Soviet propaganda that we are imperialistic in our designs and that we want to reestablish colonies or impose a preferential trade position. �88 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM The C h a i r m a n . In other words, you think that, if they have the heart and will to fight for liberty, the primary responsibility should be Asians fighting for Asia. General W e d e m e y e r . Definitely; I certainly do, sir. Mr. A r e n s . General, the encroachments of communism are grad ually denying areas in the Far East and even in Europe to us. I f not successfully blocked we may be driven back practically to our own shores. What would the strategic implication of such a situation be to our military security and to our economy ? General W e d e m e y e r . Sir, I am not an isolationist. I believe in cooperating and in collaborating with other nations that have objec tives compatible with our own. I want to make it clear, sir, that I am not an isolationist and that I would encourage and welcome mutually beneficial relations and cooperation with any nation that gives irrefu table evidence, tangible evidence, that it has objectives compatible with our own and will make a proportionate contribution toward the accom plishment of these objectives. I do not suggest that other nations should change their form of government, their economic philosophy, their customs, and their tradi tions—not an iota. I do maintain that I would be willing only to cooperate with those nations when they give evidence of sincerity of purpose and determination and willingness to cooperate with us realis tically, to make necessary sacrifices, and to adhere faithfully to estab lished principles of decency, loyalty, and honor. Now, then, the hypothetical situation that you embodied in your question; namely, a situation whereby we might be driven back to our own shores, both east and west. In my judgment we still could success fully defend our country if, as suggested earlier by Senator Welker, we recognize now that such a situation is a possibility, however remote, and if we create conditions economically wherein we would be inde pendent of sources of raw materials remote from our own country and wherein we would develop the raw materials available through the Latin American countries and also to the north of us in Canada. Economically I believe that we could evolve and maintain a sound economy in this country even though we were restricted to the Western Hemisphere. In some respects we would have to make adjustments. Our standard of living would be affected, but it would be better to tighten our belts and remain free. Militarily, again I believe that we could successfully defend our country and those areas contiguous to our country, either north or south, if such a situation were to develop. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Chairman, may I inquire on a statement made by the distinguished general ? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . General Wedemeyer, I have noted twice in your statement that you have advocated—as I think this entire committee and most all of America do—that we cultivate the Latin American countries, I would like to ask you a very simple question with respect to this. Should we cooperate to the extent that we should send, say, a steel strip mill to a South American country which is under a dictatorship, which has trade agreements with not only Russia but every satellite of Russia, including Guatemala, and accept their word that they 89 should not use this, or they never would use this to hurt the United States of America? This has been a problem in our minds, and I would like your advice upon this because I am informed that, if they do send out from this country a production mill, with which they cannot only produce steel but I believe aluminum, copper, and other strategic metals, the only thing America has to rely on in the event of a breach is that they broke their agreement. Now that is not going to help us very much militarily. I would like your observation with respect to that matter. Let me further say that I read in the press that boatloads of arms and munitions are being sent to some of our neighboring countries in the Latin American area. I wonder if you could help us on that matter, sir? General W e d e m e y e r . I will, sir, express m y views. In the first place, I believe—and I am saying this in a constructively critical manner—that we have not facilitated good relations with the Latin Americans. I think we should have made the effort many years ago. It is unfortunate that we did not do so, and some of the unfor tunate developments in that area can be attributed to the fact that we have not been realistic in building up good relations there. Specifically, with reference to the steel mill in the South American country to which you alluded, I would not put the steel mill there unless I had assurance, irrefutable evidence, that advantage would accrue to my own country. That would be the test, sir, of any aid or assistance that I gave to any country, in any part of the world. That is international realism. Senator W e l k e r . General, if I may interrupt: You are mindful of the fact that at this very moment the Communist conspiracy, Russia, has trade missions not only in Guatemala but in all of our South American and Latin American countries as of this time. That strikes me as being rather dangerous, sir. General W e d e m e y e r . I f the evaluation on the part of our repre sentatives in this Congress, if the evaluation of information along that line indicates clearly that advantages would accrue to the Com munists, our avowed enemies, then I certainly would not collaborate or cooperate with those people. Senator W e l k e r . Then going back to your statement a moment ago, that maybe our economy would be a little bit depressed by virtue of the fundamental law of nature, to wit, the law of self-defense— they might call it isolationism, or whatever they might do—in the event we are forced to our own shores, it might well be that those of us in America trying to support our armed services could well use that strip mill instead of having it overseas; would you not agree? General W e d e m e y e r . Yes, sir. That should be brought out in the careful evaluation of all the implications as I mentioned, sir. I would like to mention one point. As I listened to the questions and as I reflect upon my replies, it might be that we are mentally con juring up a colossus that is overwhelming, that is irresistible and will inevitably destroy us. I am sure you gentlemen are mindful of the fact that behind the Iron Curtain there are defections, dissentions, and many serious problems confronting the Communist leaders, and as these people extend their control, their difficulties mount. They 477 6 9 — 54— p t. 2-------3 �90 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM are having many economic difficulties, far-reaching psychological and political difficulties. I am not optimistic about the future, but I am encouraged when men like yourselves, our representatives in the senior legislative body of the land, are investigating communism and all of its implications, so that you can recommend appropriate steps to responsible leaders and to the American people. The C h a i r m a n . General, on that point: What would be, in your judgment, the psychological impact on the minds of the people of the Iron Curtain countries of a severance of diplomatic relations with the Iron Curtain countries ? General W e d e m e y e r . Senator Jenner, I have never been behind the Iron Curtain. Presently I am chairman of the board of the Tol stoy Foundation. That foundation facilitates the processing of Rus sians who have been persecuted and enslaved behind the Iron Curtain and who have successfully breached the curtain and are now in proc essing stations in Europe or are en route to new lands. Some of them are brought to this country. I have talked to many in this category and obtained interesting information that might assist in answering your question. These stories and, of course, reports emanating from various sources abroad would indicate that the people behind the Iron Curtain, the majority of them, are disillusioned? unhappy, and would welcome the op portunity to overthrow their present leaders. The interpretation that these people to whom I talked would put on such a step—namely, severance of diplomatic relations—would be in my opinion, substantially as follows: That at long last, realism is dictating American foreign policy. The Americans at long last recognize that they cannot carry on the traditional diplomatic exchange of amenities and that now they are going to make it difficult for the Soviet to propagandize their people about the weakness of America or about United States friendship as symbolized by diplo matic representation. Tacit in our present situation, is undoubtedly the belief by the Rus sian people that we are getting along with the Soviet leaders and that they are doing all right, maybe that we even respect them. I am sure the vast majority of the people behind the Iron Curtain want to believe that we do not admire or respect their unscrupulous leaders, that we are sincere in our sympathetic understanding of their terrible predicament. Senator W e l k e r . May I have a question, Mr. Chairman? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . General Wedemeyer, I do not like to take too much of your valuable time, but let me ask this question: Based upon your vast experience in China, I would like you briefly to put in the record some of your experience while you were in China that resulted from the fifth column of the Soviets coming in and under mining the thinking of the people of China. I have had some information with respect to Earl Browder. While you were out there, it seems to me that he had something to do there. Can you relate anything about that? Maybe I am in error. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 91 General W e d e m e y e r . In the first place, for many, many years the Soviet has been training Chinese and other nationals for future use in their world conspiracy. The propitious time arrived in the closing days of World War II. They trained Koreans, Japanese, and Chinese, indoctrinating them thoroughly so that they became fanatical fol lowers of the Marxist doctrine. Each of these well-trained fanatic believers was returned to his native land and became a potential cell or nucleus around which communism was expanded in the familiar pattern of deceit, propaganda, and subversion. Supplemented by propaganda that emanated from Moscow, Yanan, and Vladivostok—propaganda that I, as commander of the Chinese theater, was monitoring, analyzing, and evaluating, these Communist leaders in the Far East, particularly in China, were able to under mine the confidence of the people in the Generalissimo and his government. Furthermore, propaganda was directed against the Allies, for ex ample, the Americans, the British, French, and so forth, to the effect that we all were there as symbols of imperialism and exploitation or colonization. After 8 years of war, with attendant dislocations, disruptions, and so forth, the Chinese people were confused, dismayed, and completely exhausted. They were fertile soil in which to plant seeds of discontent, defection, and subversion. Then the fact that the Truman administration renounced, more or less, the Nationalist Gov ernment of China added to the complete breakdown of Chinese resist ance to the Communist aggressions which were supported by Moscow. To address myself more specifically to your question, Senator Welker, I did know that Browder, also a woman named Smedley, and man}' others----Mr. A r e n s . Is that Agnes Smedley ? General W e d e m e y e r . Yes, sir; and many others visited China while I was there. These alleged Communists were reported to me as being in contact with the Chinese Reds, including Mao Tse-tung and Chou En-lai. I might relate that the Red propaganda against the United States was scurrilous—a pack of lies. I mentioned the fact that my head quarters monitored all radio and press reports throughout the area. Every morning a compilation was on my desk. I contacted the senior American diplomatic official in Shanghai and suggested that he go to the senior Soviet diplomatic representative and demand that this propaganda against Americans be stopped at once. He asked me to accompany him and we presented firmly our protest against such obviously unfriendly acts. The Soviet representative disavowed any connection with the propaganda and assured us that there was a mis take. I showed him a sheaf of reports from the radio and the press all emanating in sources controlled by the Soviets and Chinese Com munists. Actually we lodged this protest, the violent attacks against us stopped for about a week or 10 days, and then resumed with even greater violence. That is only one example of many that I could give you. China actually was primarily conquered by the Communists through skillful propaganda which caused the complete demoralization and broke the will of the people to resist. Senator W e l k e r . I have one more question, Mr. Chairman. �94 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM The C h a i r m a n . General, I want to thank you for taking your valuable time to appear before this committee. We appreciate the testimony you have given us here this morning, and I am sure I speak for the entire committee in that matter. Thank you very much. We will be in recess, to reconvene subject to call of the Chair. (Whereupon, at 11:45 a. m. Thursday, June 10, 1954, the hearing was recessed subject to call of the Chair.) STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM T E D Y JU E 1 , 1 5 US A , N 5 94 U n it e d S t a t e s S e n a t e , S u b c o m m i t t e e To I n v e s t ig a t e t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e I n t e r n a l S e c u r it y A c t a n d O t h e r I n t e r n a l S e c u r it y L a w s , o f t h e C o m m it t e e o n t h e J u d ic ia r y , Washington,D. C. The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10:35 a. m. in room 457, Senate Office Building, Senator William E. Jenner (chairman of the subcommittee) presiding. Present: Senators Jenner, Welker, and Johnston. Also present: Richard Arens, special counsel; and Frank W. Schroeder, Edward R. Duffy, and W. E. Lowell, professional staff members. The C h a i r m a n . The committee w ill come to order. Mr. Caldwell, will you stand and be sworn ? Do you swear that the testimony that you will give in this hearing will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I do. TESTIMONY OF JOHN C. CALDWELL, NASHVILLE. TENN. The C h a i r m a n . Will you state your full name for our record? Mr. C a l d w e l l . John C. Caldwell. The C h a i r m a n . Where d o y o u reside, Mr. Caldwell? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Nashville, Tenn. The C h a i r m a n . What is your business or profession ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . A writer and lecturer. The C h a i r m a n . All right. Proceed. Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Caldwell, you were formerly Director of the United States Information Service in China. Is that correct? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir. That is right. Mr. A r e n s . A t what period of time did you occupy that post? Mr. C a l d w e l l . In 1946 and 1947. Mr. A r e n s . Would you kindly tell us what has been your experience or activity since you relinquished that post? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I was sent to Korea nrst, in the army of occupation, Deputy Director of the Information Services; when the occupation ended I became Deputy Director of the United States Information Service, State Department, and was in Korea in 1950 when the war broke. I returned to this country and have been writing ever since. The C h a i r m a n . H o w lo n g were y o u in China? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I was born there. 9 5 �96 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM The C h a i r m a n . H o w long were you the head of the Information Service in China ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I was head of the China Branch for about a year and a half; the whole China program in China for about 9 months; head of all the Far East operations for about 9 months. Mr. A r e n s . During the course of your experience in the Far East, did you have occasion to acquire experience with the Communist tech niques, Communist propaganda, Communist strategy for the takeover of the Far East? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir, very much so. Beginning in 1946 I made a study of Chinese-Communist methods. Since that time in Korea I made similar studies, and since I left Government service, as a writer and lecturer, I have returned twice within the last 9 months to the Far East and have been very much interested, of course, in the whole subject. The C h a i r m a n . What parts in the Far East did you visit during the last 9 months? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I went to Korea, Japan, China, and Formosa in September and August, last, returned to Formosa and the China coast with the Nationalist guerrillas last December and returned here in January, 6 months ago. Mr. A r e n s . Y o u have been in consultation with the staff of the com mittee with reference to your experiences and have prepared a state ment for insertion in this record, is that correct? Mr. C a l d w e l l . That is correct. Mr. A r e n s . I respectfully request, Mr. Chairman, that this state ment at this point be incorporated in the record and that Mr. Caldwell proceed to highlight the information contained in this statement. The C h a ir m a n . The statement of Mr. Caldwell will go into the record and become a part of the record. (Statement referred to follows:) St a t emen t of Jo h n C. Ca l dw el l , Na s h v il l e , Te n n . A e a s w re s o k d b th g rm w rfa c a e m d b th C m m ric n e hce y e e a re h rg s a e y e o m n ts b th fa t th t e e p o le in e lig te e G a Britain b lie e th s u is , y e c a v n e p n h n d re t e v d ee in d le c a e a a s A e a s Y t th g rm w rfa th m d e n t cre ib h rg s g in t m ric n . e e e a re e e o s o c n titu a y n w p tte o a ti- m ric n a o s te n o a rn f n A e a ctivity o th p rt o th C m n e a f e o m n ts N a 8 y a a o I ta d to a A e a w m n w o h d re e tly u is . e rly e rs g lke n m ric n o a h a cn re rn d fro th s - a d lib ra d a a o C in — e p rtio s o n rth a d tu e m e o c lle e te re s f h a th o n f o n n rth e t. C in th n he b th C m u is . M c n e a n a re o d o ws h a e ld y e o m n ts y o v rs tio , s p rte to th D p rtm n o S te in lu e this s te e t: “S e tells m tha th e e a e t f ta , c d d ta m n h e t e a ti- m ric n c m a n th re h s b e v o u , w lurid p s rs d p tin n A e a a p ig e a e n ig ro s ith o te e ic g GI ra e m rd r, a d ro b ry in d z n o fo s p, u e n be o e s f rm .” T e re o fro w ic tha s n n e w s ta e w s p rt o a 6 - a e s d h p rt m h h t e te c a kn a a f 4p g tu y o C m u is te h iq e a d p p g n a lin s m d w f o mn t c n u s n ro a a d e , a e hile I w s A tin a c g D c r, U ite S te In rm tio S rv e in C in . T e re o w s re a e ire to n d ta s fo a n e ic , h a h p rt a le s d b fly th n re a d o th t b s th t it w u c u e “friction b tw e th rie , e c lle n a a is a o ld a s e en e U ite S te a d th U S S R n d ta s n e . . . .” T e g rm w rfa c a e o la y a a m re a c n u tio o a C m h e a re h rg s f st e r re e ly o tin a n f o m n t p tte w ich w s re e le in th F r E st n a 1 y a a o T e u is a rn h a va d e a a e rly 0 e rs g . h b s p tte s e s n v r to h v b e re o n e , h s n v r b e a e u te a ic a rn e m e e a e e n c g iz d a e e e n d q a ly c u te c d It is m o in n b s d u o y a o re id n e in C a a d o n ra te . y p io , a e p n e rs f s e c hin n K re , th t th C m u is p tte in e s rn A ia h s s u h to im le e t o a a e o m n t a rn a te s a ogt p mn tw b s o je tiv s o a ic b c e : ( ) T c a in A tic th id a th t A e a s ld rs s ilo , a e , a d 1 o re te sia s e e a m ric n o ie , a rs irm n n m rin s a b ta c rru t, im o l. a e re ru l, o p m ra ( ) Utilizing A e a c n e ts o d m c c to d v lo a o g A e a s 2 m ric n o c p f e o ra y e e p m n m ric n th id a th t o r lo ica allies in A ia i. e, th C ia g a d th R e s a e e a u g l s , . e h ns n e h e , re STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 97 h p le s c rru t, d o e s ly o p ictato l, w u ability to c m a d th re p c o their ria itho t o mn e set f p o le . ep s T e c v rn s o th C m u is te h iq e is in ic te b th fa t th t, h le e e s f e o m n t c n u d a d y e c a w e e e p s ib , A e a s h v b e u e in th tra s is io b lts fo th h n v r o s le m ric n a e e n s d e nms n e r e s re d g o th s tw id a . A e a s h v b e u e to d p a in f ee o e s m ric n a e e n s d iscre fe w dit llo A e a s A e a s h v b e u e to d m ric n ; m ric n a e e n s d iscre o r allies in A ia T e p t dit u s . h a te h sp rs te fo n a ad c d . It w s u e to d s y C ia g K i- h k rn a e is d r e rly eae a sd e tro h n a s e ’s in e c o th m in n ; it is still u e a a s him o F rm s . It h s b e flu n e n e a la d s d g in t n o oa a en v o u ly u e a a s S n m n R ig ro s s d g in t y g a liee s c 14. It is p b b th t th s m in e 06 ro a le a e a e te h iq e a u e to m g ify th failings o th F n h c lo ia a m istra c n u s re s d an e f e re c o n l d in tio in In o h a It is m o in n th t th s m p tte will s o e e e n d c in . y p io a e a e a rn o n m rg a a s P sid n M g a s y o th P g in t re e t a s y a f e hilip in p es. B fo g in in deta o h wth s te h iq e h v b e d v lo e I w u e re o g to ils n o ee c n u s a e en e e pd o ld like to p in o t th t th C m u is p tte re e ls d e - e te fe rs o th o t u a e o m n t a rn v a e p s a d a n e p rt o th e e y A e a s a d c d d e p c lly A e a fig tin a f e n m. m ric n re is re ite , s e ia m ric n h g m n b c u e o th fe r th t s b g te p o le will rally to th aid o A e e , eas f e a a u ju a d e p s e f mr ic n ( s th y did in Norlli K re ) w e A e a m as a e o a h n m ric n ilitary fo e c n n rc s o fro t C m u is m o m n t ilitary fo e . T e fe r o A e a in rv n n e e o A e rc s h a f m ric n te e tio , v n f m r ic n s p o is s g a th t th C in s C m u is a e e n win n a g a u p rt, o re t a e h e e o m n ts re v n o u d tin th C in c a t a a w s e ia a ti- m ric n A y le fle . A fe m n s e h a o s re ith p c l n A e a rm a ts w o th a ow g hile visiting a N tio a a n list guerrilla island b s o th C in c a t I w s a e ff e h a o s a a le to s c re s v ra a ti- m ric n le fle ( a d a ro s in tiny b mo b eu ee l n A e a a ts flo te c s a bo tu e ) a d a a c in o e p o s t o a typica le fle to this s te e t bs n m tta h g n h to ta f l a t ta m n in th h p th t it m h b o in re t to th c m itte . T e n e to discre it e oe a ig t e f te s e o m e h ed d A e a s is a o in ic te b th p g m o vilification, im ris n e t, a d m ric n ls d a d y e ro ra f p o mn n w rs , d c d a a s A e a m s n rie . In e d th A e a m s n o e ire te g in t m ric n is io a s d e , e m ric n is io a a d th A e a G s a to h n rs in th C m u is vilification p ra e ry n e m ric n I h re p o o e o mn t a d, a d it is n t difficult to u d rs n w y T e m s n ry h s built fo A e a n o n e ta d h . h is io a a r m ric a d A e a s a tre e d u re e o o g o will, h s laid a fo n a n th t n m ric n m n o s s rv ir f o d a u d tio a c m u is h s n t y t b e a le to d s y A d th A e a GI re re e ts o mn m a o e e n b e tro . n e m ric n p sn still, to th u a d o h p fu A ia s p s ib liberatio a d a n wlife. o s n s f o e l s tic , o s le n n e I sh u like n w to m n n s m le o th C m u is p tte in a tio . o ld o e tio a p s f e o m n t a rn c n In 1 4 - 7I w s a c e to th U ite S te E b s y in C in . D 9 64 a tta h d e n d ta s m a s h a uring th t a p rio U ite S te M rin s w re s tio e in n rth C in . T e p s n e o e d n d ta s a e e ta n d o h n h re e c f th M rin s w s o c u e v o u ly d n u c d b th C m u is . A s rie e a e a f o rs ig ro s e o n e y e o m n ts e s o s rie b g n to a p a in th leftist p s detailing a c s c m itte b f to s e a per e re s tro itie o m d y th M rin s S e ific lly it w s re o d th t M rin s w re u in C in s e a e. pc a a p rte a a e e s g h ee fa e fo ta e p c e T e im o n p in to this s ry is n t th t th rm rs r rg t ra tic . h p rta t o t to o a e C in s p s ca h e e re s rried th s ry b t th t A e a s in S a g a a d in N n in e to , u a m ric n hnhi n ak g w re e u lly g ilty It w s in o c iv b to m th t A e a m rin s o e qa u . a c n e a le e a m ric n a e r so ie w u u e h m n b in s fo ta e p c e I m d a trip to n rth ld rs o ld s u a e g r rg t ra tic . ae o C in in e rly 14 a d p rs n lly in e tig te th situ tio . I fo n th t o e h a a 97 n e o a vs a d e a n ud a n C in s fa e h d b e w u d d b a s y bullet fire fro a M rin ta e h e e rm r a e n o n e y tra d m a e rg t ra g . F m this s n e th a , th s ry h d b e w v n in a firs c s ne ro le d r re d e to a en oe to t- la s s a d l, p s e o b C m u is in p d C in s n w p p rs b A e a c n a a s d n y o m n t- s ire h e e e s a e , y m ric n d p s le b a fe A e a s w o k e e a tly w a th y w re d in . ue d y w m ric n h n w x c ht e e o g T e te h iq e is still b in u e . L st y a a m g z e o n tio a circu tio h cn u e g sd a er a a in f a n l la n p b e a s ry a o t th v s n m e o illegitim u lish d to bu e at u b r f ate GI b b s in J p n a ie aa. I d n t re e b r th e a t n m e g e , b t I b lie e it w s in e c s o o o m m e e x c u b r iv n u e v a xes f 10 0. T e s ry w s o c u e w e c rrie in th J p n s p s . T e 0, 0 h to 0 a , f o rs , id ly a d e a a e e re s h im plication w s clear:A e a so ie a im o l b a ts It w s o ly la a m ric n ld rs re m ra e s . a n st fall th t th truth finally a p a d T e J p n s G v rn e t itself m d a a e p e re . h a a e e o e mn ae c m le s rv y c m g u w th a to ish g fig re o lo s th n 4 0 k o n o p te u e , o in p ith e s n in u f s a ,0 0 n w GI b b s in J p n A r y a o o c p tio , a r th p s a e o te s o a ie aa. fte e rs f c u a n fte e as g f n f th u a d o tro p toa d fro th K re n b ttle n th t is a re o o w ic os ns f os n m e o a a fro t, a c rd f h h w c n b p u . B t fo m n A tic th d m g h s a a y b e d n . e a e ro d u r a y sia s e a a e a lre d e n o e I b lie e it is p s ib e e to p p in th b g n g o this particular C m e v o s le v n in o t e e in in f o m n lin . It firs b g n to a p a in 14. A U ite S te m u ist e t, e a per 96 n d ta s ilitary p lic o e d ta h e t w s s tio e in S a g a a tha tim . B m - 9 6 I n te a e c m n a ta n d hnhi t t e y id 1 4 o d n in re s g n m e o s rie re a in th brutality o A e a M ’s T e c a in u b r f to s g rd g e f m ric n P . h s rie c n u d all th u h 14. In D c m e o tha y a I m d a d ta d to s o tin e ro g 96 ee br f t er ae e ile re o to th D p rtm n o S te q o g n m ro s s rie th t a p a d p rt e e a e t f ta , u tin u e u to s a p e re either in th C in s leftist p s o o e th R s ia - p ra d ra io s tio . e h ee re s r v r e u s n o e te d ta n It is p s ib to tra e th s m te h iq e u e a a s A e a tro p o s le c e a e c n u , s d g in t m ric n os during th o c p tio o K re . T e is a a s a b s u o w ich th e cua n f o a h re lw y a is p n h e s rie c n b built a d m g ifie . T e a a a s in id n w e v r to s a e n an d h re re lw y c e ts h re e 477 6 9 — 54— p t. 2------- i �98 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM la e n m e o tro p a s tio e . T e tra e y is th t th C m u is rg u b rs f o s re ta n d h gd a e o mn t e rt h s s o n re e e a le a s ts fro A e a s a d tha n re l e rt ffo a o fte c iv d b s is m m ric n n t o a ffo h s b e m d to c m a this v io s lin . E ce n c u te ro a a d is a en ae o bt ic u e x lle t o n rp p g n a a a b . It c u b u e b o r o n A e F rc s b o r o n w rs a d v ila le o ld e s d y u w rm d o e , y u w rite n n w p p rm n b th V ic o A e a a d its a e s a e e , y e o e f m ric n ffilia d in rm tio s rv e . te fo a n e ic s I s b it w this s te e t a n w p p r c lu n I w te re e tly c n e in um ith ta m n e sae o m ro cn o c rn g th o ts n in g o d n b A e a s rv e e in K re . T e First C rp e u ta d g o d o e y m ric n e ic m n o a h o s a p te p je t in K re is o e o m n p je ts w ich s o ld b d s rib d m u e ro c o a n f a y ro c h hu e ec e to th w rld It is a s ry w ic m ht h v e tre e fa o b re u in e o . to h h ig a e x m ly v ra le s lts India a d th o e neu list n tio s In K re a n A e a G h v n e th r tra a n. o a lo e m ric n I's a e g e m iv n illions o do rs to a v te s ffe g to rebuild h sp ls a d o h n f lla lle ia u rin , o ita n rp a a e , to reha gs bilita a s ffe g la d O ia fig re ( n th s d n t in te u rin n. ffic l u s a d ee o o c d h n re s o th u a d o do rs s e t o g e w o t o ia k o le g ) lu e u d d f o s n s f lla p n r iv n ith u ffic l n w d e s o th t th m n o th 8 A y in K re la y a c n u d $, 9 , 0 hw a e e f e th rm o a st e r o trib te 1 0 0 2 0 to v rio s c u e in K re . I d n t think th t it. w u b o t o p c t a u ass o a o o a o ld e u f la e o s te th t this re o o giving b A e a s ld rs is b tte th n th re o ta a c rd f y m ric n o ie e r a e c rd o m s o th m m e o th U ite N tio s w o p d e fu d fo th re f o t f e e b rs f e n d a n h le g d n s r e habilitation o S u K re a d w o n wd g their fe t o th fulfillm f o th o a n h o ra e n e ent o f th s p d e . o e le g s A far a I k o this m g ific n s ry o A e a g n ro ity h s n v r s s nw a n e t to f m ric n e e s a ee b e to b o r in rm tio s rv e . It is to in fra m n rv fo e n ld y u fo a n e ic s ld g e ta rm b o r y u n w p p r re o rs in th Far E s e sae p rte e a t. It is a s ry th t c n e d p a d to a a 'b u lic te w e v r A e a mn a s tio e . It is a re d - a e a s e to th h re e m ric n e re ta n d a y md n wr e d c d o vilification d c d a a s A e a fig eae f ire te g in t m ric n htin m n b th e e y g e y e n m. W yd w n t u eth w a o sw p s e s h o e o s e e p n e os s ? T e C m u is h v b e e tre e s c e s l in their s c n b s o h o m n ts a e e n x m ly u c s fu e o d a ic b je tiv , th vilification o A ’s a ti- o m n t le d rs T c e e f sia n C m u is a e . his c m itte h s o m e a b e in tru e ta in u c v rin th o e tio s o th Institute o P c en s mn l n o e g e p ra n f e f a ific R e la n in its e rt to u d rm e th N tio a tio s ffo n e in e a n list G v rn e t. I w u like t o e mn o ld o c n e m s te e t to th a o fin y ta m n e ctivities o o e A e a s fo th m s p rt in f th r m ric n , r e o t a n c n p y rs in th C m u is g m , b t w o ea o e t la e e o m n t a e u h s ctivitie e e n wc n u s v n o o trib te toth s c e so c m u is in th Far E s e u c s f o mn m e a t. L t m c a o c rre c o 3w e s a o to s o h w th c u e o th fre e e ite n c u n e f ek g hw o e as f e e w rldin A iais s b ta e b A e a s o s a o g d y m ric n . T e h s b e c n id ra le C m u is a h re a e n o s e b o m n t ctivity a n th C in c a t d rin lo g e h a o s u g th p s m n . O M y 2, 15, th U ite P s re o d in deta th e a t o th n a 0 94 e n d re s p rte il e C m u is th a to th T c e Isla d . It w s re o d tha all civilians o m n t re t e ahn ns a p rte t w re b in e a u te , w ic w s u tru . T e T c e Isla d w re d s rib d e e g vca d h h a n e h ahn ns e ec e in th U s ry a th “c s ic in a io b g to F rm s .” N s te e t e P to s e la s v s n rid e o oa o ta m n c u b m re fa e T e isla d h v n v r b e a in a n b g to o ld e o ls . h n s a e e e e n n v sio rid e a y p c . B th im licatio is c a th N tio a n la e ut e p n le r: e a n lists a a o t to lo e re b u s their m s im o n C a c a t h ld g ; th d fe s o F rm s is th a o t p rta t hin o s o in s e e ne f o oa re t ee. nd T e U h s p s n d th C in s R d w atre e d u p p g n a v to h P a re e te e h e e e s ith m n o s ro a a d ic ry th u h its in c u te re o g T e T c e Isla d a th le s h a ily ro g a c ra p rtin . h ahn n s re e a t e v d fe d d isla d a n th C in c a t. In e d th d c io to e e a m t a e ne n s lo g e h a o s d e , e e is n v n tte p bu ildup w s n t m d until la D c m e T e to l a a o all 3 isla d in a o ae st e e b r. h ta re f 0 ns th g u is 3. s u re k m te . T e to l p p la n o all th isla d is e ro p 0 qa 7 ilo e rs h ta o u tio f e ns 1, 0. M s o th isla d a n t e e p p la d o g rris n d their d fe s 8 0 5 ot f e n s re o v n o u te r a o e , e ne is e tre e difficult b c u e o th d ta c fro F rm s n a x m ly e a s f e is n e m o o a irfie lds a d ro n rp x im to C m u is air a d n v l b s s T e isla d a o s c rela ity o mn t n a a ae. h n s re f u h tive u n im o n e th t w e I v p rta c a hn isite th guerrilla o tp s a fe m n s a o I did d e u o ts w o th g n t in d th min m itin ry. H wis it p s ib th t th s isla d s d e ly o clu e e y era o o s le a e e ns udn b c m s vitally im o n eo e o p rta t? T e c n b ta e ; b t if th C m u is d hy a e kn u e o m n ts o d c e to in a e w a sh u b a u im o n skirm e id v d , h t o ld e n n p rta t ish a o g th n v r mn e e ee d g sk is e a n th C a c a t will b c m a v to o tre e d u n in irm h s lo g e hin o s eo e ic ry f mn o s im o n e all b c u e o in c u te A e a re o g p rta c , e a s f a c ra m ric n p rtin . A e a a tio in th Far E st h s b e h m e d fo a d c d b c u e th m ric n c n e a a e n a p re r eae eas e C m u is h v b e s p m ly s c e s l in p is n g th m d o A e a s o m n ts a e e n u re e u c s fu o o in e in s f m ric n a a s th v ry le d rs in A w o h v h d th c u g to fig t c m u is . g in t e e ae sia h a e a e o ra e h o mn m A d A e a s h v h d ala e p rt in th c m a n A e a w rs c rre n m ric n a e a rg a e a p ig : m ric n rite , o s o d n , e e a fe m s n rie . p n e ts v n w is io a s I b lie e th t 7 p rc n o th e ito — e s a e a d m g z e in A e a e v a 5 e e t f e d rs n w p p r n a a in — m ric a s p ju ic d a a s C ia g K i- h k a d S n m n R e a individuals re o re d e g in t h n a se n yg a he s th t h n s c v ra eo F e A ia is a o t im o s le a o e t o e g f re s lm s p s ib . S c la A g s I h v m d tw trips to F rm s a d h v h d a o p r in e st u u t ae ae o o oa n a e a n p o tu ity to s d th N tio a rural re o s c n p g mo tha isla d It n tu y e a n list c n tru tio ro ra n t n. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 99 is a m g ific n e rt; it m ht w ll b a blue a n e t ffo ig e e prin for A ’s s lv tio . T e t sia a a n h JC R p g m a it is c lle , is a joint S o A e a o e tio . U to 9 R ro ra , s a d in - m ric n p ra n p 0 p rc n o th fu d u e o th h n re s o p je ts is lo a mn y L s e e t f e n s s d n e u d d f ro c c l oe. es th n $4m a 1 illion in a p p te A e a do rs h s b e u e in a p g m p ro ria d m ric n lla a en sd ro ra th t h s b u h rea la d re rm to th p o le a d h s re o tio iz d rural a a ro g t l n fo e ep n a v lu n e life o F rm s . A e a p rs n e to l just 1 e p rts H re to m m d n o oa m ric n c o u l ta 3 xe . e y in is fo ig aid a its b s its s c e s b s d u o c o e tio a d lo l initiative re n t e t, u c s a e p n o p ra n n ca ra e th nu o v s h n o ts th r a p n a t a d u . W e I re rn d to this c u try I ta e to a n m e o e ito a o t th hn tu e on lk d u b r f d rs b u e F rm s s ry O e e ito im e ia ly c u te d w a p s e s te e t: o o a to . n d r m d te o n re ith o itiv ta m n “B e e b d k o s all th F rm s n h te C ia g T e w s eit : U re ut v ry o y n w e o oas a h n .” h re e e n a s n d p ju ic , a blind re sa toe e listen to th truth— n th o ts n in o e re d e fu l vn e a d e u ta d g C m u is s c e sin th Far E s o mn t uc s e a t. T e C m u is p g m to d h o m n t ro ra iscredit th C ia g a d th R e h s b e e h us n e lie s a e n e tre e s c e s l; it h s h m tru g A e a p lic in A ia T e p g m x m ly u c s fu a a s n m ric n o y s . h ro ra lias b e diabolically c n e e , its s c e s d e to C m u is ex lo tio o th en o c iv d ucs u o m n t p ita n f e v ry prin e ciples w ic w b lie e in W ta e fo g n d th t o r fre d m h h e e v . e k r ra te a u eo s sh u b a d c n b a p d all o e th w rld W dislike c rru tio , c a s o ld e n a e p lie vr e o . e o p n h o. B w a s m n n iv A e a s a ro d fo th first tim , c n o u d r ut h t o a y a e m ric n , b a r e e ant ne s n is th t A is e e in fro m d v lis . H w c n w h n s b m ta d a sia m rg g m e ie a m o a e o e tly la e N tio a a n list C in fo s m o its ills, if w realistically a p is th h a r o e f e p ra e e p b m o th t la d th la k o c m u ic tio , illiteracy, s p rstitio , y a ro le s f a n , e c f o m n a n ue n e rs o civil a d fo ig w rs H wc n w h n s e p c K re to e e e o e f n re n a ? o a e o e tly x e t o a m rg v r n ight a a m d l d m c c — fte 4 y a o J p n s d m a n in w ic s o e e o ra y a r 0 e rs f a a e e o in tio h h e e v s e o K re n le d rsh w s d s y d o d e in e ile H wc n v ry e tig f o a a e ip a e tro e r riv n to x ? o a w e p c S u K re , fa e w a m n m n C m u is A y w th u e x e t o th o a c d ith illio - a o m n t rm , ith o s n s o guerrillas a d s b te rs w ad f n ao u ithin its v ry b rd rs to h v to a all o e o e , ae dy f th fre d m w A e a s h v d v lo e during 15y a ? e e o s e m ric n a e e e p d 7 e rs T e C m u is h v m d u e o A e a n iv te to s p is n th m d h o m n ts a e a e s f m ric n a e o o o e in s o e ito , w rs, a d p b e a d F re n S rv e p rs n e th t it is f d rs rite n u lish rs n o ig e ic e o n l a difficult to m k a h n s d c io to a o e a e n o e t e is n d y n ithe N tio a r a n list C in o K re . h a r o a T e D p rtm n o S te like o r c u , o e te o a b d o p c d n h e a e t f ta , u o rts p ra s n o y f re e e t. W e it is n c s a to dra a c b o in hn e e s ry ft a le f stru tio s, a o e g e in th c n n ffic r o s to e file to s e w a h s b e d n , w a h s b e re o d a d a v e p v u ly s e h t a e n o e h t a e n p rte n d is d i'e io s . T e file a s c e to a w h s re ta k d d y ith a ti- liia g a ti-N tio a n C n, n a n list m te l. T e a ria h s m situ tio p v ils w a e a n re a ith re p c to S n m n R e . Until s v ra y a set yg a he e e l e rs h v pse d a e a s d uring w ich w h v o je tiv , a ti- o m n t re o g it will b h e a e b c e n C m u is p rtin e difficult to e p c d c io s a d a tio s fa o b too r frien s in A ia x e t e is n n c n v ra le u d s . N w p p rs m g z e , a d b o p b h rs s ffe in a sim e s a e , a a in s n o k u lis e u r ilar m n e F r a n r. o y a E g r S o w s a p m e t e ito o th S tu a E e in P s His e rs d a n w a ro in n d r f e a rd y v n g o t. p - h e e C m u is b s is w ll k o n B w a h s n t b e re o n e ro C in s o m n t ia e n w. ut h t a o e n c g iz d is th in e c h left b h d T e “b d o p c d n h b q e th d h s e flu n e e e in . h o y f re e e t” e e u a e a u d u te ly h d a p fo n e c u o th P s s le tio o a le . A fa nob d a ro u d ffe t p n e o t’s e c n f rtic s s r a I k o th reh s n v r b e ab s selling o e e m d ra ly w ll selling h o s nw e a e e en et r v n o e te e ok o th Far E st b sica fa o b to o r lo ic l a s. T e e h v b e n e a a lly v ra le u g a llie h i- a e e n n m ro s b o s o th o e s e T e e titles h v b e v o u ly p m te u e u o k n e th r id . h s a e e n ig ro s ro o d a d h v s ld w ll. T n ae o e his h s b e th p tte s c T u d r O t o C a e n e a rn in e h n e u f hina b y W hite a d J c b b c m a b s se r a d a B o - f- e M n C b s le tio n aoy ea e e t lle n o k o th - o tli lu e c n in 14 until th m s re e t e rt to s e r C ia g b o w e a p a d in th 95 e o t c n ffo m a h n o k is p e re e fo rm o a b o titled “A Pail o O s rs b V rn S e e P b f ok f y te ” y e n id r. u lishe la fall, d st this th ro g ly d h n s b o re e e ra e re ie s In th S tu a R v wo o u h is o e t o k c iv d v v w. e a rd y e ie f Literature it w s re ie e b o e P t Fra w o s te th t th b o c s “a a v wd y n a nk h ta d a e o k a t bright light thrust in th in c d p rito e m o F rm s * * * it is a tru to e fe te e n u f o oa e light.” M Fra r. nk s y th t th N tio a as a e a n lists a rightly d s rib d a “s in ” re ec e s w e a d c n lu e his re ie w th s te e t th t a y n w o re d A Pail o n oc ds v w ith e ta m n a n o e h as f O s rs will u d rs n “w y all o o r m n y a d all o r mn c n p t C ia g y te n e ta d h f u oe n u e a ’t u h n K i- h k to e e a a .” A o p b h d la fall, F rm s B a h e d b a se g th r g in ls u lis e st o oa e c h a y G ra in F e ld e itch is afa tu l, h n s a c u t o th tre e d u p g s m d o c a o e t c o n f e m n o s ro re s a e n F rm s , o th p m e this p g s h ld fo th m in n o C in . M . o o a f e ro is ro re s o s r e a la d f h a rs Fitch’s b o h s b e ig o d b th re ie e , h s s ld le s th n 3 0 c p s o k a e n n re y e v w rs a o s a . 0 o ie . 0 T e p ju ic e te d in p rc a e o b o s n t o ly fo U ite S te h re d e x n s to u h s s f o k , o n r n d ta s in rm tio libraries, b t fo libraries in this c u try T e Library J u a fo a n u r on . h o rn l is am g z e d v te ton w o library d v lo m n in A e a w acircula a a in e o d e s f e e p e ts m ric ith tio la e lim n rg ly ited to libra ns. E c is u d v te c n id ra le s a e to ria ah s e eo s os e b pc e a a n o re e t b o s E c e a a n g n ra e d w a s te e t v lu tio s f c n o k . a h v lu tio e e lly n s ith ta m n re o m n e o n t r c m e d d A s d o this m g z e re e ls s m c m e d d r o e o mn e . tu y f a a in va o e �100 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM sta rtlin fa ts a o t w a b o s a b in re o m n e to libra g c b u h t o k re e g c m e d d ries. F r in o s n e D J m s B rn a ’sT eWb o S b e io , w ich d a in c n id ra le ta c , r. a e u h m h e f u v rs n h e ls os e b p rt w th w rk o this c m itte w s n t re o m n e . A b o b L u a ith e o f o m e a o cm edd o k y o is B m ld w ic d n u c s o r p s fo ig p lic , o r s e d gp g ma ro d ro fie h h e o n e u a t re n o y u p n in ro ra b a, o r n g c o A ia w s n t re o m n e . O v u ly F rm s B a h e d w s u e le t f s , a o c m e d d b io s o oa e c h a a n t c n id re a g o b o fo o r libraries;fo a far a I h v b e a le to o os e d od ok r u r s s ae en b a c rta it w s n t e e liste . A s d o th p s y a is u s o this o e s e in a o vn d tu y f e a t e r’s s e f n m g z e re e ls th e te t to w ich s mo e h s g n in in e c g th a a in va e x n h o e n a o e to flu n in e s le tio o b o s fo A e a libra e c n f ok r m ric n ries. A im o n a b o s ig o d o n t s p rta t s o k n re r o re o m n e is th list o th s w ich a r c m e d d T e in d m s cm edd e f oe h re e o m n e . h y clu e o t b o s w ic m k a p a fo re o n n o R d C a o th b s o reality, ok h h ae le r c g itio f e hin n e a is f o a v e u th t w m s n t o n M N h o India, C e te B w s b o , r d is s a e u t o ffe d r. e ru f h s r o le ’ o k th w rk o N rm n C u in , o J s e W e o s f o a o s s f u tic illiam O D u la a all re o . o g s re cm m n e . M T e d re W ite n w b o Fire in th A h s ( g in s le te edd r. h o o h ’s e ok e se aa e c d b th B o - f- e M n C b a d a b o w ic a v e , a o g o e th g y e o k o th - o th lu ) n o k h h d is s m n th r in s, a p a e e t o th C m u is is heartily r c m e d d A a p rt o th p e s m n f e o m n ts e o mn e . s a f e g n ra p tte , E er D v b o B W W reB rn F e is a o re o m n e . e e l a rn lm a is’ o k ut e e o re ls cm edd T e s p truth is tha to a it is w ll n h im o s le fo th truth to b to h im le t dy e ig p s ib r e e ld a o t th Far E s bu e a t. O ly a ha n ndfu o p b h rs a e e w l f u lis e re v n illing to a m t tte p publishin a b o h n s , o je tiv ly fa o b to o r a s. V ry fe m g g o k o e ly b c e v ra le u llie e w aa z e o n tio a circu tio will ca sim in s f a n l la n rry ilar a le . T e situ tio is b c m rtic s h a n eo ing s m w a b tte w n w p p rs b t th d c is still s c e a a s th o e h t e r ith e s a e , u e ek ta k d g in t e N tio a a n lists— n a a s a realistic A e a fo ig p lic . a d g in t m ric n re n o y I d n t m a tois u ab n e d n n ia n o all wow o o en se la k t e u c tio f h rite o th Far E s n e a t. R p rtin o this p rt o th w rld is d u eo g n a f e o iffic lt. A o g o e p b m th re a m n th r ro le s e re th s o la g a e T e C m u is th m e e h v m d e c lle t u e o th oe f n u g. h o m n ts e s lv s a e a e x e n s f e s a n h v m v d in brilliantly a d to a h v their a e ts a o g th itu tio , a e o e n dy ae gn mn e in lle a w w o A e a w rs a m s likely to c m in c n c te ctu ls ith h m m ric n rite re o t o e o ta t. F r y a th C m u is h v h d m n a d w mn w o s e k flu n English o e rs e o m n ts a e a e n o e h pa et a a b to h lp p n fa o b n w a o g A e a w rs O e o their v ila le e la t v ra le e s m n m ric n rite . n f m s p fic n a e ts o e M s K n P n , w s s tio e in C u g in d o t ro ie t g n , n is u g e g a ta n d h n k g urin g th d y o th M rsha m s n S e w s a c e v a io s a a s w e as f e a ll is io . h a ttra tiv , iv c u , lw y illing to he a A e a re o r g t “fa ts lp n m ric n p rte e c .” S e w s c n id re s im o n a h a o s e d o p rta t c n c th t w e I w s s n to C a o a brief in p c n trip b th D p rt o ta t a h n a et hin n s e tio y e ea m n o S te in 14 I w s ru h d fro th p n in C u g in d e t f ta 96 a se m e la e h n k g irectly to h r e h m s th t I c u h v dinn w h r a d c u g t th “fa ts s ig t. o e o a o ld a e er ith e n o ld e e c ” tra h Incidentally th d er e g g m n w s m d w u m k o le g , b m m e inn n a e e t a a e itho t y n w d e y e b rs o th U ite S te E b s y s ff. O th s m trip I s e t 4d y in e f e n d ta s m a s ta n e a e pn as P ip g T e m in e g g m n a n e fo m th re ( y E b s y o ia ) e in . h a n a e e t rra g d r e e b m a s ffic ls w s fo ad n r w H a g H a a o e s o th C m u is o e to H a g a r in e ith u n u , n th r m o o m n t p ra r. un s e k E glish, is s a e a d p lish d a d h d p fo n in e c o e m n pas n uv n o e n a ro u d flu n e v r a y A e a s T e im o n e o b th K n P n a d H a g H a is in ic te b m ric n . h p rta c f o u g eg n un u d a d y th s fa ts H a g a p a d a P n u jo a a v ry im o n C m u is e e c : u n p e re t a m n m s e p rta t o m n t n g tia r:b th H n n a d H n P n a n win G n v , in c a e o C m e o to o uag n u g e g re o eea h rg f o mn p u ist ublic re tio s Y t during a cru l p rio in th Far E st th s 2 la n . e cia e d e a ee p o le in e c d 9 p rc n o th E b s y s ff, fe n w to 9 p rc n o th ep flu n e 0 e e t f e m a s ta d e s 0 e et f e p s crs re s op . T d y th p tte c n o b d v lo e s o e ly T e C m u is p c their oa e a rn a n t e e e p d o p n . h o m n ts la e o e to a o g th C in s , K re n In o h e e n w p p r m n a d w mn p ra rs m n e h e e o a , d c in s e s a e e n o e w w o o r w rs c m in c n c th y infiltrate th U ite S te Infor ith h m u rite o e o ta t; e e n d ta s m tio S rv e w ic o n h s th fu c n o a s a n e ic h h fte a e n tio f s istin fo ig w rs g re n rite . W hile I d n t is u a b n e d n n ia n o all o r n w g th re , I think o o se la k t e u c tio f u e s a e rs it w u b e c e in ly n iv to b lie e th re a n C m u is a o gp s n o ld e x e d g a e e v e re o o m n ts m n re e t A e a w rs a tiv in th Far E s m ric n rite c e e a t. O e re e t e a p is th c s o n c n x m le e ae f W illiam P w ll, fo e O I o ia in C in , la o e rm r W ffic l h a ter e ito o th C in R v w d r f e h a e ie , w o s y d o in C a a r th C m u is to k o e a d u e his p p r to h ta e n hin fte e o m n ts o v r n s d ae a c his o n c u try a n typica C m u is lin s I h v s e o e is u o tta k w on lo g l o mn t e . ae en n s e f th C in R v w d v te a o t en e h a e ie e o d lm s tirely to A e a a c s, w p tu s m ric n tro itie ith ic re s o in th m s g v s o th u a d o K re n s p o e ly m s a re b h w g e a s ra e f o s n s f o a s u p s d as c d y A e a s ld rs M P w ll a d his w , w o w s a tiv in C m u is m ric n o ie . r. o e n ife h a c e o mn t a ctivitie in C in in 14 a d 14, re rn d to this c u try fro S a g a a s h a 96 n 97 tu e on m hnhi fe m n s a o It m ht b o in re to s te th t I h a a s g e tio m d w o th g . ig e f te st ta a e rd u g s n a e in th Far E st th t th P w ll re rn co c in a it did w th re rn o e a a e o e tu , in id g s ith e tu f A e a P W , w s n t m re b c a c . P rh p th p s n P w ll m ric n O ’s a o e ly y h n e e a s e re e t o e a s n e t is to g id th a s ig m n u e e ctivitie o th s - a d p g s iv s a o g th s f e o c lle ro re s e m n e P W. O ’s I think it im o n to call a n n to a o e m o te h iq e d v lo e p rta t tte tio n th r in r c n u e e p d b th C m u is in A ia T e A e a w o s e k a n tiv la g a e th y e o m n ts s . h m ric n h p a s a e nug— e s n o m s n ry p re ts b rn in C in , for in ta c — a a a s b e th o f is io a a n o h a s n e h s lw y e n e s e ia ta e o th C m u is . T p c l rg t f e o m n ts his h s b e e p c lly tru o A e a s a e n s e ia e f m ric n w o s e k flu n C in s . E e e rt is m d to se s c A e a s o th h pa e t h ee v ry ffo ae ll u h m ric n n e C m u is p in o v w T e p g mb g n d o m n t o t f ie . h ro ra e a uring th w r a d w s d c d e a n a ire te a th s o u e p y d b th D p rtm n o S te o in th O I. I k o fro t o e f s m lo e y e e a e t f ta r e W nw m p rs n l e p rie c tha e e e rt w sm d toin o trin teu fo w w rec n e oa xe ne t v ry ffo a ae d c a s r e e o sid re "C a e p rts a d th s w u , a c rd g to th C m u is , h v w e e d hin x e ” n u o ld c o in e o m n ts a e id in e c in o r G v rn e t a d a o g th A e a p o le It is m o in n flu n e u o e mn n mn e m ric n e p . y p io th t m c o th in o trin tio , m c o th sellin w s th fu c n o th a uh f e d c a n uh f e g, a e n tio f e IPR. A far a I w s p rs n lly c n e e th c m a n e e w n s far a s s a e oa o c rn d e a p ig v n e t o s o utright p p s n to e g g in q e tio a le a tiv s. T ro o itio s nae us nb c itie his te h iq e is cn u still e p y d a a s th A e a E b s y o ia o th U IS e p y e w o m lo e g in t e m ric n m a s ffic l r e S m lo e h s e k K re n o C in s . H w v r, a far a I k o , this d n e h s n v r pas o a r h ee o ee s s nw agr a ee b e re o n e b o r a th ritie e n c g iz d y u u o s. T e C m u is te h iq e w ic I h v m n n d m y s e o v u . u I h o mn t c n u s h h a e e tio e a e m b io s b t d n t b lie e th im o n e o th s te h iq e h s e e b e re o n e . T e o o e v e p rta c f e e c n u s a v r e n c g iz d h C m u is h v b e s s c e s l a to virtually p ra z A e a jx lic in o m n ts a e e n o u c s fu s a ly e m ric n o y A ia O r frien s in A s . u d sia a b c m g m re a d m re c n s d T e h a re e o in o n o o fu e . hy er o r o re e te a n u c m n o v o u a ti- o m n t p lic . T e th y u ft p a d n o n e e ts f ig ro s n C m u is o y hn e d c v r th t n b o in A e a c n b c m a g o se r if it is fa o b to is o e a o ok m ric a e o e o d lle v ra le o r frie d . T e h a u talk o s p in c m u is in A ia th n w n e w y u ns hy er s f to p g o m n m s , e odr h p licy fo id aid to th 10 0 N tio list guerrillas a d re u rs g rriso in o rb s e 5, 0 a na 0 n g la a n g th isla d a n th C m u is h ld C a c a t. T e w n e a th h n s e n s lo g e o m n t- e hin o s h y o d r t e o e ty o A e a re o g w e th le d g n w m g z e in A e a re o o e f m ric n p rtin h n e a in e s a a in m ric p rts n w e tha P sid n S n m n R e h s ru le ek t re e t y g a h e a th ssly s m e o t all o p s n ta p d u p o itio prior to th K re n n tio a e c n th n re d a fe w e s la e o a a n l le tio , e a w ek ter th t th a e o p s n s p o e ly s m e o t, w s s c th t R e c u n t g t th m p o itio , u p s d ta p d u a u h a h e o ld o e e a jority s p o h p a fo T e c n o u d rs n h w a A e a c lu u p rt e le d r. h y a n t n e ta d o n m ric n o m nist c n c m to F e C in fo 3d y , m k g n a m t to e e visit th a o e re h a r as a in o tte p vn e guerrilla h ld isla d a d c n th n re o to m e n s, n a e p rt illions o A e a s th t th re f m ric n a e a n N tio a re o a n list guerrillas. It is particularly p z lin fo th fre p o le uz g r e e ep s o A to n te A e a p o c p tio w P e M ister N h , to re liz f sia o m ric n re c u a n ith rim in e ru a e tha th g a bu o w t e re t lk f riting o A ia is fa o b to a m n w o h s d n little n s v ra le a h a oe in th w y o re rmfo his o nc u try a d h s b d d him e a f fo r w on n a lin e self toth rea e lities o c m u is . It is a o t im o s le to u d rs n w y a g a s c e s n f o mn m lm s p s ib n e ta d h re t u c s io o b o sa d a f o k n rticle p isin C m u is la d re rmin C a a e g rly re d s ra g o m n t n fo hin re a e a a d a c p dw n c e te hile th re l la d re rmp g m o F rm s a d S u K re e a n fo ro ra s f o o a n o th o a a ig o d A o e all it is im o s le to u d rs n h w th U ite S te re n re . bv p s ib n e ta d o e n d ta s c n p m te a v s a n in A ia a d n t in d th F e C in s a d th a ro o a t llia ce s n o clu e e re h ee n e S u K re n , th o ly e c e a ti- o m n t fig o th o a s e n ffe tiv n C m u is htin fo e in th Far g rc s e Es a t. H w c n this situ tio in th Far E st b re e ie ? I b lie e th e d g o a a n e a e md d e v e n in o d lo a re tio s w C m u is n tio s w u b th lo ica first se . f ip m tic la n ith o m n t a n o ld e e g l tp W m s s m h wle rn th tota e ut o eo a e lity o C m u is p n , m s re liz th t w a f o m n t la s u t a e a e re a a y e g g d in a d a s g le tha c n u d a h re c to d lo a lre d n a e e th tru g , t o tin e d e n e ip m tic fo a d n e is s n e s . rm n ic ty e s le s I b lie e th g a n w p p rs n w s rv e , m g z e a d p b e o e v e re t e s a e , e s e ic s a a in s n u lish rs f this c u try h v a d ty to s t their h u e in o e m s b m d to re o n e on ae u e oss rd r, u t e a e c g iz th p rt th y h v un ittin e a e ae w gly p y d in C m u is s c e s s la e o m n t uc s e. W m s h v b tte training a d o n tio a o gall w os rv u o es a . e ut ae e r n rie ta n m n h e e s vres In 15 w h d n a 2 0 A e a s a c e to o r h g m s n in S u 9 0 e a e rly ,0 0 m ric n tta h d u u h is io o th K re . P o le w re s n to K re w u th slig te training, w o t e e o a ep e et o a itho t e h st ith u v n a re o c n e tio o th fo e a w rk in A ia T e is still, e e a r m te o c p n f e rc s t o s . h re v n fte th K re n w r, little realistic o n tio fo th m n a d w mn w o s rv e o a a rie ta n r e e n o e h e e u in c u trie like K re , J p n a d F e C in . T e e is little u d rs n s on s o a a a , n re h a h in e ta d ing o th p rt o o r a th ritie th t a m re cle o s n g p e c n b n e a f u u o s a e rk r te o ra h r a e a p rs n o im e s im o n e c n e e o f m n e p rta c , a ithe m k friends o c n m k e e ie r ae r a ae nms for u , c n un ittin s a w gly b c m a link in th c a o C m u is c n p c . eo e e h in f o m n t o s ira y T e is little re liza n o th m n e in w ich th C m u is s iz u o h re a tio f e a n r h e o m n ts e e p n a y d re u b A e a a tio to build their p p g n a line tha A e a s n is p ta le m ric n c n ro a a d t m ric n a a b ta c rru t, a d m n y m d p o le T e is fo in ta c a g d re ru l, o p n oe- a e p . h re r s n e lle e ly a v s p stitu n ring in o e tio in O in w w 1- a d 1 - e r o girls a t ro tio p ra n k a a ith 5 n 6 y a- ld b u h in O in w fro o ro g t to k a a m utlyin isla d to s i’v e A e a s ld rs It g ns e ic m ric n o ie . h s b e re o d to m tha s m o th A e a A y p rs n e a s p o e a e n p rte e t o e f e m ric n rm e o n l re u p s d 101 �102 103 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM to b in o e in th o e tio o this rin . In e d it w u b im o s le fo e v lv d e p ra n f g de, o ld e p s ib r s c a ring to c n u u le s A e a s a in o e . T uh o tin e n s m ric n re v lv d his is th ty e o e p f a m n n th C m u is n e a d u e to d m u itio e o m n ts e d n s iscredit u ; b t I h v b e s u a e en in rm d th t th tru situ tio is th t th A y h s m d n e rt to s m fo e a e e a n a e rm a a e o ffo ta p o t th p stitu n b s e s in O in w . u e ro tio u in s k a a T e U ite S te m s e e b c re l o th m n e in w ic its o ia h n d ta s u t v n e a fu f e a n r h h ffic ls a d e p y e live, fo high living is grist fo th C m u is m n m lo e s r r e o m n t ill. T e m n h a n r in w ich A e a p rs n e lived in K re in 15— e h u e , fre e h m ric n e o n l o a 90 fre o s s e utilities, c t- te g s lin , fre s rv n for a lo g p rio — a tim a d tim u ra ao e e e a ts n e d ws e n e a a u e b th C m u is to p v their c n n n a o t u . A d a th g in s d y e o m n ts ro e o te tio s b u s n t e risk o s u d g p d , I m h s y tha th h a y drinking, c c ta ty e f o n in ru ish ig t a t e ev o k il p o s c ty e c u g d b th S te D p rtm n a ro d d e n t in a y w y f o ie n o ra e y e ta e a e t b a os o n a he u in o r fig a a s c m u is . lp s u ht g in t o m n m Finally, I b lie e th b s p s ib o n tio fo A e a s w o a to e v e e t o s le rie ta n r m ric n h re s rv in this crisis in th Far E s w e e th y b d lo a , p in 4e p rts e e e a t, h th r e e ip m ts o t xe , o n w p p rm n w u b a re s e c u e in A e a h to . A e a s r e s a e e , o ld e fre h r o rs m ric n is ry m ric n a justifiably p u o th re l d m c c w h v d v lo e . B tha v ry re ro d f e a e o ra y e a e e e p d ut t e p e is u e a a s u b th C m u is . Insidiously th y p in o t th t rid s d g in t s y e o m n ts e o t u a S n m n R e o C ia g K i- h k d e n t a w this o th t. B h wm n y g a h e r h n a s e o s o llo r a ut o ay o u re lize th t o r o n d m c c did n t d v lo o e ig t? T e liberals f s a a u w e o ra y o e e p v rn h h in this c u try o n p in o t th t s m ( e s y m n ) o C ia g K i- h k on fte o t u a o e th y a a y f h n a s e 's g n ra w re d h n s th t q a rm s r s re w re s ld b th g n ra , e e ls e is o e t, a u rte a te to s e o y e e e ls tha th tro p w re s rv d Y t, d t e os e ta e . e uring th Civil W r, th re w re 8, 0 e a e e 9 0 0 d s rtio s fro th F d ra A y o th P to a — e a s th re w re s m n ee n m e e e l rm f e o m c b c u e e e o ay d h n s g n ra w o p c e d th m n y g e th m to p y th tro p a d is o e t e e ls h o k te e o e iv n e a e os n, ra r th n s rv , th tro p d s rte . the a ta e e o s ee d It is n c s a o ly to re d Civil W r histo a a to u d rs n h w im e e s ry n a a ry g in n e ta d o p rfe t w w re ju 7 y a a o M c o th Far E st is e e in still e c e e st 5 e rs g . uh f e a m rg g fro th M m e iddle A e . W c n o e p c c u trie w gs e a n t x e t o n s ith tre e d u p b m n o s ro le s o illiteracy, o c m u ic tio , o s p rstitio , to o e ig t b c m m d l m f f o mn a n f u e n v rn h e o e o e d m c c s A d w all their failings, th g v rn e ts o N tio a e o ra ie . n ith e o e mn f a n list C in h a a d S u K re h v g e their p o le a w y o life a d a g v rn e t im n o th o a a e iv n ep s a f n o e mn m a u b b tte th n a y in o re a y h re b c m u is . e s ra ly e r a n th g ffe d n w e y o mn m It h s b c m fa h n b fo A e a re o rs to b m this in re in a e o e s io a le r m ric n p rte la e te st R ssia a d o r o n p p g n a fa u n u w ro a a d ilure either o S n to J e M C rth o o s n ea r o c a y r n th fa t th t fu d fo S te D p rtm n libraries h v b e c t. T is u r e c a n s r ta ea et a e en u his tte n n e s . S te D p rtm n libraries h v n v r re c e th m s o p o le o s ne ta ea et ae ee ah d e as f e p . T e c o e o b o s a a b h s b e s c a to p v e a u d rs n a le h h ic f o k v ila le a e n u h s ro id n n e ta d b a s e to th a p a o c m u is . n wr e p e l f o mn m T e R s ia s fo in ta c , p rm a y n to tra s te a d m rk t their h us n, r s n e e it n o e n la n a e b o s T e legalistic A e a G v rn e t fro n o a y p b a n n t in ok. h m ric n o e m n w s n n u lic tio o a c rd n e w c p rig t la s Little e rt is m d to p s fo tra sla n co ac ith o y h w . ffo ae uh r n tio s in lo a la g a e . U IS libraries in K re h v n v r ca d b o s in to c l n u g s S o a ae ee rrie ok K re n a d it s e s n v r to h v o c rre to o r G v rn e t tha ro a s in o a n em e e ae cu d u o e mn t y ltie K re n W a w u b u e s either to A e a a th r o p b h r. o a h n o ld e s le s m ric n u o r u lis e It is th n tiv s d n re rn d fro A e a w o m s ea e a e tu e t, tu e m m ric , h ot sily slip in s to A ’s cultural v c u . T sia aum his s d n c ms b c s d e ly to th s u lo o tu e t o e a k u d n e qa r f K re a r living in A e a fo a y a o tw a d e jo in o r s n a o o a fte m ric r e r r o n n y g u ta d rd f living, v w g o r le a p c s e , a d o r fre d m. H fin s it difficult to ie in u g l ro e s s n u eo s e d m k aliving, o ae fttim s im o s le top t his learningin p c e I ta e too e e p s ib u to ra tic . lk d n s c b r, d u h itte isillu ned, drifting s d n H m d a re u s tha w u s o k sio tu e t. e a e qet t o ld h c th D p rtm n o S te “C n y u s n m a h n s histo o A e a ” e e a e t f ta . a ’t o e d e n o e t ry f m ric ? h a k d “I k o th t d m c c did n t d v lo o e ig t. I k o y u e se. n w a e o ra y o e e p v rn h nw o h v h d y u p b m , y u c rru tio , y u civil w r. If w K re n c u a e a o r ro le s o r o p n o r a e o a s o ld re d y u h a o r isto a it a a d v lo e w w u n t e p c m c s h re ry s ctu lly e e p d e o ld o x e t ira le e , w w u b m rep tie t.” e o ld e o a n W e will w A e a s re liz th t d m c c c n o d v lo o e ig t, hn e m ric n a e a e o ra y a n t e e p v rn h e p c lly in c u trie to b s b e io a d w r? W e will w re liz th t s e ia o n s rn y u v rs n n a hn e a e a m s o th w rld d e n t re d E g ? W e will w u d rs n th t w a ot f e o o s o a n lish hn e n e ta d a h t m n A tic n e is n t a b ht, be u lly illustrated s ry o A e a a y sia s e d o rig a tifu to f m ric a its b s b t a h n s s ry o o r s g le b fo w b c m a w a — t e t u n o e t to f u tru g s e re e e a e s e re a d o e tha a m th t w a still far fro p rfe t. n n t d its a e re m e c In te d o b m g J e M C rth a d C n re s it m h b w ll to re e s a f la in o c a y n og s, ig t e e mm b r a o K re n p v rb tha s y : e n ld o a ro e t as “We a m n slip a d falls in th river it is fo lish to b m th riv r.” hn a s n to e o la e e e [P ro m th e T o p e k a ( K a n s .) S ta te J o u rn a l, N ovem ber 20, 1953] D i s i l l u s i o n e d A s ia N e e d s H o n e s t B o o k s ( y J h C ld e B o n a w ll) M C ld e a th r o “T e K re S ry a d “C in C a t r. a w ll, u o f h o a to ” n h a os Fam ily” is a fo e S te D p rtm n o ia H w s b rn o th rm r ta e a e t ffic l. e a o n e C in c a t— o o a m s n ry s e k th C in s d le ts h a os s n f is io a — p a s e h e e ia c s o e o F rm s . H a o s e k K re n His p s n re o p k n n o oa e ls p a s o a . re e t p rts fro th Far E st h v s e ia v lu b c u e h c n c m u ic te m e a a e p c l a e e a s e a o mn a w lo a in their la g a e His C in C a t F m is a m jo ith c ls nug. h a o s a ily a r b o c b s le tio fo D c m e o k lu e c n r e e b r. T o k y o .— h o fo T e ld lks a s wto a r their w y in this part o th w rld re lo lte as f e o . It is a o g th y u g th t o e s e startling c a g , a o t a “b m rry to a mn e on a n es h n e lm s e e dy fo to o w w die” a r m rro e ttitu e T e re s n fo this is th t fo m n th re d. h ao r a r ay e s e sn o t, n p a ein sig t, n fu re w rth w itin o p p rin fo em o u o ec h o tu o a g r re a g r. T e C m u is a q ick to s n e th cultura v c u , q ic to c p liz h o m n ts re u es e l aum u k a ita e o th m ra a d spiritual b a d w . T n e o l n re k o n heir a p a h is d u le b rre d p ro c o b - a le . T e a p a to th o p o le b p in g o t im hy pel e ld e p y o tin u perialistic A e a a th c u e m ric s e a s fo th m ra b a d w o th y u g F r th y u th re is a H o o p p r e o l re k o n f e o n . o e o th e o d f ro a g n a o rin h p fo th h p le s a fu re fo th s n wlo in u c rta ty a d ffe g o e r e o e s , tu r oe o st n e in . N w e th n a o g J p n b o s re c n o e s e b tte h w th C m u o h re a m n a a ’s o k to s a n e e r o e o m n ts a a c d b th v c u . T e C m u is h v o e e their first is re ttra te y e a u m h o m n ts a e p n d le d g library in T k o C m u is b o s b th h rd b c e a d in x e s e n in oy . o mn t o k, o a - akd n e p n iv e itio s a a a b th u h u J p n P e a ta re to fit th p c ed n , re v ila le ro g o t a a . ric s re ilo d e ok t b o ; in a s d n d ok tu e t istric h n s m ly b u d b o s fro R s ia c n b b u h t, a d o e on ok m us a e ogt fo a q a r. T e s m b o m y sell fo 2o 3tim s a m c in a w ll- - o r u rte h a e ok a r r e s uh e to d n ig b rh o . U S N w m g z e re o th t 2b b o s T e W rk o J e ho od . . e s a a in p rts a ig o k h o s f . V S lin a d P b m o L n is , h v s ld 5 ,0 0a d 6 ,0 0c p s re p c . ta , n ro le s f e in m a e o 0 0 n 0 0 o ie se tively a 5 c n p r c p . t 5 e ts e o y [F ro m th e S h a n g h a i E v e n in g P o st, S h a n g h a i, M onday, J a n u a r y 2 7 ,1 9 4 7 ] U. S. S. R H i t . for An t i -U n i t e d St a t es Tr end Her e ( yP B aul H rris n a o) W a s h i n g t o n , J n 26.— u s n p p g n a in th Far E s d c d c ie a. R s ia ro a a d e a t, ire te h fly a a s th U ite S te , is m in re p n ib fo th m u tin a ti- m ric n g in t e n d ta s a ly s o s le r e o n g n A e a fe lin , th S te D p rtm n w s in rm d to a . e g e ta e a e t a fo e dy J h C C ld e U ite S te p b a irs o e in S a g a h s re o n . a w ll, n d ta s u lic ffa ffic r h n h i, a p rte to th S te D p rtm n th t th S v t ra io s tio s n w p p rs a d o d e ta e a e t a e o ie d ta n , e s a e , n b o s a bitterly a c in th U ite S te in C a a w ll a in E s rn o k re tta k g e n d ta s hin s e s a te E ro e u p. C ld e s id th t th R s ia s m in in a ra io s tio in S a g a w ic a w ll a a e us n a ta d ta n hnhi h h a o n e itself a th “V ic o th S v t U io ,” d s ite th C in s G v rn nucs s e o e f e o ie n n ep e h ee oe m n b no fo ig s tio s e t’s a n re n ta n . PROGRAMS SLANDEROUS “I h v liste e to s m o its n w p g m a d th y a v ry s n e u . ae nd o e f e s ro ra s n e re e la d ro s A c sa a s A e a a tta k g in t m ric n ctiv in th U ite N tio s a a s o r o c p tio ity e n d a n , g in t u c u a n p licie in G rm n a d J p n a d in rv n n in C in a c m o ,” C ld o s e ay n aa, n te e tio h a re o m n a w ll d c re . e e la d T e A e a p b a irs o e sa th t h h d re e tly ta d to a h m ric n u lic ffa ffic r id a e a cn lke n A e a w m n w o h d re rn d fro Y n n H said: “S e tells m th t m ric n o a h a tu e m ea. e h e a th a ti- m ric n c m a n th re h s b e v o u , w lurid p s rs d p tin e n A e a a p ig e a e n ig ro s ith o te e ic g GI ra e m rd r, a d ro b ry in d z n o w y .” p, u e n be oes f a s FOR HONGKONG BY S H IP SATURDAY C ld e re o d th t a o g th U ite S te , Britain, F n e a d a w ll p rte a lth u h e n d ta s ra c , n A stra a w ll a R s ia h v in rm tio o e in S a g a th R s ia s u lia s e s u s a e fo a n ffic s h n h i, e u s n a ca in o th m s a tiv p g m re rry g n e o t c e ro ra . �104 105 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM H sa th t th R s ia s a publishin fo r n w p p rs a d th t, in a d n e id a e u s n re g u e sae n a d itio , th re a half a d z n R s ia - w e b o s re a d p b h rs in S a g a e re o e u s n o n d o k to s n u lis e h n h i. Y u c rre p n e t is p b b n t w ll v rs d in p y h lo ic l w rfa . or o sodn ro a ly o e e e s c o g a a re B it w u s e to m th t this s ry th m n o e s rie o GI g n ro ity ut o ld e m e a to , e a y th r to s f ee s m ht w b to in th U ite N tio s m ht v ry w ll b b a c s to th ig ell e ld e n d a n , ig e e e ro d a t e w rld b th V ic o A e a o y e o e f m ric . INTELLECTUAL “ SHOPPING” C ld e sa th t th C in s y u is tre e d u ly in re te in th U ite a w ll id a e h e e o th mn o s te s d e n d S te , b t th y a a o in re te in R s ia a d th y a d in lo o in ta s u e re ls te s d us , n e re o g ts f tellect ual s o p g a u d h p in ro n . C ld e w rn d th t th U ite S te o ia n e b tte te m o b a w ll a e a e n d ta s ffic ls e d e r a w rk e tw e th in rm tio a dth d lo a s rv e . e n e fo a n n e ip m tic e ic s [F ro m th e R o a n o k e (V a .) T im es, D ecem b er 8, 1953] W h o W r it e s f o r Am e r ic a ? B J h C C ld e y o n . a w ll [F ro m th e P o n tia c P re s s , F r id a y , D ecem ber 18, 1953] GI’s H e l p Ca k e for Kor e a ’s Ho mel ess, Ma im e d C h il dr en ( yJ h C C ld e B o n . a w ll) J h C C ld e a th r o T e K re n S ry fo e S te o n . a w ll, u o f h o a to , rm r ta D p rtm n o ia tells h wA e a GI’s a w n g th friend e a e t ffic l, o m ric n re in in e ship o th K re n p o le th u h their aid to childre left h m f e o a ep ro g n o e le s o m im d in th K re n w r. s r a e e o a a S oul . T e A e a GI h s d n m n th g fo w ic h h s n v r e —h m ric n a o e a y in s r h h e a e e re e e c d c iv d re it. H m k s n w o ly w e s m th g b d c n b p n d o h . e ae e s n h n o e in a a e in e n im F r in ta c , h c n h a c s d o c a g K re ’s h g a y o “U N o s n e e a e c u e f re tin o a u e rm f . . m d m s ; h h s fa e d m n a illegitim aa e” e a th re ay n ate child, fo w o th re is r hm e a o a n w p ra e in th Far East: “U N B b ” ; h is n t a a s a g o ls e h s e . . ay e o lw y od a b s a o fo A e a m a s d r r m ric . B th o e d y in S w n s u o S o l, I v ut e th r a u o , o th f e u isite a h sp l, 1o th 4 d o ita f e s rv g a p p la n o o e 2m e in o u tio f v r illion. It w s ’t m c o a h sp l, to b s re an uh f o ita e u . B w a th re w s o it w s in o e tio b c u e th m n o a E g e rin ut h t e a f a p ra n e a s e e f n n in e g S rv e B ttalio n a y h d p s n d th h sp l w a gift o $, 0. e ic a n e rb a re e te e o ita ith f 5 0 3 In th s m city th re is a C e a e e hildren’s N utritional C n r— e te built w a $, 0 ith n 8 0 0 gift fro th m no an a ya a e m e e f e rb irb s . N w e is th re a b tte in o h re e e r dica n o A e a A y g n ro ity N w e tio f m ric n rm e e s . o h re c n b fo n ab tte a s e to C m u is c a e o g rmw rfa . I re r to a e ud e r n wr o m n t h rg s f e a re fe th S v ra c H sp l in S o l. e e e n e o ita eu In this A e a m s n ry ho ita th re is a p je t for th a p te s o m ric n is io a sp l e ro c e mu e f K re . It b g n b c u e o th c m a s n o a A e a g n ra It h s o a e a e a s f e o p s io f n m ric n e e l. a d v lo e b c u e o th g n ro ity o th u a d o A e a s ld rs It is e e p d eas f e e e s f o s n s f m ric n o ie . e ie tly a m is re b A e a n rs s d c rs m s n rie o n m ro s ffic n d in te d y m ric n u e , o to , is io a s f u e u fa iths a d ce d . n r es Gn P e . aul K da c m a d g g n ra o th U ite N tio s I C rp , o e en ll, o m n in e e l f e n d a n o s n d y s w a K re n child, b th a s b w o b a m e H w s d tu e a a o a o rm lo n ff y in . e a is rb d b th sig t, e p c lly s c h k e m n o e h d s ffe d sim y e h s e ia in e e n w a y th rs a u re ilar w u d . ons G n ra K e e l endall s n w rd d w th u h d et o o n ro g ivisio , b tta n a d re im n n a lio , n g et a k g d n tio s to he th child a p te s o his c m a d a a T e re p n e s in o a n lp e mu e f o m n re . h sos w s sta a rtlin ; ato l o $6 0 w s ra e in s o o e g ta f 7, 0 a is d 0 h rt rd r. T d y th $ 6 0 h s g w to $ 1 0 a d is h ld in trust in a N w Y rk oa e 7 , 0 a ro n 0 8, 0 n 0 e e o h n . T e m n y is s e t in K re b a in ak h oe pn o a y n terreligio us h a m d u o o rd a e p f C th lic M th d t, P s y ria , a d S v n - a A v n t m s n rie a d a o , e o is re b te n n e e th D y d e tis is io a s n tw A y o e . A tu l o e tio s a c n re in S v ra c H sp l. o rm ffic rs c a p ra n re e te d e e n e o ita T e children a d a u re e e th s rg ry n c s a b fo artificial le s h re n d lts c iv e u e e e s ry e re g a d h o s c n b fitte . T e th y a tra e in th u e o artificial lim s n ok a e d h n e re in d e s f b. W e this training is c m le d th p tie ts o e o g to w rk a ta g t hn o p te , e a n ld n u h o re u h a tra e in w ic their artificial lim s will n t h n ic p th m d h h b o ad a e . T e a 2, 0 a p te s in K re . T ro g th m g ific n I C rp p je t h re re 2 0 m u e 0 o a h uh e an et o s ro c a d th K re A p te S rv e w w ic it is a n e o a m u e e ic ith h h ffilia d th a p te s o th te , e m u e f e la d will b s a d a life o b g a . n e p re f e g ry I w s s n in in fro t o S v ra c H sp l w P u K g u , y u g a ta d g n f e e n e o ita ith a l in sb ry o n P s y ria m s n ry in c a e o m k g artificial lim s w e a K re n re b te n is io a h rg f a in b, hn o a b y in his te n ro e u o a h e H n b d m u te a d w lk d in o es d p n ik . e im ly is o n d n a e to th b ild g K g u tu e to m a d s id w p e “T e is o e o e u in . in sb ry rn d e n a ith rid , h re n f o r h y . W m d his artificial legs;w ta g t him to u e th legs;w h v u os e ae e uh s e e ae ta g t h to m k a living.” u h im ae M C ld e a th r o th K re S ry a d C a C a t r. a w ll, u o f e o a to n hin os F m is a fo e S te D p rtm n o ia H w s b rn o th a ily, rm r ta e a e t ffic l. e a o n e C a c a t, s n o m s n ry s e k th C in s d le ts s o e hin o s o f is io a , p a s e h e e ia c pkn o F rm s H a o s e k K re n His p s n re o n o oa e ls p a s o a . re e t p rts fro m th Far E st h v s e ia v lu b c u e h c n c m u ic te w e a a e p c l a e e a s e a o mn a ith lo a in their la g a e H C a C a t Fam is a m jo b o c ls nug. is hin os ily a r ok c b s le tio fo D c m e lu e c n r e e b r. K o r e a .— o e S e d w R b rt h rro , riting in th S tu a E e in P s re e tly s te e a rd y v n g o t, c n ta d th t all th Far E st d a e a istru sts A e a m ra m ric n o lity b c u e o o r u e o th eas f u s f e a mb m. T to o b his s te e t ra k right a n w a o e c m o ly s e in ta m n n s lo g ith n th r, o m n e n o r b tte p b a n . It is th s te e t th t A e a p s e h s s f u e r u lic tio s e ta m n a m ric n re tig a u fe d a g a b w b c u e o th a re re t lo e a s f e ctivitie o S n to J e M C rth . s f ea r o c a y S e d m y b s e k g fo M N h b t n t fo th re t o A ia R h rro a e p a in r r. e ru u o r e s f s . e c n I h v ta e to h n re s o p o le in K re a d F rm s in their e tly a e lk d ud d f ep o a n o oa n tiv la g a e , a d a o in J p n O ly o e m n o his o n a c rd b u h a e n u g s n ls aa. n n a, f w c o , ro g t u th s b c o M C rth . T p e u je t f c a y his m n w s bitterly critical. H w s a o a a e a ls s a in o S n m n R e . H p u ly a n u c d th t h w s a n u list. c th g f y g a h e e ro d none a e a e tra T e A e a c rre p n e t w o re o th t th Far E st is s s ic u o h m ric n o s o d n h p rts a e a u p io s f u b c u e o o r u e o th A b m o b c u e o S n to M C rth is sim ly s eas f u s f e -o b r eas f e a r c a y p n t re o g all th fa ts o p rtin e c . T e is in e e c u try a thin la e o in lle a w o m k s c s te h re v ry o n y r f te ctu ls h a e u h ta m n . G n ra th s s m p o le a v c te tra e w R d C in , re o n e ts e e lly e e a e e p doa d ith e h a cgi tio fo th C in s C m u is , a d their s e d s a g in th U ite N tio s n r e h e e o m n ts n p e y e tin e n d a n. M n b lo g to th t b w e d n wg u w o call th m e e n u lis . ay e n a e ild re e ro p h e s lv s e tra ts T e w g o s m A e a c rre p n e ts a b w e g to m n h ritin s f o e m ric n o s o d n re e ild rin ay o n ls A b s d re o r c n u a fin s m fa ts to b ls r his v w . rie ta . ia e p rte a su lly d o e c o te ie s T e a bitter a d d s tis d p o le e e w e . h re re n is a fie e p v ry h re B t to m n o n ls it s e s tha A e a s sh u a m t to g t all th u a y rie ta em t m ric n o ld tte p e e fa ts fro p o le re re e tin all g u s b fo risking g n ra a n . c m ep p sn g ro p e re e e liz tio s I did n t fin a sin le o n l w o h d lo t faith in o r m ra o d g rie ta h a s u o lity b c u e w eas e h v u e o m ht u e th Ab m. In e d I fo n th o p s to b tru . a e s d r ig s e -o b de, u d e p o ite e e P rh p this w s b s e p s e b a e u a d K re n w o s id : “M w a d e as a e t x re s d y n d c te o a h a y ife n I a w o t m c h p . F r o r children th re is h p fo w e p c to g t re ith u u h oe o u e oe r e xet e th mto A e a F r u , m y e 5m re y a , o p rh p 1. T e all will b e m ric . o s a b o e rs r e a s 0 h n e lo u le s y u a willing to u e y u a m s n th u le s y u re liz tha it st n s o re s o r to ic tre g , n s o a e t is s n th a n tha th o e s e u d rs n s tre g lo e t e th r id n e ta d . T e o n ls a re listic, a d in their e e it is n t im o l to u e m x u h rie ta re a n ys o m ra s a im m s n th a a s a e e y F r th m d a b m c in g n o c n e tio a tre g g in t n n m. o e e th y a h e u r ovn nl b m sis e u lly p rm n n A d a o eK re n w rk gin a o h n g w e o b qa e a e t. n s n o a , o in n rp a a e h re 12 children w re b rn d to d a b jellied g s lin b m s ( ro p d fro 5 e u e e th y ao e o b d pe m A e a p n s p in d o t, “th re a d a s m re painful th n d a fro m ric n la e ) o te u e re e th o a e th m a Ab m. A le s th t is in ta ta e u .” n -o b t at a s n nos T e is a tre e d u n e fo h n s re o g fro th Far E s a difficult h re m n o s e d r o e t p rtin m e a t, s a th t is to a c m lis . T e sh llo ju g e ts o m n c rre p n e ts w s s a co p h h a w d mn f ay o sodn a e p s e fo m o e m rn g a b a fa t in th Eighth A y c rre p n e ts x re s d r e n o in t re k s e rm o s o d n ’ billet in S o l. eu A re o r fo o e o A e a la e t n w a e c s h d his s lu n fo all p rte r n f m ric ’s rg s e s g n ie a o tio r o r p b m in th Far E s u ro le s e a t. “W a th Far E st n e s s id m b a fa t c m a io , “is th e g o h a ht e a e d ,” a y re k s o p n n re o d e rt a cks: o efo C ia g K i- h k o efo M e C ia g o efo S n m nR e .” tta n r h n a se, n r in . h n , n r yg a he It is tim w b g n to a s e th q e tio s W o s e k fo A e a Wo e e ea n w r e u s n : h p a s r m ric ? h w s fo A e a rite r m ric ? 47769— 54— p t. 2------- 5 �106 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STBATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM !J8 i* K t» A i-' lt ft K U l# i i ' J « W W ft A *4. S | *Ms j£~ « .h si sfi a w * a a ft # ;pw w sx se * &c 01 m a -1 « « ; * & ; a stj b a w *! »®a» a * a f t # « a wj a m * * » m as,* ?? n m m « - t « » » i » an7 01 t >« si- 7 «. as« w a $ m t w >& « * n # *#m a a •» #1« * » « w » = sa ®a 4 & 5 » ss # « it -e & * t« »hi r 011® m & a f ts s > i i W:-i- & m i « U 17 » S S « j — S i f t H « f t f t Mitt »* — 8* ' a « Si m £ 7 f t S4 > # »H 8 IS ss > ss <? % t& » * jfc 1? •M A tti- ' A il"iJ4 ' A . ® ■a -a t: m* « sb « te jb « a 9 >“ m 69 -in tt is w m » » * a s + u n 1 «t © IW£ «t =h SI «£ » ~ Ji IS 89 12 -i tjf > v-j |‘5 * >- B 1% «$ -T B » ' - i! ± $L s i ¥ 4> « * £ « m w > m s: ffi fj «s >fr=cs at as 'a e » « ' S u m s * & * « # ' l k « i » 5pf5s« ’ sS vW *; A A j'; S & Jit w% u •*. BSWK-A58 i t us « A ;fi JiSt iS A Jill IS « ft'3 Jf$ £',-; i4 , SS fill in JlJt •'52 “ 69 i£ Sf <£• Ss & sA ft « 1 ? .# -* •,ii Hi ift (m fc « '* « » « ;k IT = ri A fe as « ,i v.>1 $ ■ i* Sii fe i" I i* ,? si1v? 7 « © | 5 H5S W ft'gsS fiH A ’ KSiJn-® 1 jitiHsm »± «9i ;+ i~ < tM 7 a m a r m & * * »r «t < jbs ** ;s i t >« f t fr f t a » * 1 f t « ?is sfc /* ® ' a tr a sp t m * « « I HH > 7= w sa * « ■e «s 81# SK ' i M- >69 * ft 7? > tx w w, S A <s ® a ® « a r m s s £ » « » 5 i£ « a A « ¥3 Jft Hi m a X 6 9 f « 69 « ‘ if *8 i t «8 ft f t ’ e s s te a a 8i f t a ». ' t o S3 » w » M 'S m £ X m — a s® & -/p He-**«**& # # n ft jft ® n a m st I t 1 A a « m 0 ' i & t t '( » is R M » K n # » » miro lit ^ w a a i s 0 s s w 99 8 8 # i A » i%a 7 JE IS iif ft •£ I® i t 9 69 lii ' fis ffi, a u m >5 » «« * * « » ' a « Sli'lW« k « '* * « iA « A Fa vti t it 757 W 69 'f i S at S« M * « W I * T « « * « - # . « W -f SI a i UMI t fra f t i t *A 1 a Sr » if M » ffix a ssi/J ' 'sa ^ i ? a* r. » r f t f t « A > » » T S # W f t * ■ ?S ! — ' « « - u s« a * 1 # . * « fj> 3 |c*& #5aiiai5isS ]Qi^i(m^36«3^sdQeoe^99SO(M 5eQoOi&i<9oooooosoe!&R6seeo6dia 107 Mr. A r e n s . Kindly, in an extemporaneous manner, summarize here the high points of this testimony which has now been inserted in the record. Mr. C a l d w e l l . Let me state first, as I did in my statement, that the brain washing, the germ warfare charges, the things that have come up within the last few months, the last year and a half, are not, as many Americans seem to think, new techniques and new strategies. As I have watched the Communist strategy in the Far East, it has become apparent to me that their one aim is paramount, and that is to discredit by every means possible the American soldier. 1 think that is an important thing because it shows a basic underlying fear of American intervention. Now, beginning in 1945 and 1946, this campaign started, directed first against the United States marines in north China, against the military police detachment in Shanghai, accusing Americans of all sorts of brutality, of rape, of robbery; and the germ warfare charges are the outgrowth actually of this whole aim to try to discredit Ameri cans abroad. Now, I think that we often, through our own magazines and news papers, help the Communists a greal deal in that very point. I men tioned in my statement the fact, for instance, that a national magazine last year, I believe it was, had a feature story, claiming that there were over 100,000 illegitimate GI babies in Japan alone. That sort of thing is grist for the Communist mill. It turns out that the Japanese Government itself has been able to locate less than 4,000. So you can see how uninformed reporting can have a bearing, can actually help the Communists in their efforts. Now, the second paramount aim, and one that has been terribly successful, has been the program to discredit the people who must be our allies in Asia. By that I mean the Chiang Kai-sheks and Syngman Rhees. This program has succeeded to such a degree that today there are only a handful of magazines in America that will even think of taking a pro-Chiang or pro-Nationalist story. The prejudice is so tremendous that you find practically all of our cor respondents in the Far East steeped in the prejudice. If they do go to Formosa, if they go to free China, they have no inclination to get at the truth, because they have so much prejudice. The C h a i r m a n . Didn’t the tempo for that propaganda originally come out of our State Department when they tried to sell the fact that the Communists were just agrarian reformers? Mr. C a l d w e l l . That was the beginning. Since then the idea has been to try to make us believe, playing on our own belief in democracy, that the Chiangs and the Rhees are not democrats because they do not have democracy as we see it, not taking into consideration the tremendous economic factors these leaders face, the factors of active internal rebellion going on which we do not have in this country. Now I find the program is beginning to be directed against other countries. I have a copy here of a little magazine that I like. It is a liberal magazine that is normally very good, the New Leader. They have a feature story on corrupt fascism in Thailand. The Thai Gov ernment is raked over the coals. It would be my guesss that we would soon be hearing that President Magsaysay is not a good man. �108 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM It is all part of the program to prejudice the public opinion against the leaders in Asia who have been stanchly anti-Communist. Mr. A r e n s . D o you have any opinion respecting modes by which American officials in the Far East have-been subjected to this slant ing of views by people who are Communists or under Communist discipline? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir; I do. There were two very powerful per sonalities in the early days right after the end of the war, Chinese Communists, one young lady by the name of Rung Peng, another a Chinese gentleman by the name of Huang Hua. Both of these people were attractive. They were intelligent. They spoke good English and they had nice personalities, and they became almost the major sources of news as far as our Government or our correspondents were concerned in 1946. As an example of how important Miss Kung Peng was, I made a trip to the Far East in January of 1946 for the State Department. I arrived in Chungking late in the afternoon. Chungking was still the capital. I was whisked immediately to Miss Kung Peng’p apart ment for a dinner which was attended by various State Department people. The idea seemed to be that she was very important as a source of news and that I should immediately get her side of things. The C h a i r m a n . Let the record show that Senator Welker is in attendance at the hearing. Mr. C a l d w e l l . I mentioned that when I went to Chungking, I was immediately whisked over to Miss Kung Peng’s apartment. Then I went to Pieping on that same trip, Huang Hua was considered of such importance that I had a dinner set up with him by a State De partment local personnel. I think it interesting to note that both of these characters who had so much to do with getting news out to us back in ’45 and ’46 are now at Geneva. Huang Hua was at Panmunjom playing a very important background part in the negotia tions there. The C h a i r m a n . Who was at these dinners, if you will recall? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I don’t recall the Peiping one, but at the Chungking one I recall was Mrs. Wilma Fairbank who was our cultural attache at that time and Mr. John Melby who was our first or second secretary. I forget his title. Senator W e l k e r . You said cultural attache. What duties does that embrace ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . The cultural attache had charge of our libraries, our exchange of student programs, visiting directories for the United States, and things of that kind. T h e C h a i r m a n . D o y o u re c a ll a n y o n e else a t t h a t d in n e r? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Those are the only two I recall. The C h a i r m a n . H o w many other people were in attendance? Mr. C a l d w e l l . There were a couple of other Communist func tionaries; I think, but I am not sure, that Chou En Lai was present. He was often present during those days. Again he was a suave gen tleman, witty and intelligent, and was considered a source of accurate news by some of our own people. Mr. A rens . Is it your testimony that these two Communist agents and others were a source of news and a source of information for the American officials who were in China representing our Government? STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 109 Mr. C a l d w e l l . Very definitely. The C h a i r m a n . And also for news reporters? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Also news reporters. Senator W e l k e r . May I have the question? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Upon what facts do you base that, Mr. Witness, can you tell us? The C h a i r m a n . He gave us the background earlier, Senator. He was with the State Department during this period of time. Senator W e l k e r . Did he see anything of this ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir. Senator W e l k e r . Y o u saw the news releases come out? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir. Mr. A r e n s . Did .you know a man by the name of William Powell, former OWI official in China? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir. I have known him, for I would say, 10,12 years. Mr. A r e n s . What did he do in China and who is he ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . He was the son of a very well-known American newspaperman in Shanghai, a very fine man who was imprisoned by the Japanese, who was the very best type of American. And William Powell’s son went into the OWI in 1943, in charge, I believe, of our news branch. He was transferred to the State Department and in the Executive order at the end of the war, stayed only a short time, and then returned to Shanghai to start his father’s paper, called the China Review. Now, I met him several times since the war. When the Communists took over Shanghai he stayed on, much to my surprise and the sur prise of others who knew him. His magazine immediately became a violently anti-American magazine, a mouthpiece of the Communists, and I have gotten access to a few copies as an illustration of the type of thing that he has done. This particular issue is devoted to American atrocities in Korea, a typical caption, a picture of a mass grave. The caption states that this is a picture of the approximately 10,000 Korean civilians who were murdered at the town of Hawon by American troops during the occupation. Mr. Powell also began in the latter part of 1951 to issue lists of American prisoners in his magazine, with the hometowns, and the magazines, I found as I traveled around the country in the last 2 or 3 years, were mailed to these parents as a method of getting Commu nist propaganda before them. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Chairman, may the record show that the task force that you assigned me to has that information in a record of a prior hearing. The C h a i r m a n . Yes. Go ahead, Mr. Caldwell. Mr. C a l d w e l l . Shall I go on with this ? Senator W e l k e r . I just want to make that observation. Mr. C a l d w e l l . Mr. Powell returned suddenly to this country last August, I believe, and I heard suggestions on my trips to the Far East that his return coincided with the return of our few progressive prisoners, perhaps for a reason, perhaps to guide the activities of those progressives. �STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 110 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Now, Mr. Powell was in Peiping, we know, some time during tlie summer of last year, and it is apparent that he has talked to some of the prisoners in north China. Mr. A rens . While you were in the Far East as Director of the In formation Service, did you have occasion on which the so-called China experts from the State Department were sent to the Far East to indoctrinate you and others in what the line should be ? Mr. C aldwell . I think there was more indoctrination here in Wash ington than there was actually in the Far East. Now, there was a vigorous, of course very vigorous. nnti-Chiang, pro-Communist group in our foreign service in China without question, but there was a great deal of indoctrination which actually started here before the war ended. Mr. A rens. What was the line ? Mr. C aldwell . The line? I remember particularly two cases of two downed American B-29 pilots. You may remember that there was a period when we bombed Japan from a base in western China, and these pilots were brought to the State Department and OWI far eastern meetings to discuss and describe how they were saved by the Communists, by the magnificent resistance work by the Chinese Com munists, and I would say that that indoctrination was done in that way 1o try to show us that the Communists were actually helping more than the other side; that they were fighting more real battles. I re member those two incidents in particular, which I attended. Mr. A rens . Did you have contact with the Institute of Pacific Relations in the Far East, or did you have occasion to observe its operations? Mr. C aldwell . Y ou couldn’t be in the OWI or State Department in that period and not have contact with the IPR. It was imposible. The C h a i r m a n . What do you mean by that, Mr. Caldwell? Mr. C aldwell . T o give you an example of what I mean, in 1943 and 1944, when OWI employees for the Far East, particularly for China, were employed, we were brought here to Washington from the New York overseas office for orientation, and the orientation consisted of your seeing two people. The two people were Mr. Laughlin Currie and Mr. Owen Lattimore, only the two. From those people we were to get our basic philosophy, you might say. I must be fair and say that, I can’t remember that Mr. Lattimore gave me any bad philosophy at the time, but I was very naive, as most of us were. We thought in terms of the war in which we had one enemy which was the Japanese, and were enlisting to fight that enemy and only that enemy. There was another way in which the IPR had a great bearing on most of our work. That was that it completely controlled all Far Eastern activities of the OWI to the State Department, to the branch chiefs, and later officials who were formerly IPR members, and I could list several of those to give you an example. The C h a i r m a n . Would you list them? Mr. C aldwell . The China Radio Branch in San Francisco was headed by an IPR man. The Philippine Branch was headed by an IPR woman. The Indochina Branch was headed by an IPR person. The China Branch was headed by an IPR person. At the time the coordinator for the Far East was an IPR person. The coordinator in the New York office in charge of Security in the 111 New York office for the far eastern branches was an IPR person. Those are things that come to me immediately. Mr. A rens . N o w ,on the basis of your experience in the Far East, Mr. Caldwell, can you help the committee by giving an appraisal of the method of operation which is in vogue now by our Government representatives in the Far East in undertaking to win friends and influence people? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I think there is great improvement in what we are doing in the Far East. There is still, to my mind, much too little coordination, say, between what is happening in Kora and what is happening in China. To give an example of that, in Formosa we have an excellent United States information service at the present time. It puts out some outstanding publications in Chinese. Now, those publications would have been extremely valuable with the Chinese POW’s in Korea, but those publications were never sent to Korea. There was no liaison between what we were doing in free China and what we were trying to do with the Chinese business. 1 think we still rely too much on radio as far as the Chinese on the mainland are concerned. We do too little in exploiting the tremendous possibilities of getting propaganda into the China coast. Mr. A r e n s . N o w , Mr. Caldwell, on the basis of your background and experience, what would your appraisal be of a course of action that this Government should take to sever diplomatic relations with all Communist-controlled governments and to propose a conference of the free nations of the world to destroy the Communist fifth column and to resist Communist aggression ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I feel very strongly that severance of diplomatic relations would be an important step because perhaps then we could make people understand the totality of this conspiracy against us. Mr. A rens . What do you mean by that? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I mean by that that today still too many people cannot understand that we are actually at war, that the final aim of communism is our destruction because we are the only powerful force that stands in their w ay; that as long as we go on in a quasi-peaceful situation, we can’t perhaps correct some of these feelings that I have listed in my statement; that if we could somehow show people that we are in the state of hostility with the Communist world, that normal diplomatic relations are not only injurious but are broken off, then we could gain slowly the realization we need to really gird ourselves for the battle ahead. Mr. A rens . T o what extent did the Communist espionage propa ganda and political subversion center in the diplomatic and/or semidiplomatic establishments throughout the Far East with which you were in contact? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I think the extent of the native infiltration has never been fully realized. By that I mean that every diplomatic establish ment must have a large number of Chinese personnel in China, Koreans if in Korea. It is my belief that the United States Information Serv ice was a particular target, for several reasons, of propagandists. Propaganda is important. Our own propaganda is important to the Communists. Also the U SIS in most places is an organization which helps and guides American correspondents who are visiting. �112 S R T G A D T C IC O W R D C M U IS TAE Y N AT S F OL O MN M Now, to show that I am not trying to blame others alone, I would like to mention one unit of my own in Korea of 18 people that I hired myself, whose employment I approved. I was able to check on all 18 of those. After the war I found that seven had gone over to the other side. Of those 7, I would say, 5 were real Communists and 2 were opportunists or people who couldn’t get out of Seoul in time and did what they did to eat. That is a pretty high percentage. I think one of the things we should have done is to have made a study of all our personnel in Korea. It could have been done, could still perhaps be done, to find out just what the total percentage of actual Communists was. We had a total of between 3,000 and 5,000 Korean employees in our mission in Korea. In that vast number of people there was tremen dous opportunity for infiltration, and you can’t run a security check on a Korean or a Chinese. They have lived in perhaps 40 different places in 5 years. It is a difficult job. I do not blame us for having failed somewhat, but I don’t think we have been careful enough to realize that certain units of our estab lishments are targets for infiltration. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Chairman, could I have a question to clarify something that I may have misunderstood? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Prior to the last answer, did I understand you to say that it would be proper that we let the world know that we were at war with the Communist conspiracy rather than to adopt the at titude of quasi-peace and containment with them? Mr. C a l d w e l l . By war I do not mean that we should declare a war. Senator W e l k e r . Well now, what did you mean ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I mean that we should realize that the continuance of diplomatic relations is an unrealistic attitude at the present time. It gives the Communists a chance at espionage that they would not have otherwise, and I think it also tends to becloud the issues of com munism here at home, that people do not realize, cannot understand that the Communists are. speaking very simply, out after us, that their primary aim is the “defeat of imperialistic America.” Senator W e l k e r . N o w , Mr. Caldwell, this digresses for a moment, but I think it is along the line you have suggested. Do you think it is good psychology for the United States Government to sell a Czecho slovakian steel mill to a dictatorship that has trade alliances, trade agreements with Russia and all her satellites, knowing well that at this moment Russia and the satellites have trade missions in this coun try to which they would propose to ship this steel mill. Do you think tHat is good psychology? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Absolutely not. I think it is ridiculous to think that we can trade in any way with the enemy we face. May I digress there a moment and say that I was able to get through Chinese and American sources an exact count of the number of ships that attempted to enter or did enter Communists ports on the China coast during the month of November. Mr. A r e n s . During what year? The C h a i r m a n . Yes, what year, Mr. Caldwell? S R T G A D T C IC O W R D C M U IS TAE Y N AT S F OL O MN M 113 Mr. C a l d w e l l . This last year. I was there in December. I do not have my notes here, but I believe it was 69. Of those figures 69, all but 4 were British. The four that were not British were Norwegian. Some of those ships carried undoubtedly nonstrategic materials, but one of them that was stopped had over 5,000 tons of antibiotics, strep tomycin, penicillin. I saw part of the cargo of another which had army blankets, blankets cut in the army style, delivered to the coast of China in the dead of winter. The C h a i r m a n . Let the record show that Senator Johnston is in attendance at this hearing. Senator W e l k e r . N o w , Mr. Caldwell, if the chairman will permit me, what were some of these nonstrategic materials in the other boats? Would it be food, or buttons, or what? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Food. Often as prosaic items as soap, a good deal of soap. Consumers goods. Fruit goes in. Normally the Chinese Nationalists do not even attempt to stop a ship unless they have some intelligence to the effect that it does have strategic goods. So often you cannot tell what is in the cargo. They try to check from Hong Kong. Senator W e l k e r . Food would be a little strategic, would it not, if an army were starving? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I think if you are realistic you should say that almost any item that goes into Communist China is strategic. The Chinese Communists are having a desperate time economically right now. Obviously if we cut off everything their situation would be worsened, and to me, it is an important part of the cold war to make that situation as bad as we can. It weakens them and keeps them from getting that final stranglehold which will keep us from ever getting them out. Mr. A r e n s . After you returned to the United States, did you have an opportunity to appraise all the publications in the United States, books and magazines and articles on the Far East? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir. Mr. A r e n s . What is your comment or observation on that? Mr. C a l d w e l l . There is one indication that I think shows- the sit uation, and that is the Library Journal which is, you might say, more or less the organ of American libraries. It is not official. I made a compilation of the recommendations it makes on books on foreign affairs in general and on the Far East in particular. You will find almost invariably that a book favorable to, let’s say, the Nationalists, or the Rhee point of view, is not recommended. Mr. James Burnham’s book, the Web of Subversion, which dealt a good deal with the work of this committee, had a flat statement, “Not recommended.” And you find that pattern runs all through the books that are recommended to American libraries. Mr. A r e n s . That is a kind of bible of books in this country ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . That is a g o o d w ay o f putting it. Mr. A r e n s . It is the Journal which is the authority on which books are good and what books are not good, is that correct, in its simplest form? Mr. C a l d w e l l . That is correct. Mr. A r e n s . And your testimony is that this Journal regularly, habitually recommends books, favorable to the pro-Communist ele47 7 6 0 — 54— p t. 2------- 6 �114 115 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM ment and does not recommend books that are anti-Communist, is that correct? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I wouldn’t go as far as to say that it recommends books that are pro-Communist. I think it is a little more devious than that. It does not recommend books that make an outright attack, as Mr. Burnham did, on the Communist conspiracy. It does not recommend books which, like the book Formosa Beachhead, are favorable to Chiang Kai-shek. That was recently published. It does not even list books like that normally. Mr. A r e n s . Did you have an experience in which you checked on the Communist propaganda respecting the alleged target practice that the Marines were supposed to be engaging in on the Chinese ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes. That is a very interesting story because I think it illustrates two things. It illustrates the Communist technique of trying to degrade our own people, our soldiers, and it illustrates again how Americans can help in that technique. When I was Director of the U SIS in China, I read in the Commu nist paper a story that the United States Marines in north China were using Chinese peasants in target practice. This story was that they were bored and didn’t have much to do so they would go out in the country and get a peasant and start him running and shoot him. It was inconceivable to me that any American military unit—they are not always angels, let us agree—would ever do that kind of thing. I began to be very much disturbed when Americans in our own estab lishment began to pass that story around, passing it around as the truth without checking of any type, and it became a very curt storv all over China, so much so that I went to north China myself to check and I found that the basis of the story was that near the city of Tientsin, near a target, a farmer had been hit by a stray bullet. From that the, story had been exaggerated in the typical Commu nist technique, helped along unfortunately by some Americans to the, effect that we were using peasants as targets as a routine procedure. Senator W e l k e r . Do you know the names of Americans who helped that propaganda along? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I do. T would rather give it just to the committee. The C h a i r m a n . That is the custom. Senator J o h n s t o n . Would you tell the committee whether or not they were giving it in good faith or trying to injure the United States ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I would say both. I would say that undoubtedly when you have a situation like that there may have been one key per son who was possibly a party member and then you have the many naive Americans who get no briefing of any type, to whom we still give no real indoctrination, the hundreds of people we send overseas, and I think that a gossip can do as much harm as a party member, a gossip who will not check on facts, who will not realize that this or that story is harmful to the policy of the United States. The C h a i r m a n . It is the policy of this committee not to reveal any names in public session, but would you be kind enough to give us the names of these people in executive session? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I certainly will. Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Caldwell, I think our record should reflect more clearly the facts with reference to William Powell. Specifically, who is he? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Specifically now, as far as I know, he is unemployed. I know nothing of his whereabouts or his activities. H is correct name is, I believe, J. William Powell. It is on this masthead: John William Powell, editor and publisher of the China Monthly Review. Mr. A r e n s . That China Monthly Review clearly is a Communist publication? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I don’t see how anything could be more so. I think, but I am not sure, that it folded when he left last August. Whether it is still in existence, I do not know. Mr. A r e n s . He was formerly with the Office of War Information in China, is that correct? Mr. C a l d w e l l . That is correct. Mr. A j r e n s . Over what period of time was he with the OWI in China ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . He was employed in 1943 in March. By Executive order on August 31,1945, he was transferred to the State Department. I believe he resigned within 6 months to go back and start up the magazine again. Mr. A r e n s . Over what period of time was he with the magazine? Mr. C a l d w e l l . From 1947, I would say, or possibly 1946 until August of 1953. Mr. A r e n s . Where was he engaged then ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . In Shanghai. Mr. A r e n s . Then he was then editor until 1953 of this China Re view, is that correct? Mr. C a l d w e l l . China Monthly Review. Senator W e l k e r . May I have a question, Mr. Chairman? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Caldwell, do you have an}' information as to whether or not any of these documents, magazines, or pamphlets that you have before you and which you state are Communist propa ganda reach the American shore, reach the United States in the form of propaganda? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir. In Iowa during a lecture the year before the last I heard of two families that had received this publication here. Both of the families had sons, prisoners of the Chinese. I heard of one family in my own town, Nashville. I do not know what the name of that family was. The F BI told me of that family and of another family in Memphis. Those are four cases in which this magazine came through the mails, mailed in Hong Kong, and came to American families. Senator W e l k e r . I have another observation. Senator Jenner had me on a task force, aloitg with Mr. Arens, Mr. Duffy, and Mr. Schroeder, in New York a few weeks ago in which we had millions of pieces of literature similar to that before you that came into our coun try and was freely distributed throughout our land. Now, based upon your experience, sir, what effect would that have in aiding the Com munist conspiracy? �116 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Mr. C a l d w e l l . I think it has this .effect: a family particularly that had a boy who was a prisoner is emotionally upset and worried. One of the main lines of these magazines is that we must have peace, that the Chinese Communists are really trying to have a square deal, and I think it works, that people are likely to write their Senators and Congressmen suggesting that we get out of the war. They are likely to become a little sympathetic to the Communist cause. Mr. A r e n s . N o w , with reference to Mr. Powell again, we had him up to 1953 when he was editor of the China Review and I understood you to say that he resigned and returned to the United States ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . That is correct. Mr. A r e n s . What is the source of your information on the fact that he entered the country ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Time magazine. First I saw him just before I left and then, when I was in Japan last August, I inquired and talked to one correspondent, an American correspondent who had interviewed him on his way out of Hong Kong. Mr. A r e n s . Did he return as an American citizen or had he re nounced his citizenship ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . No, I don’t believe he ever renounced his citizenship. Mr. A r e n s . What information do you have with respect to Ins wife? Mr. C a l d w e l l . His wife was the leader of the pro-Communist American forces in Shanghai all throughout 1946,1947, and 1948. Mr. A r e n s . Did she return with him ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, she did. Mr. A r e n s . I have one further question. With what groups was she identified in Shanghai? Mr. C a l d w e l l . First with Madam Sun Yat-sen’s relief organiza tion. No, I believe she went out originally perhaps with UNRRA. I am not certain of that. She then became associated with Madam Sun Yat-sen’s relief organization and, as you no doubt know Madame Sun has gone over to the Communists and is, I think, at the present time Minister of Cultural Enlightenment in the Communist Government. She was associated with Madam Sun for about 2 years. Mr. A r e n s . What would be your opinion, in your judgment of the rank and file of the people in the Far East as to what psychological impact there would be on their minds by severance of diplomatic relations. Mr. C a l d w e l l . I think it would be extremely helpful as far as nonCommunist Asia is concerned. By that I mean Korea, Philippines, Thailand, Free China. It might also be very helpful as far as Japan is concerned. Now, the Japanese are in a very serious economic situ ation. They have to trade, and the logical trading area for them is Communist China. They have sent within the last year two trade missions to Communist China. But, on the other hand, they must rely on us and I think one effect might be that that desire to trade with Communist China would be lessened if we had no relations whatsoever with the Communist world. The C h a i r m a n . Certainly magazines such as you have referred to hei'9, like the China Review would be stopped as to propaganda and transmissibility if diplomatic relations were severed. S R T G A D T C IC O W R D C M U IS TAE Y N AT S F OL O MN M 117 Mr. C a l d w e l l . They could be barred, I assume, completely. Mr. A r e n s . D o you have information respecting the situation in the Philippines ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Very little. I haven’t been there on recent trips. Mr. A r e n s . We have no further questions, Mr. Chairman. He has covered his testimony at length in his prepared statement. The C h a i r m a n . And that has been incorporated in the record. Do you have any questions, Senator Johnston? Senator J o h n s t o n . I have no questions. The C h a i r m a n . Do you have questions, Senator Welker? Senator W e l k e r . I have only this observation, Mr. Chairman: If Mr. Caldwell would be gracious enough, I would like to see the pam phlets, the Communist propaganda inserted not as a part of the record, but by reference, and included in this record. Is that all right with you? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Yes, sir. That is fine, Senator. The C h a i r m a n . They may become so incorporated. Mr. A r e n s . The British have recognized both China and Formosa; is that correct? Mr. C a l d w e l l . It is a very curious situation which I think might be without precedent. They recognize Communist China but they keep one foot in the doorway and maintain a consulate in Free China. Mr. A r e n s . D o you have any appraisal to make with reference to the potential strength of Formosa as an ally of the United States ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . I have some very strong convictions on that point. I think the American people, as a part of the lack of fair information on free China, have never been told of the tremendous guerrilla forces already within striking distance of the Chinn coast. The Nation alists today hold 50 islands. They are islands all the way from small rocks to the island of Chinmen, which has approximately 75,000 excel lently trained men. They have naval bases all along the coast which, if they were allowed to do so, could completely blockade the China coast. They are able to make raids at the present time almost at will, and I believe of special significance is the fact that on recent raids surrenders of Communist soldiers have run up to 50 percent, even to 90 percent of the Communists engaged in that particular raid. In other words, the people are, I think, very much for them on the coast of China. They are not unrealistic enough to say that they can conquer China right now. They do believe they can take a bridge head and maintain it. Mr. A r e n s . When you were head of the Information Service for our Government in China, what was the line then posed with reference to Chiang Kai-shek? Mr. C a l d w e l l . The general line was that he was a very fine man personally but that his government was so completely corrupt it could only be saved by an infusion of fine, idealistic Communist blood. Mr. A r e n s . What was the official line with reference to Syngman Rhee ? Mr. C a l d w e l l . Rather a meandering line, I would say: that he was a necessary evil to be curtailed in every way possible. Senator W e l k e r . May I have one question ? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. �STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM T U S A , JU E 1 , 1 5 H R D Y N 7 94 U n it e d S t a t e s S e n a t e , S u b c o m m it t e e t o I n v e s t ig a t e t h e A d m in is t r a t io n o f t h e I n t e r n a l S e c u r it y A c t a n d O t h e r I n t e r n a l S e c u r it y L a w s , o f t h e C o m m it t e e o n t h e J u d ic ia r y , IFa s h in g to n , D . C. The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10: 30 a. m., in room 457, Senate Office Building, Hon. William E. Jenner (chairman of the subcommittee) presiding. Present: Senators Jenner and Welker. Also present: Richard Arens, professional staff director; Edward R. Duffy and Frank W. Schroeder, professional staff members. The C h a ir m a n . The committee will come to order. Mr. Marcus, would you be sworn to testify ? Do you swear that the testimony given in this hearing will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you, God ? M r. M a r c u s . I do. TESTIMONY OF J. ANTHONY MARCUS, SCARSDALE, N. Y., P R E S I DENT, IN STITU TE OF FOREIGN TRADE The C h a ir m a n . Will you state your full name for our record, please? Mr. M a r c u s . My name is J. Anthony Marcus. The C h a ir m a n . Where do you reside? Mr. M a r c u s . I reside at Scarsdale, N. Y. I am president of the Institute of Foreign Trade, with offices at 60 East 42d Street, New York City. The C h a ir m a n . All right, Mr. Arens, you may proceed. Mr. M a r c u s . Our organization is devoted to the proposition of helping American industrial firms, as well as exporters and importers, in international trade. Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Marcus, you are also president of the Guardian Oil Co.? Mr. M a r c u s . That is correct, a producing company in Nebraska. Mr. A r e n s . Before we proceed with our informal interrogation here with Mr. Marcus, may I respectfully suggest to the chairman that the record now reflect the prepared statement which you have submitted to the committee. M r. M a r c u s . Yes, sir. The C h a ir m a n . It may go into the record and be incorporated as a part of the record. (The statement referred to follows:) 121 �122 St STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM a t emen t o f J. An t h o n y Ma r c u s , Pr e s id e n t , In s t it u t e o f F o r e ig n STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M Tr a de M y n a m e is J . A n th o n y M a rc u s , a re s id e n t o f S c a r s d a le , N . Y. S in c e 1946 I h a v e been p r e s id e n t o f th e I n s t i t u t e o f F o re ig n T r a d e , a p r i v a t e c o n s u ltin g ag e n cy fo r A m e ric a n i n d u s tr i a l a n d tr a d i n g e n te r p r is e s i n t e r e s te d in i n t e r n a ti o n a l o u tle ts fo r t h e i r p ro d u c ts , w i t h offices a t 60 E a s t 42 d S tr e e t, N e w Y o rk C ity . E a r l y in J a n u a r y 1953 I w a s a ls o e le c te d p r e s id e n t o f t h e G u a rd ia n O il Co., In c ., o f F a l l s C ity , N e b r., w h ic h o w n s a n d o p e r a te s p e tro le u m - p ro d u c in g p r o p e r tie s a n d o th e r oil a n d g a s o p e r a tio n s . I w a s b o rn a n d e d u c a te d i n R u s s ia o f p r e r e v o lu tio n a r y d a y s . I c a m e t o t h i s c o u n try s h o r t l y b e fo re t h e F i r s t W o r ld W a r a s a lo n e i m m ig r a n t boy w ith t h r e e E n g lis h w o rd s in m y v o c a b u la ry a n d $14.28. L ik e m illio n s o f i m m ig r a n ts to th e s e b le s s e d s h o re s , I w a s w e lc o m ed b y th e g e n e ro u s A m e ric a n p eo p le a n d m a d e to fe e l a t h o m e f a r m o re th a n in m y n a tiv e R u s s ia . W ith in 5 y e a r s a n d 4 m o n th s a f t e r l a n d in g h e r e I w a s a fu ll-fle d g ed m e m b e r o f t h e g r e a t A m e ric a n fa m ily — a c itiz e n o f t h e U n ite d S ta te s . A rid t h a n k s to th e f r e e i n s ti t u t i o n s o f A m e ric a , a g a in , lik e m illio n s o f o th e r im m ig ra n ts , I h a v e b e e n a b le t o r i s e fro m l a b o r e r in a n iro n a n d s te e l p l a n t to re s p o n s ib le p o s itio n s in v a r io u s field s o f e n d e a v o r. B e tw e e n 1920 a n d t h e o u tb re a k o f t h e S econd W o r ld W a r I h a d o c c a s io n to v i s it th e S o v ie t U n io n on n u m e ro u s o c c a s io n s a s b u y e r , se lle r, in v e s tig a to r, a n d n e g o tia to r f o r so m e o f o u r l e a d in g firm s, s u c h a s th e S tu d e b a k e r C o rp , th e A m e ric a n R a d i a t o r a n d S ta n d a r d S a n i t a r y C orp., th e A m e ric a n H a i r & F e l t Co. T h e s e d u t i e s b ro u g h t m e in c o n ta c t w ith som e o f R u s s ia ’s le a d in g G o v e rn m e n t officials, in c lu d in g m en lik e t h e p r e s e n t V ice P r im e M in is te r f o r T ra d e , A n a s ta s y I. M ik o y an . I h a v e w itn e s s e d th e r i s e o f th e K r e m lin c r im in a ls fr o m ec onom ic, in d u s tr i a l , a n d m i li t a r y im p o te n c e to i t s p r e s e n t p o s itio n o f (lie o n ly w o rld i m p e r ia lis tic a g g r e s s o r. I n r e c e n t y e a rs , e s p e c ia lly s in c e e a r ly 1951, I h a v e b ee n a c tiv e on th e b o a r d o f d ire c to rs o f t h e A m e ric a n F r i e n d s of R u s s ia n F re e d o m , In c ., 270 P a r k A v e n u e, N e w Y o rk C ity , w h e re I a m a s s o c ia te d w ith s u c h d is tin g u is h e d c itiz e n s a s G en. F r a n k L. H o w le y , o u r fo r m e r c o m m a n d a n t in B e r l i n ; w ith A d m . W illia m S. M a x w e ll; A dm . W illia m H . S ta n d le y , o u r fo r m e r A m b a s s a d o r in R u s s i a ; fo r m e r A m b a s s a d o r S p r u ille B r a d e n ; th e w e ll-k n o w n a n t i c o m m u n is t a u th o r , E u g e n e L y o n s ; th e f o r m e r n a t i o n a l c o m m a n d e r o f th e A m e ri c a n L eg io n , M r. J a m e s O’N e i l ; G en. W illia m J . D o n o v a n ; a n d m a n y o th e rs . O u r a im is to h e lp c e m e n t a b o n d o f f r ie n d s h ip w ith t h e K r e m lin ’s v ic tim s in o r d e r to b rin g a b o u t th e u l t im a te o v e r th r o w o f th e S o v ie t g a n g s te r re g im e b y t h e R u s s ia n p eo p le s th e m s e lv e s . I h a v e bee n l e c tu r in g t h r o u g h o u t th e c o u n try in a n e f fo rt to e n lig h te n o u r p eo p le a b o u t th e r e a l n a t u r e o f th e K r e m lin b e a s t a n d i t s t h r e a t t o o u r s e c u rity . I h a v e a ls o w r it t e n e x te n s iv e ly f o r so m e o f o u r l e a d in g d a ilie s a n d m o n th lie s , n s w e ll a s a p p e a re d b e f o re t h e m ic ro p h o n e a n d o n T V to w a r n o u r p eo p le a b o u t th e s e r io u s c h a lle n g e o f th e S o v ie t b a r b a r i a n s a n d w h a t to d o a b o u t p u t t in g a n en d to t h e S o v ie t n ig h tm a re . I h a v e b ee n c a r r y i n g on t h i s p e r s is t e n t c a m p a ig n a lo n e a n d w ith o u t a n y a s s is ta n c e fro m a n y o n e . A ll o f u s fo r m e r im m ig ra n ts ow e a g r e a t d e b t to o u r c o u n try , a d e b t w h ic h w e c a n n e v e r r e p a y in fu ll. N ow t h a t o u r f r e e i n s titu tio n s a r e m e n a c e d by a s a v a g e en e m y , w e w o u ld b e u n w o r th y o f o u r c itiz e n s h ip i f w e f a il e d t o b e in t h e f o r e f r o n t in th e s tru g g le w ith t h e im p la c a b le fo e . U n f o r tu n a te ly . I m u s t co n fe s s t h a t t h e r e a r e e n tir e ly to o fe w o f th o s e e v e rla s tin g ly in d e b te d n a t u r a l iz e d A m e r ic a n s w h o a r e e x e r tin g th e m s e lv e s in b e h a lf o f o u r c o u n try at. th is c r it i c a l s ta g e o f o u r h is to r y . L e t u s h o p e t h a t t h e e f fo rts o f th e l i t t l e b a n d o f u s m a y in s p ir e th e m to w a k e u p to t h e i r re s p o n s ib ility . E A S T -W E S T TRADE O f l a t e t h e r e h a s bee n c o n s id e r a b le co m m o tio n in th e s h r in k in g f r e e w o rld a b o u t S o v ie t p la n s to m a k e l a r g e p u r c h a s e s in th e W e s t. I n s t e a d o f flying s a u c e r s i n d u s tr i a l i s t s a n d m e rc h a n ts h e r e a n d in E u ro p e h a v e b e e n b eh o ld in g fly in g o r d e r s f r o m t h e K r e m lin r u n n i n g in to th e m a n y b illio n s o f d o lla rs . T h e e x c itm e n t h a s bee n a l l t h e g r e a t e r b e c a u s e f o r th e f i r s t tim e s in c e i t s r i s e to p o w e r t h e C o m m u n is ts o f th e K r e m lin a r e s h o w in g i n t e r e s t in c o n s u m e r g oods f r o m th e c a p i ta l is t c o u n trie s th e y h a t e so m u ch . T h is , o f c o u rs e , is n e w s . T h is is n e w s b e c a u s e e v e r s in c e c o m in g in to e x is te n c e th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t h a d n e v e r see n fit to i m p o r t c o n s u m e r goods. N o t b e c a u s e i t s s u b je c ts d id n o t n e e d sh o es, c o a ts, u n d e r w e a r, h a ts , p o ts a n d p a n s , c u tle r y , f u r n it u r e , a n d t h e m a n y o th e r ite m s w h ie li a r e c o n s id e re d e s s e n tia l in c iv iliz e d c o u n trie s . S o v ie t s u b je c ts h a v e h a d to b e c o n te n t w ith r a g s on t h e i r b ac k s, w i t h h o v els ev e n a p ig w ould 123 s c o r n , w ith t h e c o a r s e s t o f food in t h e i r s to m a c h s a t b e s t o r ro o ts , p o ta to e s , a n d a d u l t e r a t e d b re a d f o r b r e a k f a s t, lu n c h , a n d d in n e r d u r i n g t h e p e r e n n ia l C om m u n is t- m a d e fa m in e s . T h is is th e w a y th e L e n in - S ta lin p le d g e s o f a b e t t e r life u n d e r so -c alled s o c ia lis m h a v e bee n fu lfille d . T h e y p ro m is e d b r e a d a n d h a v e g iv e n p e r p e tu a l h u n g e r ; th e y p ro m is e d p e a c e a n d h a v e g iv e n u n i n t e r r u p te d w a r a t h o m e a n d a b r o a d ; th e y p ro m is e d la n d to t h e p e a s a n t s a n d h a v e ro b b e d th e m co m p le te ly o f t h e i r h o ld in g s, e n s la v in g t e n s o f m illio n s a n d a c tu a lly m u rd e r in g m illio n s f o r re s is tin g t h e c o lle c tiv iz a tio n e d i c ts ; th e y p ro m is e d fre e d o m fr o m o p p re s s io n a n d e x p lo ita tio n a n d h a v e e s ta b lis h e d t h e m o s t o p p re s s iv e s y s te m o f p o litic a l-e c o n o m ic e x p lo ita tio n e v e r d e v is e d by th e d e s p o ts o f h u m a n h is to r y . W h a t is re a lly b e h in d th is a lle g e d S o v ie t i n t e r e s t in E a s t-W e s t tr a d e ? O f •course t h e n ee d is g r e a t in t h e S o v ie t U n io n . B u t th e n e e d w a s m u ch g r e a t e r r i g h t a f t e r th e S eco n d W o rld W a r a n d h a d bee n f o r d e c a d e s w h e n t h e r e w e re no •s a te llite n a tio n s w ith a h ig h e r s t a n d a r d o f liv in g to b e lo o te d . F o r m o re th a n t h r e e d e c a d e s th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t s tu d io u s ly d e n ie d i t s p eo p le t h e b e n e fits of A m e r ic a n a n d E u ro p e a n c o n s u m e r g oods a lth o u g h i t d id n o t la c k th e m e a n s to p a y w ith . A m e re c o r n e r o f its in e x h a u s tib le f o r e s ts fo r tim b e r a n d p u lp e x p lo i t a t i o n by c o m p e te n t A m e ric a n h a n d s , a m e re f r a c tio n o f i t s g o ld m in e d w ith te n s o f t h o u s a n d s o f s la v e la b o re rs co u ld h a v e p a id f o r b illio n s o f d o l l a r s ’ w o r th o f s u c h p u rc h a s e s . O n th e b a s is o f m o re t h a n 30 y e a r s o f i n t im a te c o n ta c t w ith t h e S o v ie t p o litic a l, econom ic, a n d in d u s tr i a l life , I b eliev e I k n o w t h e a n s w e r to th e rid d le : F ir s t, th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t w a n ts to b u y s a m p le s , co p y th e m , a n d c la im th e m a s its ow n c r e a tio n s . S eco n d , a n d t h i s is e v e ry im p o r ta n t, to find o u t t h e t y p e s o f o u r p ro d u c tio n m a c h in e ry u s e d in th e c o n s u m e r g o o d s a n d s y s te m o f m a s s p ro d u c tio n w i t h a v ie w to s t e a lin g o u r te c h n o lo g y . T h e s a m e p a t t e r n w a s u s e d t o S o v ie t a d v a n ta g e in th e h e a v y in d u s tr ie s p r io r to 194S. A n d , t h i r d , once m a s s p ro d u c tio n o f c o n s u m e r g o o d s h a s bee n m a s te r e d to o ffer u s ru in o u s c o m p e titio n in w o rld m a rk e ts . W ith te n s o f m illio n s o f m en , w o m en , a n d c h il d re n to ilin g in th e f a c t o r i e s u n d e r m o s t in h u m a n e x p lo ita tio n , w i t h o th e r m illio n s w o r k in g a s fo r c e d la b o r e r s fr o m p re d a w n to p a s t s u n s e t in t h e n u m e ro u s s la v e la b o r c a m p s d ig g in g co a l. iro n , a n d o t h e r m in e ra ls s u p p ly in g r a w m a t e r ia l s f o r th e in d u s tr ie s , i t is n o t d iffic u lt to v is u a liz e th e e x te n t o f ru in o u s c o m p e titio n i t c o u ld o ffer u s a n d o th e r h ig h ly in d u s tr ia liz e d c o u n trie s . T h a t i s in te n d e d n o t so m u ch f o r th e s a k e o f p ro fit a s f o r th e p u rp o s e o f u n d e r m in in g o u r econom y, t o c r e a te u n e m p lo y m e n t h e r e , a n d c a u s e u n re s t. W ith o u r s e lle r s o f c o n s u m e r g oods a n d p ro d u c tio n m a c h in e ry u n f a m i l i a r w i t h S o v ie t ta c tic s , t h e r e i s n o w m u c h s p e c u la tio n c o n c e rn in g t h e v a s t R u s s ia n m a r k e t. S om e a r e d r e a m in g a b o u t b ig g e r o r d e r s in th e f u t u r e — a f u t u r e , a la s , w h ic h c a n n e v e r co m e to u s. O u r C h a irm a n o f th e J o i n t C h ie fs o f S ta ff. A dm . A r th u r W . R a d fo r d , r e c e n tly to ld 400 n e w s p a p e r e d ito rs (A p ril 15) t h a t “ d u e to th e m a s s iv e m i li t a n t n a t u r e ” o f th e C o m m u n is t t h r e a t th e w o r ld w a s in a p e rio d o f te n s io n t h a t co u ld l a s t a c e n tu ry . A n y o n e im a g in in g t h a t th e K r e m lin b o y s e x p e c t to liv e w ith u s on t h i s tro u b le d globe f o r a n o th e r c e n tu r y is d e lu d in g h im s e lf, a n d h a s y e t to le a r n t h e t r u e n a t u r e o f th e K r e m lin b e a s t. I f th e y do h a l f a s w e ll w ith in t h e n e x t 15 t o 20 y e a r s a s th e y h a v e d o n e d u r i n g t h e p a s t 15 y e a r s , t h e fin al c la s h w ill co m e w ith in o n e-fifth o f th e tim e a n tic ip a te d b y A d m ira l R a d fo r d . T h e r e fo r e , i f w e f a ll fo r th e S o v ie t t r a d e b a i t , i f o u r w e s te rn a llie s c o n tin u e t h e i r p re s e n t s h o rts ig h te d c o u r s e o f tr a d i n g w ith t h e en e m y , th e S o v ie ts w ill k n o w h o w to m a k e t h e m o s t o f th e upsurge* o f o u r w is h fu l th in k in g . T h e ex p e rie n c e th e y h a d g a in e d in s t e a lin g o u r i n d u s tr i a l s e c re ts in t h e h e a v y in d u s t r i e s w ill s t a n d th e m in good s te a d a n d o u r te c h n o lo g ic a l k n o w -h o w in th e l ig h t i n d u s tr i e s w ill b e t h e i r s w ith l i tt l e e ffo rt a n d w ith o u t a n y c a s h o u tla y s . T h e flood o f o u r b lu e p rin ts a n d s h o p d ra w in g s w ill once m o re find its w a y to M oscow , L e n in g r a d , a n d o th e r p o in ts. O ne d a y w e w ill w a k e u p to d is c o v e r t h a t w e h a d so ld o u r b i r t h r i g h t to th e b it te r e s t en e m y f o r a m e re m e s s o f p o tta g e . T r a d e w ith th e S o v ie ts h a s bee n a n d w ill re m a in a o n e-w ay s t r e e t a s lo n g a s t h e re g im e s u rv iv e s . I t s s u rv iv a l is g r e a tly e n h a n c e d by t h e d ip lo m a tic r e l a tio n s w h ic h th e U n ite d S ta te s a n d th e f r e e n a tio n s fo o lis h ly c o n tin u e to m a in t a i n d e s p ite o u r d is tr e s s in g e x p e rie n c e s . T h e i r in e x o ra b le goal is a n d m u s t fo r e v e r r e m a i n : N e w c o u n trie s to co n q u e r, m o re h u n d re d s o f m illio n s o f p eo p le s to e n s la v e w ith th e a id o f a c o ld w a r i f p o ssib le , a s h o o tin g w a r i f n e e d be w h e n e v e r th e y a r e r e a d y . T h e y a r e n o t r e a d y y et. T h e y nee d a n o th e r 10 y e a rs to m a s t e r t h e i r ow n p e o p le a n d to e n tre n c h t h e C o m m u n is ts in C h in a a n d th e s a te l l i te n a tio n s . T h e i r p r a y e r i s a c o n tin u a n c e o f th e “p e r e d is h k a ”— a b r e a th in g s p e ll— a n d t h e g u llib le W e s t i s o ffe rin g i t to th e m o n a g o ld en p la tte r . �124 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M B e tw e e n th e y e a r s 1945 a n d 1950 th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t w a s in m o r ta l f e a r o f a w a r w i t h th e c iv iliz e d w o rld , f e a r o f i t s ow n people. T h e w e s te rn s o -c a lle d R u s s ia n e x p e r ts p ro v e d so i g n o r a n t a s to s c a re u s w ith p o s s ib le h o s tilitie s a l m o s t a n y m o m e n t. T h a t w a s w o r k in g in to th e h a n d s o f t h e en e m y . I n th e m e a n tim e th e L e n in - S ta lin -m a d e h u r r ic a n e k e e p s r o a r i n g on, w hilel i t t l e m e n in b ig p o s ts in th e W e s te rn W o rld a r e w o n d e rin g w h a t to do n e x t tom e e t th e S o v ie t c h a lle n g e . W h y d o t h e le a d e r s o f m o re t h a n tw o - th ir d s o f t h e w o r ld tre m b le b e f o re a m is e ra b le l i tt l e b a n d o f R e d F a s c is ts s i tt i n g on an a c tiv e v o lc a n o in M oscow . “T h e r e is n o d a r k n e s s ,” s a i d S h a k e s p e a re , " b u t ig n o ra n c e .” T h a t ’s th e a n s w e r ! Ig n o r a n c e o f fo r e ig n offices, in le g is la tiv e b ra n c h e s o f g o v e rn m e n ts , am o n g th e e d u c a to rs a n d o p in io n m a k e rs , a n d , fin ally , i g n o ra n c e a m o n g th e w id e p u b lic is re s p o n s ib le f o r t h i s s o r r y s p e c ta c le in a C h r i s ti a n w o rld p o s s e s s e d o f a rig h te o u s c a u s e b u t l a c k in g in w ill to le a r n a b o u t t h e e n e m y a n d c o u ra g e to s t a n d u p to th e fr ig h te n e d b a r b a r i a n s in th e K re m lin . T a k e , f o r ex a m p le , th e te s tim o n y g iv en b e fo re a S e n a te c o m m itte e in r e c e n t m o n th s by M r. H a ro ld E . S ta s s e n , F o re ig n O p e ra tio n s A d m in is tr a to r , o n th e s u b je c t o f E a s t-W e s t t r a d e . H e a r g u e d t h a t in c re a s e d “ n o n s tra te g ic " t r a d e b e tw e e n o u r E u ro p e a n a llie s a n d th e C o m m u n is t bloc w o u ld “c a r r y a n e t a d v a n ta g e to th e f r e e w o r ld .” T h e m e re f a c t t h a t sin c e th e d e a t h o f S ta lin such, t r a d e h a s s u d d e n ly b ecom e to p p r i o r i t y w ith th e K r e m lin p o lic y m a k e rs is con c lu s iv e e v id e n c e t h a t i t is in th e in t e r e s t o f th e C o m m u n is t g o v e rn m e n t, t h a t o n ce m o re th e y w a n t to b e re s c u e d by th e c a p i ta l is t c o u n trie s fr o m th e w r a th , o f t h e i r ow n people. W h a t is good f o r th e K r e m lin is b a d f o r u s , n o m a t t e r how g r e a t th e m o n e ta r y g a in . M r. S ta s s e n re lie v e d h im s e lf o f a n o t h e r fa lla c y b e fo re th e c o m m itte e . Het r ie d to c o n v in c e y o u t h a t i f th e W e s t r e fu s e d to s u p p ly R u s s ia w ith n o n s tra te g ic g o o d s i t w o u ld , a s h e s a id , “h a n d to th e S o v ie t r u l e r s o n e o f th e m o s t p o w e rfu l c o ld -w a r w e a p o n s w e co u ld d e v is e .” H o w r i d i c u l o u s ! W h e re d o es h e g e t t h a t n o n s e n s e ? I f w e w e re to c la m p d o w n t h e c o m p le te st a n d tig h te s t e m b a rg o on s h ip m e n ts o f a n y t h i n g to th e S o v ie t U n io n a n d th e s a t e l l i t e n a tio n s , a s w e ll a s on a l l im p o rts , th e R u s s ia n p e o p le s w o u ld b le s s u s f o r it. I f t h e R u s s ia n peo p le w e re f r e e to t a l k to u s fr e e ly th e y w o u ld beg u s o n t h e i r k n e e s n o t to s e ll n o r to b u y fr o m t h e i r G o v e rn m e n t a n y th in g . T h e y h a v e s u ffe re d p riv a tio n s th u s f a r a n d co u ld s t a n d i t f o r so m e y e a r s lo n g e r a s lo n g n s i t w o u ld h u r t t h e i r Go%-e r n m e n t, t h e i r ty r a n t s . T h e w o rse e c o n o m ic c o n d itio n s b ecom e in th e S o v ie t U nion, t h e s o o n e r w ill co m e t h a t e x p lo s io n fr o m w ith in w h ic h w ill d e s tro y th e C om m u n is t re g im e . T h e s a m e is t r u e o f a n o t h e r b a s e le s s r e m a r k m a d e b y M r. S ta s s e n in h is te s tim o n y w h e n h e s a i d t h a t E a s t-W e s t t r a d e w o u ld h e lp “m a in ta in th e b a sic f r ie n d s h ip o f p e o p le b e h in d t h e I r o n C u r t a i n .” W h y , M r. C h a irm a n , th e v e ry o p p o s ite is tr u e . T o fo llo w M r. S ta s s e n ’s co u n se l w ill a l i e n a t e th e f r ie n d s h ip o f t h e R u s s ia n m a s s e s . M a n y a tim e S o v ie t c itiz e n s , in c lu d in g h ig h G o v e rn m e n t fu n c tio n a r ie s w h o w e re p a r a d i n g a s C o m m u n is ts b u t a t h e a r t w e re b i t te r en e m ie s o f th e re g im e , h a v e s a i d to m e : “ W h y do yo u A m e ric a n s com e to th is c o u n tr y tod e a l w ith o u r G o v e rn m e n t? Y ou a r e o n ly e n h a n c in g i t s p r e s ti g e ; yo u a r e tig h te n in g th e n o o se a r o u n d o u r n e c k s .” A n y o n e w h o is te llin g M r. S ta s s e n th e m is le a d in g b a ld e r d a s h ab o v e q u o te d s h o u ld b e fire d fr o m t h e G o v e rn m e n t s e r v ic e s a s a n ig n o ra m u s . A n d a n y o n e w ho a c c e p ts t h e c o u n s e l o f s u c h ig n o ra m u s e s is h im s e lf u n fit to h o ld a co m m a n d in g p o s itio n in o u r G o v e rn m e n t a t s u c h c r it i c a l tim es. I f th is E a s t-W e s t t r a d i n g in s a n ity is n o t c h o k e d o ft a n d m o re co m p e te n t counsel lis te n e d to , L e n in ’s in te r p r e t a t i o n o f th e c a p i ta l is t m e n ta lity w ill b e f u lly b o rn e o u t. H e s a i d : “W e ’ll h a v e th e m b id d in g t o g e th e r f o r th e ro p e .” E a s t-W e s t t r a d e a s is n o w b e in g c a r r i e d o n c a n o n ly h e lp d ig th e g r a v e o f lib e r ty a n d c iv iliz a tio n . T h e p ic tu r e is n o b r i g h t e r i n t h e r a n k s o f o u r b u s in e s s m e n . W h a t, fo r e x a m p le , is o n e to s a y o f (lie s te e l e x e c u tiv e , M r. E r n e s t T . W e ir, w h o h a s bee n p re a c h in g t h a t o u r G o v e rn m e n t re m o v e r e s tr ic t io n s to “c o e x is te n c e ” w i t h th e S o v ie t h e a d h u n t e r s a n d , a s h e p u t it, “e s ta b lis h a n a tm o s p h e r e o f a g r e e m e n t— a r e la x a tio n o f te n s io n , a d is s ip a tio n o f th e p r e s e n t s u s p ic io n a n d d i s t r u s t ” ? T h e tro u b le w ith M r. W e ir is t h a t h e h a s b ee n a d d r e s s in g h is p re a c h m e n t to t h e w ro n g p a r ty . H e s h o u ld a d d r e s s h im s e lf to th e m u m m y in th e L e n in m a u s o le u m on R e d S q u a re , M o scow , i f h e d o es n o t k n o w w h e r e to find th e re m a in s o f t h e a r c h i t e c t o f t h e S o v ie t s la v e s t a t e — L e n in . I t w o u ld b e a w a s te o f h is tim e to co u n se l M a le n k o v , s in c e h e c o u ld n o t p o s s ib ly c h a n g e th e te a c h in g s o f th e m a s te r a n d k e e p h is h e a d on h is s h o u ld e rs . R e la x te n s io n , e s ta b lis h a n a tm o s p h e r e o f a g r e e m e n t b etw een. C o m m u n is t re g im e s a n d s a n i t y in th e w o r ld , t h a t is j u s t a s p o s s ib le a s to ju m p o ff th e E m p ire S ta t e B u ild in g in N e w Y o rk a n d re m a in a liv e . T h e S o v ie ts w a n t m o re te n s io n , m o re d ia g re e m e n t, a n d n o t less. T h e y w ill n e v e r s to p u n til e it h e r th e y o r w e a r e w ip ed off th is e a r t h . M r. W e ir w o u ld do w e ll to c h a n g e h is g h o s t w r it e r . A g a in , M r. C h a irm a n , w h a t is o n e to t h in k o f a fo r m e r S e c r e ta r y o f t h e A rm y [M r. K e n n e th C. R o y a ll] w h o , in a n a d d r e s s b e fo re th e A d v e rtis in g C lu b in N e w Y o rk so m e tim e ag o , a d v o c a te d f r e e c o m m e rc ia l i n te rc o u rs e w ith C o m m u n is t C h in a to c r e a te , a s h e p u t it, “d ir e c t c o n ta c t w ith th e C h in e s e p e o p le a n d com m e rc ia l s o u rc e s o f im p o rts a n d e x p o r ts u p o n w h ic h C h in a w ill co m e to d e p e n d ” ? I s i t p o s s ib le t h a t t h e fo r m e r S e c r e ta r y is i g n o r a n t o f th e f a c t t h a t o n e o f th e f irs t g o a ls o f a n y C o m m u n is t g o v e rn m e n t is t h e t o t a l d e s tr u c tio n o f f r e e d o m estic .an d fo re ig n tr a d e ? T h e m o m e n t th e Ir o n C u r ta in i s r u n g d o w n u p o n a c o u n try , t h e r e c a n b e no d i r e c t c o n ta c t by t h e c itiz e n s o f t h a t c o u n try w ith a n y o n e in th e f r e e w o rld , a n d th e f o r m e r p ro d u c e rs , a s w e ll n s e x p o r te r s a n d im p o rte rs , a r e e i t h e r liq u id a te d o r fo r c e d i n to th e b u re a u c r a c y to do a s th e y a r e to ld by th e C o m m u n is t h ie r a r c h y . H o w e v er, th e fo r m e r C a b in e t officers d id n o t k e e p u s lo n g in s u s p e n s e a s to t h e b a s ic re a s o n f o r h is ig n o ra n c e o f C o m m u n is t th e o ry a n d p ra c tic e . “C h in e s e c o m m u n is m ,” h e a s s u r e d h is au d ie n c e , “is n o t d u e to R u s s ia , b u t r a t h e r to th e g ro p in g o f th e C h in e s e p eo p le f o r som e w a y o u t o f t h e i r m is e ry .” S h a d e s o f th e I n s t i t u t e o f P a c ific R e la tio n s f r a t e r n i t y w h ic h h e lp e d o u r C h in e se fia s c o by c o n te n d in g t h a t M ao a n d h is g a n g s te r s w e re n o t C o m m u n is ts a t a l l ; t h a t th e y w e re o n ly “ a g r a r i a n re f o r m e r s .” H o w t r u e is M r. R o y a ll’s s t a t e m e n t ? P r a c ti c a l l y e v e ry C o m m u n is t le a d e r in C h in a , fr o m M ao d o w n , h a d b ee n t r a i n e d in r e v o lu tio n a r y ta c tic s , m u rd e r , in trig u e , e sp io n a g e , a n d s a b o ta g e in th e C o m m u n is t sch o o ls o f R u s s ia . T h e E a s t e r n ■and L e n in U n iv e r s itie s in M oscow a n d s i m i l a r sch o o ls in o th e r p a r ts o f t h e S o v ie t U n io n h a v e tu r n e d o u t c o u n tle s s th o u s a n d s o f C h in e s e r e v o lu tio n a r y le a d e r s s in c e 1918, a t e n o rm o u s c o s t to th e S o v ie t t r e a s u r y , b u t i t h a s p a id off h a n d s o m e ly . W ith o u t t h e i r a s s is ta n c e a n d le a d e rs h ip , t h e e n s la v e m e n t o f C h in a ’s m illio n co u ld n o t h a v e t a k e n p la c e , a n d th e sa m e is t r u e o f a l l t h e s a t e l l i t e c o u n trie s . F o r th o s e w h o m ig h t s till c lin g to t h e p re p o s te ro u s n o tio n s o f m en lik e M r. R o y a ll, p e r m it m e to s t a t e t h a t a s e a r ly a s 1926 t h e r e w e re a b o u t 2,000 t r a i n e e s in th e S u n Y a t S en U n iv e r s ity in M oscow p re p a rin g f o r th e co m in g d e s tr u c tio n o f fre e d o m a n d t h e e n s la v e m e n t o f C h in a n s p a r t a n d p a r c e l o f L e n in 's p la n to e n c irc le t h e U n ited S ta t e s in o r d e r t h a t it m ig h t f a ll, a s h e p u t i t , " lik e a n o v e r r i p e f r u i t i n to o u r h a n d s .” B y 1927 th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t w a s t u r n i n g o u t no le s s th a n 5,000 t r a i n e e s p e r y e a r to do i t s b id d in g in th e F a r E a s t , a n d a g u llib le w o r ld d id n o t h a v e th e v isio n to t a k e co g n iz a n c e o f it. In 1942, w h ile w e w e re s t r a i n i n g e v e ry n e r v e to s u p p ly t h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t w ith w a r m a te r ie l, w h ile o u r s o n s w e re b r a v in g th e s u b m a rin e -in fe s te d w a te r s o f th e N o r th S ea t r y i n g to d e liv e r th e b a d ly n e e d e d g u n s a n d a m m u n itio n , food, a n d m e d ic in e to t h e R u s s ia n a r m ie s , th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t w a s a l r e a d y p r e p a r in g m en to in t e r r o g a t e A m e ric a n a n d E n g lis h p ris o n e r s o f w a r. O n e e q u a lly lo o k s in v a in f o r g r e a t e r in te llig e n c e a n d e n lig h te n m e n t am o n g th e B r i t is h b u s in e s s m e n . S a id o n e of t h e ir le a d in g m en in re c e n t t i m e s : “ W h ile th e C o m m u n is ts j u s t now see e v e ry fo r e ig n e r a s a sp y , t h e r e m u s t e v e n tu a lly be a s ta b iliz in g p erio d . T h e n t h e r e w ill h a v e to b e h ig h e r t r a d e a n d B r i t is h s h ip s t o c a r r y t h a t t r a d e — s a y , 2, 3, o r 5 y e a rs a h e a d .” S im ila r n o n s e n s e w a s p e d d le d a r o u n d a f t e r t h e R u s s ia n C o m m u n is ts c a m e to p o w e r. B e fo r e m e is a c lip p in g f r o m t h e N ew Y ork T im e s o f A u g u s t 14, 1920. O n p a g e 2 is a d is p a tc h fr o m W a s h in g to n q u o tin g th e A m e ric a n A m b a s s a d o r in P e tr o g r a d , M r. F r a n c is , to th e effec t t h a t w ith in 6 m o n th s t h e r e w o u ld b e no v e s tig e l e f t o f th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t. I n th e lig h t o f B r i t a i n ’s r e c e n t e x p e rie n c e w i t h th e C h in e se C o m m u n ists, th e sort, o f t h in k in g ab o v e q u o te d is a ll th e m o re sh o ck in g . T h e B r itis h S o c ia lis ts ru s h e d a t n e c k -b re a k in g sp ee d to re co g n ize th e C h in e s e C o m m u n is t b a r b a r ia n s . T h e y d id n o t r e a liz e o r d id n o t c a r e t h a t w h ile th e voice fro m C h in a w a s t h a t o f M ao, th e h a n d s p u llin g t h e l ’e ip in g s t r i n g s w e re th o s e o f S ta lin . F o r 4 y e a rs n o w th e B r itis h G o v e rn m e n t h a s bee n s u ffe rin g in s u lts a n d in d ig n itie s a t th e h a n d s o f t h e C o m m u n is t m e rc e n a rie s in C h in a , t h e i r A m b a s s a d o r h a s bee n cool in g h is h e e ls in P e ip in g e v e r sin c e h is a r r i v a l , a n d M ao re fu s e s to re c o g n iz e th e B r i t is h G o v e rn m e n t. D u r in g th e firs t 6 m o n th s o f 1952, fo r e x a m p le , th e B r i t is h s e n t 50 c o m m u n ic a tio n s to th e C o m m u n is t g o v e rn m e n t w ith o u t ev e n b e in g a c c o rd e d th e c o u r te s y o f a s in g le re p ly , l i a s th e B r i t is h lio n lo s t h is v o ice a n d h i s te e th ? 125 �126 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM N o t o n ly h a v e B r i t is h b u s in e s s m e n t a k e n no p ro fits o u t o f C h in a s in c e t h e c u r ta i n w a s r u n g d o w n on t h a t c o u n try , b u t th e y h a v e b e e n th ro w in g g o o d m o n ey a f t e r b a d a t a n a la r m in g r a t e — a b o u t 500,000 p o u n d s s t e r l i n g m o n th ly . D u r in g th e y e a r 1951 t h e B r itis h h a d to p u t a b o u t 17 m illio n p o u n d s s te r lin g in to C h in a to m e e t t h e p a r a l i z i n g ta x e s , to p a y o u tra g e o u s ly in fla te d a n d u s e le s s s t a f f s fo r c e d u p o n th e m by th e C o m m u n is ts . A ll th is is d e s ig n e d to r u i n fo re ig n b u s i n e s s firm s in C h in a a n d to e x t o r t v a lu a b le fo r e ig n e x c h a n g e . H e r s e l f in d i r e e c o n o m ic n ee d , fo r e v e r c r y in g f o r m o re m illio n s fro m th e A m e ric a n ta x p a y e rs , B r i t a i n n e v e rth e le s s c o n tin u e s to c lin g to th e f a r c e o f t r y i n g to do b u s in e s s w ith a g o v e r n m e n t w h ic h h a s n e v e r c o n c e a le d th e f a c t t h a t i t is o u t to d e s tro y a l l nonC o m m u n is t n a tio n s . N o t a s in g le B r i t is h firm h a s a c h a n c e o f s u rv iv in g in C h i n a ; n o t a c e n t w ill e v e r be p a id by th e C h in e s e to t h e B r i t is h o r A m eric an , firm s e x p r o p r i a t e d by th e m , n o t u n t i l th e C o m m u n is t g o v e rn m e n t is d e s tro y e d by i t s o w n people. A n d y e t t h i s n o n s e n s e o f th e B r i t is h b u s in e s s le a d e r w a s p ro m p tly ec h o ed b y a n A m e ric a n c o lle a g u e , no le s s t h a n t h e c h a ir m a n o f th e U n ite d S ta t e s C o u n c il o f th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C h a m b e r o f C o m m e rce w h o to ld th e B o s to n co n fe re n c e o n d i s t r i b u t i o n : “T h e u l t im a te r e s u lt s ,” s a i d M r. G e o rg e A. S lo a n , “w ill be t h a t so m e d a y in th e f u t u r e th e S o v ie ts w ill r e a liz e th e f u t i l i t y o f t h e i r e f fo rts in u n d e r m in in g t h e f r e e n a t i o n s a n d w ill s u s p e n d t h e i r s tru g g le f o r w o rld d o m in a tio n .” M r. S lo a n a p p a r e n t l y re f u s e s to a d m it t h a t h a v in g e n s la v e d o v e r 600 m illio n s o f a lie n p e o p le s in th e c o u rs e o f o n e d e c a d e t h e i r e f fo rts s h o u ld be te rm e d h ig h ly s u c c e s s fu l a n d n o t a fu t i l e e f fo rt a s h e s e e s i t . T h e y h a v e b e e n e m in e n tly s u c c e s s fu l th r o u g h o u t th e w o rld , n o t e x c lu d in g o u r o w n c o u n try , a n d a r e n o w k n o c k in g a t t h e v e r y m a jo r g a te w a y to th e U n ite d S ta te s , th e P a n a m a C a n a l, w ith t h e i r e f fo rts in G u a te m a la . T h e k in d o f b a ld e r d a s h w e h a v e bee n g e ttin g fr o m m e n w h o s h o u ld k n o w b e t t e r h o w to d e a l w ith th e S o v ie t n i g h tm a r e im p e ls m en o f m y b a c k g ro u n d a n d e x p e rie n c e to e x c la im : Y ou m ig h t a s w e ll w a it f o r th e le o p a rd to c h a n g e h is s p o t s ; y o u m ig h t a s w e ll e x p e c t th e e a r t h to c h a n g e i t s c o u r s e a s to s e e t h e S o v ie ts a b a n d o n t h e i r irre s p o n s ib le a n d i r r e s is t i b l e m a rc h t o w a r d w o rld e n s la v e m e n t. M r. C h a irm a n , i t is h ig h tim e to a d m i t t h a t L e n in t r u l y m e a n t b u s in e s s w h e n h e a s s u r e d h is l i s t e n e r s tim e a n d tim e a g a i n : " I t i s e it h e r w e o r t h e y ; * * * W e s t a n d f o r u n in t e r r u p te d re v o lu tio n . W e w ill n o t h a l t h a lf w a y .” T h a t s u c h f a lla c ie s a s m e n tio n e d ab o v e a r e s t il l b e in g p e d d le d a r o u n d by s u p p o s e d ly in te llig e n t m e n o f a f f a i r s 3G y e a r s a f t e r th e r is e o f t h e S o v ie t re g im e m a k e s o n e w o n d e r i f o u r p eo p le e v e r w ill f a th o m th e s e r io u s n e s s o f th e p ro b lem w h ic h is fa c in g th e m . O n e c a n a ls o w o n d e r w h y th e t h o u s a n d s o f fo u n d a tio n s w ith b illio n s o f ta x -f re e d o lla r s h a v e n o t h a d t h e c o m m o n sen se to ta c k le t h i s p ro b le m o f e n lig h te n in g o u r p eo p le , a n d e s p e c ia lly th o s e in s t r a t e g ic p o s itio n s . T o do e le c tric w ir in g o r a p lu m b in g jo b a p e r s o n m u s t t a k e a n e x a m in a tio n a n d s e c u re a c e rtific a te s h o w in g t h a t h e is q u a lifie d . B u t n o t in m a t t e r s a ffe c tin g th e liv e s o f e v e ry m a n , w o m a n , a n d c h ild in th e U n ite d S ta te s — th e so lv in g o f th e m o s t d iffic u lt p ro b le m o f t h e e r a c a u s e d by S o v ie t co m m u n ism . A n y ig n o ra m u s o f t h i s s u b je c t, w ith o u t h a v in g s tu d ie d th e p ro b le m in R u s s ia o r le a r n e d th e b a s ic p rin c ip le s of S o v ie t th e o ry a n d p r a c tic e fr o m th e e x p e rie n c e o f th o s e w h o h a v e m a d e , i t t h e i r l if e ’s w o r k to k n o w t h e t r u t h o f th e m a t t e r , be h e a u n iv e r s ity p ro f e s s o r, a n e d i t o r i a l w r it e r , a b u s in e s s e x e c u tiv e o r a p ro f e s s io n a l, c a n u n d e r t a k e to p o n tific a te o n th is m o s t p e r p le x in g p ro b lem . S om e o f o u r g r e a t e s t s c ie n tis ts w h o w o u ld la u g h th e m s e lv e s s ic k if th e y h e a r d a n o r d in a r y la y m a n p o n tific a te on th e s c ie n tific field s i n w h ic h th e y ex c el, m e n lik e P r o f e s s o r s E in s te in a n d K e tte rin g , f o r e x a m p le , t r y to h o ld f o r th in th e field o f i n t e r n a tio n a l r e la t io n s w ith t h e S o v ie t m e n a c e a n d t r y to in flu en c e p u b lic o p in io n . N o le s s s h o c k in g h a s been t h e p r o p a g a n d a in b e h a lf o f E a s t-W e s t t r a d e by M rs. V e ra M ich ele s D e a n , re s e a r c h d ir e c to r o f th e A m e ric a n F o re ig n P o lic y A s s o c ia tio n . H e r s e lf a n im m ig ra n t fro m S o v ie t ty r a n n y , M rs. D e a n h a s n e v e r bee n back to R u s s ia s in c e 1919, h a s n e v e r h a d a n y b u s in e s s e x p e rie n c e s w ith th e S o v ie t econom y. Y et on J a n u a r y 10, 1950, th e m e m b e rs o f th e N e w Y o rk E x p o r t Clul> lis te n e d to h e r d is c o u rs e o n “ R u s s ia ’s E co n o m ic R e a litie s W ith th e W e s t.” H e r co n c lu d in g re m a r k s w e re a s re v e a lin g a s th e y w e re c o u n te r to o u r i n t e r e s t s : “ I n c o n c lu sio n ,” s a i d M rs. D e a n , “ I w o u ld s a y t h a t w e s h a ll h a v e to m a k e a c h o ic e b e tw e e n tw o r i s k s : O ne r i s k is to t r a d e w ith R u s s ia a n d E a s t e r n E u ro p e , a n d t h e r e th e r is k , o f c o u rse , is t h a t w e w ill b e i n c re a s in g t h e i r c a p a c ity l o r w a g in g w a r — i f t h a t is w h a t th e y a r e p la n n in g to do. I s a y i t b e c a u s e I a n t STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 127 n o t a t a l l c le a r t h a t t h a t is t h e r e a l lin e o f a t t a c k t h a t t h e R u s s ia n s w ill p u rs u e . T h e o th e r ris k is n o t to t r a d e w ith th e m a n d to c o n tin u e to p u t p re s s u re on o u r E R P f r ie n d s a ls o n o t to t r a d e to o m u c h w ith E a s t e r n E u ro p e , a n d th e n w e a r e r u n n in g th e r i s k o f in c re a s in g th e e c o n o m ic d iffic u ltie s o f o u r fr ie n d s in W e s te rn E u ro p e . N ow , in m a k in g t h i s ch o ic e o f ris k s , I w o u ld p lu m p f o r th e r i s k o f t r a d i n g w ith E a s t e r n E u ro p e a n d R u s s ia . * * *” F iv e m o n th s l a t e r th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t o rd e re d th e N o r th K o r e a n s to in v a d e S o u th K o r e a , w h e re f o r m o re t h a n 3 y e a r s w e f o u g h t o u r t h i r d la rg e s t a n d c o s tlie s t w a r. B u t a s h o r t 5 m o n th s e a r l i e r th e re s e a r c h d ir e c to r o f th e A m e ric a n F o re ig n P o lic y A s s o c ia tio n , fe d b y ta x -e x e m p t d o lla r s fr o m o u r fo u n d a tio n s a n d in d iv id u a ls , w a s “ n o t a t a l l c le a r ” t h a t w a r " is th e re a l lin e o f a t t a c k t h a t th e R u s s ia n s w ill p u rs u e .” A n d w h a t is e v e n m o re in e x c u s a b le a b o u t t h i s la d y w h e n 3 m o n th s a f t e r th e K o r e a n w a r b e g a n , w ith th o u s a n d s o f A m e ric a n s la u g h te r e d w ith th e a id o f S ta l in ’s g u n s a n d m i li t a r y le a d e rs , Airs. D e a n w r o te in th e S e p te m b e r 23, 1950, is s u e o f th e l e f t i s t N a tio n m a g a z i n e : “H o w lo n g w ill th e p re te n s e b e k e p t u p t h a t th e P e k in g re g im e m u s t n o t s p e a k in th e i n t e r n a ti o n a l a f f a ir s on b e h a lf o f C h in a ? D o e s a p e rio d o f 16 o r m o re y e a r s o f n o n re c o g n itio n by th e U n ite d S ta t e s lie a h e a d , a s in th e c a s e o f th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t b e tw e e n 1917 a n d 1933?” T w o m o n th s l a t e r , th e C h in e s e C o m m u n is ts , th e d a r lin g o f th e re s e a r c h d ire c to r o f th e A m e ric a n F o re ig n P o lic y A s s o c ia tio n , la u n c h e d t h e i r s a v a g e w a r a g a i n s t th e U n ite d S ta te s . S u re lv M alen k o v , V is h in s k y , M a lik , a n d co m p a n y co u ld h a r d ly h a v e d o n e b e t t e r by th e K r e m lin t h a n d id M rs. D e a n w i t h h e r t a l k b e fo re th e E x p o r t M a n a g e rs C lub. I ta lk e d to a n u m b e r o f p eo p le in th e a u d ie n c e a f t e r th e le c tu r e . T h e y h a d no id e a s o f t h e i r ow n, b u t p a r r o t e d h e r a r g u m e n ts . T h e y a d m itte d t h a t n o n e o f th e m h a d e v e r b e e n to t h e S o v ie t U n io n o r e v e r r e a d a n a u t h o r i t a t i v e book on co m m u n ism in p ra c tic e . O n e o f th e m ev e n c o n fe s s e d t h a t a lth o u g h V ic to r K r a v c h e n k o ’s book I C h o se F re e d o m h a d b ee n on h i s l i b r a r y s h e lf f o r 2 y e a rs , h e h a d n e v e r lo o k ed i n to it. S u c h a n u n in fo rm e d a u d ie n c e , o b v io u sly , is e a s y p re y f o r th e glib to n g u e o f th e E a s t- W e s t t r a d e p r o p a g a n d is t. B u t. a s a ru le , th e s e a r e th e ty p e o f le c tu r e r s o u r t r a d e a s s o c ia tio n s a n d clu b s in v ite to e n lig h te n th e m . W h a t a tra g e d y . T h e a b o v e -q u o te d re m a r k s h a v e been selec ted a s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e th in k in g o f m en a t th e to p ru n g o f o u r b u s in e s s le a d e rs h ip la d d e r. S im ila r u n e n lig h te n e d a n d co n fu s e d re a s o n in g am o n g le a d e r s o f o th e r g ro u p s h a s h e lp e d b rin g A m e ric a to i t s p r e s e n t im p a s s e b y p e r m i t t i n g : 1. C o n tin u a n c e o f d ip lo m a tic r e la t io n s w ith th e S o v ie ts long, f a r to o long, a f t e r i t h a d becom e a p p a r e n t t h a t c o o p e ra tio n w ith th e m in a n y field o f h u m a n e n d e a v o r w a s f u tile . 2. C o n tin u a tio n o f tr a d i n g w ith t h e en e m y lo n g a f t e r w e h a d le a r n e d fr o m d e c a d e s o f e x p e rie n c e t h a t i t is d e c id e d ly d e tr im e n ta l to o u r in te r e s ts . 3. S ittin g w ith th e w o r ld ’s g r e a t e s t m u r d e r e r s in t h e c o u n c ils o f th e U n ite d N a tio n s a s e q u a ls, w i t h m en w h o do n o t r e p r e s e n t th e R u s s ia n p eo p le s, n e v e r re p re s e n te d th e m a n d n e v e r w ill. E v e r y c o n fe re n c e w e s a t in w ith th o s e b a r b a r ia n s p ro v e d f a t a l to u s o r f u t i l e a t b est. I f th e y c a n n o t h a v e t h e i r w a y a t a c o n fe re n c e , th e y a r e d e te rm in e d to w re c k it. T h e y h a v e do n e i t tim e a n d tim e a g a in . Y e t w e p e r s is t in b eg g in g th e m on o u r k n e e s to h a v e som e m o re s e s s io n s . H o w lo n g m u s t th is go on? I n th e p r e s e n t p sy c h o lo g ic a l w a r th e s e co m m issio n s a n d t h e m a n y m o re o m iss io n s a r e d e a d ly s t r i k e s a g a i n s t th e U n ite d S ta te s . In th e m e a n tim e th e flo w e r o f th e N a tio n ’s m a n h o o d h a s h a d to p e r is h on t h e h ills o f K o r e a w ith o u t e lim in a tin g th e s o u rc e o f th e w o rld c h a o s a n d te n s io n . T h e t e n s of t h o u s a n d s o f A m e ric a n a n d F re n c h y o u th s w h o h a v e l a i d do w n t h e i r liv e s on th e d i s ta n t b a ttle fie ld s , th e o th e r te n s o f th o u s a n d s o f m en w h o s e b o d ie s h a v e b ee n m u tila te d f o r life a r e c ry in g fro m t h e i r p r e m a t u r e g ra v e s a n d t h e h o s p ita l b e d s t h a t o u r s ta te s m e n s to p b lu n d e rin g a n d b u n g lin g a n d d e a l w ith th e en e m y m o re r e a lis tic a lly a n d in te llig e n tly . M r. C h a irm a n , h a s a n y o n e in t h i s ro o m e v e r s to p p e d to th in k t h a t w h ile th e K r e m lin h a s 30 o r so m illio n s o f a llie s in th e f r e e c o u n trie s , t h e r e a r e h u n d r e d s o f m illio n s o f s e c re t a llie s o f o u rs b e h in d th e I r o n C u rta in . T h e y a r e s ile n t to b e s u re . B u t th e y c o u ld b e m a d e vocal. T h e y a r e lo o k in g to u s f o r m o ra l a n d p s y c h o lo g ic a l s y m p a th y . I n s t e a d o f t h a t w e h a v e a h ig h G o v e rn m e n t fu n c tio n a r y , M r. S ta s s e n , te ll u s t h a t s e n d in g g oods to R u s s ia w o u ld e n d e a r u s to t h e p eo p le . T h is i s a m o ra l a n d p sy c h o lo g ic a l s u p p o rt to t h e i r en e m ie s, th e K r e m lin ty r a n t s . I n s t e a d o f s a y in g a n d d o in g th in g s w h ic h w ill b o o s t th e m o ra le o f t h e �128 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM STRA TEG Y AND TACTICS OF W O RLD C O M M U N IS M v ic tim s o f c o m m u n is m , t h e g r e a t W in s to n C h u rc h ill co m e s f o r t h w i t h t h e s h o c k in g s t a t e m e n t w h ic h I q u o te : “ W e s h o u ld e s ta b lis h w ith R u s s ia l in k s w h ic h , i n s p ite o f a ll d i s tr a c ti o n s a n d p e r il s a n d c o n tra d ic tio n s , w ill co n v in c e th e R u s s ia n p e o p le a n d t h e S o v ie t G ov e r n m e n t t h a t w e w is h th e m p e a c e , h a p p in e s s , a n d e v e r-in c re a s in g a n d ev e re x p a n d in g p r o s p e r ity a n d e n r ic h m e n t o f life in t h e i r o w n m ig h ty la u d a n d t h a t w e lo n g to s e e th e m p l a y a p r o u d a n d s p le n d id p a r t i n th e g u id a n c e o f th e h u m a n ra c e .” T h e R u s s ia n G o v e rn m e n t w e c a n n o t co n v in c e. M r. C h u rc h ill w h o h a d m o re e x p e rie n c e t h a n a n y o n e o f u s h e r e o u g h t to k n o w i t b y n o w . T h e o n ly o b s ta c le to p ea ce , h a p p in e s s , a n d a l l t h e o t h e r g o o d th in g s t h a t M r. C h u rc h ill w is h e s th e R u s s ia n p eo p le s is t h e c o n tin u e d e x is te n c e o f t h e S o v ie t re g im e . T h e R u s s ia n p e o p le k n o w t h a t e v e n i f M r. C h u rc h ill a n d m a n y o f o u r o w n b e fu d d le d p e o p le d o n ’t. T o w is h to s e e t h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t p l a y “ a p ro u d a n d s p le n d id p a r t in th e g u id a n c e o f th e h u m a n ra c e ,” t o q u o te M r. C h u rc h ill, s o u n d s lik e th e l i tt l e m o u s e w is h in g t h a t t h e c a t ’s te e th b e s h a r p e r , t h a t th e c a t ’s f e e t c a r r y h e r f a s t e r to th e p ro s p e c tiv e p re y . B e s id e s , th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t is h a r d ly in n e e d o f M r. C h u rc h ill’s good w is h e s . I t is d o in g q u ite w e ll on its o w n w a y , t h a n k yo u . T h e K r e m lin fe e ls t h a t i t is in d e e d p la y in g “ a p ro u d a n d s p le n d id p a r t in t h e g u id a n c e o f th e h u m a n ra c e ” t h a t h a s a lr e a d y fa lle n in to i t s b lo o d -d re n c h e d h a n d s , t h a t i t is g u id in g , a c c o rd in g to i t s d e r a n g e d m e n ta lity , i t s m illio n s o f s to o g e s th r o u g h o u t t h e f r e e w o r ld to b rin g a b o u t i t s d e s ire d r e s u lt s — t h e s o v ie tiz a tio n o f th e w o rld . I t s h o u ld be p la in a s d a y b y n o w t h a t th e s o r t o f t h in k in g ex e m p lifie d by M r. C h u rc h ill, M r. S ta s s e n , M r. W e ir, M r. R o y a l im p e rils o u r s a f e t y a n d s e c u rity . T h e d e s tin ie s o f m a n k in d a r e n o t s a f e i n s u c h h a n d s . U n less th e m a s s e s in t h e c o u n tr ie s s t il l f r e e , b e s t i r th e m s e lv e s a n d p ro v id e m o re e n lig h te n e d a n d c o u r a g e o u s le a d e rs h ip , th e C h r i s ti a n c iv iliz a tio n is doom ed. A s o n e w ith a b a c k g ro u n d o f 37 y e a r s in t h e in t e r n a ti o n a l t r a d e field, I m u s t s t a t e c a te g o ric a lly t h a t th e w h o le S o v ie t t r a d e co m m o tio n is n o th in g m o re n o r le s s t h a n a m e a n s to d r iv in g a w e d g e b e tw e e n t h e f r e e n a tio n s . I t is d e s ig n e d to s u p p ly th e C o m m u n is t sto o g e s in t h e f r e e w o rld w ith p ro p a g a n d a m a t e r ia l t o c o n fu s e a n d b e f u d d le o u r th in k in g . W h a t h a p p e n e d to th e b illio n s o f t r a d e t h a t w a s to fo llo w th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f re la tio n s w ith th e K r e m lin ? I t w a s a m y th . D u r in g th e 20 y e a r s p r io r to th e S eco n d W o rld W a r th e t o t a l p u rc h a s e s a m o u n te d to $1,200 m illio n — a p p r o x im a te ly $-16 m illio n p e r a n n u m . T n i s is a m e r e d ro p in th e o c e a n in o u r v a s t eco n o m y . S om e o f t h e s m a lle s t c o u n trie s i n L a t i n A m e ric a b u y f a r m o re t h a n t h a t fr o m u s a n n u a lly . T h e S o v ie ts c a n n o t a ll'o rd to im p o rt h e a v ily f r o m th e c a p i ta l is t c o u n trie s fo r tw o m a jo r r e a s o n s : F ir s t, th e y c a n n o t a ffo rd to h e lp th e ec o n o m ie s o f c o u n trie s t h e y a r e o u t to d e s tro y , a n d th e y d o n ’t p e r m i t f r ie n d s o f th e U n ite d S ta t e s o r p l a i n g u llib le s in R u s s ia to go a r o u n d p ro p a g a n d iz in g t h a t p u rc h a s e s s h o u ld be m a d e h e re , a s is th e c a s e w itli a good m a n y s u c h g u llib le s h e re . S econd, th e y c a n n o t te ll th e p e o p le d a y in a n d d a y o u t t h a t th e S o v ie t U n io n is th e r e a l p a r a d i s e o f th e w o r k e rs , t h e c o u n try w h ic h h a s in v e n te d e v e ry th in g u n d e r , a b o v e , a n d o n th e s u n , t h a t p eo p le in t h e c a p i ta l is t c o u n trie s a r e s t a r v i n g a n d i t is in c u m b e n t u p o n th e w o r k e rs o f th e S o v ie t f a th e r l a n d to a llo w h ea v y d e d u c tio n s fr o m t h e i r w a g e s to k e e p t h e A m e ric a n w o r k e rs a liv e , a n d a t th e sa m e tim e flood R u s s ia w ith g o o d s fr o m th o s e im p o v e ris h e d c a p i ta l is t i c c o u n trie s . I t j u s t w o u ld n o t m a k e s e n s e , a n d th e S o v ie t p ro p a g a n d is ts a r e s m a r t e r t h a n th a t , f a r s m a r t e r t h a n o u r o w n . W h y , th e n , th i s g r e a t f u s s a b o u t E a s t- W e s t tr a d e ? P a r t o f th e a n s w e r h a s a lr e a d y been g iv en b e fo re . H e re is a n o th e r a n g le : T a k e a lo o k a t th e t r a d e a g r e e m e n ts c o n c lu d e d b e tw e e n R u s s ia a n d th e E u r o p e a n c o u n tr ie s f o r d e liv e r y th is y e a r a n d a fe w y e a r s h en c e. T h e y a r e a l l filled w ith tie -in p u rc h a s e s . I n 1954, f o r e x a m p le , th e S o v ie ts h a v e a g r e e d to s h ip to F in l a n d p e tro le u m p ro d u c ts , s u g a r , lin se e d o il, g a s o lin e , D iese l o il, fu e l o il, co a l a n d co k e, f e r tiliz e r , w h e a t, f o d d e r c a k e s , a n d th e lik e. B u t w h a t is F in la n d s u p p o s e d to s h ip to R u s s ia ? S tr a te g ic g o o d s ex c lu siv e ly . A ll o f i t d e s ig n e d t o s tr e n g th e n t h e m i li t a r y m ig h t o f o u r en e m y , n a m e ly — 44 s h ip s , ta n k e r s , o c e a n fish in g t r a w le r s , o c e a n t u g b o a t s ; 56 l a k e b a r g e s ; flo a tin g c r a n e s , p o w e rp la n t m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t, a n d m a n y m o re s i m i l a r ite m s . H o lla n d , f o r e x a m p le , i s to s u p p ly th e S o v ie ts w ith h e r r in g , so m e b u t t e r , a n d a fe w o th e r fo o d ite m s f o r th e ta b le o f th e S o v ie t h ie r a r c h y , b u t th e m a jo r ite m s s h e is to s h ip to R u s s ia a r e : C a rg o v e s s e ls , r e f r i g e r a t o r v e s s e ls , s u c tio n h o p p e r d re d g e s , b u c k e t d re d g e s , c o a l b u n k e r in g v e s s e ls , a n d so f o r th . E v e r y o n e o f th e m a m a jo r s t r a t e g ic ite m . T u r n to E n g la n d , i f yo u p le a se . S h e is to re c e iv e fro m R u s s ia fo o d s tu ffs w h ic h a r e in s u p e r a b u n d a n c e h e r e a n d in C a n a d a ; lu m b e r a n d tim b e r, w h ic h C a n a d a h a s in s u p e r a b u n d a n c e . B u t B r i t a i n is to s h ip to R u s s ia — t a k e good n o te , p l e a s e : 30 o c e a n l i n e r s o f S,000 a n d 10,000 to n s , 20 s h ip s o f 5,000 to n s , 60 fis h in g tr a w le r s , 30 w h a le rs , 15 s a lv a g e t u g s ; ra ilw a y e q u ip m e n t to p ro p u p th e w e a k e s t lin k o f t h e S o v ie t s y s t e m ; 200 c a t e r p i l l a r c r a n e s ; 110 s e ts o f c o m p le te p o w e r s t a t i o n s ; 150 s te a m b o i l e r s ; 20 p o w e r t r a i n s : 150 d ie s e l e le c tric s t a t i o n s ; e le c tric a l e q u ip m e n t w o r th a b o u t $15 m i ll i o n ; ro llin g m ill e q u ip m e n t w o r th a b o u t $40 m illio n , a n d m 'r e o f t h a t n a tu r e . A n d th is , M r. C h a irm a n , is b e in g p a r a d e d to u s a s n o n s tr a te g ic goods. I t is w o r th y o f n o te t h a t p r a c tic a lly e v e ry c o u n try c a p a b le o f s u p p ly in g s h ip s a n d s im ila r ly h ig h ly s t r a t e g ic m a t e r ia l is b e in g a w a rd e d c o n tra c ts . T h is , o n one h a n d , ta k e s th e b u rd e n off th e S o v ie t s h ip y a rd s , a n d , sec o n d , i t m a k e s i t p o s s ib le f o r th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t to t a k e p o s s e s s io n o f t h a t m a n y m o re h ig h ly s t r a t e g ic e q u ip m e n t in th e e v e n t o f a co n flic t o r f o r th e p u rp o s e o f a id in g s a t e l l i t e s th ro u g h w h o m m is c h ie f is n o w p la n n e d . D id M r. S ta s s e n g iv e y o u f a c t s o r fictio n w h e n h e a s s e r t e d t h a t s u c h t r a d e w o u ld “c a r r y a n e t a d v a n ta g e to th e f r e e w o r ld ” ? T h e t o t a l 1948 tu r n o v e r o f t h e U. S . S. R . t r a d e w ith t h e f r e e w o rld (b o th e x p o r t s a n d im p o rts fr o m ) a m o u n te d to a b o u t $1 b illio n . I n 1950 i t d e c lin e d to $545 m illio n . I n 1952 i t w a s b a c k a b o u t $943 m illio n . T h e fig u re s f o r 1953 w e re a b o u t $790 m illio n . W e h a v e g iv e n a w a y a n n u a lly to o u r E u ro p e a n a llie s a lo n e s e v e ra l tim e s t h a t m u c h . I f th e fo r e ig n t r a d e a m a te u r s a p p a r e n tly s u rr o u n d in g M r. S ta s s e n w o u ld b e re p la c e d by m en w ith p r a c t i c a l fo r e ig n -tra d e ex p e rien c e, n o t j u s t book le a rn in g , a w a y c o u ld be w o rk e d o u t to s a t i s f y th e i n te r n a tio n a l t r a d e n e e d s o f o u r f r ie n d s in E u ro p e a n d a t th e s a m e tim e c la m p d o w n a com p le te a n d t i g h t e m b a rg o a g a i n s t a ll, a b s o lu te ly a ll, s h ip m e n ts to th e S o v ie t bloc. A c o m b in a tio n o f th e k n o w -h o w a n d a f e a r le s s d e te r m in a tio n to h i t t h e en e m y w h e re i t w ill h u r t co u ld b r i n g t h a t a b o u t v e r y e a s ily . B u t th e w ill m u s t b e t h e r e first. 129 W H O M DID W E REC OG N IZE? A m e ric a n s ta te s m e n , D e m o c ra ts a n d R e p u b lic a n s a lik e , b e tw e e n 1917 a n d 1933 d id n o t h a v e to becom e d ip lo m a tic b e d fe llo w s w ith t h e C o m m u n is ts in o rd e r to fin d o u t th e t r u e n a t u r e o f th e K r e m lin b e a s t. T h e y h a d k n o w n fro m th e w r itin g s a n d u t t e r a n c e s o f th e C o m m u n is t le a d e r s b e g in n in g w ith K a r l M a rx a n d e n d in g w ith L en in a n d T ro ts k y t h a t a g o v e rn m e n t h e a d e d by s u c h p e o p le c o u ld n o t a n d w o u ld n o t liv e u p to i t s i n t e r n a ti o n a l o b lig a tio n s, t h a t t h e w o rld co u ld n o t re m a in h a l f fr e e a n d h a l f s la v e . T h e y th e r e f o r e s t e a d f a s t l y re fu s e d to c o m p ro m ise w ith e v il a n d w o u ld n o t bow to a n y d e m a n d s fo r re c o g n itio n . I t w a s e v id e n t t o th e m t h a t a g o v e rn m e n t w h ic h w o u ld n o t fu lfill i t s p le d g e s to i t s ow n p eo p le c o u ld n o t p o ssib ly be e x p e c te d to t r e a t u s a n y b e tte r . T h e y k n e w t h a t th e C o m m u n is t re g im e , a s m en tio n e d b efo re, h a d p ro m is e d b r e a d to its p eople a n d h a s g iv en th e m p e r p e tu a l h u n g e r ; i t p ro m is e d p e a c e a n d h a s g iv en th e m u n in te r r u p te d w a r a t h o m e a n d a b r o a d ; i t p ro m is e d la n d to t h e p e a s a n ts a n d h a s ro bbed th e m o f a ll o f it, m u rd e r in g m illio n s o f re s is t e r s in t h e p ro c e ss, b r in g in g u p o n th e R u s s ia n p eo p le s a fa m in e w h ic h d e c im a te d m illio n s m o re in th e c i t i e s : i t p ro m is e d f r e e dom fr o m o p p re s s io n a n d e x p lo ita tio n a n d h a s in s te a d e s ta b lis h e d th e m o s t i n h u m a n s y s te m o f e x p lo ita tio n e v e r k n o w n to m a n k in d . T h e A m e ric a n s ta te s m e n o f a w is e r e r a — fro m W o o d ro w W ils o n a n d in c lu d in g H e r b e r t H o o v e r— r e fu s e d to h a v e a n y th in g to d o w ith s u c h a re g im e . W e a ll now k n o w h o w r i g h t th e y w e re . W hom d id w e re a lly re co g n ize ? L e t u s l i f t j u s t a tin y c o r n e r o f th e I r o n C u r t a i n a n d see t h e n a k e d n e s s o f th e C o m m u n is t re g im e . B e tw e e n 18S1 a n d 1913. a p e rio d o f 32 y e a rs , t h e r e w e re a t o ta l o f 4.446 e x e c u tio n s in th e w h o le o f R u s s ia u n d e r th e C z a r’s g o v e rn m e n t. N o t o n e o f th e m w a s e x e c u te d f o r p o litic a l offenses. A ll o f th e m w e re s e r io u s c r im in a ls . B u t d u r i n g th e firs t 3 y e a rs o f i t s re ig n , th e S o v ie ts e x te r m in a te d o v e r 300,000 m en , w o m en , a n d c h ild re n . A s i t b e c a m e e n tre n c h e d , i t ra is e d t h e n u m b e r o f m u rd e r s i t co m m itte d . T h e s a ilo r s o f t h e F o r t r e s s o f K r o n s ta d t, r ig h t o u ts id e o f L e n in g r a d , p la y e d a d e c isiv e r o le in h e lp in g th e L e n in -T ro ts k y g a n g to w r e s t p o w e r fro m t h e w e ak k n e e d K e re n s k y p ro v is io n a l g o v e rn m e n t in N o v e m b e r 1917. B y th e tim e th e y e a r 1921 tu rn e d u p th e y w e re so d is illu s io n e d , th o s e p la in s o n s o f th e p e a s a n ts a n d w o rk e rs , t h a t th e y s ta g e d a re v o lt d e m a n d in g th e o rig in a l p led g e s o f th e C om m u n is ts b e t r a n s l a te d in to a c tio n , n a m e ly : p o w e r to t h e w o rk e rs , p e a s a n t s ’ a n d s o ld ie rs ’ d e p u tie s , la n d f o r th e p e a s a n ts , a g o v e rn m e n t o n la w a n d n o t o f e d ic ts , �130 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM fre e d o m o f p r e s s a n d a s s e m b la g e , ju s tic e , a n d lib e rty . F o r t h a t th e y w e re r u t h le s s ly d e s tro y e d by th e L e n in re g im e . S in c e t h e n t h e r e h a v e b e e n n u m e ro u s re v o lts , a l l o f th e m d ro w n e d in t h e b lo o d o f t h e p eo p le . T h e p eo p le s o f R u s s ia h a v e n e v e r re c o g n iz e d th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t a s th e le g itim a te g o v e rn m e n t o f th e c o u n tr y a n d n e v e r w ill. T h e m o re th e p e o p le re b e lle d th e m o re fe ro c io u s th e a t r o c i ti e s o f t h e re g im e . W e w ill n o w v i s it a fe w R u s s ia n c itie s to w itn e s s com m u n is m in a c tio n . O u r firs t s to p is K h a rk o v . I t is O c to b e r IS , 1941, a n d H i t l e r ’s a r m ie s a r e ro llin g i r r e s is tib ly o n w a rd . M illio n s o f R u s s ia n s o ld ie rs h a v e a lr e a d y s u r r e n d e r e d , re f u s in g to fig h t f o r S ta lin a n d h i s C o m m u n is t P a r t y . O n th e c o r n e r o f C h e n is lie v s k y a n d S o v n a rk o m s k y S tr e e t s s t a n d s a b u ild in g o cc u p ied b y t h e d r e a d e d s e c r e t p o lice. I t h a s 4 s to r ie s u n d e r a n d 4 ab o v e t h e g ro u n d . I t is eq u ip p e d w ith t h e m o s t m o d e rn c r e m a to riu m to b u rn t h e b o d ie s o f th e c o n d e m n ed w i t h o u t t r i a l , w ith o u t p ro o f o f g u ilt. A c o rd o n o f a r m e d m en is th ro w n a r o u n d t h e b u ild in g . A n official s e ts th e b u ild in g ; filled w i t h m en a n d w o m en , o n fire. A s t h e fla m e s r is e th e c r ie s o f t h e v ic tim s a r e p ie rc in g t h e t h i c k w a lls o f t h e f a s t n e s s h o ld in g th em . S om e d a r e to com e to th e w in d o w s a n d a r e im m e d ia te ly fire d u p o n . I n d u e tim e t h e b u ild in g is a l l in a s h e s m ix e d w i t h t h a t o f t h e p ris o n e r s . N o n e e sc ap ed . T h e p e r p e t r a to r s o f t h i s c r im e a r e t h e d ip lo m a tic b e d fe llo w s o f th e G o v e rn m e n t o f t h e U n ite d S ta te s . W e n o w t a k e y o u to V in itz a in t h e U k r a in e . O ne o f t h e p e r e n n ia l p u rg e s by th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t is in f u l l sw in g . F o r p o s s e s s in g a te x b o o k i n a fo r e ig n la n g u a g e , f o r c o rre s p o n d in g w ith a r e la t iv e o r a f r ie n d in a fo re ig n c o u n try , fo r o v e r s a l t in g p ic k le s o n a c o lle c tiv e f a r m , f o r in a b i l i ty to p ro d u c e in th e f a c to r y o r m in e a c c o rd in g to th e h e a v y s c h e d u le s im p o se d by th e K r e m lin m a s te r s , people a r e b e in g ro u n d e d u p by th e th o u s a n d s , h e r d e d in ja i l s , s e n t off t o c e r ta in d e a th in d i s ta n t s la v e la b o r c a m p s, o r e x e c u te d in t h e lo c a l h o u s e s o f d e te n tio n . T h e lo c a l j a i l in V in itz a i s filled t o o v erflo w in g . R o o m s d e s ig n e d t o h o ld 16 o r 18 p eople n o w h a v e a h u n d re d o r tw o h u n d re d . F o r w e e k s th e s e p eo p le h a v e b e e n s t a n d i n g o n t h e i r fe e t. S o m e h a v e d ro p p e d d e a d o r f a in t e d fr o m e x h a u s tio n a n d t h e s tif lin g a i r . B u t m o re a n d m o re v ic tim s a r e c o n s ta n tly a r r i v i n g fro m t h e p ro v in c e s . T h e K r e m lin is te a c h in g t h e R u s s ia n p e o p le to re m e m b e r w h o is b o ss o f R e d , u n h o ly R u s s ia . T h e n w o r d co m e s f r o m M oscow to s t a r t liq u id a tio n s . E x e c u tio n s ta k e p la c e n ig h tly . A f te r s u n d o w n g ro u p s o f in m a te s a r e m a rc h e d d o w n to th e g a r a g e below . H e a v y d u t y t r u c k s a r e r u n n in g t h e i r e n g in e s w ith t h r o t t l e s w id e o p en to d ro w n o u t th e c r ie s o f th e v ic tim s a n d th e p is to l s h o ts o f t h e K r e m lin m u r d e r e r s . T h e m en a n d w o m en a r e o rd e re d to s t r i p t o th e w a is t. P r i s o n e r s a r e o rd e re d to fa c e t h e w a ll. K re m lin a g e n ts ti e th e h a n d s o f th e v ic tim s on t h e b ac k , j u s t a s th e m u rd e r e d A m e ric a n s in K o r e a w e re fo u n d w ith t h e i r h a n d s tie d on t h e i r b ac k . T h is is o n e o f M oscow ’s in v e n tio n s . A s t h i s is d o n e, o th e r a g e n ts m o v e fr o m o n e s ta n d in g p r is o n e r t o a n o t h e r a n d fire b u lle ts i n to th e b a c k o f t h e i r h e a d s . P re s e n tly a n o t h e r b a tc h o f p ris o n e r s is b ro u g h t d o w n to t h e g a r a g e a n d o rd e re d to lo a d th e d e a d b o d ies in to t h e r o a r in g tr u c k s . T h e b u tc h e re d p r is o n e r s a r e th e n ru s h e d to th e f o r m e r p e a r o rc h a rd n e a r V in itz a o r to th e old c e m e te ry a n d t h r o w n i n to m a s s g ra v e s . T h i s p e r f o r m a n c e c o n tin u e s th r o u g h o u t th e n ig h t. A t d a w n th e b lo o d s ta in s on t h e p a v e m e n t en r o u te to t h e b u r ia l g ro u n d s a r e c o v e re d w ith s a n d b y p o lice a g e n ts. I n 1943 t h e m a s s g ra v e s w e re op en e d b y th e G e rm a n s . T h e w h o le c ity w a s a ffe c te d b y t h e s te n c h b lo w n b y t h e w in d fr o m th e d ire c tio n o f t h e p e a r o rc h a rd a n d t h e o ld c e m e te ry . T h e lo c a l p o p u la tio n h a d b ee n c o m p la in in g a b o u t i t t o th e G e rm a n o c c u p a tio n a u th o r itie s , a n d th e y g a th e r e d a c o m m issio n o f d o c to rs fro m B elg iu m , F r a n c e , H o lla n d , B u lg a ria , etc ., t o w itn e s s th e o p e n in g o f th e g ra v e s . A t o t a l o f 9,432 b o d ie s w e re fo u n d . F ro m f a r a n d w id e p eo p le s tr e a m e d to V in itz a in s e a rc h o f t h e b o d y o f a r e la tiv e . A m o n g th e m w a s A n n a G o d o v a n y ets. H e r h u s b a n d h a d b ee n ta k e n o u t o f h is h o m e in th e m id d le o f t h e n ig h t a n d sh e h a d n e v e r h e a r d fr o m h im . S h e h a d w r it t e n t o S ta lin f o r t h e w h e re a b o u ts of h e r h u s b a n d . I n tim e s h e re c e iv e d a re p ly fr o m th e n o to rio u s V is h in s k y , th e n c h ie f p ro s e c u to r o f th e S o v ie t s la v e s t a t e , s t a t i n g t h a t h e r h u s b a n d h a d been re le a s e d . O f c o u r s e h e w a s ly in g . I s a a k K a s y a n o v ic li G o d o v a n y e ts h a d been re le a s e d fro m h is s u ffe rin g , to be s u re , s in c e h is b o d y w a s am o n g th e e x c a v a te d th o u s a n d s . T h is , M r. C h a irm a n , is th e w o r k o f o u r d ip lo m a tic b e d fe llo w — th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t w e re co g n ize d in 1933 a n d s t il l m a i n t a i n f r ie n d ly r e la tio n s w ith . A p e r s o n i s j u d g e d by th e co m p a n y h e k ee p s. H o w s h o u ld w e b e ju d g e d fo r k e e p in g c o m p a n y w ith th e s e w h o le s a le m u r d e r e r s ? W h a t h a p p e n e d in V in itz a is a m e re s a m p le o f w h a t h a s b ee n a n d is g o in g on in t h e S o v ie t U n io n a s a STRA TEGY AND TACTICS O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 131 w h o le. I t is a p a t t e r n o f th e w a y th e K r e m lin m a in ta in s i t s e l f in p o w e r, a n d t h i s is b o u n d to c o n tin u e a s lo n g a s th e c iv iliz e d w o rld c o n tin u e s to d e a l w ith th o s e b a r b a r ia n s . T h e s c e n e n o w s h i f t s to Y oozovo, a n i m p o r t a n t r a il w a y ju n c tio n . S in c e 1940 t h e r e h a s been in e x is te n c e in R u s s ia a c h ild -s la v e la b o r s y s te m . B o y s o f 1 2 to IS a n d g i r l s fr o m 14 a n d u p a r e r e c r u ite d i n th e s a m e m a n n e r a s s o ld ie rs a n d sh ip p e d to d i s t a n t p o in ts fr o m t h e i r h o m e s to b e p re s s e d in to s o -c a lle d la b o r re s e rv e s w h e re th e y a r e d e h u m a n iz e d in to ro b o ts to do t h e b id d in g o f th e S o v ie t m a s te r s . S u c h a sch o o l w ith a b o u t 700 y o u th s w a s in Yoozovo a t t h e t im e H i t l e r w a s m ov in g in sev e n le a g u e b o o ts to w a r d M oscow . T h e b o y s w e re b i t te r a g a in s t t h e ir g o v e r n m e n t f o r h a v in g bee n t o r n fr o m t h e i r p a r e n t s a n d t h e i r h o m e e n v iro n m e n t. U n a b le o r u n w illin g to e v a c u a te th e b o y s to s a f e p la c e s , o r d e r s ca m e f r o m M oscow t o l i q u id a te th e m . T o w a r d s u n s e t, a co m p a n y o f s e c r e t p o lic e a r m e d w i t h a u t o m a t i c rifle s d ro v e th e m d o w n to th e o u t s k ir t s o f th e c ity , in a n e a rb y fo r e s t, a n d m o w ed th e m d o w n w i t h m a c h in e g u n s . A h a n d f u l o f th e b o y s m a n a g e d to e s c a p e i n t h e d a r k n e s s to b rin g th e a c c o u n t o f th e m a s s a c re to th e w o rld . T h e m u rd e r e rs o f th e s e c h ild re n a r e liv in g h a p p ily w ith in a fe w b lo ck s fr o m o u r W h ite H o u se— in th e S o v ie t E m b a s s y . W ith th e m u r d e r e r s o f th e s e a n d c o u n tle s s t h o u s a n d s o f o th e r c h ild re n in R u s s ia w e a r e s i tt i n g a t t h e c o n fe re n c e ta b le to b r in g p e a c e to th e w o rld , to a s s u r e th e in d e p e n d e n c e a n d t h e fre e d o m s o f o th e r p eo p le s. W h a t a fa rc e . W h a t a d is g ra c e . O u r re c o g n itio n o f th e K r e m lin re g im e w a s th e m o s t p ric e le s s g i f t b esto w e d u p o n o u r d e a d lie s t en e m y . I t w a s a ll th e m o re in e x c u s a b le b e c a u s e th e C om m u n is ts h a d n e v e r m a d e a s e c re t o f t h e i r t r u e d e s ig n s . " W e h a v e n e v e r con c e a le d th e f a c t ,” s a i d L e n in , “ t h a t o u r re v o lu tio n is o n ly th e b e g in n in g , t h a t it w ill le a d to a v ic to rio u s e n d in g o n ly th e n w h e n w e s h a l l h a v e in fla m e d th e w h o le w o r ld w ith i t s re v o lu tio n a r y fire s” (p p . 22-23, C o lle c te d W o r k s b y L e n in , R u s s i a n e d itio n ) . W ith in d a y s a f t e r re c o g n iz in g t h i s n ig h tm a re h ig h officials in o u r G o v e rn m e n t k n e w t h a t a s e r io u s b lu n d e r h a d b ee n m ad e. W h y a n u p r i g h t m a n lik e S e c r e ta r y C o rd ell H u ll p e r m itte d th is to go on u n c h a lle n g e d r e m a in s a m y s te ry . T o d a y i t is p la in to a n y o n e w h o h a s e y e s to s e e a n d a m in d to t h i n k t h a t t h e r e c a n n e v e r, n e v e r b e p e a c e o n t h i s e a r t h a s lo n g a s th e S o v ie t re g im e s u rv iv e s . A nd o u r c o n tin u in g to d e a l w i t h t h a t G o v e rn m e n t is t h e g r e a t e s t c o n trib u tio n to w a r d i t s s u rv iv a l a n d to m a k e i t p o s s ib le f o r th e m to becom e s tr o n g e r in o rd e r to c a r r y o u t L e n in ’s g r a n d d e s ig n w h ic h y o u w ill find in v o lu m e X , C o lle cted W o rk s b y L e n in , p a g e 172: “ F i r s t w e w ill t a k e E a s t e r n E u ro p e , th e n t h e m a s s e s o f A s ia . T h e n w e w ill e n c irc le th e U n ite d S ta t e s o f A m e ric a w h ic h w ill b e t h e l a s t b a s tio n o f c a p ita lis m . W e w ill n o t h a v e to a t t a c k i t ; i t w ill f a ll lik e a n o v e r rip e f r u i t i n to o u r h a n d s .” I f s t il l f u r t h e r p ro o f is n e e d e d to in s u r e p a s s a g e o f S e n a te R e s o lu tio n 247 a n d re la tio n s w ith th e S o v ie t g a n g s te r g o v e rn m e n t s e v e re d , le t u s t u r n to th i s 1,000p a g e vo lu m e p u b lish e d by th e S ta t e D e p a r tm e n t in 1952, e n t i t l e d : “ F o re ig n R e l a tio n s o f th e U n ite d S ta te s — T h e S o v ie t U n io n 1933-39." W e le a r n fr o m t h i s book t h a t w e s t r u c k o u r h e a d in to th e R ed le o p a rd ’s m o u th w ith o u r e y e s w id e o pen. O n O c to b e r 4, 1933, 6 d a y s b e f o re P r e s i d e n t R o o s e v e lt s t a r t e d th e n e g o tia tio n s , M r. W illia m C. B u ll i t t s e n t a m e m o ra n d u m to th e th e n S e c r e ta r y o f S ta t e C o rd ell H u ll in w h ic h h e w r o te : “ B e fo re re c o g n itio n a n d b e fo re lo a n s , w e s h a ll find th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t re la tiv e ly a m e n a b le . A f te r re c o g n itio n o r lo a n s , w e s h o u ld find t h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t a d a m a n t .” U p o n a r r i v a l in M oscow a s o u r f i r s t A m b a s s a d o r, M r. B u ll i t t d id n o t h a v e to w a it lo n g b e fo re fin d in g th e r e a liz a tio n o f h is p ro p h e cy . I n h is d is p a tc h to th e D e p a r tm e n t o f A u g u s t 2 1 ,1 9 3 5 , h e w r o t e : " T o b r e a k r e la tio n s w o u ld s a t is f y th e in d ig n a tio n w e a ll f e e l a n d w o u ld be j u r id ic a lly c o r r e c t.” [ I ta l ic s m in e.] A n d th e n h is C h r is tia n u p b rin g in g a s s e r t e d it s e l f in d e a lin g w ith a p o w e r w h ic h s e t o u t fro m th e v e r y b e g in n in g o f i t s c a r e e r to d e s tro y a l l t h a t C h r is tia n ity s t a n d s fo r , a n d M r. B u ll i t t w r o te : “B u t in m y o p in io n th is q u e s tio n s h o u ld be d e c id e d n e ith e r o n e m o tio n a l n o r ju r i d i c a l g ro u n d s b u t on th e b a s is o f a cold a p p r a i s a l o f t h e w is e s t c o u rs e to p u rs u e to d e fe n d th e A m e ric a n p eople fro m th e e ffo rts o f th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t to p ro d u c e b loody re v o lu tio n in t h e U n ite d S ta te s .” O n e m u s t fo rg iv e th e a b le M r. B u ll i t t f o r th is m is ta k e . T h e ab o v e lin e s w e re w r it t e n lo n g b e f o re th e th e n C o m m u n is t d e lin q u e n t h a d m a tu re d in to t h e in te r- �132 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M n a tio n a l a n d d a n g e ro u s c r im in a l h e is to d a y . B u ll i t t c o u ld n o t p o s s ib ly h a v e fo re s e e n th e r a v a g e s th e S o v ie t re g im e w o u ld b r in g to th e w o rld w ith in 5 y e a rs . B u t even th e n M r. B u ll i t t f o ile d to t e l l u s h o w m a i n ta in in g a n E m b a s s y in M oscow co u ld d e f e n d th e A m e ric a n p e o p le fro m th e S o v ie t e ffo rts to p ro d u c e a b loody re v o lu tio n in th e U n ite d S ta t e s w h ic h s e e m e d to b e h is p rin c ip a l co n c ern a t th e tim e . I a m s u r e t h a t w e re h e f r e e to t a l k to th e r a n k a n d tile o f th e S o v ie t p eo p le s, t h e y w o u ld h a v e p le a d e d w ith h im to b re a k r e la tio n s a t once a n d d riv e t h e i r s p ie s o u t o f t h e U n ite d S ta te s . T h a t w o u ld h a v e b e e n a s e v e re blow to th e p r e s tig e o f t h e C o m m u n is t re g im e . H a d th is s t e p bee n ta k e n in 1935-36, w h e n th e s u b je c t w a s b e in g d is c u s s e d in s id e t h e G o v e rn m e n t, th e w o rld m ig h t h a v e b ee n a m u c h h a p p ie r p la c e to liv e in to d a y . U n f o r t u n a t e l y M r. B u ll i t t h a d m a n y o th e r r a t h e r w e a k re a s o n s f o r n o t b r e a k in g r e la tio n s a t th e tim e . I n th e s a m e r e p o r t h e w r o t e : “ I f w e s h o u ld s e v e r r e la tio n s n o w on th e g ro u n d t h a t t h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t h a s b ro k e n its p le d g e d w o rd to u s a n d c a n n o t b e tr u s t e d , r e s u m p tio n o f re la tio n s w o u ld b e in o r d in a te ly d iffic u lt. * * *” T h is is r a t h e r p o in tle s s . T h e B r i t is h G o v e rn m e n t w a s a m o n g th e v e ry f irs t to re c o g n iz e th e M oscow re g im e a f t e r 1917. B u t in 1927 i t d isc o v e re d th e m is ta k e a n d b ro k e r e la tio n s . Y e t i t d id n o t p ro v e “ in o r d in a te ly difficult,” a s M r. B u ll i t t fe a r e d , f o r th e m to re s u m e th e u n h a p p y r e la t io n s a g a in . W h y w o u ld i t h a v e bee n d iffe re n t in o u r c a s e ? T h e o n ly re a s o n I c a n th i n k o f is t h a t ho p o ssib ly f e a r e d t h a t o n ce t h e A m e ric a n p e o p le le a r n e d o f t h e c o n d itio n s t h a t p ro m p te d u s to m a k e t h e b re a k th e y w o u ld n o t h a v e p e r m i t t e d o u r G o vernm ent, to m a k e th e m is ta k e a s ec o n d tim e . I n th e s a m e re p o rt, M r. B u ll i t t c o n tin u e d h is i r r a t i o n a l r a ti o n a li z in g w h e n h e s a id : “ I n t h i s d e c a d e th e S o v ie t U n io n e i t h e r w ill b e th e c e n te r o f a t t a c k fro m E u ro p e a n d th e F a r E a s t o r w ill d e v e lo p r a p id l y in to o n e o f t h e g r e a t e s t p h y s ic a l fo rc e s in th e w o rld . In e it h e r e v e n t a n official o b s e r v a tio n p o s t o f t h e U n ite d S ta t e s G o v e rn m e n t in M oscow w ill b e d e s ira b le , to in fo rm th e G o v e rn m e n t in th e U n ite d S ta t e s w ith r e g a r d to a c tiv itie s o f th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t d ire c te d a g a i n s t th e liv e s a n d in t e r e s ts o f A m e ric a n c itiz e n s .” M r. C h a irm a n , I h a v e liv e d in M oscow d u r i n g th o s e y e a rs , I h a v e fo u n d th e e m b a ss ie s th e re , in c lu d in g o u r o w n , to h e n o th in g m o re t h a n p ris o n s fo r th e ir o c c u p a n ts . C a n yo u h a v e a n o b s e r v a tio n p o s t in a p ris o n i f you a r c o n e o f th e p r is o n e r s ? Q u ite u n w ittin g ly , a p p a r e n tly , M r. B u ll i t t p ro v id e s th e a n s w e r in h is v e r y n e x t p a r a g r a p h : “ A m e ric a n d ip lo m a tic r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s in t h e S o v ie t U n io n a r e h a r a s s e d a n d r e s tr ic te d . * * * A s th e S o v ie t U n io n g ro w s in s t r e n g t h i t w ill g ro w in a r ro g a n c e a n d a g g re s s iv e n e s s . * * *” A n d le s s t h a n 7 m o n th s la t e r , on M a rc h 4, 1936, to b e s u re , h e f u r t h e r d w e lt on th e d iffic u ltie s o f liv in g w ith th e n e w p a r t n e r w h e n h e s a i d : “ I h a d a good d e a l d u r i n g l a s t w in te r to t r y m y p a tie n c e , fo r t h e G o v e rn m e n t p o s s e s s e s in a n e x q u is ite d e g re e , th e a r t o f w o r ry in g a fo r e ig n r e p r e s e n ta tiv e w ith o u t g iv in g h im ev e n th e c o n s o la tio n o f a n in s u lt. T h e p o s itio n a s a n A m b a s s a d o r h e r e i s f a r fro m b e in g p l e a s a n t * * * H e c a n r a r e l y o b ta in a c c u r a t e in f o r m a tio n u n t i l e v e n ts h a v e tr a n s p i r e d * * * H is ow n m o v e m e n ts a r e c lo s e ly o b s e rv e d b y e y e s t h a t h e n e v e r se e s * * * I f th e r e f o r e I do n o t w r ite a s o fte n a s m a y b e d e s ire d , th i s is m y ap o lo g y . A n d i f I do n o t f u r n is h m a t t e r o f m o re i n t e r e s t i t m u s t b e a t t r i b u t e d , in p a r t a t le a s t, to th e g r e a t d iffic u lty o f o b ta in in g c o r r e c t in fo rm a tio n . N o c o u r te s y o r l i b e r a li t y is s h o w n in th is p a r t i c u l a r b y t h i s G o v e rn m e n t * * * N o th in g is m a d e p u b lic t h a t is w o r th k n o w in g * * *” A n d m o re t o t h a t effec t. D id h e r e a lly h a v e to s u ffe r th e a n n o y a n c e s a n d i n s u lt s w h ile o u r S ta t e D e p a r tm e n t h e r e w a s a c c o rd in g th e S o v ie t A m b a s s a d o r th e g r e a t e s t fre e d o m a n d c o u r te s ie s ? S in c e a ll re la tio n s b e tw e e n g o v e rn m e n ts a r e b a s e d o n th e p rin c ip le o f re c ip ro c ity , w a s n ’t t h e r e a s in g le official in th e u p p e r e c h e lo n s o f o u r G o v e rn m e n t w ith g u ts en o u g h to re m in d t h e K re m lin t h a t e it h e r th e y t r e a t o u r r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s a s th e y s h o u ld b e o r th e S o v ie t officials w o u ld b e g iv en t h e s a m e K r e m lin t r e a t m e n t ? N o t u n t i l v e r y re c e n tly d id o u r officials w a k e u p to th i s lin e o f th in k in g . I n t h e m e a n tim e o u r p u s s y fo o tin g h a d done th e dam age. T h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t w o u ld n e v e r h a v e becom e th e m e n a c e s h e is to d a y in so b r ie f a p e r io d o f tim e h a d i t n o t bee n f o r th e o p p o rtu n itie s o ffere d b y o u r g r a v e e r r o r o f 1933 in o p e n in g to h e r th e v a s t s to re h o u s e o f o u r te c h n o lo g ic a l k n o w -h o w . A n d w h a t s o r t o f t r e a t m e n t d id o u r te c h n ic ia n s g e t fr o m th e S o v ie ts ? I n a m e m o ra n d u m o f N o v e m b e r 24, 3937, M r. G e o rg e F . K o n n a n , l a t e r o u r M oscow A m b a s s a d o r, w r o te to t h e D e p a r t m e n t : STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O R LD C O M M U N IS M 133 “I n 1935 w r it t e n a s s u r a n c e s w e re g iv e n b y t h e S o v ie t F o re ig n Office to t h e E m b a s s y to t h e effec t t h a t A m e ric a n n a t i o n a l s a b o u t to d e p a r t fro m th e S o v ie t U n io n w o u ld b e p e r m itte d to b e p r e s e n t d u r i n g t h e e x a m in a tio n by t h e S o v ie t c u s to m s o f d ra w in g s , p la n s , a n d s im ila r d o c u m e n ts in t h e i r p o ssessio n . N e v e r th e le s s , in th e c u r r e n t y e a r w e h a v e w itn e s s e d t h e v io la tio n o f th e s e a s s u r a n c e s in th e c a s e o f e n g in e e rs o f R a d io C o rp o ra tio n o f A m e ric a w o r k in g in th e S o v ie t U n io n a n d t h e re te n tio n b y S o v ie t a u th o r i t i e s o f d ra w in g s , p la n s , etc., f o r p e rio d s lo n g en o u g h to p e r m i t co p ie s to b e m a d e . T h e r e i s good r e a s o n to b e lie v e t h a t p a p e rs t a k e n b y t h e S o v ie t a u th o r i t i e s f r o m A m e ric a n c itiz e n s h a v e le d to th e i n frin g e m e n t o f im p o r t a n t A m e ric a n p a t e n ts .” H a v in g b e e n t r e a t e d a s a s o r t o f s a c re d cow f o r th e f i r s t fe w y e a r s a f t e r re co g n itio n , th e b u lly i n th e K r e m lin f e lt s u r e t h a t h e co u ld g e t a w a y w ith a n y th in g , a n d m a d e no m is ta k e in so th in k in g . F o r so m e in e x p lic a b le r e a s o n o u r officials w e re so e a g e r to h a n g o n to th e E m b a s s y p ris o n i n M oscow t h a t th e y w e re w illin g to c o m p ro m is e w ith a n y w ro n g d o in g on t h e p a r t o f th e K re m lin , a n d k n o w in g t h a t t h e K r e m lin t r e a t e d u s a s w e r ig h tly d e s e rv e d , w i t h c o n te m p t. W e h a v e n o o n e to t h a n k f o r t h a t b u t o u r ow n ig n o ra n c e a n d , o n e m ig h t e v e n sa y , c o w a rd ic e . A n d , w h ile o u r e n g in e e rs w e re n o t p e r m itte d to t a k e o u t th e ir o w n p ro p e rty in t h e fo r m o f b lu e p r in ts a n d d ra w in g s , w e p e r m itte d t h e S o v ie t ag e n c y in N e w Y o rk , t h e A m to rg T r a d in g C o rp ., to s h ip tr u c k lo a d s o f s u c h d ra w in g s s to le n o r b o u g h t u n d e r fa ls e p re te n s e s . T h e tim e f o r M r. B u ll i t t to le a v e th e S o v ie t U n io n w a s n e a rin g . H e th e n s e n t a w o rd o f w a rn in g to th e D e p a r tm e n t to g u id e i t in i t s f u t u r e d e a lin g s w ith th e K r e m lin , w h ic h , o f c o u rs e , f e ll o n d e a f e a rs . H e w r o te in h i s r e p o r t d a te d M a rc h 4, 1936: “W e s h o u ld n o t c h e ris h f o r a m o m e n t t h e illu s io n t h a t i t i s p o s s ib le to e s ta b lis h r e a lly fr ie n d ly r e la t io n s w i t h th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t o r w ith a n y C om m u n is t p a r ty o r C o m m u n is t in d iv id u a l. I t is d iffic u lt to c o n d u c t c o n v e rs a tio n s w i t h th e S o v ie t F o re ig n Office b e c a u s e in t h a t i n s ti t u t i o n th e lie i s n o rm a l a n d t h e t r u t h a b n o r m a l a n d o n e ’s in te llig e n c e i s in s u lte d b y th e h a p p y a s s u m p tio n t h a t o n e b e lie v e s th e lie .” T h e f a c t t h a t t h e officials o f t h a t p e r io d d id n o t h a v e th e good s e n s e to p u t a n en d to s u c h a n u n h a p p y r e la tio n s h ip s h o u ld n o t in flu en c e o u r t h in k in g now w h e n w e k n o w th e u t t e r f u t i l i t y o f so d o in g . O f w h a t e a r t h l y good is i t to m a in ta in a n E m b a s s y w h e n w e h a v e to d e a l w ith p a r a n o ia c s a n d l i a r s , w ith m en d ev o id o f a n y decency o r c o u rte s y , in a c o u n try w h e re t h e A m b a s s a d o r, a s B u ll i t t a d m itte d , " c a n r a r e ly o b ta in a c c u r a t e in fo rm a tio n ,” w h e re t h e G o v e rn m e n t d oes n o t w a n t to h a v e a n y fr ie n d ly re la tio n s w ith u s ? Y ou, g e n tle m e n o f th i s c o m m itte e , ho ld th e a n s w e r : P a s s S e n a te R es o lu tio n 247 a n d fo r c e t h e is s u e o f s e v e rin g d ip lo m a tic r e la t io n s w ith o u t f u r t h e r d elay . I w a s in M oscow w h e n M r. B u ll i t t ’s s u c c e s s o r, M r. J o s e p h E . D a v ie s , a r r iv e d on o r a b o u t J a n u a r y 12 ,1 9 3 7 . W e m e t 4 d a y s l a t e r , a n d on J a n u a r y 19 h e w r o te a s ig n ific a n t r e p o r t to S e c r e ta r y C o rd ell H u ll. H e sp o k e of h i s c o n fe re n c e w ith S o v ie t A m b a s s a d o r in W a s h in g to n , A le x a n d e r T ro y a n o v s k y , b e f o re le a v in g : “T h e w r it e r s t a t e d to A m b a s s a d o r T ro y a n o v s k y ,” w r o te M r. D a v ie s, “t h a t if th e s u r p r is in g h is to r y o f th e s e s u b s e q u e n t n e g o tia tio n s a s d isclo sed in th e files o f th e S ta t e D e p a r tm e n t w e r e knoxen to th e A m e r ic a n p u b lic a s t h e y w e r e to m e it w o u ld r e s u lt, i n m y o p in io n , i n a m o s t s e r io u s d e s tr u c tio n o f co nfidence a n d good w ill th e g e n e r a l p u b lic o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s n o w f e l t to w a r d R u s s ia , a n d I th e n s ta te d a lso th a t i t w a s fo r tu n a t e th a t th e r e w a s no p r o b a b ility o f s u c h d isclo su re. * * * T h e A m b a s s a d o r a p p e a re d s o m e w h a t d o w n c a s t b u t m a d e no a t t e m p t a t re jo in d e r .” [ I ta l ic s m in e.] I t w a s in d e e d f o r tu n a t e f o r th e K r e m lin g a n g s te r s t h a t th e A m e ric a n p u b lic a n d p o ssib ly a good m a n y M em b ers o f t h e U n ite d S ta t e s C o n g re ss re m a in e d in ig n o ra n c e . B u t i t c e r ta in ly w a s m o s t u n f o r tu n a t e f o r t h i s c o u n try . W h o m , th e n , d id th e m en re s p o n s ib le f o r t h i s b lu n d e r se rv e — A m e ric a o r R u s s ia ? Y ou k n o w t h e a n s w e r. B y th e tim e t h e S econd W o rld W a r fla re d u p a n d t h e in v a s io n o f R u s s ia by H i t l e r b e c a m e in e v ita b le , o u r S ta t e D e p a r tm e n t files w e re b u lg in g w ith v a lu a b le in fo rm a tio n on w h ic h to g u id e u s in m a k in g s o u n d d e c isio n s a s to h o w to d e a l w ith th e K r e m lin c r im in a ls . A s e x a m p le , p e r m it m e to q u o te f r o m B u ll i t t 's r e p o r t o f J u l y 1 9 ,1 9 3 5 , in w h ic h h e w r o t e : “D ip lo m a tic re la tio n s w ith f r ie n d ly s t a t e s a r e n o t re g a rd e d by th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t a s n o rm a l f r ie n d ly re la tio n s b u t a r m is tic e re la tio n s , a n d i t is th e co n v ic tio n o f th e le a d e r s o f th e S o v ie t U n io n th a t th is a r m is tic e ca n n o t p o ssib ly be e n d e d b y a d e fin itiv e pea c e b u t o n ly b y a renexoal o f b a ttle . T h e S o v ie t U n io n �134 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM g e n u in e ly d e s ire s p e a c e on a l l f r o n ts a t th e p r e s e n t tim e , b u t t h i s p e a c e is looked u p o n m e re ly a s a h a p p y r e s p it e in w h ic h f u t u r e w a r s m a y b e p re p a re d . * * * “T o th in k o f t h e S o v ie t U n io n a s a p o s s ib le a lly o f th e U n ite d S ta t e s in c a s e o f w a r w ith J a p a n is to a llo w th e w is h to b e f a t h e r to th e t h o u g h t T h e Soviet U n i o n w o u l d certainly a t t e m p t to avo i d b e c o m i n g a n ally until J a p a n h a d b een t h or o u g h l y def e a t e d a n d w o u l d t hen m e r e l y u s e the o p p o rtunity to acquire M a n ch u r i a a n d Sovietize China." [ I ta l ic s m in e .] T h e s e p ro p h e tic w a r n in g s s h o u ld h a v e g u id e d o u r r e la tio n s w i t h S ta lin a t Y a lta a n d P o ts d a m . A m e r ic a ’s h is to r y to d a y w o u ld h a v e bee n a m u ch h a p p ie r one, I a s s u r e y o u . W e a r e n o w p a y in g d e a r ly f o r th o s e b lu n d e rs a n d f o r th e n e g lig e n c e in n o t p ro p e rly e v a lu a tin g B u ll i t t ’s w a rn in g s a n d in n o t m a k in g p u b lic y e a rs a g o t h e t r u e s t a t e o f a f f a ir s b e tw e e n o u r G o v e rn m e n t a n d th e K re m lin . I d e e m i t o f u tm o s t im p o rta n c e to d is c u s s th e s e f a c t s n o w in th e h o p e t h a t p re s e n t in c u m b e n t in t h e S t a t e D e p a r tm e n t w ill n o t c o n tin u e th e b lu n d e rs , a s fr o m n o w on th e c o n se q u en ce s to u s m ig h t b e f a r m o re f r ig h t f u l t h a n h e r e to fo re . M r. C h a irm a n , a y e a r a n d a h a l f h a d e la p s e d s in c e o u r n ew A m b a s s a d o r, M r. D a v ie s , re a c h e d M oscow . H e g o t a t a s t e o f th e M oscow p ris o n w a lls . D e s p ite t h a t h is o c e a n g o in g y a c h t r i d i n g t h e c a lm w a te r s o f th e B a ltic S ea w a s a lw a y s a t h is d is p o s a l to lig h te n t h e t o r t u r e o f d o in g h is s t r e t c h in t h e M oscow p ris o n by t a k i n g t r i p s o u ts id e th e s tif lin g M oscow a tm o s p h e r e , h e f e lt h e h a d h a d e n o u g h o f lif e in th e C o m m u n is t p a r a d is e . O n J u n e 6, 1938, lie s a t d o w n to d i c t a t e d is p a tc h 1932, h i s s w a n s o n g : “I n v ie w o f t h e s h r in k a g e o f th e n u m b e r o f A m e ric a n c itiz e n s now in th e S o v ie t U n io n a n d u p o n m a n y o t h e r g ro u n d s a s tro n g a r g u m e n t, fr o m c e r t a i n p o in ts o f v iew , m ig h t lie m a d e t h a t th e c o n tin u a n c e o f d ip lo m a tic re la tio n s h e r e is u n n e c e s s a r y u n d e r p r e s e n t c o n d itio n s a n d in a d v is a b le .” H a d h e s to p p e d r i g h t th e r e , h e w o u ld h a v e b ee n f o r g iv e n f o r m a n y o th e r b lu n d e rs m a d e by h im w h ile A m b a s s a d o r a n d a f te r w a r d . B u t h e co u n se le d c o n tin u a n c e o f r e la t io n s b e c a u s e “ th e J a p a n e s e a t t i t u d e in th e P a c ific ,” ig n o rin g co m p le te ly M r. B u ll i t t ’s w a rn in g s o f 2 y e a r s b e fo re t h a t “T o t h in k o f th e S o v ie t U n io n a s a p o s s ib le a lly o f th e U n ite d S ta t e s in c a s e o f w a r w ith J a p a n i s to a llo w th e w is h to b e f a t h e r to t h e th o u g h t.” T h a t is p re c is e ly w h a t h a p p e n e d , n s w e n o w k now . T h e y jo in e d t h e w a r a g a i n s t J a p a n w h e n t h a t c o u n tr y h a d b ee n “ th o ro u g h ly d e f e a te d ,” a s B u ll i t t h a d fo r e c a s t, a n d d id i t in o rd e r to “ a c q u ire M a n c h u ria a n d S o v ie tiz e C h in a ,” a s f a r s i g h te d B u ll i t t h a d w a rn e d . M r. D a v ie s h a d f u l l a c c e ss to th e files a n d ig n o re d th e m . N o t on ly d id h e ig n o re t h e s o u n d e r co u n se l o f a d ip lo m a t w h o s e s t a t u r e M r. D a v ie s co u ld n e v e r liv e to a t t a i n , b u t h e m a d e h im s e lf rid ic u lo u s w h e n in th e v e ry sa m e r e p o r t o f J u n e 6, 1938, h e to ld th e S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t : “A s fo r o u rs e lv e s , t h i s s y s te m is a t y r a n n y , c lo th e d in h o r r o r . W h ile a d ic t a t o r s h i p o f th e m o s t r u t h l e s s a n d c r u e l ty p e e x is ts h e r e , i t a p p e a r s to d iffe r fr o m a F a s c i s t d ic ta to r s h ip , a t l e a s t in one re s p e c t. D ic ta to r s h ip o v e r th e p r o l e t a r i a t is n o t t h e o b je c tiv e o r e n d th is s y s te m p ro f e s s to see k , a s is th e ca se w i t h F a s c i s t id eo lo g y . T h e f a c t o f d i c t a t o r s h i p is ap o lo g ize d f o r h e r e .” T h is is b a ld e rd a s h o f th e r a n k e s t s o r t. M r. D a v ie s , i t w o u ld seem , h a d s w a l lo w ed h o o k , lin e a n d s in k e r t h e fa ls e h o o d s d is h e d o u t to h im by th e S o v ie t officials. I s i t a n y w o n d e r t h a t t h e w h o le h is to r y o f o u r r e la t io n s w i t h th e S o v ie ts is s u e s a s te n c h en o u g h to re a c h th e m o s t d i s ta n t s t a r s ? T h e R u s s ia n p eo p le s k n o w th e m e a n in g o f th e S o v ie t n p o lo g ies fo r th e d ic t a t o r s h i p o v e r th e p r o l e t a r i a t . T h e y h a v e b ee n liv in g w ith i t f o r o v e r 36 y e a rs . T h e y k n o w i t th ro u g h th e fe e l o f t h e b u lle t a s i t p ie rc e s th ro u g h th e b n ck o f th e s k u l l; th e y h a v e bee n fe e lin g i t in th e s la v e - la b o r c a m p s by t h e m illio n s ; th e y h a v e b ee n fe e lin g i t on th e c o lle c tiv iz e d f a r m s a n d in th e s o c ia liz e d m in e s a n d f a c t o r i e s ; th e y fe el i t w h e n t h e r e is a k n o c k on th e d o o r in t h e d a r k o f th e n ig h t a n d a loved o n e is t o r n a w a y n e v e r to h e se e n a g a i n ; th e y fe e l i t — b u t w h a t is t h e u s e to e n u m e r a te m o re ? M r. D a v ie s w a s n o t a w a r e o f th o s e “ b le s s in g s ” in M oscow ’s e m p ire a n d a c c e p te d th e ap o lo g ie s o f th e S o v ie t officials a n d th e a s s u r a n c e s t h a t th e d i c t a t o r s h i p is n o t o f l a s t i n g n a tu r e . I t m ig h t be w e ll to re m in d s u c h p eo p le t h a t w e h a v e bee n p ro m is e d t h a t th is d i c t a t o r s h i p w ill l a s t u n t i l th e w h o le w o rld h a s b e e n co m m u n ize d , a n d t h a t in c lu d e s t h e U n ite d S ta te s . I f w e w a n t to h a s te n t h i s p ro c e s s , th e n l e t u s c o n tin u e t h e d ip lo m a tic re la tio n s w ith t h e en e m y . I a m w o n d e rin g h o w m a n y t h e r e s t il l re m a in in th e S ta t e D e p a r tm e n t w ho a r e a s u t t e r l y i g n o r a n t a b o u t t h e C o m m u n is t m e n a c e a s M r. D a v ie s w a s w h e n h e w a s o u r A m b a s s a d o r? I f t h e r e a r e , I f e a r t h a t S e n a te R e s o lu tio n 247 m ig h t STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 135 re m a in a p io u s w is h e v e n i f i t is p a s s e d . S h o u ld t h a t , G od fo rb id , be th e ca se, t h e r e a r e so m e p e o p le in th is c o u n tr y w h o w o u ld u n d e r ta k e to s e c u re te n o r m o re m illio n s o f s ig n a tu r e s to t h w a r t th e o b s tru c to rs . W h a t is r e a lly th e th in k in g o f th e R u s s ia n p e o p le o n t h i s q u e s tio n o f t h e i r t o t a l i ta r i a n re g im e ? I th i n k in a n y o f o u r d e a lin g s w ith th e K r e m lin w e m u s t be g u id e d by w h a t re a c tio n o u r w o rd s o r d e e d s w o u ld p ro d u c e in th e m in d s of th e R u s s ia n p eoples. T h e y a r e g o in g to d e c id e th e f a t e o f th e w o r ld o n e d a y w h e n th e y r i s e to d e s tro y t h e i r t y r a n n y . I n a l l o u r p la n s w e m u s t c o n s id e r t h e ir w is h e s a n d n o t th o s e o f t h e i r o p p re s s o rs . I s h o u ld lik e, th e re fo re , to o ffer a fe w ex a m p le s a n d fr o m th e m o u th s o f R u s s ia n s b o rn a n d re a r e d u n d e r th e K r e m lin re g im e . H e re is w h a t M a j. L . R o n z h in , a r e c e n t S o v ie t e s c a p e e f r o m h is p o s t in E a s t e r n G e rm a n y , s a id : “E v e r y w h e r e I h a d o cc asio n t o b e s in c e m y e a r ly a d u lth o o d * * * I h a v e see n th e o n e a n d n e v e r-c h a n g in g p ic tu re o f n a k e d p o v e rty , in h u m a n to il, s e m i s t a r v a t io n on a w a g e w h ic h is b a r e ly e n o u g h to b u y b r e a d a n d p o ta to e s , a n d ev e n t h a t in in su fficie n t q u a n titie s . “O n e 5 -y e a r p la n fo llo w ed a n o th e r, b u t th e p ic tu r e c h a n g e d o n ly in d e ta il. T h e C o m m u n is t p o w e r c o n tin u e s to ro b a n d o p p re s s th e p eo p le , to lie, lie, a n d lie * * *. T h e m ira c le s p e rfo rm e d by o u r p a t r i o t i c h e r o e s d u r in g th e w a r a g a in s t th e G e rm a n in v a d e rs b ro u g h t v ic to ry , b u t t h i s h a s n o t b ro u g h t u s o u t o f o u r e t e r n a l w a n t a n d la w le ss n e s s b y th e G o v e rn m e n t. E v e r y th in g re m a in e d th e s a m e a f t e r th e w a r. T h e o n ly c h a n g e m a d e is th e a d d r e s s to w a r d w h ich th e m a in s t r e a m o f p r o p a g a n d a o f h a t e is d ire c te d . F o rm e rly i t w a s a d d r e s s e d to H i t l e r ’s G e rm a n y ; n o w i t is a d d r e s s e d to A m e ric a . H o w e v e r, t h e F a s c is ts w e h a te d w ith o u t p ro p a g a n d a , b u t to w a r d th e A m e ric a n N a tio n a n d i t s A rm y , o u r p e o p le a r e filled w ith t h e m o s t te n d e r fe e lin g s , a n d f o r so m e v e ry good re a s o n s * * *. W e re m e m b e r w e ll th e b re a d a n d th e m e a t, t h e c lo th e s a n d . m e d ic in e s, th e g u n s a n d t a n k s a n d s h ip s a n d b o m b e rs A m e ric a s e n t u s to h elp u s w in th e w a r * * I r e p e a t, th is is th e v o ice o f t h e R u s s ia n people, th i s is th e v o ice o f t h e C om m u n is t g e n e ra tio n , a n d , a b o v e a ll, t h e v o ice o f a m a n w h o h a d e v e ry th in g g iv en to h im by th e C o m m u n is t G o v e rn m e n t— ed u c a tio n , t r u s t , p o s itio n , a n d a l l th e good th in g s t h a t lif e c a n offer. B u t h e h a s s a c rific e d i t a l l fo r th e p u rp o s e o f co m in g to th e W e s t to h e lp u s fig h t a g a in s t th e e n e m y p la n n in g to d e s tro y us. W e h a d b e t t e r h e e d s u c h m en o r w e, to o , w ill b e w h e re th e 800 m illio n a r e b eh in d th e I r o n C u rta in . I s th e S o v ie t ab s c e s s rip e n in g ? W h a t a r e th e fe e lin g s o f t h e m illio n s o f S o v ie t s o ld ie rs ? M a jo r Iio n z h in h a s th e ev id e n c e . E n te r in g h is office one m o rn in g w ith th e o c c u p a tio n a r m y i n E a s t P r u s s i a , h e fo u n d a l e t t e r s lip p e d u n d e r t h e d o o r. I t r e a d : “ W e a r e c o n v in c ed t h a t y o u w ill n o t t u r n t h i s l e t t e r o v e r to y o u r p o litic a l c o m m is s a r. S u c h a c tio n w o u ld b e b a d f o r y ou, a s i t w o u ld b e d ire c te d to th e p o litic a l d e p a r tm e n t o f th e a r m y a n d y o u w o u ld s u ffe r, too. A n d now to th e p o in t: ‘‘A ll t h e p o litic a l in d o c trin a tio n s , p o litic a l in fo rm a tio n , p ro s e c u tio n a n d p e r s e c u tio n by th e p o litic a l c o m m is s a r, b rin g in g in t h e c o u n te rs p ie s , b a r b e d w ire , a n d locks on th e g a te s — a l l t h a t h a s becom e so re p u ls iv e to u s t h a t w e a r e n o w on th e v e rg e o f op en d efia n ce a n d d e s e rtio n s. “ Y ou d o n ’t k n o w a n d n e i t h e r does th e p o litic a l c o m m is s a r t h a t a t n ig h t, w h e n w e a r e on g u a r d d u ty , w e p e r m i t o u r b u d d ie s to go v is itin g t h e i r g i r l fr ie n d s a n d th e y do th e sa m e w h e n th e y s t a n d g u a r d . W e do th is a lth o u g h w e k n o w t h a t w e a r e lia b le to g e t 5 to 10 y e a rs in p ris o n f o r su c h a c tio n . “ W e th e r e f o r e a s k y o u , c o m ra d e officer, to e x p la in to th e h ig h e r c o m m a n d t h a t i t w o u ld b e w is e f o r th e m to re m o v e th e o p p re s s iv e re s tr ic tio n s fr o m a ll s o ld ie rs in th e a r m y o f o c c u p a tio n i n G e rm a n y . “ A n d n o w : D o w e c o r re c tly u n d e r s ta n d co m m u n ism ? W e liv e d b e fo re th e re v o lu tio n in v e r y b a d c irc u m s ta n c e s . T h a t w a s p r io r to so cialism . O u r m a te r i a l c o n d itio n s d id n o t im p ro v e u n d e r so c ia lis m . B u t h e r e in G e rm a n y , v is itin g G e rm a n h o m es w e n o t i c e : A fa m ily o f t h r e e o r ev e n a w id o w w ith a son o r a d a u g h te r. T h e y h a v e a liv in g ro o m , d in in g room , b ed ro o m , a k itc h e n w ith electrics to v e , a b a th ro o m w ith m o d e rn f a c ilitie s . I n o th e r w o rd s, a ho m e o f 3 o r 4 room s. T h e ro o m s a r e w e ll fu r n is h e d w ith s o ft f u r n it u r e , w ith ru g s on th e floor, ra d io , a n d so m e ev e n h a v e a n au to m o b ile . “W e h a v e th e r e f o r e com e to th e c o n c lu sio n t h a t h e re , a p p a re n tly , c o m m u n ism w a s e s ta b lis h e d lo n g ago. H e n c e n o t w e h a v e a n y th in g to te a c h th e m h o w to liv e c o m fo rta b ly , w e ll, a n d h a p p y , b u t w e s h o u ld le a r n fro m th em . (S ig n e d ) Y o ub So l d ie b s .” �136 S T R A TEG Y AND TA C TIC S OF W O RLD C O M M U N IS M M a jo r R o n z h in a d d e d : “ I e s c a p e d to th e W e s t to fig h t f o r th e fre e d o m o f m y f a th e r l a n d a n d a l l i t s p eo p le s.” V ic to r M ay e v , a n o t h e r officer w h o h a s e s c a p e d fr o m t h e S o v ie t a r m y o f occ u p a tio n in G e rm a n y , h a s t h i s t o te ll u s : “ E a r l y th is y e a r I w a s s t il l w e a rin g th e officer's u n ifo rm o f th e S o v ie t a r m y o f o c c u p a tio n in G e rm a n y . M e e tin g m e on th e s t r e e t s o f th e to w n w h e re I w a s s t a tio n e d , G e rm a n s n o d o u b t th o u g h t to th e m s e lv e s : ‘H e r e h e goes, th e R u s s ia n o c c u p a tio n is t— t h e s o u rc e o f a l l o u r m is f o rtu n e s a n d u n h a p p in e s s .’ A t t h a t v ery m o m e n t I w a s t r y i n g to fin d m y p la c e in th e r a n k s o f fig h te r s a g a i n s t co m m u n ism , in th e r a n k s o f f ig h te r s f o r a b r i g h t e r f u t u r e f o r m y p eo p le * * *. “H o w m a n y in t h e S o v ie t A rm y t h in k s i m i l a r th o u g h ts ? A s a fo r m e r r a n k in g officer o f th e R e d A rm y , I t a k e f u l l re s p o n s ib ility f o r d e c la rin g t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h a t a r m y w a s n e v e r in s y m p a th y w ith a n d n e v e r a p p r o v e d o f th e a n t i n a t i o n a l p o lic ie s o f th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t a n d th e C o m m u n is t P a r t y * * * “ D is s a tis f a c tio n o f th e p e o p le a n d th e R e d A rm y w ith t h e p o licies o f th e G ov e r n m e n t is g ro w in g h o u rly . T h is is p a r ti c u la r l y t r u e o f th e a r m ie s o f o c c u p a tio n in G e rm a n y , A u s tr ia , a n d th e s a t e l l i t e n a tio n s . T h e G o v e rn m e n t i s tr e a t in g i t s m i li t a r y p e r s o n n e l l i k e s e m ip ris o n e r s . T h e y a r e is o la te d fr o m th e lo ca l p o p u la tio n . I t is t r y i n g to in o c u la te th e R e d A rm y w ith th e p o iso n o f d i s t r u s t a n d h a t r e d f o r th e p e o p le in th e o cc u p ied te r r i to r ie s . R u t E u ro p e is t h e b e s t school f o r th e S o v ie t p r i v a t e a n d officer. T h e r e th e y se e v iv id ly th e w h o le d e c e p tio n a n d th e fa ls e h o o d o f th e S o v ie t p ro p a g a n d a * * Ig o r M a tro s o v , a n o t h e r r e c e n t e s c a p e e fr o m th e S o v ie t U n io n , o ffe rs so m e food f o r th o u g h t, i f w e h e r e w ill o n ly l is te n to t h i s rin g in g voice o f t h e p eo p le w h o se f r ie n d s h ip is so b a d ly n e e d e d in o r d e r to r i d th e w o rld o f th e S o v ie t n ig h t m a r e : " T h e f r e e w o rld m u s t t a k e f u l l a d v a n ta g e o f th e o p p o rtu n ity to a s s i s t th e R u s s i a n p eo p le to d e s tro y t h e e n e m y o f a l l m a n k in d — co m m u n ism . W e a r e n o t su g g e s tin g w a r. W e a r e n o t a s k in g f o r a r m s a n d a m m u n itio n . W e n e e d th e m o ra l a n d p sy ch o lo g ica l a s s is ta n c e w h ic h th e W e s t c a n a n d s h o u ld g iv e u s * * * N o t o n e d e c e n t a n d h o n e s t p e rs o n in th e w o r ld w a n ts w a r. B u t p e a c e c a n n o t be b o u g h t; w e m u s t fig h t fo r i t * * * T h a t i s w h y th e a t t e m p t s o f p e o p le in (h e W e s t to co m e to t e r m s w ith th e K r e m lin a r e to ta lly in c o n c e iv a b le to u s R u s s ia n s . W ith s tu p id c o m p ro m is e s t h e W e s t c a n o n ly re s c u e B o lsh e v ism fro m d e s tr u c tio n * * I n v iew o f o u r e x p e rie n c e w itli t h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t s in c e w e to o k th e f a ta l s t e p b y re c o g n iz in g (h e re g im e m o re t h a n 20 y e a r s ago, in v iew o f th e a t t i t u d e o f t h e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f t h e R u s s ia n p eo p le s w h o a r e r e a d y to t e a r t h e i r G o v e rn m e n t to t a t t e r s , in v ie w o f th e m is c h ie f th e C o m m u n is t h e ir a r c h y in M oscow h a s been d o in g to u s a n d th e o th e r civ iliz e d n a tio n s th ro u g h t h e i r sto o g es in o u r m id s t, i t is in d e e d a p riv ilig e to c o n g r a t u l a t e th e a u t h o r s o f th e re s o lu tio n u n d e r d isc u ssio n h e r e , S e n a te R e s o lu tio n 247, in tro d u c e d by S e n a to rs W illia m E . .Tenner a n d 1 'a t M c C n rra n u r g in g th e a d m i n i s tr a t i o n to s e v e r re la tio n s w ith th e en e m y o f m a n k in d — t h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t. I f a d o p te d a n d th e b r e a k ta k e s plac e, i t w ill e le c t r i f y o u r h u n d r e d s o f m illio n s o f a llie s b e h in d th e I r o n C u r ta in , i t w ill in s p ir e th e m to c a r r y on t h e i r s tru g g le w ith o u r co m m on en e m y , i t w ill co n v in c e th em ( h a t w e a r e t h e i r t r u e fr ie n d s , ( h a t t h e W e s t h a s fin ally see n th e e r r o r o f its w a y s by d e a lin g w ith a fo r c e w h ic h is o u t to d e s tro y a ll th e m o ra l a n d s p i r i t u a l v a lu e s c r e a te d by m en th r o u g h o u t th e m llle n in . A nd a t th e s a m e tim e i t w ill b rin g con s te r n a t io n to th e d i c t a t o r s a n d th e d e sp o ts. W e m u s t n o t h e lp th e C o m m u n ists to p ro lo n g th e a g o n y by r e s c u in g th e m b y s e llin g (h e m th e m u ch -n e ed e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s a n d m a c h in e ry to c o n tin u e th e s tra n g le h o ld u p o n t h e i r v ic tim s. T o a c t o th e rw is e m ig h t len d to c a ta s tr o p h e , a s i t m ig h t fo rc e th e p eo p le s b e h in d th e Iro n C u r t a i n to m a k e p e a c e w ith th e d e s p o ts . A nd t h a t is p re c is e ly w h a t th e K re m lin w a n ts . L o sin g f a it h in o u r d e te r m in a tio n to r e s is t th e s p re a d o f th e e v il C o m m u n i s t fo rc e , a n d th e w a y th e W e s t h a s bee n h a n d lin g th e m illio n s o f C o m m u n is t fifth -c o lu m n m e m b e rs in t h e i r ow n c o u n trie s is c e r ta in ly n o t co n d u c iv e to t h i n k in g t h a t w e a r e f u l l y a liv e to t h e g r a v ity o f th e s itu a tio n , a n d m ig h t le a d th e o p p re s s e d te n s o f m illio n s in R u s s ia a n d th e s a t e l l i t e s to th e co n c lu sio n ( h a t w e a r e h o p ele ss. W e m u s t n o t p e r m i t t h i s to h a p p e n . B r e a k in g re la tio n s n o w is t h e o n ly s e n s ib le (h in g to do to p ro v e w ith d e e d s a n d n o t m e re rh e to r ic . T o d a y a 3re a r ag o th e E a s t G e rm a n p e o p le ro s e s p o n ta n e o u s ly to d e f y t h e i r C o m m u n is t p u p p e t g o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e S o v ie t o c c u p a tio n fo rc e s . R u s s ia n so l d ie r s a n d officers p r e f e r r e d f a c in g a firin g s q u a d r a t h e r t h a n s h o o t d o w n th e p r o te s tin g w o rk e i’s o f E a s t G e rm a n y . T h e re b e llio n , to b e s u re , w a s p u t d o w n by t h e o v e rp o w e rin g S o v ie t fo rc e s . B u t th e e x a m p le h a s been sh o w n to th e r e s t o f t h e v ic tim s th r o u g h o u t th e S o v ie t bloc, a n d i t w ill n o t be f o r g o tte n if w e in (h e STRA TEGY AND TACTICS OF W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 137 W e s t a r e s m a r t en o u g h n o t to le t i t d ie d o w n . A n d o n e o f th e f i r s t a n d m a jo r s te p s is th e s e v e rin g o f d ip lo m a tic r e la t io n s n o t a lo n e by t h i s c o u n tr y b u t th e e n t i r e c iv iliz e d w o rld a s a bloc. I f t h i s is a c c o m p a n ie d b y th e tig h e s t a n d co m p le te st t r a d e e m b a rg o , i t w ill n o t b e long, I a m s u re , b e fo re t h e m a s s e s b e h in d t h e Ir o n C u r ta in w ill e n d t h e i r n ig h tm a re w ith o u t t h e s h e d d in g o f A m e ric a n blood, w i t h o u t b e n d in g o u r b a c k s i n p ro v id in g th e te n s o f b illio n s o f d o lla r s w h ic h w ill o th e rw is e becom e n e c e s s a r y in o rd e r to e s ta b lis h o u rs e lv e s a s a g a r r is o n n a tio n a n d in o r d e r to p ro p u p o u r w e a k e r a llie s . I n c o n c lu sio n I s h o u ld lik e to g iv e a w o rd o f c a u tio n . T h e K r e m lin l i a r s w ill t r y to u s e th e b re a k in g o f d ip lo m a tic re la tio n s in t h e i r p ro p a g a n d a c a m p a ig n to te ll t h e i r p eo p le t h a t w e a r e p r e p a r in g to w a g e w a r u p o n th em . F ro m n o w on w e m u s t m a k e i t c le a r t h a t w e a r e t a k in g th is s te p on s tr ic tly m o ra l g ro u n d s , t h a t w e d o n ’t w a n t to d e a l w ith th e m u r d e r e r s o f t h e R u s s ia n p eo p le s, t h e i r o p p re s s o rs a n d e x p lo ite rs . W e m u s t te ll th e m t h a t w e w a n t to h e lp th e m re g a in t h e i r fre e d o m , r e g a in t h e i r la n d , t h e i r re lig io n , a n d t h e i r p la c e am o n g h o n o ra b le p eo p le s o f th e w o rld . W e m u s t te ll th e m t h a t w e c a n n o t p e r m i t c r im in a ls lik e V is h in s k y a n d P a n y u s h k in , w h o se h a n d s a r e d rip p in g w i t h th e blood o f th e R u s s ia n p eoples, to t r e a d t h e s a c re d s o il o f a G o d -lo v in g n a tio n lik e th e U n ite d S ta te s . W e c a n a n d m u s t a s s u r e th e m ( h a t o n ce th e y , t h e p eo p le , h a v e o v e r t h ro w n t h e i r ille g itim a te g o v e rn m e n t a n d e s ta b lis h e d one on th e p rin c ip le s of t r u e d e m o c ra c y b a s e d on th e f r e e e x p re s s io n o f t h e c itiz e n s by m e a n s o f f r e e a n d s e c re t b a llo t, a s y s te m o f g o v e rn m e n t w h e re th e in d iv id u a l c itiz e n i s th e so v ereig n a n d n o t th e b u re a u c r a c y , th e n w e w ill w elco m e w ith jo y t h e i r r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s a n d w o rk h a n d in h a n d f o r l a s t i n g p e a c e a n d h u m a n p ro g re s s . Mr. A r f .x s . Mr. Marcus, -will you kin d ly give the committee a brief resume of your background and experience with particular reference to the contacts and experience you have had in Soviet .Russia? Mr. M a r c u s . I began my international career in the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce in 1917. I came to this country from Russia, old Russia, in 1910 as a young immigrant boy, and went to work as a blacksmith. Three years later I was the youngest immi gration officer in America?at Galveston, Tex. After passing an examination for commercial attach^, by some ac cident, I was called by the FB I to work for them in Chicago, and finally landed in Washington. In 1920 I resigned, to go to Russia----- The C h a ir m a n . The FBI, you say? At that time there was no FBI. Mr. M a r c u s . At that time it was known as the Bureau of Investiga tion of the Department of Justice. In 1920 I resigned, to go to Russia as the first American relief direc tor for an American organization. The C h a i r m a n . G o ahead. Mr. M a r c u s . Between that time and the outbreak of the Second World War I had occasion to be in the Soviet Union on 14 different occasions as a representative of such firms as the Studebaker Corp., the American Hair & Felt Co. of Chicago, the American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp., the Reed Container Corp., and similar firms, that brought me into contact with the leading people in Russia in the industrial and commercial field of the Soviet Government. One of them I might mention, Anastasi Mikoyan, the present head of the Ministry of Trade, and close collaborator of Stalin, and now of Malenkov. I have seen the Soviet Union arise from the ashes. In 1925, for instance, the vice chairman of the board of the Iron and Steel Trust of Russia begged me to find a capitalist in America who would lend �138 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O R LD C O M M U N IS M him $750,000 to buy machinery and equipment, they were so poor at that time. Since then they have risen to a terrific power, not because they are so capable— they are; I am not in any way underestimating them— but because of the aid they have received from America and the western nations by hook or crook, mostly the l atter. They have stolen from us the entire industrial technology for the heavy industries. As a result of recognition in 1933 we threw open to them our laboratories and our plants, and they just helped themselves to i. t Senator W e l k e r . Then you would not say they had stolen i . As t a matter of fact, they received i as a gratuity. t Mr. M a r c u s . Well, they received i as a result of the ignorance of t our people. I will give you one example. M a y I give you one ? Senator W e l k e r . Answer the question. Since we opened the door for them I cannot assume that that would be classed as stealing. Mr. M a r c u s . W e opened the door for them and i was under false t pretenses. They dangled billions of dollars of trade to us prior to recognition, and our people were hungry. Our factories, some of them were i l . And we wanted to get orders from them. And the de Russians said, “Sure, we will give you orders. You s l us machine el so-and-so, and with i we will take the blueprints and the shop drawt ings.” And as a result of that they never came back for that same machine or that same type of machine. I will give you one very concrete example. M y boss in the American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp., Mr. Clarence M. Wooley, the chairman, called me in one day and introduced me to the late chairman of the York Ice Machinery Co., Mr. Shipley. Mr. Shipley told me a story that for 3 years he had been trying to get business in Russia and couldn’ do a thing. So he brought in his engineer and told me the t story. He, had been to Russia on two occasions and taken with him trunks full of blueprints and shop drawings to show them what they were producing. Then the company, the York Ice Machine Co., re ceived their engineers in their own plant. Nothing happened. And I said to Mr. Shipley, “W h y should there have been orders given to you? You have given away your entire technology.” Repeat that by the hundreds and hundreds of plants and you have the story. Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Marcus, will you t l a l t l later on in your testi el ite mony with respect to other espionage operations of the Soviets? M r. M a r c u s . Yes, s r i. Mr. A r e n s . N o w , for the purpose of your background and building the background of your own l f , you are presently identified as a ie director of the American Friends of Russian Freedom, Inc. Mr. M a r c u s . Correct. I am a member of the board. Mr. A r e n s . In that organization are such men as Gen. Frank L. Howley, James O ’ Neil, Gen. William Donovan, and others of like character. Mr. M a r c u s . Admiral Standley, who was American Ambassador to Russia, Admiral Maxwell, and Spruille Braden, and many others. Mr. A r e n s . Y o u have discussed with the s taff o the record the ff contacts you have with the underground, the anti-Communist under ground behind the Iron Curtain. STRA TEGY AND TACTICS O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 139 M r. M a r c u s . That is correct. Mr. A r e n s . And you and 3'our associates are in contact with that underground operation ? Mr. M a r c u s . Correct. Mr. A r e n s . N o w , Mr. Marcus, may I explicitly invite your atten tion to the general subject matter of the Soviet interest in east-west trade, the so-called Russian trade offensive, and ask you, on the basis of your background and experience, what you feel i really behind s the alleged Soviet interest in east-westtrade. Mr. M a r c u s . I sounded the alarm about this coming offensive before Stalin died in 1952, and here i an article which was published in a s trade magazine called Export Trade and Shipper in 1952. The pur pose of this east-west trade offensive--Senator W e l k e r . Excuse me. May that be incorporated by refer ence only ? The C h a ir m a n . By reference, it may go in the record. (The article referred to was marked “Marcus Exhibit No. 1” and f l d for the information of the committee.) ie M r. M a r c u s . The purpose of i i to steal our light industry t s technology, just as in the case of the heavy industry. They bought samples and that was the end. And today they are already competi tors of ours in India and many other countries of the world, and in South America. I am glad you brought that up because we have got to discuss i t very carefully. The Soviet Government i scared to death of a war with the United s States. If war broke out today that would be the end of the Soviet Government because their people will tear them to death. N o w they want to destroy the United States without a war. One way is to encircle us. And on page 172, volume 1 in Collected Works by 0, Lenin in 1923, before he died in January 1924, he said as follows, and I quote: F i r s t w e w ill t a k e e a s te r n E u ro p e , t h e n th e m a s s e s o f A s i a ; th e n w e w ill e n c irc le th e U n ite d S ta te s , w h ic h w ill b e th e l a s t b a s tio n o f c a p ita lis m . W e w ill n o t h a v e to a t t a c k . I t w ill f a ll lik e a n o v e r rip e f r u i t in to o u r h a n d s . Korea, China, Indochina— a l that i a part of this philosophy of l s avoiding a clash with us so that they will not be destroyed by their own people. This i one way, and they are succeeding magnificently. s The second way i by destroying our $25 billion international trade. s Mr. A r e n s . In other words, i i your suggestion that the second s t reason for the Russian trade offensive i to establish a ruinous com s petition in world markets? Mr. M a r c u s . Correct. Mr. A r e n s . To the United States? Mr. M a r c u s . Absolutely. Mr. A r e n s . Will you kindly, on the basis of your background and experience, give us your best judgment and appraisal of that phase of the Russian trade offensive ? Mr. M a r c u s . Yes, s r Right after Stalin’ death they started in i. s buying consumer goods. Now, right after the war, the Russian people were in such dire need of consumer goods and yet they did not get i . For over 3 decades they have been living on the barest subt �140 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM sistence, living in the most primitive conditions. A nd I have been a l l over Russia. The C h a ir m a n . H o w recently have you been in Russia? Mr. M a r c u s . Just before the Second World War. I am in constant contact with escapees, and in a few minutes I will give you a statement by Major Ronzhin L. Kozhin, who escaped recently. This i a picture s of the major. Mr. A r e n s . Y o u have, as you have indicated, underground contacts through this organization of which you are a member of the board of directors. Mr. M a r c u s . Correct. W h y do they do this? For the very purpose to buy samples of our consumer goods. But that i not a l There is also a tie-in ar s l. rangement. “If you will s l us the consumer goods we also want the el machinery producing the consumer goods.” And when they buy the machinery to produce the consumer goods they also want the shop drawings and the blueprints. And, having that, that i the end of i . Then they can use their millions of slaves, s t and the millions of slaves in China, and their raw materials don’ t count because that i also being produced by slaves. This is to out s produce us, to flood the world markets. There i a psychological s reason in i , too. They want to show the people of the world here, t “W e are producing the finest cars, we are producing the finest shirts and suits and shoes and so on.” That has a ter i i propaganda value rfc to them. Senator W e l k e r . M a y I interrupt, Mr. Chairman ? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Y o u made the statement, Mr. Marcus, that they bought certain goods. As a matter of fact, we gave them some tanks and some airplanes and so forth that were very easily copied by them, and they have copied them. Mr. M a r c u s . Correct. Senator W e l k e r . A n d made probably even better airplanes than we gave them. Mr. M a r c u s . And the only person who had the gumption to get up and speak up before the world was our member associate of theFoard of directors, Admiral Standley, when during the war, the Soviet Gov ernment was trying to conceal the fact that the tanks and machinery and planes and food and clothing was being sent by America, so he spoke out and they were compelled, Stalin was compelled thereby to acknowledge the fact that America was sending them. Mr. A r e n s . As president of the Institute of Foreign Trade, have you had occasion to make a study of the trade agreements currently in vogue between the Soviet Union and other countries of the world? M r. M a r c u s . Definitely. Mr. A r e n s . With what other countries does the Soviet Union at the present time have trade agreements? M r. M a r c u s . I a m going to speak only of the years 1952 and 1953. There are the following countries to which we have been feeding bil lions of dollars: Sweden, Israel, Italy, Norway, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Iran, Denmark, France, Iceland, Australia, India, Pakistan, Greece, and New Zealand. STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O R LD C O M M U N IS M 141 Mr. A r e n s . Y o u are specific in your prepared statement, but can you t l us in general what commodities or item? are involved in el those trade agreements? Mr. M a r c u s . Russia i supplying to those countries commodities s like wheat, corn, and various other foodstuffs and some raw materials, all of which are obtainable in the United States in abundance as well as in Canada, timber, pulpwood, and so on. Russia i receiving s for that ocean liners of 8,000 and 10,000 tons, freighters of 5,000 tons, by the dozens. I have here the number of them enumerated from o f c a sources. Cranes, lathes, a l strategic. A $14 million steel fiil l mill, rolling mill, i to be supplied by England to Russia. Electrical s equipment running into the tens of millions of dollars. Here i an interesting thing. Great Britain i to supply the greatest s s number of ships. It i a l enumerated in m y testimony. Netherlands, s l ships; Denmark, ships; one of them i supplying steamers. s W hy? N o w when you supply a steamer to the Soviet Union today what does i mean? It means that much s e l that much pressure taken t te, off the Russian steel mills, that much labor taken o f and i i faster. f, t s You have 3 countries, 5 countries producing steamers for them. They can get ready for the final clash, as they call i , that much quicker. t Senator W e l k e r . M a y I ask a question? The C h a ir m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Marcus, in the l s of countries with which it Russia has had trade agreements I did not notice that you mentioned any of the South American countries. D o you have any information on that? M r. M a r c u s . A rg e n tin a is one. I am sorry I d id n o t m ention it. Senator W e l k e r . Based upon your experience, and, as I recall your testimony, you are an adviser with respect to internatonal trade ? M r. M a r c u s . Yes. Senator W e l k e r . I will ask you what vour opinion would be with respect to the Government of the United States sending to a dictator ship in South America a strip steel mill which i capable of not only s processing steel but titanium or aluminum and other ferrous metals— Keep in mind that I say a dictatorship— that has trade agreements with Russia, and I think i i common knowledge that trading mis t s sions from Russia and the satellite countries are a l over South l America as of this moment, s r i. Mr. M a r c u s . Correct. Senator W e l k e r . Can you comment on that, sir? M r. M a r c u s . I happen to be the one who wrote a memorandum in November 1933, when I was, for a short time, foreign trade consultant in Washington, entitled “H o w W e Ourselves Destroy our Foreign Trade.” Today there i a great deal of talk about investments abroad. s And I say to you gentlemen that i means “invest abroad and lose t your shirt.” That i ,to m y mind, a crime. W e should not s l anything of that s el sort to any country unless the production will help raise the standard of living of that country. N o w in most instances i will not do so t , especially in Latin America. In most instances i i going to be used t s for the purpose of increasing the foreign trade in competition with America. �142 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M Senator W e l k e r . Further, how could our country be assured that they would use this strip steel mill to raise the standard of living of this dictatorship country, or whether or not i might well be used to t help Russia and her satellites? M r. M a r c u s . T he only w ay is to have it specifically stated in the agreem ent. Senator W e l k e r . All right. What does an agreement mean, Mr. Marcus? Let’ be frank. It i a piece of paper that can be torn up. s s I have heard about agreements ever since I have been in the Senate, and prior thereto. It does not seem to me that Russia keeps an agree ment very well. Mr. M a r c u s . Not Russia. Senator W e l k e r . Or any other satellite country. M r. M a r c u s . W e were speaking about Latin America, Senator. Senator W e l k e r . That i right. s M r. M a r c u s . In speaking about the Soviet Union there i absolutely s no possible chance of their living up to their agreements. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Chairman, i you will allow me to inquire f further, I want to be informed on this matter. Mr. M a r c u s . Yes. Senator W e l k e r . Will you t l me in simple language what the el difference i between a dictatorship, say, in our Latin American coun s tries and the dictatorship that we have in Soviet Russia? I will ask you if i i not a fact that i i a l based upon socialism. A m I cor t s t s l rect ? Mr. M a r c u s . Not necessarily. I wouldn’ say that Peron i a t s Socialist. Senator W e l k e r . Does not the Government there in Argentina own most everything? Mr. M a r c u s . In the Latin American countries— and this i also s based upon personal experience— the dictator i not for personal ag s grandizement whereas in the Soviet Union i i for the purpose of t s sovietizing the whole world. Senator W e l k e r . Very well. Assuming this s teel mill i bought s by the country i s l , that would be socialism, would i not? tef t Mr. M a r c u s . Oh, naturally, that i a step toward i. s t Senator W e l k e r . Can you help me on defining what socialism i, s how many steps behind communism i i . ts M r. M a r c u s . I t is th e prelude to communism. Senator W e l k e r . It i about a half step behind, i i not ? s st Mr. M a r c u s . A l t l bit more, but i i a step in that direction. ite t s Senator W e l k e r . Then i i your testimnov that, based upon your t s experience, you think i would not be a satisfactory solution for the t protection of this country, for our country to s l to a dictatorship that el has trade agreements with Russia and the satellites and Guatemala, a steel mill capable of giant capacity that could very well be used in the United States of America as of this moment, sir? M r. M a r c u s . Definitely. In m y own business I have many a time lost a c i n , by telling him “Don’ s l i there. Country must come let t el t before profit.” I would like, Mr. Chairman, to call your attention to a very im portant statement that President Eisenhower made yesterday. A correspondent at the press conference stated that Congressman Martin STRA TEGY AND TACTICS OF W O RLD C O M M U N ISM 143 Dies told the House yesterday that if we really wanted to stop com munism dead in their tracks right now and not just give lipservice to i , that we would cut o f from Russia the nonstrategic goods, food t f and f b r which i needs most, because he says “She i spending 80 ie, t s percent of her productive energy for war purposes.” And the President, to m y great regret, merely replied something like Mr. Stassen replied to a Senate committee here, I think to the Foreign Relations Committee— the President said we must not con sider— this i not quoted— this i from the New York Times— you have s s to remember that the s t l i e , including Red China, were, after a l aelts l, different from Russia. Gentlemen, not at a l I think somebody i misinforming the l. s President to the detriment of our country. The Soviet Government was the one that brought about the Communist revolution in China and in the satellite countries. Every one of the leaders, from Mao Tse-tung down, were educated in Russian schools. I was in such a school in 1926. I was passing by in Kiev, a military academy. And I walked in as a matter of curiosity. In those days Stalin was not yet in the saddle. They talked to me. They didn’ know whether I was an American t or a native Russian from the way I speak Russian. With great pride they showed me the department in the military academy where they were training Chinese since 1921; they were train ing Chinese there for the revolution in China. The Soviet Union has spent hundreds of millions of dollars. The Sun Yat Sen University, the Lenin University, the Far East Univer s t . They have turned out as many as 5,000 trainees a year in iy sabotage, in espionage. Senator W e l k e r . Yo u are speaking now about the Lenin School for Sabotage and Espionage and the like? Mr. M a r c u s . Correct. Therefore, to say that they are different i s really not correct, you know, and I am afraid that somebody i mis s informing. Mr. A r e n s . Is there such a thing as a differentiation, in your judg ment, to be made between strategic and nonstrategic material ? Mr. M a r c u s . Not even a pin should be considered as nonstrategic. Mr. A r e n s . In other words, everything i strategic in trade with the s Soviets ? Mr. M a r c u s . Everything i strategic? s Mr. A r e n s . Why? Mr. M a r c u s . If you asked the Russian people, i we had the means f of speaking to the 200 million people of Russia freely, they would plead with us on their knees, “Please don’ come here. Don’ s l t t el anything or buy anything from our government.” Many a time Russian functionaries, high functionaries in Russia, when I was there on o f c a business for m y corporation, have said to fiil me, “W h y do you Americans come here to deal with our government? You are only enhancing i s prestige. You are only tightening, the t noose around our necks.” Time and time again. And I may mention here a name, a fellow by the name Serebryakov, the man who wrote the constitution of the Russian Socialist Federated Republics. �144 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM So that i what we are doing in shipping food or machinery or s anything of the sort; we are helping the Soviet Government to tighten the noose around the necks of the Russian people. The worse condi tions become in the Soviet Union and the satellite nations, the better for u . s Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Marcus, have you had occasion to take note of Sen ate Resolution 247, which was introduced in the Senate by the Senator from Indiana and the Senator from Nevada, which would call for the severance of diplomatic relations with the Iron Curtain Govern ments, and the convoking of an international conference for the pur pose of taking united action to destroy the international Communist menace ? Mr. M a r c u s . Yes, s r i. Mr. A r e n s . What i your appraisal, as president of the American s Institute of Foreign Trade and as a director of the American Friends of Itussian Freedom, and as a man conversant in international trade, of that resolution ? Mr. M a r c u s . Severance of trade relations— of a l relations, diplo l matic and trade relations with the Soviet Union, i far too long over s due. M r. A r e n s . W h y ? Mr. M a r c u s . I have here a thousand-page book published by the United States State Department in 1952, and if any one of you would read carefully the reports by Bullitt you would have to come unavoid ably to the conclusion that diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union i the greatest misfortune to our country. s M r. A r e n s . W h y ? M r. M a r c u s . Because i was the greatest gift that America had t given to the Soviet Union. No. 1 i gave them world-wide prestige. , t Right after our recognition, many other countries which would never have recognized them went into action and recognized the Soviet Union. No. 2 i opened to them the avenues for espionage and infiltration. , t Senator W e l k e r . H o w ? M r. M a r c u s . Well, we were friends with them. W e gave visas to their men. I do not know how many people there are in the Soviet Embassy here, but I will give you a l t l example. ite Australia, which recently had this l t l incident with the Soviet ite Government, they had 9 people in the Australian Legation in Moscow; 9 including women and children. H o w many did Moscow have in , Australia? Fifty. And the same thing here. They came here by the thousands. I myself knew several hundred of the Russian buying commissions. They were nothing but spying commissions. Senator W e l k e r . M ay I inquire? The C h a ir m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Then i i your testimony, I take i , that the t s t Soviet Embassies here are nests for saboteurs, espionage agents, and for the distribution of Communist propaganda throughout our country? Mr. M a r c u s . For no other purpose. Mr. A r e n s . Off the record. (Discussion off the record.) STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 145 Mr. M a r c u s . I say t i , that everyone, Vishinsky, Panyushkin, hs Gromyko— especially Vishinsky— every one of them are. Their hands are dripping with the blood of men, women, and children. Mr. A r e n s . D o you have a particular incident to account respecting the massacre in the Soviet Union, to your knowledge, of a number of children by people who are currently in diplomatic status? Mr. M a r c u s . Every one of them who represents the Soviet Govern ment i ipso facto an accessory to the act of murder committed. s Mr. A r e n s . What was that act? Could you t l the committee el about i ? t Mr. M a r c u s . I want to give you three l t l experiences of acts of ite our bedfellows, the diplomatic bedfellows that America, a Christian nation, has. The German armies were moving irresistibly on toward Moscow. They were approaching a very important railway junction. In that city they had a boys’school. It i really a slave labor school to de s humanize children, to robotize them into obedient servants of the Soviet Government. That subject I have treated in an article called Dehumanizing Children For Soviet Conquest, They were afraid to leave them in the city because they were very bitter against the Soviet Government for having torn them away from their mothers and fathers. They couldn’ evacuate them into a safer place because the t rolling system broke down completely. I am the son of a famous Russian railroad builder, and I know some thing about the railroad system in Russia. It i the weakest link in s the whole structure of their economy. So at 5 o’ clock in the afternoon they rolled up a company of secret police with trucks. They herded the boys into the trucks, drove them out into a ravine and there mowed them down with machineguns. Senator W e l k e r . In what year was t i , sir? hs Mr. M a r c u s . In 1941. I will take you now to the city of Kharkov in the Ukraine. ' The C h a ir m a n . D o you know this of your own knowledge ? Mr. M a r c u s . I know this: In 1950 i delivered a speech to about 1,400 Russian escapees in the D P camp known as Schlesheim near Munich. There were people in that city from Yoozovo who told me. A few of the children escaped. I will take you now to Kharkov. On Sovnarkomsky Street at a certain corner there stood a 4-story building. It had also 4 stories under the ground equipped with the most modern crematorium to burn up the bodies of the executed. And there, just before the Ger mans were to occupy, the building was surrounded by secret service men, and the building was set on f r with everybody in the building ie destroyed. In the city of Vinitza— I a m giving you those as examples— what happened in Vinitza and Yoozovo and Kharkov as an example of what has been going on through the years, the famous purge was go ing on just before the war. And the j i had rooms to accommodate al 16 to 18 people, and they were f l e with 50 or 100 or 150, and more ild were being brought in from the provinces, and there was no more room. So Moscow gave orders to liquidate them. Every night batches of those men and women would be brought down, their hands tied on �146 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M their back, just like the American boys were executed by the Chinese in Korea, and as they were having their hands tied other secret-service men would pass by and f r bullets into the back of the heads. Then ie another batch of prisoners would be brought down from the j i to al load those dead bodies into the trucks. They buried them in a former pear orchard that belonged to a for mer Russian merchant, or into the old cemetery. When the Germans occupied finally the population began to plead with them that there was a t errific stench coming from the direction of those places, and, in the presence of an international medical commission made up of French, Germans, Italians, and all the other people that they had already conquered, the Germans had conquered, they opened up the graves and found 9,446 bodies. A mong them was the body of a man by the name of Godovanyets. His wife has written to Vishinsky asking him what happened to her husband, and he wrote back and said, “Your husband has been released.” Sure, he has been released, released from misery and suffering. He was one of the bodies found in that grave. This i typical of what has been going on in other countries. You s know about the Katyn Forest Massacre of 10,000 Polish o f c r . It fies was done with a purpose. To show you how far-sighted, how far ahead they were, in 1942, while America was straining i s economy to t send them the guns and the bombers and the food and clothing and medicines, while our boys were braving the submarine-infested North Sea to try to deliver that equipment, the Soviet Government was already training soldiers in English and in the method of interro gating American and English prisoners of war. Mr. A r e n s . Is i ludicrous to suggest even a possibility that we t could s tat a conference table to bring peace to the world with men who i have perpetrated these international outrages? Mr. M a r c u s . I think i i unquestionably immoral and absolutely t s to the detriment of the United States. Senator W e l k e r . M a y I interrupt to go back through this t esti mony. There i some testimony that perhaps I misunderstood. I s want i eminently clear in the record as best you can give i under t t oath. You have stated that many times Soviet citizens, including high government functionaries, have asked you, begged you to stop trad ing with Russia. I believe you omitted to say that these high govern ment functionaries were parading as Communists. Mr. M a r c u s . That i right. s Senator W e l k e r . But at heart were bitter enemies of the C o m m u nist Government? M r. M a r c u s . Correct, Senator. Senator W e l k e r . I wanted to bring that out because you omitted to say that. Mr. M a r c u s . That i perfectly true. D o you think this man Sere s bryakov— he was one of the top men, he was the one who wrote the constitution, as I said, of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republics. H e made a remark to me, he said, “I wrote the constitu tion, and look who i running Russia, this i literate brute.” s l Of course, he was taking his l into his own hands. All I had to ife do was put in one telephone c all and he would have been shot. He was shot anyway on February 1,1937. STRA TEGY AND TACTICS O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 147 Mr. A r e n s . M ay I ask a question or two to clear up some of the areas of your testimony. Mr. Marcus, what i your reaction to the suggestion that, after a l s l, our Embassies and consulates located behind the Iron Curtain are listening posts for information for our Government ? Mr. M a r c u s . Gentlemen, i there a listening post in a prison ? Our s Embassies have been, are, and will continue to be, as long as we main tain diplomatic relations with Russians, prisons. They cannot stick their noses out. They are afraid. They are being hounded and hounded. I wouldn’ have to make any statement. It i right here in t s this book, and I put i into m y testimony. t Our good friend Bullitt— here I am going to quote you a very l t l ite from his statement. On October 4,1933— and this i very important; s I think i should be emphasized— we went into this recognition of the t Soviet Government with eyes wide open. Six days before President Roosevelt started negotiations for recognition our future ambassador, Bullitt, wrote a memorandum to Secretary Hull, dated October 4 , 1933, page 16 in this book, in which he said: B e fo r e re c o g n itio n a n d b e fo re lo a n s w e s h a l l fin d t h e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t re la tiv e ly a m e n a b le ; a f t e r re c o g n itio n o r lo a n s w e s h o u ld find th e S o v ie t G o v e rn m e n t a d a m a n t. Precisely. Bullitt did not have to wait very long to find the correctness of his statement. Here i a report of his dated August 21, 1935, page 245 s in this book, the o f c a book by the State Department: fiil A m e ric a n d ip lo m a tic re p re s e n ta tiv e s in th e S o v ie t U n io n a r e h a r a s s e d a n d re s tr ic te d . A s th e S o v ie t U n io n g ro w s in s t r e n g t h i t w ill g ro w in a r ro g a n c e a n d a g g re s s iv e n e s s . T o b r e a k r e la tio n s w o u ld s a t i s f y th e in d ig n a tio n w e a l l fe e l a n d w o u ld b e ju r i d i c a l l y c o rre c t. That far I went with m y good friend Bullitt, but then I disagreed wholeheartedly. Then he said, well, the Soviet Union i going to be a s big country, an important factor in world a f f airs. W e have to have a listening post. And that, to m y mind, i one of the greatest mistakes that we made. s W e should have broken relations right there and then. It would have been one of the severest blows to the Soviet Government because the prestige of that Government would have been terribly hurt, and the people of Russia would have gained a lot of encouragement and emboldened to continue their resistance. Mr. Chairman, why are 10 or 20 million Russians in slave-labor camps today ? W h y have millions perished in those slave-labor camps at the hands of executioners? Because they have been kowtowing and loving their government? It i because they have been continuing s their resistance. The Soviet agricultural population will never, never surrender to the collectivization. I will give you a l t l experience. After m y speech in Schleslieim, ite Germany, a l t l fellow introduced himself to me. H e was an escapee, ite a former o f c r in the Red army. And he told m e his father was a fie poor peasant who had only 1 horse, 1 cow and a few pigs and very l t l ite land. But when the collectivization movement started he refused to join the c l o lectivists. There was a reason for that. �14 8 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M For centuries the Russian peasants were serfs. In 1861 they were freed. By 1913, Mr. Chairman, 75 percent of the peasants of Russia were tilling t i i own s i . That was the dream that had been the ler ol dream for centuries. And then one of the principal promises of the Communists to the Russian people in 1917 was bread, and they have given them perpetual hunger; land— they have taken i away from t them; peace— they have given them perpetual war at home and abroad; freedom from oppression by the secret police— and they have given them a secret police system that the world has never been able to even fathom the extent of i. t N o w this l t l fellow said to me, “M y father and whole family were ite bundled up and shipped to Siberia. Mother died on the way, and father died soon after they arrived.” So the poor l t l boys were scattered to various schools, and he ite become an o f c r a lieutenant. He said, “The f r t time I received fie, is orders to go into battle against the Germans I deserted and took my whole company with me. W e never forgave nor forgot,” quoting him, “what the Soviet Government had done to our parents.” Senator W e l k e r . May I inquire? The C h a i r m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . A moment ago you stated that our embassies or our emissaries behind the Iron Curtain were really prisoners and not listening posts. Do you have an observation with respect to the time when Russia invited a number of prominent labor leaders to the Soviet country and showed to them what was presented to us, at l a t before es, this committee, as the glorious democracy and the wonderful economy and peace of Russia? N o w if you say our o f c r are prisoners how fies about this invitation? M r . M a r c u s . Senator, those o f c r represent the capitalists, and fies these labor leaders represent the workers, and that i what they want, s to dupe the workers of America. Do you know, gentlemen, that in Russia the worker i being assessed from his wages every week so much s to help maintain the starving workers in the United States? Of course, the Russian workers don’ believe i. t t Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Marcus, reverting for the moment into this ques tion of East-West trade, on which you are an expert, what i your s reaction to the suggestion that the West needs certain commodities which can be procured only from behind the Iron Curtain ? In other words, to what extent i the West dependent upon East-West trade? s M r . M a r c u s . That i absolutely untrue. The East-West trade s amounted to— i i known there i a lot of illegal East-West trade t s s going on, and I have treated that in an article on the subject— what i known, and this i from o f c a sources— you have the figures s s fiil there— i about $550 million a year. That trade i absolutely nons s essential as far as the Europeon, as far as the free world i concerned, s and I will t l you why. el Every item that they are getting from Russia they could easily obtain in the United States, in Canada and Latin America. W e are giving away billions to our so-called a llies who are insisting upon this East-West trade. It would be far cheaper to the United States to subsidize the exportation to them of the items which they are buy ing from Russia today, or even to buy some of the things that they have to s l in order to avoid i. el t STRA TEG Y AND TACTICS O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 149 I would call i preclusive buying and preclusive selling because that t would keep from the Russians the most strategic items like ships and cranes and lathes and electrical equipment which, all of i , goes t for war purposes. Also, Mr. Chairman, remember t his, and you will find this in volume 18, page 385, Collected Works by Lenin, and I am quoting: A s soon a s w e a r e s tro n g en o u g h to d e s tro y t h e w h o le c a p i ta l is t w o r ld w e w ill g r a b h im by t h e c o lla r— by Lenin. W as that just a wild boast by a maniac? Oh, no. Look at i. t Since 1945 what has happened ? Six hundred and f ifty million people behind the Iron Curtain. This i the answer— 650 million people not s grabbed by the collar but by the throat. And let no one t l you, or el Mr. Stassen t l you, the nonsense that this i going to help improve el s relations between the United States and the Russian people. I am going to show you what i happening in an article in the s American Legion magazine entitled “The Reds Reach for Your Wallet.” Mr. A r e n s . In what month and year i that ? s Mr. M a r c u s . August 1950. Half a million extra copies were printed of this a t c e You will ril. find on page 59, and this i something that I think President Eisen s hower would do well to take note of: On M ay 19, 1951, th e E x e c u tiv e C o m m itte e o f th e C o m m u n is t I n t e r n a t i o n a l ( t h e o ld C o m in te rn n o w re n a m e d th e C o m in fo rm ) w o rk e d o u t a b l u e p r in t f o r th e f u t u r e c o n q u e s t o f t h e B a lk a n c o u n trie s . F o r e x a m p le , s e c tio n ( e ) o f th e first p a ra g ra p h s tip u la te s : “O nce p o w e r h a s b e e n s eize d by th e p a r ty ”— by the Communist Party— “fo re ig n p o lic y w ill b e l a i d d o w n b y th e d ip lo m a tic r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s o f th e U. S. S. R . w h o w ill re c e iv e th e n e c e s s a ry d ire c tiv e s f r o m th e C o m in te r n .” P a r a g r a p h 2 m a k e s t h i s s ig n ific a n t s t a t e m e n t : “ T h e c o u n try w h e re th e c e n tr a l co m m itte e o f th e C o m m u n is t P a r t y h a s V -cently a s s u m e d p o w « r s h o u ld n o t a p p ly f o r in c lu s io n in th e S o v ie t U n io n u n til m e n e c e s s a r y i n s tr u c tio n s to t h i s effe c t h a v e b ee n re c e iv e d fr o m th e E x e c u tiv e C o m m itte e o f th e C o m in te rn , n o w th e C o m in fo rm .” That i why President Eisenhower i in error when he says that s s Red China and the satellites are, after a l different from Russia. l, They are not different from Russia. The final step has not been attended t . W hy? They have time. The Chinese Communists o have to master, they have to execute 20 million people there. That i s o f c a . That was brought to the American Communist Party. And fiil Frank Cvetic told me that. They have to execute 20 million people there. They have in the s atellite countries the same. They have to execute a l the people like we are, capitalists, don’ you s l t ee, and intellectuals. But here i the law--s Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Marcus, as a member of the board of directors of the American Friends of Russian Freedom, and as one who is in intimate contact with the underground in Russia, could you express to this committee your opinion as to what would be the psychological effect of the severance of diplomatic relations on the rank and f l ie of the people behind the Iron Curtain ? M r . M a r c u s . It would be the most electrifying, stimulating, inspir ing act that we could give to the Russian people since 1917. They have �150 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S OF W O RLD C O M M U N IS M said to me, “Drive them out of the United Nations. Drive them out of your country. They are the plague.” And they are. W e are dealing here with a power that can never, never change. They can talk from now until doomsday about coexistence, but they don’ mean i. t t It i a l done for the purpose of catching the gullibles and getting s l more. Now, technology does not stand s i l About the only invention— tl. and now I am speaking as a native Russian— the only invention that Russia can boast of as truly Russian i the samovar and the balalaika. s Everything else has been stolen from abroad. A samovar i a con s traption which boils water for tea on the table, and the balalaika i a s musical instrument, a three-quarter musical instrument. Mr. A r e n s . Would you be disposed, Mr. Marcus, to give a brief thumbnail sketch of the events causing the recognition oi the Soviet Union? I see you have covered that in your prepared statement, with which the staff has been conversant heretofore. Mr. M a r c u s . Pardon me. I didn’ quite get the question. t Mr. A r e n s . Give a resume of the events leading to the recognition of Soviet Russia, the circumstances surrounding the recognition. Mr. M a r c u s . The statesmen of America, prior to 1933, Republicans and Democrats alike, did not have to become bedfellows of the Soviet Government in order to realize that i was absolutely futile and to t the detriment of the United States interests to have recognition. There was a man by the name of Walter Duranty on the New York Times. H e used to imbibe a great deal of vodka. H e once drank a whole quart of vodka at m y dinner table in the Moscow International Hotel. He, to m y mind, contributed more than any other corre spondent in the world toward befuddling and bamboozling Americans into ultimate recognition. There was another character by the name of Lincoln Steffens, the late Lincoln Steffens. H e and Bullitt were sent to Moscow in 1918 by the late President Wilson, just to take a look at things. H e came back and upon arriving heralded the grand news to the world: “I have seen the future, and i works.” t Imagine a man who spent about 6 days in Russia, didn’ know a t word of Russian, and so early in the game— when I told that to Mikoyan on board ship, on the steamship N o rmandie in October 1936, I was traveling with Mikoyan on the same ship, and I met him and his wife, and I was having business relations with him. I tried to s l him a $20,300 machine for $185,000. I asked a quarter of a million el dollars, but he wouldn’ give i to me. H e said, “You are a highway t t robber, aren’ you ?” t I told him very frankly the machine cost us $20,300 to make. H e said, “W h y are you asking a quarter of a million?” I said, “I know what you are going to do. You are going to buy one machine and copy i . I said, “You have to pay us for the blue t” prints and so on.” When I told him about this statement of Lincoln Steffens he said, “Why, Lenin, Trotsky, and I none of us, had that confidence in our , survival that this man had.” For years and years they didn’ have any confidence in their sur t vival. And i would have taken very l t l , especially in 1921 when t ite the Kronstadt uprising took place in Kronstadt Fortress near Lenin- STRA TEGY AND TA C TIC S OF W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 151 grad. The men who helped bring about the Soviet Government were the sailors of Kronstadt. When they saw that they had been deceived, that their fathers had been robbed of the land instead of having car ried out the promise, they revolted and, of course, they were executed, drowned in blood by Trotsky. Mr. A r e n s . Mr. Marcus, do you care to give us a thumbnail sketch of your experiences regarding the Soviet penetration into American finance and American industry, into American industrial establish ments via their trade missions and delegations which have been oper ating in the United States? Mr. M a r c u s . Shakespeare said, and I quote, “There i no darkness s but ignorance.” And ignorance has been our greatest enemy; the ignorance prevailing in the circles of our financiers and our indus trialists i simply inexplicable and inexcusable. s Mr. A r e n s . What do you mean by that? Mr. M a r c u s . I mean by that— you take, for instance, here i the s president of a s teel corporation, Mr. Weir. He keeps on telling why we should do everything to bring about better coexistence. I think that that man should address his great wisdom not to the President of the United States, not to the people of the United States but to the m u m m y in the mausoleum in Red Square, to Lenin. Senator W e l k e r . That same philosophy was used in 1947 after Czechoslovakia had been taken over by Russia when we s i l shipped tl them railroad trains. A m I correct? M r. M a r c u s . Correct. And i i the same mentality as you will t s see even today. President Eisenhower and Mr. Stassen s i l talk tl about China and the satellite nations— “Oh, they are separate and apart from Russia.” It i one big b s lot. The trouble with us i that s we are thinking in our Anglo-Saxon terminology. Here we have a l e . It seems to me that now, of a l the times, we should be as lis l tight as you could make us, because we are fighting for our existence. They are absolutely out to destroy u . They have said that time and s time again. W e gullibles have not taken them seriously. \Mr. A r e n s . Can they destroy us economically? Do they have the potential and capacity ? Mr. M a r c u s . Yes. Give them another 10 years, i there i no una f s nimity between our country and, let’ say, England. Right now, s when we are s i l pumping billions of dollars into England and they tl go ahead and supply such strategic materials as cranes and lathes and ships and everything else of that nature, then how do you expect there i going to be any unanimity later with South and Central America s when they start pumping into those countries manufactured goods as a result of having stolen our technology ? You see we are really stupid, and there i no possible excuse for i . I say ignorance because i i s t t s exactly the word. Lenin said, and I am quoting him— you will find i in volume 17, t pages 22-23, Russian edition: W e h a v e n e v e r co n c ea le d t h e f a c t t h a t o u r re v o lu tio n is on ly th e b e g in n in g , t h a t i t w ill le a d to a v ic to rio u s e n d in g o n ly th e n w h e n w e s h a ll h a v e in fla m e d th e w h o le w o rld w ith i t s r e v o lu tio n a r y fires. Senator W e l k e r . May I ask a few questions here, and then I prom iseI will not interrupt any more. �152 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M This witness i very profound, but this i for m y information, s r s s i. The C h a ir m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Are you familiar with an organization known as Amtorg ? Mr. M a r c u s . Certainly. Senator W e l k e r . Will you describe that to the committee, please? M r . M a r c u s . The Amtorg i a New York-incorporated organization. s There was only one American on the board of directors, and, strange as i may sound, he was a classmate of mine in the George Washington t University here. His name i Dr. Ohsol. H e i a graduate of Har s s vard University, not a Communist, but he i afraid to talk because he s has relatives in Latvia. He i a Latvian, originally. s I was in the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Affairs on the 11th floor, and the Federal Trade Commission, for which he was working— he was one of the top investigators, he was an economist, on the seventh fl o . So we met in the George Washington University. H e was the or only board member. Otherwise, i i a 100-percent Soviet Govern t s ment-owned organization. That organization was mistaken by a great many American firms as an American organization, and i just an agency of the Soviet Gov s ernment in reality. They had the entree;they had very high type of f c a s like Bogdanoff, Peter Bogdanoff. By the way, he has already iil been executed, too; liquidated. H e was of the old aristocracy of Rus s a You see they used that kind of people for a time, and now they i. don’ need them any more. And he made a wonderful entree to bank t ing houses and to institutions, industrial institutions. I might say that I myself have negotiated a $30 million deal for the Studebaker Corp. in Russia in 1927 and 1928. It f l through. el Senator W e l k e r . N o w that you have described Amtorg to us do you happen to know a gentleman by the name of David Davis? Mr. M a r c u s . David Davis? No, s r i. Senator W e l k e r . Y o u are not familiar with the fact that he was the leading Communist o f c a of the American Communist Party and fiil has been on the payroll of Amtorg in New York, the Soviet trading agency ? Mr. M a r c u s . I h a d dealings w ith th e engineering d epartm ent. Senator W e l k e r . D o you know a gentleman by the name of George Mink of the Soviet G P U ? M r . M a r c u s . George M i n k ? No, s i r . Senator W e l k e r . I will ask you this question. Do you have any information about whether or not the Soviet conspiracy has tried and has, in e f c , infiltrated Central America for many years? fet Mr. M a r c u s . I was in Mexico City in April 1951. There was a philological congress of a l of Latin America held in the c l ity, and I am somewhat of a philologist, although since I met a Russian who knew 41 languages I stopped talking about myself as a philologist. I was invited to that congress just for the cocktail party and I was introduced there to the former Ambassador of Mexico. Senator W e l k e r . What was his name? Mr. M a r c u s . I don’ remember his name. The Mexican Ambas t sador to Russia. Senator W e l k e r . Oumansky? STRA TEGY AND TA C TIC S OF W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 153 Mr. M a r c u s . Not Oumansky;he was dead at that time. It i too s bad he didn’ die before. And there, the man who introduced me to t him said later on that he i one of the most important Soviet agents s in Mexico. N o w Mexico has been infiltrated to a t r i i extent. erfc Guatemala at that time was already known to me. It i only now s has i come to the forefront. You s e in Latin America, I will t l t e, el you very candidly, you can buy everybody from the President down. And the Soviet Union doesn’ care. What does i mean to them? t t Tens of thousands of slaves are digging gold and they can afford i . For instance, in 1947 Russia was going through a t r i ic famine. t erf Did anybody in this country ever hear about i ? No. W h y ? Because t our press representatives, they are also prisoners and none of them know the Russian language. So the result was this:the Soviet Government, despite the famine, shipped shiploads of grain to Italy and to France. W h y ? For prop aganda purposes, to embolden, to s up the workers and the C o m tir munists in those respective points. Speaking about the blunders that we have made, i simply would t take us days and days, and inexcusable blunders. Senator W e l k e r . I think I will take judical notice of that. Mr. M a r c u s . W h e n the ECA, for instance, came into being— and I am an old friend of Paul Hoffman, although I don’ think he i t s going to be a friend of mine now— I pleaded with him a few days after he came into o f c . I repeated what I said in the N ew York fie University in November 1947, long before the E C A Act was passed. 1 t l l t e students of the New York University that a l the billions oc h" l that the Marshall plan would pump into Europe and a l the billions l of N A T O would accomplish nothing unless, parallel to those two actions, we carried on a t r i i , savage campaign in Italy and France erfc against the Communist movement in those respective countries and at the same time go on the liberation offensive. That i what we s have been negligent i . n r J\e result was this: They pooh-poohed that idea. “W e must not t l the French and the Italian Government what to do in their own el country.” W e have pumped billions and billions of dollars i , and look at i. n t One out of every three in Italy i s i l voting the Communist Party, s tl and one out of four i s i l voting the Communist Party in France s tl because we did nothing in that respect. Senator W e l k e r . M y f inal question, Mr. Chairman. The C h a ir m a n . Senator Welker. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Marcus, the chairman of this subcommittee, Senator Jenner, has assigned me to head the task force to go out to the west coast and investigate the infiltration of Communists who are coming to our country from the borders of Mexico, i that e i t . f xss Do you think that i a pretty wholesome thing for us to do? s Mr. M a r c u s . I am afraid, Senator, that the people who are really doing the infiltrating you won’ catch. t Senator W e l k e r . I must differ with you there. We. will probably not catch them a l but I think we will get a bite while somebody else l, i getting a mouthful. s Mr. M a r c u s . I think a far better thing to do would be, in my mind, what I have been advocating for years. History has catapulted �154 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S OF W O RLD C O M M U N IS M America into a very d ffic l position, the leader of the world to save i ut the Christian civilization from this nightmare, this Communist night mare. And, unfortunately, we have been going about i like amateurs. t Every man that they have had, for instance, handling the psycho logical warfare was an amateur, and, to m y mind, anyone who takes on a job of that nature without the background and without the training and experience i just as criminally liable as if I were to s perform a surgical operation on a patient. That has been going on. Now, we have to have, just as the Soviet Government has spent money on training schools to train people to destroy civilization that we know and cherish, so we have to have schools and train men and women who will dedicate their l v s not just between golf playing or ie, between cat, dog, doll, and fashion shows like our women are indulg ing, but really dedicate their lives to destroy the Soviet Union, the Soviet Government. Senator W e l k e r . Mr. Marcus, you realize that this committee was born with one of i s principal duties to alert the American people to t the dangers that might affect the internal security of the United States of America, and if our task force i successful in showing to the Amer s ican jieople that we, in fact, do have hordes of Communists coming across the line on the west coast, that would be some help at least in carrying out our duties assigned to us by the Congress of the United States. Mr. M a r c u s . There i no question about i. But I maintain that we s t should also— for instance, I have been wanting the American business men— the international traders who are so gullible, so ignorant on this subject— to organize a committee to go to Latin America and to talk to their counterpart, the exporters and importers. W e have a power ful organization. D o you know we could throttle the Communist bloc i we ever got to do something because we know their tricks? W e could f stop the illegal sales of strategic materials and equipment to the Soviet Union and the satell t s But you just can’ get them together. ie. t Senator W e l k e r . They have been dragging their f eet, in other words. Mr. M a r c u s . Worse than that. M a y I t l that in the text of the el testimony? In 1950 the Exporters Club— not that I am trying to invite myself— but a man like I have never appeared before that E x porters Club in N e w York. But a Mrs. Vera Dean, the research direc tor of the American Foreign Policy Association, who has been preach ing all over the United States before business organizations on eastwest trade, she appeared there. A nd when she got through I gave her plenty. She will never forget that tongue lashing I gave her. I talked to a great many people in the audience, and they all agreed with her. Not one of them, upon questioning by me, had been to the Soviet Union. Not one of them had ever read a book about communism in practice or communism in theory. And one of them even made a confession that for 2 years he had had on his library shelf Kravchenko’ book, s I Chose Freedom, but had never read a l n . ie H o w do you expect them to understand what I a m talking about? The American Mercury published an article of mine which no magazine in the United States would publish, entitled “A Boycott Long Overdue.” STRA TEGY AND TACTICS O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M 155 Senator W e l k e r . What date i that, sir? s Mr. M a r c u s . November 1953. I had i for a year. t Senator W e l k e r . I w onder if th a t could be incorporated by re fe r ence. The C h a ir m a n . It will be incorporated by reference. (The document referred to was marked “Marcus Exhibit No. 2” and f l d for the information of the committee.) ie Senator W e l k e r . I have concluded m y questions, and I want to thank you very much. Mr. A r e n s . I have two brief areas to cover with you now, Mr. Marcus. D o you have information respecting Soviet pilfering of patents and patentable items in the United States ? Mr. M a r c u s . Yes, s r i. Mr. A r e n s . Would you cover th a t extemporaneously very briefly, please? Mr. M a r c u s . To begin with, f r t as to know what to pilfer, that i is, s easy. For 25 cents— i used to cost 10 cents and now 25 cents at the t Patent O f c , you can know exactly what i going on in the American fie s patent f e d Then you set out to reach that particular industry where il. this i being produced. And how i that done? Well, Browder told s s the Comintern Conference in 1930, and you will find i right here, t reported— no; 1935; I beg your pardon— reported by the State De partment. H e told that as of 1930 the Communists in the United States had 500 c l s in strategic industries embracing about 1 million el workers. That was before recognition. Imagine what i i today. So t s they go ahead and t l the boys in those various— i i so easy, you el t s know. I have worked in factories. It i so easy to infiltrate a blue s print or a shop drawing at night and have i photostated during the t night and deliver i in the morning and nothing has been detected. t W h y ? Because our employees are always so gullible that they haven’ the fainest idea how to protect their i terests. t n The majority of workers in American industry are loyal American citizens, but they are so ignorant about the Communist conspiracy, and nothing i being done to bring i to their attention so they could s t watch those few infiltrated Communists to keep them from stealing them. Mr. A r e n s . M ay I just inquire briefly in one other area. That i ,on s the basis of your background and experience in years gone past before the fabulous rise which you have had in the industrial world, have you had occasion to reach conclusions in your own mind respecting the relationship which exists between the immigration system in the United States and the Communist penetration? In other words, i the Communist conspiracy in the United States a weed which has s been transplanted from abroad via the loopholes in the immigration system ? Mr. M a r c u s . It isn’ a very pleasant thing for me to answer that t question the way I must answer i under oath. Unfortunately, very t few’Americans, naturalized Americans, feel the sense of indebtedness to the United States that a few of us do f e . The Socialist move el ment w'as brought into this country by immigrants to w hom the doors wT swung wide open. And the opportunities— most of them came ere without a shirt on their backs, and here they have amassed fortunes; �156 STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O RLD C O M M U N IS M STRA TEG Y AND TA C TIC S O F W O R LD C O M M U N IS M here they have assumed positions in the industrial and economic and a l other f e d . The Communist movement was a direct outgrowth l ils of these alien and naturalized citizens. I know a great many of them. I know one case of a man that I sometimes can’ sleep when I think t of that man. There was a man who came to this country at the age of 15 and went out peddling on Delancey Street. B y the time he was 40 he was already a multimillionnaire. H e was one of the leaders in the Socialist movement in 1919. H e helped form the Communist move ment and then went to Russia to create there the acetylene-gas industry. A nd they treated him— I used to be in Russia during those days as a buyer for American Hair & Felt Co. I used to come there to accept merchandise, cattle hair, raw materials which we needed badly at that time. And I found his wife used to cry to me. She would say, “They spit at him;they call him bourgeois.” Imagine. For a Communist to call you bourgeois i for a high priest s to be called an atheist. And yet i carried on and i carried on, and t t then they virtually threw him out of there and paid him out of the investment he made, and he had a concession for 15 years. H e came back, and what did he do ? Did he become a good Ameri can ? Oh, no. H e continued to carry on. I don’ have to t l you— i i in the record here where a former t el t s Attorney General testified before a Senate committee— I don’ know t which— that 91.4 percent of the leaders of the Communist movement of the United States were of foreign origin or married to foreigners. To me i i a very painful thing and in which I think I have probably t s failed to do a very important task, and that i to go after the natural s ized citizens of America. I can talk to them, whereas they would not take i from a native born. I a m sure they would take i from a t t naturalized citizen to t l them they are not good Americans, that el they are betraying the trust of this country unless they become leaders in the forefront of this struggle against the Soviet Union. Mr. Chairman, I hope nobody will get the impression that I am ad vocating war. It isn’ necessary. On the contrary, I am bending a l t l m y efforts toward preventing a third world war, and we can s i l tl do that. Whereas the Soviet Government has in this country, let us say— take J. Edgar Hoover’ figure of 25,000 hard-core Communists, or even s 50,000 or 100,000; we have 200 millions of Russians behind the Iron Curtain. W e have millions in the satellite countries and in China who are with us. But there i no movement except the l t l thing we s ite have tried with the American Friends of Russian Freedom. Mr. A r e n s . Would severance of diplomatic relations be a step to ward war or a step toward avoiding war ? Mr. M a r c u s . O n the contrary, i will scare the Soviet Government t to death from starting a war. Here i a recent escapee. This i the Russian, and this i a Russian s s s paper published in San Francisco. And the escapee by name i s Andrei Ivanovich Novoshichi. I think this ought to go into the record; i i very interesting. In other words, he says that i the t s f Soviet Government should start a war the soldiers will not fight for the Soviet Government and will destroy the Soviet Government. 157 Mr. A r e n s . Through the years you have from time to time been in consultation with our s taff in the development of the Immigra tion and Nationality Act, the McCarran-Walter Act. O n the basis of your background and experience, what would be the effect upon the security of the United States if the new security provisions of the McCarran-Walter Act were knocked out, as some groups and organ izations and people are trying to do at the present time? Mr. M a r c u s . I think i will be the greatest service to the Kremlin. t Mr. A r e n s . I have no further questions, Mr. Chairman. The C h a i r m a n . Thank you very much. M r . M a r c u s . Not at a l l. The C h a i r m a n . The committee i adjourned. s (Whereupon, at 11:55 a m., the committee was recessed, subject . to the call of the Chair.) X � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Strategy and Tactics of World Communism", Hearings before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-Third Congress, Second Session on Strategy and Tactics of Communism, Part 2, June 10, 15, and 17, 1954. 42 pages. Description An account of the resource Testimony of John C. Caldwell, J. Anthony Marcus, General Albert C. Wedemeyer. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States Government, United State Senate Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1954-06 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_6_1_3_3 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/5d60fdd5b1e086ecd43cdac55c7aaf4c.pdf fbd4eadcb0de741b9e925c057cd04782 PDF Text Text STUDENTS COMING TO RANDOLPH FRO OTHER SCHOOLS M 1987-88 Drew Name Address Goode, Synthi a Grande, Alba Hali m, Ghadeer Hamm, J o i c e T a y l o r , Roland 2025 2025 2116 2116 2110 S. S. S. S. S. Quebec S t . Quebec S t . Pollard St. Pollard St. Lowel l S t . 1 1 1 1 1 04 04 04 04 04 2530 S. 18th S t . 04 2108 S. Ne l s o n S t . 04 Taylor Hamm, Chri st opher From: Oxford S t . 04 Oakland S t . 04 Wa ke f i e l d S t . 04 P o l l a r d S t . 04 Oxford S t . 04 Ashlawn Ba r be e , Maya Crawl ey, Jamila From: S. S. S. S. S. McKinley Chowdhury, Tania Chowdhury, Floura D a v i s , Joy D a v i s , Toni R i d l e y , Sharron From: 2138 2020 1138 2139 2124 U1 IO lb U1 U From: Grade 2139 S. P o l l a r d S t . 04 Ba r c r o f t Armeanu, Nora Armeanu, Sabin D a v i s , Tamika Denney, Jerry Garner, Latonya H u f f , DeJuan L e wi s , Monique Le wi s , N i c o l e McBee, Antoine Ro s e , Lakisha Ros e, T i f f a n e S h o r t e r , Leel a T a y l o r , Nakiyha W i l l i a m s , Jynan 2140 2140 2134 2013 2146 2140 2138 2138 2135 2212 2212 2133 2014 2148 S. P o l l a r d S t . 04 S. P o l l a r d S t . 04 S. P o l l a r d S t . 04 S. N e l s o n S t . 04 S. Oxford S t . 04 S. Oakland S t . 04 S. Oakland S t . 04 S. Oakland S t . 04 S. N e l s o n S t . 04 S. P o l l a r d S t . 04 S. P o l l a r d S t . 04 S. P o l l a r d S t . 04 S. Langl e y S t . #2 04 S. Oakland S t . 04 W From: � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 69, Arlington County Public Schools: Desegregation Materials Description An account of the resource RG69 contains information related to the integration of Arlington County Public Schools including the history, redistricting, pupil distribution, and boundary maps. The collection was donated by Lisa Farberstein, Director of Community Service and Public Information for the Arlington County Public Schools Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Students Coming to Randolph from Other Schools, 1987-88." Description An account of the resource List of students to Randolph from Drew, McKinley, Ashlawn, Taylor and Barcroft. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 69, Arlington County Public Schools: Desegregation Materials Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington Public Schools Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1980s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 69_3_1_11_142 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/c043abce9b9679f7a84bebe0f781e44c.pdf 828da79ffdb02aed1b18177dc7eaecbb PDF Text Text SUMMARY MINUTES OF THE $2SD ANNUAL CONVENTION Sheraton Hotel Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Convention Plenary Session Tuesday, July 11, 1961 The Convention Plenary Session was called to order at 9:50 A.M. by the Chairman, Mr. Kelly M. Alexander of Charlotte, North Carolina. Invocation: By Rev. Robert D. Sherard of Corona, New York. There were no reports given from the Rules and Credentials Committees. Additional Reports of the Regional Elections: RULES COMMITTEE Region I Region II Region I Dr. Horace B. Raines, Long Beach, California Miss Pearl Robinson, Richmond, California Mrs. Netta Sparks, Sacramento, California firs. Caroline Harper, Phoenix, Arizona Mr. Eugene Kelly, Southern Area Conference James Rowland, Esq., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania--'' Mrs. Dupree White, Jamaica, New York Mr, William Holloman, Trenton, New Jersey Mr. William Wells, Boston, Massachusetts CREDENTIALS COMMITTEE Mr. George A. Jones, Pasadena, California Mrs. Gertie Thomas, Los Angeles, California Mr. Morgan Maxwell, Tucson, Arizona Mr. Laraont DeWindt, Pasadena, California Region II Mr. Ishmael Johnson, Beaver Valley, Pennsylvania Mr. Kenneth Hyde, New York, New York Mr. Paul Beatty, Newark, New Jersey Rev. Edward Hail, New Bedford, Massachusetts Region I Miss Donna Memefee, Sacramento, California Mr. Willie Brown, San Francisco, California Mr. Edward Warren, Los Angeles, California Mr. Jim Cooper Region II Mrs, Rev. Mrs. Miss Region I Mr. L, J. Harper, Phoenix, Arizona Mr. Thomas Newson, Los Angeles, California Dr. P. T. Robinson, Richmond, California Miss Martha Swisher, Oakland, California Mr. Tom F. Thompson, Oakland, California Region II Mr, Alexander Talmadge, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Mr. Stanley Thomas, Rochester, New York Rev. James Austin, Gloucester County, New Jersey Mr. Thomas Blount, Boston, Massachusetts TIME AND PLACE COMMITTEE Isabel E. Hoggard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Robert Chapman, Hempstead, Hew York Marion Dansbury, Camden, New Jersey Barbara Lewis, Providence, Rhode Island CONSTITUTION REVISION COMMITTEE Region I RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE Mr. John Mance, San Fernando Valley, California Mrs. Mary Jane Johnson, Berkeley, California Mrs. Virna Canson, Sacramento, California Mr. Jack Tanner, Tacoma, Washington Miss Betty Williams, Pasadena, California Region II Miss Isabel Crawley, Erie, Pennsylvania Mr. William Booth, Jamaica, New York Mrs. Octavia Catlett, Montclair, New Jersey Mr. Edward Jackson, Middletown, Connecticut Dr. Eugene McGowan, Wilmington, Delaware Region VI Mrs. Juanita Craft, Dallas, Texas Mrs. Clara Luper, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Miss Betty Taylor, Lake Charles, Louisiana Mr. E. C. Hawkins,Jr., Longview, Texas NATIONAL Y OUTH WORK COMMITTEE Meeting adjourned � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Summary Minutes of the 52nd Annual Convention, NAACP, July 11, 1961" Description An account of the resource Summary minutes of the 52nd annual convention for the NAACP Convention Plenary Session on July 11, 1961. Lists members of various regional committees. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington Branch, NAACP Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 7/11/61 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 18_1_4_2_11 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/034a4d93e27b88439f0c85e997108ae3.pdf 54acebdadc3f15e27bf37271896638ff PDF Text Text / SUMMARY MINUTES OP THE 52ND ANNUAL CONVENTION S h e r a to n H o te l P h i l a d e l p h i a , P e n n s y lv a n ia C o n v e n tio n O r g a n iz a t io n M eetin g Monday, J u l y 1 0 , 1 9 6 l The 52nd A n n u a l C o n v e n tio n o f th e N a tio n a l A s s o c i a t i o n f o r th e A dvancem ent o f C o lo re d P e o p le was c a l l e d t o o r d e r a t 1 :2 0 P.M . by th e C h airm an , M rs. M a r g a re t B ush W ils o n o f S t , L o u is , M i s s o u r i . The d e le g a te s w e re l e d i n s i n g i n g th e N a tio n a l Anthem b y M rs. E l o i s e Owens, s o l o i s t , and M rs. M u r ie l M in y ard , p i a n i s t . I n v o c a t i o n : By R e v . S . S , M o r r is o f C h ic a g o , I l l i n o i s Memoria l S e r v i c e f o r NAACP L e a d e rs De c e a s e d S in c e t h e P r e v io u s C o n v e n tio n : The m e m o ria l” s e r v i c e wa3 c o n d u c te d b y R ev . A f G. D un sto n o f P h i l a d e l p h i a , P e n n s y l v a n ia , He w as a s s i s t e d b y M rs. Owens and M rs. M in y ard . Mr. H obson R e y n o ld s , Grand ^ E x a l t e d R u le r , Im p ro v ed B e n e v o le n t P r o t e c t i v e O rd e r o f E lk s o f th e W o rld , d e l i v e r e d g r e e t i n g s t o t h e d e l e g a te s . R e p o rt o f th e C om m ittee on C o n v e n tio n P ro c e d u r e ; The r e p o r t was p r e s e n t e d by M rs. J e a n e t t a H. C la rk e o f S o u th N o rw alk , C o n n e c ti c u t. AMENDMENTS 1) A f t e r c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s c u s s i o n , upon m o tio n , d u ly s e c o n d e d i t was VOTED, 255 f o r - 1 2 6 a g a i n s t , t o amend th e r e p o r t b y d e l e t i n g th e f o l lo w i n g p a r a g r a p h (P a g e 5 , P a ra g r a p h 3) ’ • "The e l e c t i o n o f p e r s o n s t o s e r v e on th e N a tio n a l N o m in a tin g C om m ittee and C o n v e n tio n P r o c e d u r e C om m ittee f o r 1962 s h a l l be by i n d i v i d u a l s e c r e t b a l l o t a t th e S a tu r d a y b u s i n e s s s e s s i o n . The u n i t r u l e s h a l l n o t a p p ly t o t h i s e l e c t i o n . " 2) A f t e r a m o tio n t o r e f e r to t h e R e s o lu t io n s C o m m ittee was d e f e a t e d th e C o n v e n tio n v o te d t o d e l e t e th e f o l lo w in g s e n te n c e fro m th e r e p o r t (P ag e 6) u n d e r th e h e a d in g o f N a ti o n a l Y o u th W ork C o m m itte e : " I t i s th e s p i r i t o f t h i s r e s o l u t i o n t h a t a t t h i s tim e t h e o p e r a t i o n s o f t h i s com m ittee s h a l l be a t no e x p e n s e t o th e N a t i o n a l O f f ic e f o r t r a v e l o r s u s t e n a n c e ." A f te r t h e v o te w as t a k e n , t h e r e w as some d i s c u s s i o n in w h ic h a n u m b er o f p e rs o n s p a r t i c i p a t e d w i t h r e f e r e n c e to t h e N a tio n a l O ffic e d e f r a y i n g th e e x p e n s e s o f th e N a t i o n a l Y o u th Work C o m m itte e , b u t no a c t i o n was t a k e n , t h e C o n v e n tio n b e i n g a d v is e d t h a t a p p r o p r i a t e a c ti o n w ould have t o come a t t h e l e g i s l a t i v e s e s s i o n on F r i d a y . M r. John D a v is o f New J e r s e y s t a t e d t h a t i n h i s o p in i o n th e Con v e n t i o n had ta k e n a c t i o n a t t h e 5 1 s t C o n v e n tio n on t h i s q u e s t io n and q u o te d from th e r e s o l u t i o n o f t h a t , C o n v e n t i o n . - . CORR E C T I O N I n view o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e d e l e g a t e s w i l l go t o W ash in g to n , D .C . J u l y 1 2 , th e e l e c t i o n o f th e m em bers o f th e N a t i o n a l Y o u th Work Commit t e e i s to be h e ld T u e sd a y m orn ing i n s t e a d o f W ednesday a s s t a t e d i n th e r e p o r t on page 6 , Upon M o tio n , d u l y s e c o n d e d , i t w as VOTED' t o a p p ro v e t h e r e p o r t o f t h e C om m ittee on C o n v e n tio n P r o c e d u r e a s am ended. R e p o rt o f t h e N a t i o n a l Y o u th W ork C o m m itte e ; The r e o o r t was p r e s e n t e d by Mr. Jam es B la k e oi C h a r l e s t o n , "B outh C a r o l i n a , ' Uoon M o tio n , d u ly se c o n d e d , i t was VOTED t o r e c e i v e th e r e p o r t a n d r e f e r ’ i t s recom m e n d a tio n s t o t h e R e s o lu t io n s C om m ittee f o r a c t i o n . �- 2- S e r g e a n t- A t- A r m s; M r. D onald L ew is o f S t . P a u l , M in n e so ta was a p p o in t e d b y th e C h a irm a n , The f o l lo w in g room a s s ig n m e n ts w e re a n n o u n c e d : C aucuses: REGION ROOM ASSIGNMENT In d e p e n d e n c e Room G rand B a llro o m P e n n C e n te r Room P e n n s y lv a n ia B a llro o m W est T i e r e d B a lc o n y H a ll o f P la g s^ W e st C o n s t i t u t i o n Room I II III IV V VI V II D is c u s s io n G ro u p s : M e t r o p o li ta n B ra n c h e s 1000 and o v e r P e n n s y lv a n ia B a llro o m W est R e g io n I a n d IV R e g io n I I , D i s t r i c t o f C olum bia and M a ry la n d R e g io n I I I R e g io n V, V II a n d V i r g i n i a C o n s t i t u t i o n Room G rand B allro o m Penn C e n te r Room T i e r e d B alco n y R e p o r t o f R e g io n a l E l e c t i o n s : The f o l l o w i n g p e r s o n s w ere e l e c t e d t o s e r v e as o f f i c e r s “a n d / o r C om m ittee m em bers: REGIONAL CHAIRMEN R e g io n I II III IV V VI V II J o s e p h G. Kennedy, S an F r a n c i s c o , C a l i f o r n i a H enry R . S m ith , E s q . , P i t t s b u r g h , P e n n s y lv a n ia R e v . Vf. J . H odge, L o u i s v i l l e , K e n tu c k y C h e s t e r I . L e w is, E s q . , W ic h i ta , K a n sa s D r. A a ro n E . H e n ry , C l a r k s d a l e , M i s s i s s i p p i R e v . S . Y. N ixson^ L o n g v iew , T ex as M r. R o b e r t D. R o b e r ts o n , N o r f o lk , V i r g i n i a REGIONAL SECRETARIES R e g io n I II III IV V VI V II M rs. D ia n e R av e, T u c s o n , A riz o n a M rs. O liv e C a m p b e ll, Y o n k e rs , Hew Y ork M rs. M ile y 0 . W illia m s o n , D ay to n , Ohio M r. G i l M a r tin , D e n v e r, C o lo ra d o M iss D. J u a n i t a C row e, D urham, N o rth C a r o lin a M iss A n n e tta M. P i e r c e , M onroe, L o u is i a n a M r, S a m u e l P . S a n d e r s , B a ltim o r e , M a ry la n d REGIONAL VICE-CHAIRMEN R e g io n I II III IV V VI V II Mr. W il li a m P o l l a r d , L os A n g e le s , C a l i f o r n i a To b e e l e c t e d Mr. E d g a r H o l t , F l i n t , M ic h ig a n A t t y . M a rg a re t B . W ils o n , S t , L o u is , M is s o u r i M r. J . W, H i l l , D urham , N o rth C a r o lin a M rs, D a is y B a te s , L i t t l e R ock, A rk a n sa s R ev , E . F . J a c k s o n , W a sh in g to n , D, C, REGIONAL ASSISTANT SECRETARIES R e g io n I I I V II M iss C o r r i n e P . D a v is , P a rk e rsb u rg :,! W est V i r g i n i a M rs. More D. T o l b e r t , W a sh in g to n , D. C. R e g io n I To Be E l e c t e d R e g io n I I To Be E l e c t e d RULES COMMITTEE �-3- R e g io n I I I A t t y . C la re n c e H olm es, C le v e la n d , O hio Mr. J o h n Gwynn, P e o r i a , I l l i n o i s Mr. E ugene V /ilso n , D e t r o i t , M ic h ig a n M iss R osa W illia m s , S o u th B end, I n d i a n a (Y o u th ) R e g io n IV Mr. G eo rg e M rs. C la r a Mrs. A l l i e Mr. R o b e r t R e g io n V M rs. M axine M rs. W i l l i e M rs, E u n ic e M r. J o h n W, R e g io n VI Mr. Moorman, N o rth L i t t l e R ock, A rk a n sa s R e v . C . C. M cC lain, S h r e v e p o r t , L o u is ia n a Mr, A . W i l l i e Ja m e s, Oklahoma C i t y , O klahom a Mr. C ly d e C la r k , D a l l a s , T ex a s (Y outh) R e g io n V II Mr. N a p o le o n G ra v e s , P r i n c e s s Anne C o u n ty , V i r g i n i a M rs. B la n c h e M. C a r t e r , W a sh in g to n , D. C. M r. W. L . H a m ilto n , N o r f o l k , V ir g i n ia R e v . J , C. D a v is , A le x a n d r i a , V i r g i n i a W a lte r s , K a n sa s C it y , K a n sa s B a y le s , Des M o in es, Iowa Mae H am pton, S t . P a u l, M in n e s o ta R u s s e l l , K a n sa s C i t y , M i s s o u r i (Y outh) A, S m ith , M em phis, T e n n e s s e e S m ith , G r e e n s b o r o , N o rth C a r o l i n a C ooper, A t l a n t a , G e o rg ia E dw ards, D urham , N o rth C a r o l i n a (Y outh) CREDENTIALS COMMITTEE R e g io n I To Be E l e c t e d R e g io n I I To Be E le c t e d R e g io n I I I M rs. M iss M rs. M iss R e g io n IV Mr., R o y a l G ooden, S t . P a u l, M in n e so ta M r. G eorge C o o p e r, C o u n c il B l u f f s , Iow a M rs. O liv i a C a llo w a y j S t . L o u is , M i s s o u r i M iss G lo r i a S h ip p , S p r i n g f i e l d , M is s o u r i R e g io n V D r. B . E . Murph, L a u r e l , M i s s i s s i p p i M rs. M ary Lee D a v is , C h a r l e s t o n , S o u th C a r o lin a M r. Jo h n M e lc h e r, C l a r k s d a l e , M i s s i s s i p p i M r. O sborn. B r i d g e f o r t , Durham, N o r th C a r o li n a R e g io n VI R ev . J . C, C renchaw , L i t t l e R o ck , A rk a n sa s M r. J . E . C r a f t , D a l l a s , T exas Mr. W eldon P o se y , Oklahoma C i t y , Oklahoma M r. A . C a s p a rd , New O r le a n s , L o u is ia n a R e g io n V II M r g .S a ra h F l e t c h e r , W a sh in g to n , D . C. M rs. F aye Y oung, N o r f o l k , V i r g i n i a Mr. D r e t t B row n, C h a r l o t t e s v i l l e , V i r g i n i a M r. L u th e r S to c k e y , C h a r le s C o u n ty , M aryland W. S w e e t, C le v e l a n d , Ohio E f f i e Thomas, E v a n s v i l l e , I n d i a n a K a te M oore, Maywood, I l l i n o i s Mary W est, I n k s t e r , M ich ig an (Y o u th ) TIME AM PIACE COMMITTEE D R e g io n I To Be E l e c t e d 3 R e g io n I I To Be E l e c t e d ^ R e g io n I I I -—M r. W e n d e ll E r v i n , C le v e la n d , Ohio M rs. J o s e p h in e W h a rto n , L a n s in g , M ic h ig a n ■*C'Mr. M. T . B la n t o n , C h ic a g o , I l l i n o i s — ^Mr. D a v id B u rn e y , C iasv e la n d , Ohio R e g io n IV i—'M iss E v e ly n R o b e r t s , S t . L o u is , M is s o u r i — M r. O l i v e r D ig g s , D e n v e r, C o lo ra d o ~ -firtty . James B ra d M o r r is , Des M oines, Iowa «~M Iss G lo r ia N ew to n , K ansas C i t y , M i s s o u r i �R e g io n V R e g io n VI R e g io n V II M iss E v e ly n P i e r c e , T o u g a lo o C o ll e g e , M i s s i s s i p p i •»— M r s . L o r r a i n e O s b o rn e , Memphis, T e n n e sse e M r. L . A. B la c k m a n , E l l o r e e , S o u th C a r o li n a -c^-Mrs. E l l e n G re e n , Tam pa, F l o r i d a - —M r, M. L o u is H u d s p e th , San A n to n io , T e x as - — M r. H a rry B u r n s ,.S a n A n to n io , T^xas — Mr. L aw ren ce C o n le y , L ake C h a r le s , L o u is ia n a •=— M rs. B i r d i e W il li a m s , L i t t l e R ock, A rk a n s a s *— M rs. '*~M Iss M rs. R ev. B a rb a ra M a rk s, A le x a n d r i a , V i r g i n i a E s t e l l a W a s h in g to n , H anover C o u n ty , V ir g i n ia E l i z a b e t h H in to n , W a sh in g to n , D. C. H a rry F lo o d , T a lb o t C o u n ty , M ary lan d CONSTITUTION REVISION COMMITTEE R e g io n I To Be E le c t e d R e g io n I I To Be E l e c t e d R e g io n I I I A t t y . Armond R o b in s o n , C le v e la n d , Ohio A t t y . Jo h n R o d g e rs , C h ic a g o , I l l i n o i s M rs. L u v e n ia S a u n d e r s , S ag in aw , M ich ig an M r. G e r a ld E d w a rd s, Hammond, I n d ia n a R e g io n IV M r. A . S . F i s h e r , D e n v e r, C o lo rad o H r . C. R. R o cq u em o re, W e llin g to n , K a n sa s A t t y , F r a n k ie F re e m a n , S t . L o u is , M is s o u r i M iss C a r o l Dawson, S t . P a u l , M in n e so ta R e g io n V A t t y . H. T, L o c k a rd , M emphis, T e n n e s s e e Mr. Jo h n L , C h ish o lm , C h a r l e s t o n , S o u th C a r o lin a M rs. R u th M organ, W e n d e ll, N o r th C a r o li n a M r. Donovan P h i l l i p s , Durham, N o r th C a r o li n a R e g io n VI A t t y . E r n e s t M o r ia l, New O r le a n s , L o u i s i a n a M rs. H osea E v a n s, H o u s to n , Texas M r. Sam C o r n e li u s , O klahoma C i t y , O klahom a M r. H e r b e r t H ughes, D a l l a s , T exas R e g io n V II M r. M r. M r. M r. R a y f i e l d V in e s , S u f f o l k , V i r g i n i a E ugene W il li a m s , C h a r l o t t e s v i l l e , V i r g i n i a E . L . S la d e , R ich m o n d , V i r g i n i a A u g u stu s B e l l , R o c k v i l l e , M ary lan d RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE R e g io n I To Be E l e c t e d R e g io n I I To Be E l e c t e d R e g io n I I I M r. R oy W ils o n , I n k s t e r , M ich ig an M r. G eo rg e A l l e z , M a d iso n , W is c o n sin A t t y . B i l l y J o n e s , E a s t S t . L o u is , I l l i n o i s M r. R o b e r t H ymer, C h ic a g o , I l l i n o i s M iss C a ro ly n S a l v e n t , C le v e la n d , O hio R e g io n IV M r. E r n e s t C a llo w a y , S t . L o u is , M i s s o u r i M r. L a w ren ce McVoy, Omaha, N e b ra sk a M rs, B a rb a ra C o o p e rs m ith , D e n v e r, C o lo ra d o A t t y . Sam uel J a c k s o n , T o p e k a , K a n sa s M iss S a n d ra H am pton, S t , P a u l, M in n e s o ta R e g io n V M rs . U. S . B ro o k s, C h a r l o t t e , N o r th C a r o li n a A t t y . F . B .M c K iss ic k , D urham , N o r th C a r o lin a Mr. J . H. C a lh o u n , A t l a n t a , G e o rg ia M rs. M erced es W r i g h t, S a v a n n a h , G e o rg ia Mr. L a c y S t r e e t e r , D urham , N o rth C a r o li n a R e g io n VI M r. A r th u r J . C h a p i t a l , New O r l e a n s , L o u is i a n a R e v , Jim m ie J o n e s , T e x a rk a n a , T ex a s M r. Jim m ie S t e w a r t , O klahom a C i t y , Oklahoma M rs. A lth e a Sim m ons, D a l l a s , T exas M iss B a rb a ra P o s e y , Oklahoma C i t y , O klahom a �* r - Region VII 5- Mr. Milton Gay, Dor folk, Virginia Mrs. Helen Armstead, Washington, D, C, Mr. W. Lester Banks, Richmond, Virginia Mr. Robert D. Robertson, Norfolk, Virginia Mr. David Gunter, Petersburg, Virginia NATIONAL YOUTH WO R K COMMITTEE Region I To Be Elected Region II To Be Elected Region III To Be Elected Region IV Mrs. Leila Walters, Kansas City, Kansas Mrs. Daisy Brown, Kansas City," Missouri Mr. Alfred Jones, Wichita, Kansas Miss Gloria Newton, Kansas City, Missouri Region V To Be Elected Region VI To Be Elected Region VII Gloster B. Current, Jr., Richmond, Virginia Mr. T. L. Jenkins, Washington, D. C. Mrs . Robert D. Robertson, Norfolk, Virginia Mrs. Harriet Hall, Ann Arundel County, Maryland FREEDOM FUND DINNER COMMITTEE Region I II III IV V VI VII To Be Elected To Be Elected Dr. Maurice Rabb, Louisville, Kentucky Mrs. Kelsey Beshears, St. Joseph, Missouri To Be Elected Mrs. D. A. Combre, Lake CharlesL o u i s i a n a Mrs. Virginia Carrington, Charlottesville, Virginia Meeting a d journed � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Summary Minutes of the 52nd Annual Convention," NAACP, July 10, 1961 Description An account of the resource Summary minutes of the 52nd annual convention for the NAACP Convention Organization Meeting on July 10, 1961. Details invocation, memorial service for deceased NAACP members, and report from committee on convention procedure, sergeant-at-arms and room assignments, report of regional elections with names of regional officers and committee chairs listed. Barbara Marx's handwritten notes appear occasionally. Five pages. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington Branch, NAACP Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 7/10/61 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 18_1_4_2_6 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/641431c9b0cfd4ebf98bb5379ef59696.pdf 0507e6e08de266cf0750c8665d427f79 PDF Text Text KG THE 52nd CONVENTION SPEAKS OUR PROGRAM FOR THE FUTURE D i g e s t of r e s o l u t i o n s , s p e e c h e s and comments from d e l e g a t e s f o r u s e by b r a n c h o f f i c e r s i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n and d e v e lo p m e n t, as w e l l as e x e c u t i o n of a program of a c t i o n . The 52nd N a t i o n a l Convention-NAACP i s now h i s t o r y . A mandate h a s been g iv en t o s t a f f as w e l l as t h e e n t i r e membership - t o e x e c u t e a b o l d pro gram of a c t i o n . METHODS AND TECHNIQUES The C o n v e n ti o n e n d o r s e d c o n t i n u e d u s e of t h e s e t e s t e d i n s t r u m e n t s of p r o g r e s s and r e fo r m t o s e c u r e our o b j e c t i v e s : I. II. III. IV. ASSEMBLY - Mass m e e t i n g s and o t h e r p u b l i c a s s e m b l i e s t o be u se d . PETITION - Use of p e t i t i o n s t o p u b l i c o f f i c i a l s and o t h e r s ? research , in v e s tig a tio n s , etc. u se of DEMONSTRATIONS - D e m o n s t ra t i o n s and o t h e r d i r e c t a c t i o n p r o g ra m s , in clu d in g s i t - i n s , w ade-ins, k n e e l- in s , s q u a t- in s , s t a n d - i n s , e t c . Freedom r i d e s a r e s u p p o r t e d , b u t we do n o t r e q u i r e our members t o ch o o se j a i l r a t h e r t h a n b a i l , b u t l e a v e t h a t d e c i s i o n t o each i n d i v i d u a l . POLITICAL ACTION - LEGISLATIVE PROGRAM - REGISTRATION AND VOTING. P u b l i c F u n d s: R e a f f i r m e d p o l i c y of o p p o sin g u se of p u b l i c f u n d s - f e d e r a l s t a t e and l o c a l - f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n o r s u p p o r t of s e g r e g a t e d p u b l i c f a c i l i t i e s , w hether f o r e d u c a tio n , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , i n s t a l l a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g a i r p o r t s , r e s t a u r a n t s and w a i t i n g rooms, h o u s i n g , h o s p i t a l s , e t c . R e g i s t r a t i o n and V o t i n g : I n c r e a s i n g number of Negro v o t e r s a m ajo r o b j e c t i v e , d r i v e t o be s t e p p e d up N o r t h and S o u t h . I n c r e a s e d r e g i s t r a t i o n c a l l e d f o r where b a r r i e r s a r e b ro k e n . B ran ch es t o c o n d u c t v o t e r r e g i s t r a t i o n prog rams th r o u g h NAACP and u se i t s f a c ilitie s. Loo kin g t o s t a t e and l o c a l e l e c t i o n s of 1961 and n a t i o n a l e l e c t i o n of 1962, b r a n c h e s and y o u t h u n i t s must c r a c k v o t i n g d e n i a l s i n S o u t h , e s p e c i a l l y Alabam a, G e o r g i a , L o u i s i a n a and M i s s i s s i p p i ; h a l t slowdown t a c t i c s in Tennessee. C a l l e d on D ep artm en t of J u s t i c e t o s e e k i n j u n c t i o n s where d e n i a l s t a k e place. C a l l e d on o ur p e o p l e t o f i l e c o m p l a i n t s where d e n i e d r i g h t t o r e g i s t e r and v o t e . Non- End orsement of C a n d i d a t e s : n o n - e n d o rs e m e n t of c a n d i d a t e s . R e a f f i r m e d p o l i c y of n o n - p a r t i s a n s h i p and �(2) C i v i l R i g h t s L e g i s l a t i o n : Because of c o n t i n u i n g c r i m e s o f v i o l e n c e , l y n c h i n g , d e f i a n c e of t h e la w s , d e n i a l by a u t h o r i t i e s of e q u a l p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e law, p o l i c e b r u t a l i t y , r a c i a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n employm ent, governm ent s u p p o r t of s e g r e g a t i o n i n p u b l i c s c h o o l s , a i r p o r t s , h o u s i n g , h o s p i t a l s , r e c r e a t i o n *nd o t h e r a r e a s . C o n v e n ti o n c a l l e d f o r a c t i o n by Con g ress and E x e c u t i v e Bran ch of gov ernment t o c o r r e c t t h e s e e v i l s by: a. Recommending and p a s s i n g new l e g i s l a t i o n which w i l l im pose th e maximum p u n ish m en t u n d er law f o r t h e c r im e of l y n c h i n g and i n s u r e f i r m f e d e r a l p r o t e c t i o n f o r a l l c i t i z e n s i n t h o s e a r e a s of t h e n a t i o n where to o many p o licem en ' and s h e r i f f s a r e p o t e n t i a l mob members o r mob l e a d e r s . b. E nacting l e g i s l a t i o n s e e k i n j u n c t i o n s and r i g h t s g u a r a n t e e d by We u r g e t h e A t t o r n e y these r ig h ts . c. E n a c t i n g a f a i r employment p r a c t i c e s law w i t h a d e q u a t e e n f o rc e m e n t powers. d. I n c l u d i n g a n t i - s e g r e g a t i o n amendments i n a l l laws p r o v i d i n g f e d e r a l aid f o r s c h o o ls , ho u sin g , h o s p i t a l s , r e c r e a t i o n , the aged o r f o r any o t h e r p u r p o s e . t h a t w i l l g i v e t h e A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l power t o o t h e r c i v i l rem ed ies f o r t h o s e who a r e d e n i e d t h e F o u r t e e n t h Amendment t o t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n . G eneral to a c c e le r a t e a l l e f f o r t s to p r o te c t The C o n v e n tio n c a l l e d f o r p a s s a g e of f e d e r a l l e g i s l a t i o n t o o u tla w p o l l t a x as a r e q u i r e m e n t f o r v o t i n g i n an e f f o r t t o p r o t e c t t h e r i g h t t o v o t e ; and u r g e d r e v i s i o n o f S e n a t e Rule 22 t o p e r m i t l i m i t a t i o n of d e b a t e by m a j o r i t y r u l e ; a l s o p r o m is e d t o s u p p o r t f u l l and co m p lete home r u l e i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Colum bia. The C o u r t s : V. No c h an g es n o t e d i n g e n e r a l l e g a l program. ECONOMIC POLICY - ECONOMIC FREEDOM P u r c h a s i n g P o w er; The C o n v e n tio n u r g e d u se of o r g a n i z e d p u r c h a s i n g power; u r g e d u se o f r a c i a l s e l f - h e l p a c t i v i t i e s t h r o u g h s e l e c t i v e b u y i n g , boy c o t t s and p i c k e t i n g . The C o n v e n ti o n u r g e d t h e c o n t i n u e d u se of t h i s method whenever i t seems l i k e l y t o be s u c c e s s f u l i n p u r s u i t of p o l i c i e s a d o p t e d by t h e A s s o c i a t i o n and c a l l e d f o r by t h e E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y a n d / o r t h e N a t i o n a l Board i n n a t i o n a l m a t t e r s , or by r e s p o n s i b l e NAACP o f f i c e r s i n l o c a l s i t u a t i o n s i n v o l v i n g e f f o r t s t o g e t j o b s o r s e r v i c e on a n o n - d i s c r i m i n a t o r y b a s i s . ( I n e x e c u t i n g t h i s , i t i s of u tm o st i m p o rt a n c e t h a t su c h programs be w e l l p l a n n e d , t h a t a l l NAACP o f f i c i a l s be k e p t i n f o rm e d of p l a n n i n g and n e g o t i a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g G e n e r a l C o u n s e l , and t h a t s t r o n g a c t i o n s and n o t a b o r t i v e ones be t a k e n ; t h a t f u l l p u b l i c i t y be g i v e n a t a l l tim es t o a c t i v i t y and t o f i n a l a c t i o n t a k e n . ) �(3) C r e d i t U n io n s; The C o n v e n ti o n e n d o r s e d f o r m a t i o n of Bran ch C r e d i t U n i o n s , where f e a s i b l e . Use o f P r e s i d e n t s Committee on E q u al Employment O p p o r t u n i t y ; The C o n v e n ti o n c a l l e d f o r d e c i s i v e a c t i o n a g a i n s t em p lo y ers who r e f u s e t o a l t e r d i s c r i m i n a t o r y p r a c t i c e s , i n c l u d i n g c a n c e l l a t i o n o r r e v o c a t i o n of c o n t r a c t s , f i l i n g of c o m p l a i n t s a g a i n s t com pan ies w i t h government c o n t r a c t s . NAACP Lab or D ep artm en t t o h e l p i n p r o c e s s i n g c o m p l a i n t s . S t a t e Employment S e r v i c e s ; The C o n v e n ti o n denoun ced r i g i d p a t t e r n s of d i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n s o u t h e r n employment s e r v i c e s , r a c i a l l y d e s i g n a t e d j o b o r d e r s , s e p a r a t e o f f i c e s and s e c t i o n s . C a l l e d on U. S . D ep artm en t of L a b o r t o e l i m i n a t e d i s c r i m i n a t i o n and s e g r e g a t i o n i n s t a t e employment s e r v i c e s by w i t h h o l d i n g f u n d s from t h o s e w hich d i s c r i m i n a t e . D i s c r i m i n a t i o n w i t h i n U n io n s: A f fi r m e d o u r p o l i c y of o p p o sin g a l l t r a d e u n i o n d i s c r i m i n a t i o n , and u r g e d t r a d e u n i o n i s t s t o r a i s e q u e s t i o n s w i t h i n t h e t r a d e u n i o n movement a b o u t AFL-CIO i n t e r n a l p o l i c y on d isc rim in atio n . M i g r a n t W o rk ers; C a l l e d on B ran ch es t o u r g e governm ent - c o u n ty , s t a t e and f e d e r a l - t h a t l e g i s l a t i v e r e fo r m s be e n a c t e d t o p r o t e c t m i g r a n t s ; c a l l e d f o r e n d in g of M e x ic a n -f a r m l a b o r i m p o r t a t i o n and f e d e r a l l e g i s l a t i o n t o c u r t a i n u se of P u b l i c Law 78 ( T i t l e 5 of A g r i c u l t u r a l Act 1949 u n d e r w hich M exican l a b o r i s b r o u g h t i n t o t h e USA). S u p p o rt f o r Negro American Lab or C o u n c i l s Development of I n d u s t r i a l and t e c h n i c a l S k i l l s th r o u g h a p p r e n t i c e s h i p t r a i n i n g programs and v o c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g ; c a l l e d on m u n i c i p a l and s t a t e PEPCs t o h e l p end d i s c r i m i n a t o r y r e s t r i c t i o n s i n t e c h n i c a l and i n d u s t r i a l t r a i n i n g p ro g ram s. °E E£ se d s t r i k e - b r e a k i n g and u r g e d NAACP u n i t s t o t r y t o p r e v e n t u se of N eg ro es and o t h e r s t o b r e a k s t r i k e s . S o c i a l S e c u r i t y ; Urged co m p reh en siv e c o v e r a g e f o r a l l w o r k e rs and p r o f e s s i o n a l s , b e n e f i t s f o r p e r m a n e n t l y d i s a b l e d r e g a r d l e s s of a g e ; th e m o d e r n i z i n g o f unemployment i n s u r a n c e sy s tem t o i n c l u d e farm w o r k e r s , d o m e s t i c s , f e d e r a l and o t h e r governm ent em p lo y ees; f e d e r a l i z i n g t h e unemployment i n s u r a n c e sy s tem t o p r e v e n t l o s s of b e n e f i t s when w o r k e rs move a c r o s s s t a t e l i n e s ; improved unemployment b e n e f i t s ; i n c r e a s e d s e v e r a n c e pay due t o a u t o m a t i o n and o t h e r l a b o r d i s p l a c e m e n t d e v i c e s ; r e s t r a i n i n g pr og rams f i n a n c e d by f e d e r a l f u n d s ; co m p reh en siv e s y s te m of g o v e r n m e n t a l h e a l t h i n s u r a n c e t o p r o v i d e c a s h b e n e f i t s and n e c e s s a r y m e d i c a l and h o s p i t a l c a r e ; m e d i c a l c a r e f o r t h e ag ed . W e l f a r e ; Condemned a t t a c k s upon w e l f a r e r e c i p i e n t s as i n Newburgh, N .Y .; c a l l e d on b r a n c h e s t o i n v e s t i g a t e a l l d e n i a l s of p u b l i c a s s i s t a n c e where r a c i a l l y m o t i v a t e d and t o t a k e a f f i r m a t i v e a c t i o n t h r o u g h i s s u a n c e of a p p r o p r i a t e s t a t e m e n t s , p r o t e s t s and o t h e r means t o i n s u r e p r o t e c t i o n o f r i g h t s of i n n o c e n t c h i l d r e n and o t h e r n e c e s s i t o u s p e r s o n s . �(4) V I. PUBLIC RELATIONS - IMAGES - COMMUNICATIONS The C o n v e n tio n c a l l e d f o r a program t o u t i l i z e p u b lic o p in io n th ro u g h a p u b lic r e l a t i o n s program "The NAACP i n v i t e s and u rg e s p e rs o n s of a l l n a t i o n a l i t i e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y c o n s c i e n c e - s t r i c k e n w h ite c i t i z e n s , t o . . . . ta k e a c t i o n t o s u p p o r t a program in te n d e d t o s o lv e A m erica’ s r a c i a l p ro b le m ." C i v i l War C e n te n n ia l : B ran ch es u rg e d t o u se C i v i l War C e n te n n ia l c e l e b r a t i o n s t o " d r a m a tiz e th e n eed f o r c i v i l r i g h t s l e g i s l a t i o n and t o end a l l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n and s e g r e g a ti o n i n t h i s c o u n t r y ." S u g g e s tio n s f o r ACTION . . . p r e s e n t a t i o n of f a c t s a b o u t C i v i l W ar, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n s o u th e r n a r e a s . H o ld mass m e e tin g s , p r e s e n t h i s t o r i a n s and o t h e r s who can g iv e a u t h e n t i c in f o r m a tio n . Answer a l l s ta te m e n ts a p p e a r in g in t h e p r e s s w hich g iv e m is in f o rm a tio n . P u b l i c i z i n g NAACP, E n lig h te n in g P u b lic O p in io n a b o u t NAACP; The C o n v e n tio n u rg e d a co m p reh en siv e program t o d is s e m in a te in f o r m a tio n a b o u t th e work of th e NAACP. Suggest - W idely d i s t r i b u t e p a m p h le ts and o t h e r in f o r m a tio n . L e t ’ s s e t up in f o rm a tio n d i s t r i b u t i o n c e n t e r s , l i b r a r i e s , r e a d in g n o o k s, r a d i o and TV p ro g ra m s, r e g u l a r news f e a t u r e s i n m a g a z in e s , n e w s p a p e rs, on l o c a l l e v e l . S p e a k e rs b u r e a u s , b r o c h u r e s , v i s u a l a i d s , t r a i n i n g of b ra n c h l e a d e r s h i p , changed fo rm a t of C r i s i s . P u b l i c a t i o n of r e g i o n a l , s t a t e and b ran ch b u l l e t i n s . M i n s t r e l Shows; C o n v e n tio n s u g g e s te d we bq a l e r t t o p la n s f o r such shows and make s t r o n g e f f o r t s t o s tb p them in th e p la n n in g s t a g e , and i f n o t , ta k e d i r e c t a c t i o n th ro u g h d e m o n s tr a tio n s $ a l s o u rg e d we se e k d e n i a l of p u b lic f a c i l i t i e s t o g ro u p s p la n n in g su ch show s. V I I. COOPERATION OR NON-COOPERATION WITH OTHER GROUPS We n e i t h e r d isav o w n o r condemn o t h e r p e a c e a b le c o u r s e s of s o c i a l a c t i o n em ployed by g ro u p s s e e k in g i d e n t i c a l g o a l s . W have w elcom ed and so u g h t e th e m em b ersh ip , a i d , c o u n s e l and f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e of a l l p e rs o n s o r g ro u p s o f good w i l l s o lo n g as o u r end o b j e c t i v e s d id n o t c o n f l i c t . W ith in th e fram ew ork of our s t a t e d and e v e r ex p an d in g program s of a c t i o n , "we s t a n d re a d y now, as i n th e p a s t , t o c o l l a b o r a t e w ith and a s s i s t any l e g i t i m a t e A m erican g ro u p co m m itted , a s we a r e , t o en d in g s e g r e g a ti o n . . . . " We a r e o p p osed t o s e p a r a t i s t g ro u p s - w h ite or b la c k - and w i l l n o t c o o p e r a te i n any way w ith su ch g ro u p s o r t h e i r l e a d e r s . T h is i n c lu d e s �(5 ) th e Jo h n B irc h S o c i e t y , B lack N a t i o n a l i s t s , M uslim s, e t c . D ep lo red d isp a ra g e m e n t of any r e l i g i o u s g ro u p . NAACP g ro u p s s h o u ld h i g h l i g h t th e i n t e r r a c i a l and i n t e r f a i t h o p p o r t u n it i e s a v a i l a b l e f o r s o c i a l a c t i o n f o r c i v i l r i g h t s , c a l l e d on c h u rch co m m ittees t o work f o r d e s e g r e g a tio n of c h u r c h - r e l a t e d i n s t i t u t i o n s and s u p p o r t NAACP m em bership and f i n a n c i a l p r o j e c t s . V III. EXPANDING THE MEMBERSHIP - RAISING FUNDS M em bership p r o c e s s in g - A g ain r e q u e s te d sp e e d -u p i n p r o c e s s in g , d i r e c t e d a re v ie w of p r e s e n t p r o c e d u r e s , e x p l o r a t i o n of new m ethods t o i n s u r e more e f f i c i e n c y , a l s o in q u i r y i n t o f e a s i b i l i t y of a f i x e d c a le n d a r e x p i r a t i o n d a t e . B ranches a r e t o be i n v i t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e in s tu d y . IX . YOUTH R e q u e ste d a d d i t i o n a l y o u th s e c r e t a r i e s ; t h a t S t a t e C o n fe re n c e s and B ran ch es be a d v is e d on th e p ro p e r s e l e c t i o n of a d v i s e r s and c o m p li an ce w ith C o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v is io n s on r e l a t i o n s h i p X. EDUCATION - NEW PROGRAM CALLED "SCHOOL REGISTRATION FOR EQUALITY" AND OTHER EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS CALLED FOR, INCLUDING . . . O p p o s itio n t o u se o f ta x money f o r s e g r e g a te d s c h o o ls , w ith p a r t i c u l a r r e f e r e n c e to F e d e r a l A id t o E d u c a tio n . A id t o p a r e n t s s e e k in g a d m iss io n to i n t e g r a t e d s c h o o l s . O p p o s itio n to s t a i r - s t e p p la n o f d e s e g r e g a t io n . S c h o o l R e g i s t r a t i o n F o r E q u a l it y U rg in g p a r e n ts to a p p ly t o s c h o o ls i n t h e i r a r e a s i n o r d e r to th w a rt p u p i l a ssig n m e n t law s and p r o c e d u r e s , a l s o u rg ed c o n s u l t a t i o n w ith NAACP a t t o r n e y s a s t o b e s t p r o c e d u r e . U rg in g v o c a t i o n a l g u id a n c e c o u n s e l l o r s to g u id e N egro y o u th s i n t o c a r e e r s now open and a v a i l a b l e and more f u l l y d e v e lo p p o t e n t i a l . Urged program t o s to p d r o p - o u ts by c a l l i n g on p a r e n t s and o th e r s t o c o r r e c t t h i s te n d e n c y . A program t o im prove th e p u b lic image of th e N eg ro , d i r e c t i n g b ra n c h e s t o su rv e y te x tb o o k s u se d l o c a l l y , and s c r u t i n i z e o th e r e d u c a t i o n a l m a t e r i a l s ; s e e k in g to im prove th e p o r t r a y a l of th e N egro i n n e w s p a p e rs, m a g a z in e s , m o v ie s, e t c . A program t o end d e n i a l of q u a l i f i e d s t u d e n ts t o p r o f e s s i o n a l and g r a d u a te s c h o o ls b e c a u s e o f e x c l u s i o n i s t o r q u o ta p o l i c i e s ; u rg e d s t a t e and r e g i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e s t o p r e s s f o r f a i r e d u c a t i o n a l p r a c t i c e s law as e x i s t in M a s s a c h u s e tts , a l s o en fo rc e m e n t of f a i r em ploym ent p r a c t i c e s law s. �( 6) X. EDUCATION (c o n * t) S u p p o rt f o r academ ic freedom t o t h i n k , a c t and b e lo n g t o NAACP. U rg in g em ploym ent o r a p p o in tm e n t of te a c h e r s and o th e r p e r s o n n e l t o p o s i t i o n s i n th e e d u c a t i o n a l sy ste m on th e b a s i s o f m e r it and n o t on r a c e o r q u o ta s . S u p p o rt f o r p r o t e c t i o n of te a c h e r te n u r e and condem nation of p u p i l e x p u ls io n f o r p a r t i c i p a t i o n in m i l i t a n t , a g g r e s s iv e a c t i v i t i e s . T ak in g ad v a n ta g e of o p p o r t u n it i e s f o r i n t e g r a t i o n th ro u g h p r e p a r a t io n o f y o u th s f o r an i n t e g r a t e d s o c i e t y ; u rg in g s c h o o l s , c h u r c h e s , and o th e r community o r g a n i z a t i o n s t o i n s p i r e our t o t a l c i t i z e n r y t o d e v e lo p t h e i r c a p a b i l i t i e s th ro u g h t r a i n i n g i n o r d e r t o ta k e a d v a n ta g e of e v e ry n o n s e g re g a te d f a c i l i t y o r o r g a n i z a t i o n . Condemned te a c h e r l o y a l t y o a th s . S te p p e d -u p program t o com bat NORTHERN SCHOOL SEGREGATION, as i n New R o c h e lle , i n c lu d in g A. S u rv ey of s c h o o l B. I n t e n s i f i e d b ra n c h program s t o end a l l s e g r e g a te d p u b lic e d u c a tio n in f a c t or by law i n c lu d in g th e f o llo w in g : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. X I. s y s te m t o e l i m i n a t e s e g r e g a te d s c h o o ls . S eek t e a c h e r a s sig n m e n ts w ith o u t r e g a r d t o r a c e . Seek e n r ic h e d c u r r i c u l a and a d e q u a te equipm ent and m a t e r i a l s i n a l l s c h o o ls . Oppose th e n e ig h b o rh o o d s c h o o l c o n c e p t w henever i t s u se m a in ta in s th e s e g r e g a te d s c h o o l. Urge p e r m is s iv e z o n in g f o r th e avowed p u rp o se of a c h ie v in g i n t e g r a t e d s c h o o ls . E n co u rag e th e u se by p a r e n ts of th e open e n r o llm e n t or p u p i l t r a n s f e r p la n s w h erev er an a d e q u a te p la n i s in o p e ra tio n . S eek s i t e s f o r new s c h o o ls i n f r i n g e a r e a s , w here f e a s i b l e , t o a v o id new g h e t t o s c h o o l s . A s c e r t a in and p u b l i c i z e th e view of c a n d id a te s f o r s c h o o l b o a rd s and any o th e r g o v e rn m e n ta l agency c o n c e rn e d w ith s c h o o ls t o i n s u r e t h e i r s u p p o r t of t h i s p ro g ram . HEALTH U rged rem o v al of d i s c r i m i n a t o r y p r o v is io n s by p r i v a t e and f r a t e r n a l in s u ra n c e s• U rged a c t i o n to end d i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n a d m iss io n t o s o u th e rn m e d ic a l s c h o o ls ; d i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n room and w ard s e r v i c e s ? a d m issio n of N egro p h y s ic ia n s t o h o s p i t a l s t a f f p o s i t i o n s , and e n d o rse d K indA n d erso n B i l l f in a n c i n g m e d ic a l c a r e u n d e r s o c i a l s e c u r i t y . �(7) X II. . HOUSING U rged c o r r e c t i v e a c t i o n be ta k e n by f e d e r a l g o vernm ent t o end s u b s i d i z e d r a c i a l s e g r e g a ti o n i n h o u sin g ? opposed PHA c o n s t r u c t i o n of r a c i a l l y s e g r e g a te d h o u sin g d e v e lo p m e n ts; c a l l e d a t t e n t i o n to U rban Renew al p r a c t i c e s c h a n n e llin g v a s t sums t o l o c a l a g e n c ie s f o r p ro g ra m s, b e in g p la n n e d and a d m in is te r e d d i s c r i m i n a t o r i l y , d i s p l a c in g o v e r 100,0 0 0 N egroes th u s f a r w h ile r e l o c a t i n g them in r a c i a l l y r e s t r i c t e d h o u sin g m a rk e t; t h a t FHA c o n tin u e s t o d is p e n s e f e d e r a l fu n d s t o p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y f o r h o u s in g c lo s e d t o occupancy by N egro f a m i l i e s th u s m aking i t n e c e s s a ry f o r th e F e d e r a l governm ent t o ta k e a c t i o n t o end d i s c r i m i n a t i o n in f e d e r a l l y a s s i s t e d h o u s in g . C a lle d f o r E x e c u tiv e O rd er g u a r a n te e in g e q u a l h o u sin g b e n e f i t s . U rged f a i r h o u sin g p o lic y i n D. C . t o make i t an open C ity f o r a l l in c l u d i n g f o r e i g n d ip lo m a ts . X III. FOREIGN AFFAIRS, APARTHEID, MIDDLE EAST AND ARMED SERVICES, PEACE CORPS C o n v e n tio n a l s o u rg e d end t o d i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n N a tio n a l G uard and rem oval o f r a c i a l d e s i g n a t io n s from d is c h a r g e of members of armed f o rces. XIV. PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS C a lle d f o r end t o d i s c r i m i n a t i o n by p r i v a t e , v o lu n ta r y a s s o c i a t i o n s , s e r v i c e c l u b s ; e n d in g p r a c t i c e o f u s in g g o v e rn m e n ta l f a c i l i t i e s f o r s e g r e g a te d r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s of any k in d , and u rg e d b ra n c h e s t o be d i l i g e n t i n s e e in g t h a t F e d e r a l p o lic y i s n o t b re a c h e d i n any l o c a l i t y ; t h a t s t a t e , co u n ty and m u n ic ip a l governm ents a l s o w ithdraw from any k in d o f r e l a t i o n s h i p w ith o r g a n i z a t i o n s t h a t have p o l i c i e s of r a c i a l e x c lu s io n i n r e c r e a t i o n . PUTTING THE PR G A INTO EFFECT ORM W HAT BRANCHES MUST DO 1. D ev elo p a program f o r e f f e c t u a t i o n of th e s e g o a l s . 2. O u t l i n e b ro a d o b j e c t i v e s - lo n g -ra n g e and s h o r t - r a n g e . 3. D evelop a t i m e - t a b l e f o r a c t i o n . 4. S e t up p r i o r i t i e s . 5. P la n t o keep so m e th in g pcfpping a l l th e tim e . 6. Keep N a t i o n a l , R e g io n a l and S t a t e o f f i c e s in fo rm e d . �(8 ) 7. D evelop a c a le n d a r - S e p te m b e r, O c to b e r , November - R e g i s t r a t i o n Campaign, C h ild r e n a p p ly f o r i n t e g r a t e d s c h o o l s . F a l l Member s h ip re n e w a l cam paign. Y outh a c t i v i t i e s - o r g a n iz e y o u th . C i v i l R ig h ts Mass M e e tin g . S t a t e C o n fe re n c e s . One B ig F undR a is in g e v e n t. P re ss u re fo r J o b s , H o using ( t h e y e a r round) December - A nnual M e etin g s Program re v ie w s and e v a l u a t i o n s J a n u a ry - Lobby o p en in g of C o n g ress and L e g is la tu re s L e g is la tiv e A c tiv ity in S ta te s P la n M em bership Campaigns F e b r u a ry - N egro H is to r y and B ro th erh o o d Week good tim e t o a p p e a l t o w h ite community M arch - H o using A c t i v i t i e s S p rin g v o t e r - r e g i s t r a t i o n cam p aig n s, S p rin g M em bership D riv e s b e g in . A p r i l - M e etin g aro u n d jo b o p p o r t u n it i e s P a tro n a g e w ith h o ld in g cam paigns g e a re d t o E a s t e r S t a r t M em bership Cam paigns and D riv e s May - Have p a r e n t s a p p ly f o r t r a n s f e r s to i n t e g r a t e d sc h o o ls Ju n e - P r e p a r a ti o n f o r A nnual C o n v e n tio n s W ind-up m em bership cam p aig n s. W NEED MEMBERSHIP PARTICIPATION PROJECTS, DIRECT MASS ACTION E I n v o lv e p e o p le i n p i c k e t i n g , d e m o n s tr a tio n s . L e t #s g e t to u g h e r w ith r e c a l c i t r a n t s and th o s e s ta n d in g i n th e way of p r o g r e s s - u se rem oval p r o c e d u r e s , ask some t o r e s i g n . Are We W orking H ard Enough? L e t #s s t e p up em phasis i n our a r e a s - sh a rp e n our t a c t i c s and do so m e th in g d a i l y . Mass m o b i l i z a t i o n t a c t i c s - keep so m e th in g g o in g alw ays �(9 ) T h in k d r a m a t i c a l l y - s t e p up d e s e g r e g a tio n p r o j e c t s i n e v e ry a r e a Keep s c o r e on p r o g r e s s . D evelop e d u c a t i o n a l program f o r members and community th ro u g h r e g u l a r m e e tin g s i n n e ig h b o rh o o d s w ith s p e a k e r s , f i l m s , l e a f l e t s , e t c . A void com p ro m ises. Use c e l e b r i t i e s i n program m ing. Our B oard C h airm an , B ish o p S te p h e n G i l l S p o ttsw o o d , s a y s "CAPITALIZE OUR GAINS, AND TIGHTEN SEAT BELTS FOR THRUST TO FREEDOM." � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The 52nd Convention Speaks," July 1961 Description An account of the resource Summary of the 52nd Annual NAACP Convention, July 1961. Explains the adopted "program of action" for protests, economic reforms, legislative priorities, public relations, cooperation with other groups, expanding membership, education, healthcare, and housing. Gives ideas and priorities for individual branches to accomplish goals. Nine pages. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource NAACP Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961-07 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 18_1_4_2_12 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/efacb92a92af277fe38e95f3d998bde4.pdf ea48577491dd07b997adc148997e87c6 PDF Text Text A . ' THE CHURCH1 BOLE IN EDUCATIONAL CONTBOVERSY S v ( S p e e c h to h e d e l i v e r e d b y B i n d l e y J. St i l e s , De a n , S c h o o l of Education, U n i v e r s i t y o f V i rginia, to A r l i n g t o n M i n i s terial A s s o c i a t i o n , C l a r e n d o n B a p t i s t C h u r c h , N o r t h H i g h l a n d Street, A r l i n g t o n , E.D.S.T.) T h ursday, A p r i l 25, 1 9 5 ^ - -O s J O A„M„ In a n y p e r i o d o f cris i s the A m e r i c a n p e o p l e b e c o m e m o r e c r i t i c a l o f the w o r k o f t h e i r p u b l i c institutions. a t mospher e o f c o n fusion, It is to h e expected, rea c t i o n , therefor e , that i n the c u r r e n t a n d doubt, m a n y w o u l d c r i t i c i z e o u r p u b l i c s c h o o l s . Since W o r l d W a r II, c r i t i c i s m s a n d o u t r i g h t a t t a c k s u p o n p u b l i c s c h o o l s h a v e b e e n m a d e w i t h s u c h a b u n d a n c e an d o f t e n w i t h s u c h r e c k l e s s a b a n d o n that c o n f i d e n c e i n p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n is b e i n g se r i o u s l y shaken. e s t a b l i s h e d n a t i o n a l groups, Criticisms have come f rom individuals, long a n d al s o f r o m n e w l y f o r m u l a t e d o r g a n i z a t i o n s w h o s e m a j o r ob j e c t i v e is to p r e s s a t t a c k s a g a i n s t p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n . These l a t t e r groups, h e a d e d b y p r o f e s s i o n a l s s k i l l e d at m a r s h a l l i n g the forces of r e a c t i o n - a n d also o f the d i s c o n t e n t e d h a v e f l o o d e d the c o u n t r y w i t h l i t e r a t u r e c o n t a i n i n g s w e epi ng, d r a m a t i c a l l y e m o t i o n a l i z e d , c h a rges a g a i n s t p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n . T h e i r e f f o r t s are c a l c u l a t e d to a p p e a l to a m a s s aud i e n c e a n d to inci t e c o m m u n i t y d i s t r u s t a n d r e b ellion. A n y o n e w h o w a n t s to c r i t i c i z e the p u b l i c s c h o o l s i n his c o m m u n i t y in an i r r e s p o n s i b l e m a n n e r c a n o b t a i n h e l p f r o m s u c h national organizations which wi l l provide materials and plans for "tailor-made attacks" ag a i n s t schools. These g r o u p s and thei r s u p p o r t e r s , f o r g e t t i n g E d m u n d B u r k e ' s i n s i g h t f u l o b s e r v a t i o n , "I d o not k n o w the m e t h o d o f d r a w i n g u p an i n d i c t m e n t a g a i n s t a w h o l e p e o p l e " , ar e a p p a r e n t l y s e e k i n g to d i s c r e d i t g e n e r a l l y p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n a n d those m o s t c l o s e l y a l l i e d w i t h it. T h e y str i v e to set e d u c a t i o n a l gr o u p a g a i n s t group, administrator a g ainst tea cher, t e a c h e r a g a i n s t o f f i c i a l s i n State D e p a r t m e n t s o f E d u cation, a gai n s t p r o f e s s o r of education, liberal arts p r o f e s s o r p r i v a t e school, a g a i n s t p u b l i c school, and, al s o , th e c h u r c h w i t h i t s v a s t m e m b e r s h i p a n d o t h e r c i t i z e n s a g a i n s t the schools. O p p o s i n g the attacks o n s c h o o l s have b e e n v i g o r o u s e f f o r t s b y t e a c h e r s p r o f e s s i o n a l asso c i a t i ons, citizens' g r o u p s a n d others. T h e y s e e k to c o u n t e r a c t t h e n e g a t i v e i m p a c t of school criticisms, b o t h i n i n d i v i d u a l c o m m u n i t i e s a n d o n the n a t i o n a l level,, �So varied, h a v e t h e c r i t i c i s m s b e e n t h a t almost n o a s p e c t o f h a s b e e n missed. the e d u c a t i o n a l p r o g r a m The res u l t i s t h a t it i s n o w al m o s t i n p o s s i b l e i n m a n y c o m m u n i t i e s f o r c i t i z e n s to d i s c u s s t h e i r s c h o o l s w i t h o u t b e i n g c l a s s e d as e i t h e r f o r o r a g a i n s t p u b l i c edu c a t i o n . Th o s e w h o d e f e n d the s c h o o l s , as w e l l a s those w h s cri t i c i z e , have been and ar e b e i n g s u b j e c t e d to p e r s o n a l a b u s e a n d mal i g p m e n t i n the d a i l y p r e s s , o n the air, in popular magazines. T h e e d u c a t i o n a l a t m o s p h e r e is s u c h th a t honest, o f the s t r e n g t h a n d w e a k n e s s e s of p u b l i c m i d d l e ground. We objective analysis s c h o o l s is p r a c t i c a l l y imp o s s i b l e . T h e r e i s no s e e m to h a v e l o s t f a i t h i n M r. J e f f e r s o n ' s w i s d o m that w h e n r e a s o n a n d expe r i m e n t h a v e b e e n in d u l g e d , e r r o r w i l l fl e e b e f o r e them. Many — k n o w that T h o m a s P a y n e w a s r i g h t - s e e m d e t e r m i n e d n o t to p e r m i t "truth" i rr e s t i b l e natu r e , and who no doubt to e x e r t i t s f o r t h e y n e i t h e r s e e k it n o r d o t h e y e x t e n d to t r u t h th e l i b e r t y o f a p p e aring. So m a n y i n d i v i d u a l s a n d g r o u p s ar e c r i t icizing, c h a nnels. t h r o u g h s u c h a m u l t i p l i c i t y of A l l t y p e s of e d u c a t i o n a l p r a c t i c e s a n d s e r v i c e s ar e b e i n g c ha l l e n g e d . And such a v a r i e t y o f c o n t r a d i c t o r y p r o p o s a l s f o r sc h o o l s are b e i n g a d v a n c e d that m o s t p e o p l e to d a y are t h o r o u g h l y confused. M a n y r e a d i l y b e l i e v e th e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t t h e i r p u b l i c s c h o o l s r e g a r d l e s s o f w h e t h e r t h e y a p p l y to p a r t i c u l a r c o m m u n i t i e s , o f s u b s t a n t i a l evi d e n c e . paired. A s a c o nsequence, a n d in sp i t e o f ty p i c a l l a c k the w o r k of the p u b l i c s c h o o l s is b e i n g i m S e r i o u s e d u c a t i o n a l d a m a g e i s b e i n g do n e at a t i m e w h e n the A m e r i c a n p e o p l e f a c e the g i g a n t i c t a s k o f p r o v i d i n g b u i l d i n g s a n d tea c h e r s f o r g r e a t l y e x p a n d i n g s c h o o l e n r o l l ments. If ou r p u b l i c sc h o o l s are to p e r f o r m a d e q u a t e l y a n d e f f i c i e n t l y t h e i r f u n c t i o n , t he schools are to remain r e s p o n s i v e to the w i l l o f a l l o u r p eople, c h a n n e l s f o r c r i t i c i s m a n d s u g g e s t i o n b e k e p t open. c i s m is the o b l i g a t i o n of e v e r y citizen. if it is i m p e r a t i v e t h a t The offering of constructive criti A n eq u a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y r e s t s u p o n m e m b e r s of sch o o l b o a r d s a n d school o f f i c i a l s to b e s e n s i t i v e a n d r e c e p t i v e to c r i t i c i s m s o f f e r e d b y re s p o n s i b l e citizens. Where criticisms of school are solicited and given, an obligation rests with all �-3- citizens and their school authorities to separate destructive attacks from constructive proposals for the improvement of schools. Religious leaders are called upon to help the American people to reestablish in our communities an atmosphere which permits the sincere , objective examination of educational problems. The leadership of the church is vital in helping us return to the fundamental and traditionally American rules of "fair play'* in our criticism of public schools. To furnish this leadership, the church must, first of all, disqualify itself as one of the participants in the controversy about the public schools. It must see clearly that by following the doctrine of "separation of church and state" laid down by our founding fathers, we do not pit the church and state against each other. Secondly, organized religious groups of all faiths must stand firmly for what is right, honest and decent; they must protect those who consciously, in good faith with and while being loyal to, the purposes of education in our nation, offer sincere criticism or support to our public schools. With equal vigor all religious groups must oppose those who bear false witness against public education in the United States. And finally, the church should stimulate citizens to appraise continuously the extent to which public schools are enabled, both by financial support and community endorsement, to perform adequately their educational task. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Church's Role in Educational Controversy", Speech to be delivered by Lindley J. Stiles, Dean, School of Education, University of Virginia, to Arlington Ministerial Association, Clarendon Baptist Church, April 29, 1954. 3 pages. Description An account of the resource Speech commenting on the attacks on public education and the need for religious leaders to help to reestablish an atmosphere which permits an objective examination of educational problems. To do so, churches must remove themselves from being participants in the controversies. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Virginia, Lindley J. Stiles Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 4/29/54 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_6_1_3_4 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/d90224ac2e890cb676bc1f82c8474ea5.pdf 865ac237f9f57c3789e3df05921247fa PDF Text Text iu HORACE MANN LEAGUE NEWS No. 14 AND AmeA&ca REVIEWS 1955 S eries August 15, 1955 At the St. Louis meeting of the C en tral Division of the H orace Mann League in F ebru ary 1955 a w ell-received a d d re ss was delivered by the Superintendent of In struction of that city in which he describ ed the procedures which were followed in integrating the public schools. It is reproduced here at the request of se v e ra l of our m em bers who heard the ad d ress. St. Louis Integrates its Public Schools Philip J . Hickey Superintendent of Instruction St. Louis Public Schools On May 17, 1954, the Supreme C ourt of the United States unanimously ruled that children of a m inority group forced to attend racially segregated public schools w ere being denied the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment and that they were being deprived of liberty without due process of law in violation of the Fifth Amendment. The ruling specified that even though physical facilities and other tangible factors of racially se p arate schools may be equal, s e g regation itself deprives the children of the minority group of equal educational op portunities because it generates in them a feeling of in ferio rity as to th e ir statu s in the community "that may affect th e ir h ea rts and minds in a way unlikely ev er to be undone" and that also affects th e ir motivation to learn in such a way as to tend to re ta rd their educational and m ental development. Immediately a fte r the announcement of the decision that ra c ia l segregation in pub lic education was unconstitutional, the Board of Education of the City of St. Louis perfected plans to integrate the schools under its ju risd ictio n . This alm ost in sta n t aneous response may be attributed to se v eral facto rs. In the first place, the St. Louis community itself had been undergoing a steady p ro cess of dem ocratization over the past ten y ears as evidenced by an ti-segregation pronouncements of its church and synagogue organizations and its local p re ss, desegregation of its le a d ing colleges and universities and its Catholic elem entary and high schools, and consistent d ecrease in racial segregation and discrim ination in hotel accom m oda tions, public and com m ercial rec re atio n , housing, and employment. In the second place, this sam e decade had w itnessed continuously in creasin g integration of St. Louis public school teachers and principals in the perform ance of th e ir p rofessional duties and the operation of their professional organizations, as illu stra te d by in creased integration of course of study and book selection com m ittees, in c re a se d in tegration of the city-wide E lem entary School P rincipals A ssociation the p resen t president of which happens to be a Negro, and the elim ination of ra c ia l b a rs in the M issouri State T eachers A ssociation. And in the th ird place, th e re had been in operation in the St. Louis Public Schools since Novem ber, 1945, a sy stem a tic human �- 2- relations program of far-reach in g proportions which was inaugurated under the auspices of the A m erican Council on Education and the direction of D r. Hilda Taba and which had fo r its objective discovery and utilization of effective m eans of pro moting good w ill, cooperative living, mutual understanding, and appreciation for one another among the groups of people living in St. Louis. By May 17, 1954, this objective had been to a m easureable extent realized (1) through a c u rric u la r ap proach which involved introduction of m aterials and techniques in the se v e ra l are as of learning — a r t, literatu re, m usic, science, e tc ., - - which would conduce to the im provem ent of human rela tio n s, (2) through an e x tra cu rricu la r approach which involved a ric h variety of ac tiv itie s of an intergroup and inter-sch o o l as w ell as an intram ural nature, and (3) through an extensive in -se rv ic e education approach which involved helping St. Louis te ac h ers acquire sk ills in assistin g pupils to o v er come a rtific ia l b a rrie rs to the acceptance of each individual on his own m e rits. At a special meeting on June 22, 1954, therefore, the Board - - as popularly elec t ed representatives of a community already rejecting the principle of segregation and implementing the principle of integration in significant aspects of its life — officially and unanimously adopted and publicly announced a program for d eseg reg a tion of the schools under its control. This program provided (1) for com plete and orderly integration of the St. Louis Public Schools, beginning Septem ber, 1954, and ending Septem ber, 1955, (2) fo r minimum disruption of the educational p ro gram of students during this period of transition by perm itting those alread y en ro ll ed in a p articu lar school to continue to attend that school until graduation if they and their parents desired and if the school did not becom e overcrowded, and (3) for fair and equitable protection of the in te rests of em ployees and candidates fo r employment without regard to r a c e . Several days a fte r the adoption of th is plan, the sta te 's A ttorney-general ruled that because of the decision of the United S tates Supreme C ourt th e re w ere no longer any valid laws in M issouri which eith er r e quired or perm itted segregation of the races in public schools, thus legally c le a r ing the way fo r unmodified inauguration of the program . Both before and a fte r announcement of the plan, a num ber of key leadership and opinion-form ing organizations of th e community volunteered th eir support and a s s is t ance. These included the local p r e s s , which urged prom pt and if possible a c c e le r ated im plem entation of the program ; the League of Women V oters, which published a pamphlet designed to help the public understand and cooperate with what the Board was undertaking; the Metropolitan Church Federation, which set aside a Sunday for prayer in all its m em ber churches fo r the success of integration; the Rabbinical A ssociation, which issued a statem ent calling on all citizen s to work tow ard and pray for su ccessful integration; the Catholic Church, which had already d e s e g re g a t ed its own schools and counselled its m em bers to cooperate with the Board of E du cation in its program of desegregation; the National Conference of C hristians and Jew s, which undertook training of teen-age leadership groups; the city-w ide p aren ts and patrons organizations, which took further steps tow ards integration on the p a r ent level; and the M ayor's Com m ission on Human R elations, which conducted a workshop on integration for teach ers and adm inistrato rs, bringing to the city a number of educators who had had experience in this field. �-3In Septem ber, 1954, as the in itial step in im plem entation of the plan, the public colleges and the special schools and classes w ere reorganized on an integrated b asis. Stowe Teachers College and Stowe Junior College had been an institution with a Negro student body and a Negro teaching and custodial personnel. H arris T eachers College and H a rris Junior College had been an institution with a white student body and a white teaching and custodial personnel. The two w ere combin ed into one institution and housed in the H a rris College Building, with approxim ate ly forty percent of the student body and faculty Negro and sixty percent of the stu dent body and faculty w hite. T here was also integration of the c le ric a l personnel and custodial staff. The tran sitio n was m ade without incident and in a clim ate of frien dliness and good w ill - - with all in any way participating determ ined to see that it was properly consum m ated. The sp ecial schools and c la sse s for various types of handicapped children were integrated according to the sam e pattern in Septem ber, 1954, and the general high schools and adult education program s sim ila rly integrated on January 31, 1955. In Septem ber, 1955, the operation will be com pleted with integration of the regular elem entary schools and the technical high schools. Each school integrated thus far has proceeded to function after the change with norm al educational effective ness and with a degree of social m aturity which has reflected c re d it on all involv ed. One tangible outcome of the high school and college integration has been that crowded conditions which had prevailed for many y ears at the g en eral high schools for N egroes have been m arkedly am eliorated and two buildings — a fo rm e r college and a fo rm er special school - - have been used for relief of se v eral heavily populat ed elem entary schools. Some additional re lie f much needed on the elem entary lev el will be available when integration proceeds to its third and final step. H ere then is the St. Louis experience of in tegration of its public schools as it is now in pro cess. It is a sto ry of steadily evolving dem ocracy, of community cooper ation, of professional vision on the part of te a c h e rs and principals, of wisdom in policy making and announcement of plans on the p art of the Board of Education, of intelligence in executing the plans as form ulated, of development of dem ocratic student leadership, and of a long-range program of educating boys and g irls in wholesome human relatio n s. We believe that it w ill eventuate in St. L ouis' becom ing a g re a te r and m ore dem ocratic A m erican community and in its public school sy stem 's becoming a m ore tru ly efficient serv an t of such a com munity. We are also convinced that from the economic point of view the community w ill receive g rea ter value for its tax do llar because of the elim ination of unnecessary duplica tion of facilities, reduction in expenses of tran sp o rtatio n , and elim ination of waste in classroom s at a tim e when classroom s a r e at a prem ium . Thus the Board of Education will be enabled to devote a la rg e r proportion of its funds to one of its most urgent problems - - reduction of class siz e . * * * * * * * * * * S elm er H. Berg P resident -General Superintendent of Schools Oakland 6, California E. I. F . WilUams S ecretary-G eneral H eidelberg College Tiffin, Ohio � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Horace Mann League of America, News and Reviews" No.14, August 15, 1955. 3 pages. Description An account of the resource Reproduction of a talk, "St. Louis Integrates Its Public Schools", given by Philip J. Hickey, Superintendent of Instruction, St. Louis Public Schools, describing the procedures followed to integrate the St. Louis Public Schools. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Horace Mann League of America, Philip J. Hickey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-08-15 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_6_1_2_8 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/ff4bcd41e4647cb5e279943138b01ac2.pdf 5b8d99f92dd63d83e5dfd636041d1705 PDF Text Text VIRGINIA HEALTH Vol. XVI. BULLETIN MARCH. 1924. Extra No. 2. The New Virginia Law To Preserve Racial Integrity W. A. P lecker, M. I)., Stale Registrar of Vital Statistics, Richmond, Va. Senate Bill 219, To preserve racial integrity, passed the House March 8, 1924, and is now a law of the State. This bill aims at correcting a condition which only the more thought­ ful people of Virginia know the existence of. It is estimated that there arc in the State from 10,000 to 20,000, possibly more, near white people, who are known to j>ossess an inter­ mixture of colored blood, in some cases to a slight extent it is true, but still enough to prevent them from being white. In the past it has been i>ossible for these jicoplc to declare them­ selves as white, or even to have the Court so declare them. Then they have demanded the admittance of their children into the white schools, and in not a few cases have intermarried with white people. In many counties they exist as distinct colonies holding themselves aloof from negroes, but not being admitted by the white people as of their race. In any large gathering or school of colored |>cople, esjjccially in the cities, many will be observed who are scarcely distinguishable as colored. These persons, however, are not white in reality, nor by the new definition of this law, that a white person is one with no trace of the blood of another race, except that a person with one-sixteenth of the American Indian, if there is no other nice mixture, may be classed as white. Their children are likely to revert to the distinctly negro type even when all apparent evidence of mixture has disappeared. The Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics has l>een called upon within one month for evidence by two lawyers employed to assist people of this type to force their children into the white public schools, and by another employed by the school trustees of a district to prevent this action. Entered as second class m atter July 28, 1908, a t the Postoffice a t Richmond, Va., under the Act of July 16, 1894. �2 Virginia Health Bulletin In each case evidence was found to show that cither the people them­ selvesor their connections were reported to our officeto beof mixed blood. Our bureau has kept a watchful eye upon the situation, and has guarded the welfare of the State as far as possible with inadequate law and power. The condition has gone on, however, and is rapidly in­ creasing in importance. Unless radical measures are used to prevent it. Virginia and other parts of the Nation must surely in time go the way of all other countries in which people of two or more races have lived in close contact. With the exception of the Hebrew race, complete intermixture or amalgama­ tion has l> the inevitable result. een To succeed, the intermarriage of the white race with mixed stock must be made impossible. But that is not sufficient, public sentiment must be 9o aroused that intermixture « u of wedlock will cease. >t The public must be led to lookwith scornand contempt upon the man who will degrade himself and do harm to society by such abhorrent deeds. TIjc Bureau of Vital Statistics, Clerks who issue marriage licenses, and Ilie school autlairities are the barrier* placed by this law between the danger and tin* safety of the Commonwealth The task of the Bureau of Vital Statistics is a great one, with not a cent of appropriation to accomplish it with. There is a plan, however, by which it may be financed if the public will lend its aid. Thousands have applied for the registration of births tliat occurred before June 14, 1912, the date when the old law went into effect. The new law further prorides for the registration of all persons who desire it, and who will make application for such registration of color and birth, remitting at the same time the fee of twenty-five cents for each applicant. I)o not send stamps. These births will be perma­ nently recorded and preserved for all time, and will lie of great value for many purposes, such as to prove American citizenship when apply­ ing for jassports to go abroad, and for establishing and preserving the family tree for future generations. We will even admit for registration persons living in Virginia but born elsewhere. Ako Virginians now living elsewhere. A family may complete its family tree by recording deceased ancestors or relatives. Kach person w thus obtain full value received for the small fee. Mar­ ill ried womensltouldgiveboth their full maiden nameand name of husband. If ten or twenty thousand or more w register within the next few ill weeks, we will he able to provide printed forms, filing cases, desks, type­ writers, postage, and clerk hire, to begin a vigorous State-wide educa­ tional propaganda. After 90 days those who do not register at once may do it through our local registrars at the same cost. Write at once for sufficient registration cards and instructions, enclosing for reply a stamped addressed envelope large enough to ho!d3by 5inch cards. Acard announcing the registration w be returned as soon as possible. Ixtdges, ill patriotic orders, womens’ organizations, and schools can act in Indies. For the purpose of establishing the true color of individuals for the future, physicians and others who report births and marriages, will as far as possible use color terms accurately. A Mulatto is the offspring of a white person ami a negro. A Quadroon is the offspring of a mulatto and a white person. An Octoroon is the offspring of a quadroon and a white person. �_______ T h e A'ctt V irg in ia L a w T o Preserve R a cial*Integrity 3 Mixtures of either of these crossings with true negroes should be designated as Black, Negro or Colored. The term “Mixed,” “Issue," and perliaps one or two others, will be understood to mean a mixture of white and black races, with the white predominating. That is the class that should be reported with the greatest care as many of these are on the borderline, and constitute the real danger of race intermixture. The term “Indian” will no longer be accepted for that class, but must be applied only to those of known pure Indian blood, or those mixed with white. If there is a mixture of nepv they must not be classed as Indians but as “Negro” or “M Indian.” ixed Japanese, Chinese and other Mongolian and Malay races must be designated as such, giving U country of their birth or of their ances­ ie tors. When crossed with white, the race mixture should be indicated as Japanese-white. If with black they should be designated as black or negro, but it may be written twgro-Japancse. The Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics is in jiosscasion of the mar­ riage records for the State l>ack to 1853, arranged by counties or cities and years, but they are not indexed further Iwck tlian 1917. Also births and deatlis, covering the period 1853 to 1896. If these can be properly indexed they will afiford an invaluable source of reference for establishing color in many cases, and for other purposes. If sufficient revenue is derived from the registration fees, it ts hoped that this indexing can he done. Address BUREAU OF VITAL STATISTICS, D ep t. 1924 L ate. RICHMOND, V . A AN ACT TO PRESERVE RACIAL INTEGRITY. 1. Be it enacted hv the General Assembly of Virginia, That the State registrar of vital statistics may as soon as practicable after the taking effect of this act, prepare a form whereon the racial composition of any individual, as Caucasian, Negro, Mongolian, American Indian, Asicatir Indian, Malay, or any mixture thereof, or any other nonCaurasicstrains, and if there be any mixture, then the racial composition of the parents and other ancestors, in so far as ascertainable, so as to show in what generation such mixture occurred, may be certified by such individual, which form shall lie known ns a registration certificate. The State registrar may supply to each local registrar a sufficient num­ ber of such forms for the puqxiaesi of tliis act; each local registrar may rsonall.v or by deputy, as soon as jxwsiblc after receiving said forms, vc made thereon in duplicate a certificate of the racial composition as aforesaid, of each person resident in his district, who so desires, bom before June fourteen, nineteen hundred and twelve, which certificate shall lie made over the signature of said person, or in the case of children K �4 Virginia Health Bulletin under fourteen years of age. over the signature of a parent, guardian, or other person standing in loco parentis. One of said certificates for each person thus registering in ever}- district shall be forwarded to the State registrar for his files; the other shall be kept on file by the local registrar. Every local registrar may, as soon as practicable, have such regis­ tration certification made by or for each person in his district who so desires, lx>rn before June fourteen, nineteen hundred and twelve, for whom he has not on file a registration certificate, or a birth certificate. 2. It shall be a felony for any person wilfully or knowingly to make a registration certificate false as to color or race. The wilful making of a false registration or birth certificate shall be punished by confinement in the penitentiary for one year. 3. For each registration certificate properly made and returned to the State registrar, the local registrar returning the same shall be entitled to a fee of twenty-five cents, to lie paid by the registrant. Application for registration and for transcript may lx? made direct to the State Registrar, who may retain the fee for expenses of his office. 4. No marriage license shall lx? granted until the clerk or deputy clerk has reasonable assurance that the statements as to color of both man and woman are correct. If there is reasonable cause to disbelieve that applicants arc of pure white race, when that fact is stated, the clerk or deputy clerk shall withhold the granting of the license until satisfactory proof is produced that both applicants are “white persons” as provided for in this act The clerk or deputy clerk shall use the same care to assure himself that both applicants are colored, when that fact is claimed. 5. It shall hereafter lx? unlawful for any white person in this State to marry any save a white person, or a person with no other admixture of blood than white and American Indian. For the purpose of this act, the term “white person” shall apply only to the person who has no trace whatsoever of any blood other than Caucasian; but persons who have one-sixteenth or less of the blood of the American Indian and have no other non-Caucasic blood shall be deemed to be white persons. All laws heretofore passed and now in effect regarding the intermarriage of white and colored persons shall apply to marriages prohibited by this act. 6. For carrying out the purposes of this act and to provide the necessary clerical assistance, ix)stage and.other expenses of the State registrar of vital statistics, twenty per cent of the fees received by local registrars under this act shall be paid to the State Bureau of Vital Statistics, which may be expended by the said bureau for the purposes of this act. 7. All acts or parts of acts inconsistent with this act are, to the extent of such inconsistency, hereby repealed. � https://projectdaps.org/files/original/4b0e63b50f01bd492d5af939ccd93249.jpeg 20cac6434ea0961af2e3c4199a2b6d15 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The New Virginia Law to Preserve Racial Integrity," from Virginia Health Bulletin, vol. XVI, March 1924, Extra No. 2 Description An account of the resource This Extra edition of the Virginia Health Bulletin discusses and reprints Virginia's Racial Integrity Act of 1924. In the Virginia Law to Preserve Racial Integrity, "white" persons were defined as those with "no trace whatsoever of any blood other than Caucasian" or "one-sixteenth or less of the blood of the American Indian." The second part of the definition was included to appease a group of prominent Virginians who claimed to be descendants of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. 4 pages. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Virginia Department of Health Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://lva.omeka.net/exhibits/show/law_and_justice/item/62" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">The Library of Virginia</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Virginia Department of Health, Library of Virginia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1924-3 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Included with the permission of the <a href="http://www.lva.virginia.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Library of Virginia</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context VAPRI1 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1920s https://projectdaps.org/files/original/fdb4b8cb21e052c2461122425872ec7b.pdf 54fb48c47a0fd4dc062eb47e4b3d0cc2 PDF Text Text Gov. Battle Opens New School Distinguished Guest Present at Ceremonies Stratford Jun io r High School will be officially opened today by Governor Battle. Charles R. Fenwick, senator from Arlington to the Virginia Assembly, will introduce Governor Battle, to the assem bled Arlington citizens in the Stratford gymnasium. One of the most functional Junior High Schools in Virginia, S trat ford presents Arlington with a challenge and a singular opportunity for the reali zation of many educational hopes. The keys to the new building will be presented after Governor B attle’s ad dress. The presentation will be made by Mr. Lee Paschal, president of the Wise Contracting Company to Mr. Colin Mc Pherson, chairman of th e Arlington School Board. Reverend George F. Tittman, Rector of St. Mary’s Episcopal Church, Arling ton, will give the invocation. A fter the invocation the audience will sing appro priately, Carry Me Back to Old Virginny. The visitors will be welcomed by Mr. Rolland W. Stoebe, Chairman Special Committee from Stratford PTA; Mr. Claude Richmond, Principal from S trat ford Faculty, and Bruce Haslam, Presi dent of the Student Council from the Stratford Student body. PTA Elects New President On February 27 the Stratford PTA elected Mr. Rolland W. Stoebe, presi dent, and Mr. J. D. Ensminger, vicepresident. This was the first PTA m eet ing in the new school. The PTA expres sed its gratitude to Mr. William S. H ar ris, retiring president, and to Col. Mal colm D. Jones, retiring vice-president, Mr. William A. Early, Supt. of Schools. Arlington, will introduce Mr. Dowell Howard, State Supt. of Instruction who will speak briefly to the visitors. who are moving out of Arlington County. The ceremonies will be closed by Paul R. H unter, M inister of Rock Spring Congregational Church, Arlington, who will give the benediction. half of the Swanson PTA, presented the A fter the form al program, Stratford students will conduct the visitors on an inspection tour of the school. cepted by Mr. W. S. Harris. The S trat Miss Lena Wolfe principal of Claude A. Swanson Junior High School, on be Stratford PTA with a gavel for use of the presiding officer. The gift was ac ford PTA expressed its appreciation to the Swanson PTA. �P ag e Two THE SIGNPOST March 3, 1951 W ELC O M E TO STRATFORD! The Parents, the Students, and the Faculty of Stratford Junior High School welcome you to your new building. And it is new!— the newest thing in Arlington. Bright and shiny and wonderful. We’re so proud we’re just “bust in’.” We older “kids,” (parents to you,) are all wishing we could go to school in this beautiful building. But we can’t quite figure out how the Junior High School fits into the picture. Most of us finished eight grades of gram mar school and then four years of high school. Now our children have six years of elementary school, then three years of junior high and then three more years of high school. Let’s see just what a Junior High School is. world in which they are living. Proper oral and w ritten expression a re taught as tools needed for effective communi cation in everyday life. One period is devoted to Math and an other to Physical Education and Health. An introduction to the physical sciences in a laboratory or to the practical sciences, Industrial A rts or Homemaking takes another period. Seventh graders spend the remaining period in Music, A rt or Commerce (12 weeks for each). Eighth and ninth graders are able to elect further work in the field in which they have a special interest. L et’s take a look at how Stratford has been planned and constructed to provide the curriculum required by the Virginia State D epartm ent of Education. For a personally conducted "Cook’s Tour” of Arlington’s newest school building . . . The Gymnasium The Junior High Program This Junior High—grades 7, 8 and 9 —is the day-time home of our twelve, th irteen and fourteen year old young sters. H ere they begin to apply the knowledge of the fundamentals of the "three R’s” acquired in elementary school. They also explore new fields of knowledge. Some subjects prepare them for family and community living and others help them to select wisely their future courses of study in high school and college. The school day is divided into six class periods. During two of these periods one teacher instructs a class in “Core.” To many of us this is an unfam iliar term . We studied English, Grammar, Compo sition, Spelling, Civics, Citizenship and History all at various times and as sepa rate subjects. All the class room work for these subjects involved the use of Eng lish and practical application of Gram mar, Composition and Spelling. In “Core” (which really means a coordinated pro gram for study of related subjects— Language, Arts, and Social Studies) the students apply th eir knowledge of Eng lish to the study of other subjects. Thus a them e may be w ritten on a historical subject or on a recent current event. The students taking "Core" read and learn about the community, nation and Before we leave le t’s take another good look at this gymnasium we’re now in. It is the largest playing floor in any of our Arlington school buildings, (yet is none too large for the physical educa tion program required by the Virginia Curriculum.) In reality, it is two sepa rate gyms which may be combined into one for special events such as we are holding here today. The tall columns in the middle of each side wall are elec trically operated doors which can be moved across to divide this big room into two smaller gyms—the boy’s gym, with Donald D ruckenm iller and Clarence H ulett in charge, at the end near the Cherrydale Recreation Area, and the G irl’s Gym, with Mary Thorne and Kittie Blakemore as instructors, at the east end. The bleacher seats on either side, flanking the movable doors, can be fold ed up out of the way for non-spectator sports, so that the maximum floor space can be made available. Note the extra space under the baskets a t the ends and sides and the recessed drinking foun tains—definite safety features. The exits at either end, nearest the athletic field (Old Dominion side), lead directly to the girls’ and boys’ locker rooms, respective ly. L ater in our tour we’ll reach these locker rooms, but right now let’s go out the door at the east end, cross the corri dor and en ter the cafeteria. The Cafeteria The cafeteria will seat approximately 500, but with over 1,000 students en rolled, there will be two different lunch periods for the different classes. Two serving lines are provided in the kitchen. At the end near the recreation area, a window opening is provided into the cafeteria and another onto the terrace so that refreshm ents may be served without using the entire kitchen space. In accordance with the specifications of the Virginia Board of Education, the kitchen meets all requirem ents for hotel kitchens. Let’s take a quick look at the modern equipm ent which Mrs. Clara Gaddy, supervisor, and her staff will use for efficient preparation and serving of more than a thousand lunches daily. Steam tables, a potato peeler, pressure cooker, vegetable steamer, potato mash er, m eat slicer, gas-fired range and ovens, dishwasher and sterilizer, walk-in refrigerator, and many “king-size” uten sils—all are part of this complete kit chen! Since all food handlers m ust be spotlessly clean, a locker room with shower is provided for the kitchen staff. Did you notice that the end nearest the recreation area can be closed off and used in connection with the recreation program w ithout using the rest of the kitchen? Now th at we have satisfied the inner man (or woman) with imaginary partici pation in a wonderful cafeteria lunch, furnished the students at nominal cost as part of the Federal School Lunch Pro gram, let’s reverse our steps and climb the stairs at the end of the building to the third floor. As we reach the third floor corridor, just to our left, a flight of eight steps leads up to the “home making” departm ent. Before we reach this departm ent, let’s stop at Room 312 on the left, where John M. Long holds his classes in Math 9. Note the movable desks and chairs of several heights, so that the tall and the short (and the aver age) student can sit comfortably. The preen chalkboards eliminate eye-strain. The corkboards in a light green shade serve as bulletin boards and for display of pupils’ work. March 3, 1951 Home-Making Department Room 313, next on the left, is a small office and conference room for the home making staff, M argaret Diedrich, Joanne Craig, Cyrenne Ledford, and Lorraine Simpson. Immediately beyond is Room 314, first of the home-making rooms. Sinks, cupboards, gas stoves, electric stoves, automatic clothes washers, port able clothes washers, refrigerators, elec tric appliances and utensils—all the latest kitchen and home equipment—just what our modern young housewives will have in their homes when they settle down. Adjoining the kitchen portion of the room are a num ber of sewing machines, both the good old fashioned treadle type, and the newer electric driven. Not forgotten are the ironing boards and irons, since no sewing task is complete without pressing. And what home-maker would consider herself fully competent if she didn’t know the correct way to iron. Our young home-makers are taught not only to cook and sew, but also how to serve and to set a table properly. The more advanced students before com pleting their training will assist in the serving and operation of the cafeteria. Room 315, adjacent to 314, is almost its duplicate, except that its equipment is of different style, make and arrange ment. The num ber of students enrolled require these duplicate facilities to keep class sizes down to a workable group. All the students are rotated among the several rooms and thereby obtain fam il iarity with all types of equipment. Room 316 is strictly kitchen. Again with lots of cupboards, drawers, and sinks, and stoves, etc. If you haven’t spotted it already, open one of those cabinets in front of you (the one th at appears to have a little red light near the bottom). Isn’t that a slick way of drying those very essential dish towels so they’ll be dry in time for the next class? Slide right on through that movable partition into Room 317. This is the “Home Living Room” part of this de partm ent. The furniture can be moved back out of the way, and if you investi gate those doors on the far side, you’ll find they conceal more sewing machines and all the other things needed to teach classes in “Child Care” and “Home Nur sing.” By the way, that fireplace is no fake; it really works. Did you know that this is the first completely equipped home-making departm ent in A rlington’s schools, where instruction in accordance with the Virginia State curriculum can be given? (Wonder how one goes about Page Three THE SIGNPOST getting invited up to help the home m aker staff sample all the stuff these kids of ours will learn to cook. Gee! Wouldn’t a plate of fudge taste swell about now! B etter yet, maybe this would be the place for some coffee and choco late brownies. Hey men! How does that sound?) We leave the Home-making D epart ment with considerable regret and pause briefly at Room 318, on our left, as we come back down th at short flight of steps. This is the book room, from which students will obtain their texts. They will also be able to purchase paper and pencils and other supplies. And—if your youngster arrives home without his gloves or jacket or cap, remind him to stop at 318, because it’s also the lost and found. Art Department Now we’re back in the main corridor. Room 319 (includes 320 making it a double room) on our left is the large room in which Audrey Watt holds her art classes. Doors open on to a patio, suitable for outdoor sketching classes. A sink is provided at one end for easy cleaning of brushes and paint pots. Nu merous cupboards for art supplies are built in under the windows. The large doors hinged at the bottom a re for stor age of large sheets of paper. As we come back into the corridor (12 feet in width, with recessed lockers with combination locks), but with 400 students jam m ing them in the between periods rush, none too wide, on our right, Room 311 provides a small office for Wayne Bloomingburg’s Guidance work. Next on the right, Helen Arington meets with her art classes in Room 310. Have you noticed the “built-jns’ ’in all these rooms? The prism atic glass block windows that refract the light up to the ceilings without glare? The openings above the lockers that admit both light and ventilation into the corridors? Science Instruction On the left, Room 321 is designed and equipped as a science classroom. It and Room 202 on the second floor are the first science classrooms in Arlington that will perm it students to perform their own experim ents at their desks. Bar bara Macy instructs seventh and ninth graders in the fundam entals of science in this room. Did you spot the double gas and electric connections at each table? Across the hall, in Room 309, Martha Baker teaches our embryonic titans of commerce the rudim ents of business. Back to the left side again, we’re at Room 322 with a sign on the door m ark ed “PREVIEW.” This is the audio-visual center with facilities for previewing re cordings, film strips and films. Mr. E arle’s classes in speech therapy meet in this room. Opposite Room 322, is a small office (Room 308) for the “floating” teachers, Clare Ann Stieg, Edward Cook, and Jam es Earle (more about these instruc tors later). Adjoining this office, in Room 307, C atherine Packard puts potential secretaries through the early phases of typing. Notice the typing desks and the special large closet for storage of typing paper and other supplies; big enough for the eventual mimeograph machine, of which every secretary ought to know a little bit, so she can do that job in a pinch. (Since many of the graduates of A rlington’s schools find jobs with Uncle Sam, this business of m ultiple copies and mimeograph stencils is really the stuff.) The Library Back into the corridor again, on our right we could go down the main stairs to the lower floors; but instead, we’ll go to our left into the Library. At the moment the shelves are still somewhat bare. It's going to take a little while to acquire all the books essential for our library. (Looks like a potential PTA project coming up.) On our left as we enter, Mary Keith, the librarian, will issue books over the counter. Ju st be yond, through that door, is the workroom where new books are cataloged, indexed, repaired and all those other things that librarians have to do to keep th eir library operating efficiently. T here’s even a sink around that far corner, to help the li brary staff with their cleanup work. Those small tables and numerous chairs out in the front of us in the main room are just right for library research or for small group instruction in use of the library. This part of the library is also the hom^ room for Jack B. Simpson’s charges. *The opposite end of the library is furnished with light green plastic chairs and wall seats, so soft you just want to curl up in them with a good book. Well, and why not? W hat’s a li brary for. if not for enjoym ent of good books? This is the end for the current periodicals and newspapers, ju st as essen tial to good education as the traditional “three Rs.” �P age F o u r Reversing our steps, back through the double doors, Room 306, across the hall, is the spot where our ninth graders are initiated in the mysteries of algebra. Lewis Francis supervises the ceremon ies.” Ju st beyond, in Room 305, Lewis Tim berlake also officiates in more m yster ious "goings-on”—ninth grade Latin. L ater in the day, Clare Ann Stieg teaches the ninth graders the fundam entals of Spanish. Also on the right side of the corridor, in Rooms 304 and 303, seventh and ninth graders receive instruction in H ealth under the supervision of Kenneth Boegner and Malcolm Wayne. Mr. Bloomingburg’s Home Room also as sembles in Room 303. Did you notice the arm chairs in the language room in stead of the desks and chairs? Much more practical for a language class. Put them in a circle or in several groups— isn't it easier to converse with someone face-to-face ra th e r than to the back of his head? On the left of the hall, Susanne Muel le r holds ninth grade Core in Room 301. Joy Kilby has similar classes in 302. All ninth grade Home Rooms are on the th ird floor, seventh grade on the second floor, and eighth grade on the first floor. In so far as possible, in order to relieve congestion on the stairways, subjects for the same grades are also taught on the same floors. Now le t’s go down to the second floor and look at some of the seventh grade rooms. We'll use the stairway on the right at the end of the corridor. Student Activities Coming out at the second floor, le t’s look through the doors on our right, down into the lobby of the auditorium. The small balcony, or mezzanine, is set aside for student activities. JRC (Junior Rec reation Club) committees, the Student Council, and other groups are privileged to use this as th eir meeting place. (How difficult it was when we were in school to find a m eeting place for our student activities.) In the first room on our left, Room 204. Joseph Kuliek instructs in seventh grade Math. Across the hall, in 202, S pear Davis teaches seventh and ninth grade science. (This is the other com pletely equipped science classroom.) John Atkins perform s a sim ilar task of scien tific instruction of our eighth graders in Room 201. Carol Groom, in 206, and Mildred Harrison, in 205, both have classes in seventh grade core. Simeon Taylor, in Room 207, has seventh, eighth, and ninth grade math classes. THE SIGNPOST Health Department Next on the right, is the Nurse’s office. Actually five small rooms—a health ex amination room, a boys’ infirm ary, a girls’ infirmary, and a clinic of two small rooms. Mrs. Thelma Weaver of the School H ealth D epartm ent is on duty here, three or four days a week. School Administration On the right beyond is the main en trance to the school from the Vacation Lane side. On the left, the main stair way to the upper and lower floors. Now, we should like to suggest that you enter the Office through the side door. This first office is th a t of our Principal, Claude Richmond. Nearby is the vault for safe keeping of im portant records. The next little spot is reserved for the electrical gadgets that make the Public address system work. Then the main office itself. Jane Ross and Grace M arrs serve as school secretaries and will greet you with a cherry "Hello!” when you call JAckson 5-7500. This long counter is really just a cover over a whole series of three draw er file cases. Ju st beyond are three small offices—for the Assistant Principals, Evelyn Barnes and Doris Mor tim er, and the Guidance Director, Mary Mare. Now, back into the corridor. Again on our right, th e next three rooms are teacher’s rooms, two lavatories and a lounge. Earlier we mentioned the "floating” teachers. The schedule of in structors provides for six periods. Each teacher is scheduled to instruct for five of the six periods, providing one free period for study, correction of papers, or occasional relaxation. (Several teach ers are scheduled to teach all six periods due to the increased enrollment.) During this free period, another teacher (a float er) uses the classroom. As a result more office space must be provided for the teachers than is available in the class rooms alone. This accounts for Rooms 322, 313 and 308. And this teacher’s lounge permits a little bit of that needed relaxation. Room 210, opposite the lounge, is as signed to Marjorie Thomson for seventh grade Math. Joseph Macekura and Dicie Armstrong hold seventh grade core classes in Rooms 208 and 209. L et’s go down the main stairway with the substan tial handrail and non-skid treads. The tile walls require practically no main tenance—ju st an occasional wash job. T urn to the left at the bottom of the stairs. March 3, 1951 Rooms 109 and 110 are classes in eighth grade core under the instruction of Sally Powell and Dorothy McCord. William Allman teaches seventh grade core in Room 111. (How did a seventh grade room get down here on the first floor?) Physical Education Just beyond is the girls’ locker room. (To get yourself oriented, you are now directly under the door of the main gym that you started from when you began this tour.) Inside the locker room are a num ber of benches on which the girls may sit while changing into or out of gym clothes. The lockers spaced in rows are in groups of seven—one cloth ing locker and six small lockers. Each of the small lockers is equipped with a combination lock. These are used for storage of the pupil’s gym clothes be tween gym periods. Each pupil is as signed one of the small lockers. When dressing for gym, the student removes her gym clothes from the small locker and hangs her dress and other clothing in the clothing locker, locking it with the combination lock from the small locker. A fter gym class, the process is reversed, but not until the student has properly showered. The showering is a continuous process. Once one starts there's no turning back. (The w ater tem peratures in the showers are controlled from a series of m aster valves, regulated by the Phyical Education instructor, pro viding three temperatures.) Do you want to try it? First, into the soaping area with 100°F sprays, then into the rinsing areas—which become progressively cool er—final tem perature 80°F, then an antisepsic foot bath (just try and jum p over this), get your towel from the supply room, dry yourself, turn your towel in, and you’re right back in the locker room to slip into your clothes and get to the next class. (For the very modest girls and occasionally desired by others, two separate dressing booths with shower stalls have been provided.) A separate stairway at the fa r side of the locker room leads right up to the main gym. A small auxiliary gym is located between the girls’ and boys’ locker rooms. This is provided for classes in Rhythmics, Tumbling, W restling and other activities not requiring a high ceiling and to take care of the overflow from the large gyms above when team matches are being played. The boys’ locker room is sim ilar to the girls’. If you care to, you may reach it by crossing the auxiliary gym, or by en- March 3, 1951 tering it from the last door on the left at the end of the corridor. L et’s retrace our steps for a short distance and take a look at the other end of this floor. You may have noticed that there are no classrooms on the other side of this cor ridor (left side as we retrace our steps.) That side of the building is below ground level. The Virginia Board of Education will not perm it perm anent type class rooms to be built below ground level. The first room on our right after we pass the main stairway, Room 108, is where Helen Friauf holds special classes. Rooms 107 and 106 have been assigned to Glenn Piper and Blanche Sautebin for seventh and eighth grade Math. Eve lyn Chapman meets with her eighth grade core class in Room 105. Opposite the latter is Room 101, headquarters for the chief custodian, Vernon Bowers. Community Services Just outside this room and hardly noticeable unless you’re looking for it, is a recessed folding grill which can be pulled across the corridor and shut off the school rooms from the auditorium. This still perm its access from the lobby to the boys’ and girls’ lavatories at the left end of the corridor. Continue through the door at the end of the corridor into the lobby of the auditorium. To the left, in order, a tele phone booth, a small fish pond, the stair way from the second floor, the Vacation Lane entrance to the auditorium , and a check room. In the center of the lobby is a large trophy case soon to be filled (we hope) with many awards to our stu dents. On the right, a ticket office and doors to the corridors and entrance from the Old Dominion side. Peeking into the auditorium, we notice the ar rangem ent of the seats, about 500 in all, of varying widths, so that no individual will sit directly behind another. We’ll take a closer look at the stage a fte r we finish with the Music Department. So back into the lobby and through the doors on the Old Dominion side and into the corridor. Music Department First on our right, in Room 104, Jose phine Schofield instructs in group in strum ental music. Still another type of chair is provided for the music rooms— had you noticed? (Appears to be a pretty good idea to get this “noisy” part of our school instruction off by itself.) In the next room, 103, Lou Sanderson works with the classes in vocal music. At the end of this hall beyond the stairs are Page Five THE SIGNPOST three small rooms, each with a wash basin that may be used for dressing rooms for stage productions or as spe cial individual instrum ental music prac tice rooms. While we’re back here, don’t you want to see the stage? Notice the places for storage up overhead. The reason the stage floor is part maple and part pine is not to save money, but to make it easier to drive nails or screws in the pine portion when setting up scenery for stage productions. Those big double doors at the rear of the stage are de signed so that heavy pieces (maybe a grand piano) can be brought on to the stage. Industrial Arts Department Let’s go down to the Industrial Arts Department, using this little stairway on the side of the stage. Walk straight ahead to the shop, below the auditorium and about the same size in floor space. Victor Repp, Robert Vaughn, replace ment for Rodger Hicks who has just answered “G reetings” from Uncle Sam. and A lbert Hoefer provide instruction for seventh, eighth and ninth graders. Rows of work benches, each with six lockers below, with hand tools—planes, chisels, saws, hammers, squares, rules, power tools, lathe, table saw, band saw, serollsaw, drill press, jointer, drafting tables, T-squares, triangles, drafting in strum ents, handicraft kits—just every thing to keep these youngsters of ours busy every minute. Across the hall, the Shop Annex provides facilities for the seventh grades. (How does one get registered for some adult education to be able to use some of this equipment?) Just beyond the shop on the right is the boiler room and heating plant for the entire school. On our left is a large un finished room for storage of school sup plies and equipment. L et’s go back up the stairway on our left into the lobby of the auditorium. General Construction Features We’re now back in the lobby of the auditorium and have completed our tour of the Interior of the building. Did you notice—the fluorescent lighting in all the classrooms which provides proper illumination to all ports of the rooms on those dark days? Or the heating units in each room therm ostatically regulated, that insure proper controlled tem pera tures in every room? Or that the walls of the corridors and stairways up to a foot or so above eye-level are of ceramic tile, that requires no m aintenance—a quick wash job will clean them right up? Or that above the tile, the walls are paint ed cinder block, an inexpensive type of construction? O r th at the ceilings are acoustical tile, to deaden noise and there by facilitate classroom instruction? Or that the window fram es and chalkboard and bulletin board moldings are fabri cated aluminum—a lifetim e feature re quiring no maintenance. Exterior You probably noted as you entered the building the numerous walks and road ways providing access to the building from all sides. Did you see the bicycle racks flanking each of the approach walks? The athletic field will be con structed on the Old Dominion side of the building with direct access to the locker rooms. (You know th ?t terrace immediately below the sidewalk will be a wonderful place for perm anent steps— like the W atergate—of brick o r concrete forming a natural Stadium.) We hope you enjoyed your visit to Stratford. Don’t you agree with us that this is a wonderful new school?—That it has been well planned and constructed without waste for the functions of a Junior High School? Don’t you concur with the VirgiiTa Board of Education that this is “the most functional secondary school in Virginia?” All of our secondary schools in Arlington should have the same facilities for instruction as we have in this new building. We want others in Arlington to enjoy ^chool facilities equal to these in Stratford, and to be proud of their part in the Arlington School System as we are. To that end, WE, the Parents, Students and Faculty of Stratford pledge our continued support. This special issue of The Signpost is published and printed by The Stratford PTA. �Page Six THE SIG N PO ST PROGRAM Saturday, 2 P.M., March 3, 1951 Gymnasium Stratford Junior High School Arlington, Virginia MUSIC BY THE STRATFORD BAND INVOCATION: Reverend George F. Tittman, Rector of St. Mary’s Episcopal Church, Arlington. SONG: “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny” — Everybody WELCOME TO VISITORS: Rolland W. Stoebe, President of the Stratford Parent-Teachers Association. Claude Richmond, Principal — from the Stratford Faculty. Bruce Haslam, President of the Student Council — from the Students of Stratford. INTRODUCTION OF DISTINGUISHED GUESTS STRATFORD GIRLS CHORUS: “Panis Angelicus” — Franck ADDRESS BY MR. DOWELL HOWARD: Mr. Dowell Howard, State Superintendent of Instruction, introduced by Mr. William A. Early, Superintendent of Schools, Arlington. STRATFORD ORCHESTRA: Theme from Brahms First Symphony. ADDRESS BY GOVERNOR JOHN S. BATTLE: Introduction of the Honorable John S. Battle, Governor of the Com monwealth of Virginia, by Senator Charles R. Fenwick. PRESENTATION OF THE KEY TO THE BUILDING: The key to the new building presented by Mr. Lee Paschal, President of the Wise Contracting Company to Mr. Colin MacPherson, Chairman of Arlington County School Board. SONG: “The Star Spangled Banner” — Everybody BENEDICTION: Reverend Paul R. Hunter, Minister of the Rock Spring Congrega tional Church, Arlington. MUSIC BY THE STRATFORD BAND March 3, 1951 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Signpost", Stratford Junior High School, Arlington, Virginia, Special Issue, March 3, 1951. 4 pages. Description An account of the resource Special issue concerning official opening by Governor Battle, school departments and includes opening program. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington County Public Schools, Stratford Junior High School Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_2_1_11 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/932478f709b77b2770893b8cae6619dc.pdf a4858b7fb2fd01b9e1a0b83d3a47d6d0 PDF Text Text Special Issue STRATFORD JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL, ARLINGTON, V IR C IN IA March 3. 1951 Gov. Battle Opens New School Distinguished Guest Present at Ceremonies Stratford Junior High School will be officially opened today by Governor Battle. Charles R. Fenwick, senator from Arlington to the Virginia Assembly, will introduce Governor Battle, to the assem bled Arlington citizens in the Stratford gymnasium. One of the most functional Junior High Schools in Virginia, S trat ford presents Arlington w ith a challenge and a singular opportunity for the reali zation of many educational hopes. The keys to the new building will be presented after Governor Battle’s ad dress. The presentation will be made by Mr. Lee Paschal, president of the Wise Contracting Company to Mr. Colin Mc Pherson, chairm an of th e Arlington School Board. Reverend George F. Tittman, Rector of St. Mary’s Episcopal Church, Arling ton, will give the invocation. A fter the invocation the audience will sing appro priately, Carry Me Back to Old Virginny. The visitors will be welcomed by Mr. Rolland W. Stoebe, Chairman Special Committee from Stratford PTA; Mr. Claude Richmond, Principal from S trat ford Faculty, and Bruce Haslam, Presi dent of the Student Council from the Stratford Student body. PTA Elects New President On February 27 the Stratford PTA elected Mr. Rolland W. Stoebe, presi dent, and Mr. J. D. Ensminger, vicepresident. This was the first PTA m eet ing in the new school. The PTA expres sed its gratitude to Mr. William S. Har ris, retiring president, and to Col. Mal colm D. Jones, retiring vice-president, Mr. William A. Early, Supt. of Schools, Arlington, will introduce Mr. Dowell Howard, State Supt. of Instruction who will speak briefly to the visitors. who are moving out of Arlington County. The ceremonies will be closed by Paul R. H unter, M inister of Rock Spring Congregational Church, Arlington, who will give the benediction. half of the Swanson PTA, presented the A fter the formal program, Stratford students will conduct the visitors on an inspection tour of the school. cepted by Mr. W. S. Harris. The S trat Miss Lena Wolfe principal of Claude A. Swanson Junior High School, on be Stratford PTA with a gavel for use of the presiding officer. The gift was ac ford PTA expressed its appreciation to the Swanson PTA. �P age Two THE SIGNPOST March 3, 1951 W ELC O M E TO STRATFORD! The Parents, the Students, and the Faculty of Stratford Junior High School welcome you to your new building. And it is new!— the newest thing in Arlington. Bright and shiny and wonderful. We’re so proud we’re just “bust in’.” We older “kids,” (parents to you,) are all wishing we could go to school in this beautiful building. But we can’t quite figure out how the Junior High School fits into the picture. Most of us finished eight grades of gram mar school and then four years of high school. Now our children have six years of elementary school, then three years of junior high and then three more years of high school. Let’s see just what a Junior High School is. world in which they are living. Proper oral and w ritten expression a re taught as tools needed for effective communi cation in everyday life. One period is devoted to Math and an other to Physical Education and Health. An introduction to the physical sciences in a laboratory or to the practical sciences, Industrial Arts or Homemaking takes another period. Seventh graders spend the remaining period in Music, A rt or Commerce (12 weeks for each). Eighth and ninth graders are able to elect fu rth er work in the field in which they have a special interest. Let’s take a look at how Stratford has been planned and constructed to provide the curriculum required by the Virginia State D epartm ent of Education. For a personally conducted “Cook’s Tour” of Arlington’s newest school building . . . The Gymnasium The Junior High Program This Junior High—grades 7, 8 and 9 —is the day-time home of our twelve, thirteen and fourteen year old young sters. H ere they begin to apply the knowledge of the fundamentals of the ‘‘three R’s” acquired in elem entary school. They also explore new fields of knowledge. Some subjects prepare them for family and community living and others help them to select wisely their future courses of study in high school and college. The school day is divided into six class periods. During two of these periods one teacher ihstructs a class in “Core.” To many of us this is an unfam iliar term. We studied English, Grammar, Compo sition, Spelling, Civics, Citizenship and History all at various times and as sepa rate subjects. All the class room work for these subjects involved the use of Eng lish and practical application of Gram mar, Composition and Spelling. In “Core” (which really m eans a coordinated pro gram for study of related subjects— Language, Arts, and Social Studies) the students apply th e ir knowledge of Eng lish to the study of other subjects. Thus a theme may be w ritten on a historical subject or on a recent current event. The students taking “Core” read and learn about the community, nation and Before we leave let's take another good look at this gymnasium we’re now in. It is the largest playing floor in any of our Arlington school buildings, (yet is none too large for the physical educa tion program required by the Virginia Curriculum.) In reality, it is two sepa rate gyms which may be combined into one for special events such as we are holding here today. The tall columns in the middle of each side wall are elec trically operated doors which can be moved across to divide this big room into two smaller gyms—the boy’s gym, with Donald D ruckenm iller and Clarence H ulett in charge, at the end near the Cherrydale Recreation Area, and the G irl’s Gym, with Mary Thorne and Kittie Blakemore as instructors, at the east end. The bleacher seats on either side, flanking the movable doors, can be fold ed up out of the way for non-spectator sports, so that the maximum floor space can be made available. Note the extra space under the baskets at the ends and sides and the recessed drinking foun tains—definite safety features. The exits at either end, nearest the athletic field (Old Dominion side), lead directly to the girls’ and boys’ locker rooms, respective ly. L ater in our tour we’ll reach these locker rooms, but right now let’s go out the door at the east end, cross the corri dor and enter the cafeteria. The Cafeteria The cafeteria will seat approximately 500, but with over 1,000 students en rolled, there will be two different lunch periods for the different classes. Two serving lines are provided in the kitchen. At the end near the recreation area, a window opening is provided into the cafeteria and another onto the terrace so that refreshm ents may be served without using the entire kitchen space. In accordance with the specifications of the Virginia Board of Education, the kitchen meets all requirem ents for hotel kitchens. L et’s take a quick look at the modern equipm ent which Mrs. Clara Gaddy, supervisor, and her staff will use for efficient preparation and serving of more than a thousand lunches daily. Steam tables, a potato peeler, pressure cooker, vegetable steam er, potato mash er, m eat slicer, gas-fired range and ovens, dishwasher and sterilizer, walk-in refrigerator, and many “king-size” uten sils—all are part of this complete kit chen! Since all food handlers must be spotlessly clean, a locker room with shower is provided for the kitchen staff. Did you notice that the end nearest the recreation area can be closed off and used in connection with the recreation program without using the rest of the kitchen? Now th at we have satisfied the inner man (or woman) with imaginary partici pation in a wonderful cafeteria lunch, furnished the students at nominal cost as part of the Federal School Lunch P ro gram, let’s reverse our steps and climb the stairs at the end of the building to the third floor. As we reach the third floor corridor, ju st to our left, a flight of eight steps leads up to the “home making” departm ent. Before we reach this departm ent, let’s stop at Room 312 on the left, where John M. Long holds his classes in Math 9. Note the movable desks and chairs of several heights, so that the tall and the short (and the aver age) student can sit comfortably. The green chalkboards eliminate eye-strain. The corkboards in a light green shade serve as bulletin boards and for display of pupils’ work. March 3, 1951 Home-Making Department Room 313, next on the left, is a small office and conference room for the home making staff, M argaret Diedrich, Joanne Craig, Cyrenne Ledford, and Lorraine Simpson. Immediately beyond is Room 314, first of the home-making rooms. Sinks, cupboards, gas stoves, electric stoves, automatic clothes washers, port able clothes washers, refrigerators, elec tric appliances and utensils—all the latest kitchen and home equipment—just what our modern young housewives will have in their homes when they settle down. Adjoining the kitchen portion of the room are a num ber of sewing machines, both the good old fashioned treadle type, and the newer electric driven. Not forgotten are the ironing boards and irons, since no sewing task is complete without pressing. And what home-maker would consider herself fully competent if she didn’t know the correct way to iron. Our young home-makers are taught not only to cook and sew, but also how to serve and to set a table properly. The more advanced students before com pleting their training will assist in the serving and operation of the cafeteria. Room 315, adjacent to 314, is almost its duplicate, except that its equipment is of different style, make and arrange ment. The num ber of students enrolled require these duplicate facilities to keep class sizes down to a workable group. All the students are rotated among the several rooms and thereby obtain famil iarity with all types of equipment. Room 316 is strictly kitchen. Again with lots of cupboards, drawers, and sinks, and stoves, etc. If you haven't spotted it already, open one of those cabinets in front of you (the one that appears to have a little red light near the bottom). Isn’t that a slick way of drying those very essential dish towels so they’ll be dry in time for the next class? Slide right on through that movable partition into Room 317. This is the “Home Living Room” part of this de partm ent. The furniture can be moved back out of the way, and if you investi gate those doors on the far side, you’ll find they conceal more sewing machines and all the other things needed to teach classes in “Child Care” and “Home Nur sing.” By the way, that fireplace is no fake; it really works. Did you know that this is the first completely equipped home-making departm ent in A rlington’s schools, where instruction in accordance with the Virginia State curriculum can be given? (Wonder how one goes about Page Three THE SIGNPOST getting invited up to help the home m aker staff sample all the stuff these kids of ours will learn to cook. Gee! Wouldn’t a plate of fudge taste swell about now! B etter yet, maybe this would be the place for some coffee and choco late brownies. Hey men! How does that sound?) We leave the Home-making D epart ment with considerable regret and pause briefly at Room 318, on our left, as we come back down that short flight of steps. This is the book room, from which students will obtain their texts. They will also be able to purchase paper and pencils and other supplies. And—if your youngster arrives home without his gloves or jacket or cap, remind him to stop at 318, because it’s also the lost and found. Art Department Now we’re back in the main corridor. Room 319 (includes 320 making it a double room) on our left is the large room in which Audrey Watt holds her art classes. Doors open on to a patio, suitable for outdoor sketching classes. A sink is provided at one end for easy cleaning of brushes and paint pots. Nu merous cupboards for art supplies are built in under the windows. The large doors hinged at the bottom a re for stor age of large sheets of paper. As we come back into the corridor (12 feet in width, with recessed lockers with combination locks), but with 400 students jam m ing them in the between periods rush, none too wide, on our right, Room 311 provides a small office for Wayne Bloomingburg’s Guidance work. Next on the right, Helen Arington meets with her art classes in Room 310. Have you noticed the "built-ins’ 'in all these rooms? The prism atic glass block windows that refract the light up to the ceilings without glare? The openings above the lockers that admit both light and ventilation into the corridors? Science Instruction On the left, Room 321 is designed and equipped as a science classroom. It and Room 202 on the second floor are the first science classrooms in Arlington that will perm it students to perform their own experim ents at their desks. Bar bara Macy instructs seventh and ninth graders in the fundam entals of science in this room. Did you spot the double gas and electric connections at each table? Across the hall, in Room 309, M artha Baker teaches our embryonic titans of commerce the rudim ents of business. Back to the left side again, we’re at Room 322 w ith a sign on the door m ark ed "PREVIEW.” This is the audio-visual center with facilities for previewing re cordings, film strips and films. Mr. Earle’s classes in speech therapy meet in this room. Opposite Room 322, is a small office (Room 308) for the “floating” teachers, Clare Ann Stieg, Edward Cook, and Jam es Earle (more about these instruc tors later). Adjoining this office, in Room 307, Catherine Packard puts potential secretaries through the early phases of typing. Notice the typing desks and the special large closet for storage of typing paper and other supplies; big enough for the eventual mimeograph machine, of which every secretary ought to know a little bit. so she can do that job in a pinch. (Since many of the graduates of A rlington’s schools find jobs with Uncle Sam. this business of m ultiple copies and mimeograph stencils is really the stuff.) The Library Back into the corridor again, on our right we could go dowm the main stairs to the lower floors; but instead, we’ll go to our left into the Library. At the moment the shelves are still somewhat bare. It’s going to take a little while to acquire all the books essential for our library. (Looks like a potential PTA project coming up.) On our left as we enter, Mary Keith, the librarian, will issue books over the counter. Ju st be yond, through that door, is the workroom where new books are cataloged, indexed, repaired and all those other things that librarians have to do to keep th eir library operating efficiently. T here’s even a sink around that far corner, to help the li brary staff with th eir cleanup work. Those small tables and numerous chairs out in the front of us in the main room are ju st right for library research or for small group instruction in use of the library. This p art of the library is also the home room for Jack B. Simpson’s charges. The opposite end of the library is furnished with! light green plastic chaii-s and wall seJats, so soft you just want to curl up in them w ith a good book. Well, and why not? W hat’s a li brary for, if not for enjoym ent of good books? This is the end for the current periodicals and newspapers, ju st as essen tial to good education as the traditional “three Rs.” �P age F o u r Reversing our steps, back through the double doors, Room 306, across the hall, is the spot where our ninth graders are initiated in the m ysteries of algebra. Lewis Francis supervises the ceremon ies.” Ju st beyond, in Room 305, Lewis Timberlalce also officiates in more myster ious “goings-on”—ninth grade Latin. L ater in the day, Clare Ann Stieg teaches the ninth graders the fundamentals of Spanish. Also on the right side of the corridor, in Rooms 304 and 303, seventh and ninth graders receive instruction in H ealth under the supervision of Kenneth Boegner and Malcolm Wayne. Mr. Bloomingburg’s Home Room also as sembles in Room 303. Did you notice the arm chairs in the language room in stead of the desks and chairs? Much more practical for a language class. Put them in a circle or in several groups— isn't it easier to converse with someone face-to-face ra th e r than to the back of his head? On the left of the hall, Susanne Muel le r holds ninth grade Core in Room 301. Joy Kilby has similar classes in 302. All ninth gx-ade Home Rooms are on the third floor, seventh grade on the second floor, and eighth grade on the first floor. In so far as possible, in order to relieve congestion on the stairways, subjects for the same grades are also taught on the same floors. Now let’s go down to the second floor and look at some of the seventh grade rooms. We’ll use the stairway on the right at the end of the corridor. Student Activities Coming out at the second floor, let’s look through the doors on our right, down into the lobby of the auditorium. The small balcony, or mezzanine, is set aside for student activities. JRC (Junior Rec reation Club) committees, the Student Council, and other groups are privileged to use this as th eir meeting place. (How difficult it was when we were in school to find a m eeting place for our student activities.) In the first room on our left, Room 204. Joseph Kulick instructs in seventh grade Math. Across the hall, in 202, Spear Davis teaches seventh and ninth grade science. (This is the other com pletely equipped science classroom.) John A tkins perform s a sim ilar task of scien tific instruction of our eighth graders in Room 201. Carol Groom, in 206, and Mildred H arrison, in 205, both have classes in seventh grade core. Simeon Taylor, in Room 207, has seventh, eighth, and ninth grade m ath classes. THE SIGNPOST Health Department Next on the right, is the Nurse’s office. Actually five small rooms—a health ex amination room, a boys’ infirm ary, a girls’ infirm ary, and a clinic of two small rooms. Mrs. Thelma W eaver of the School H ealth D epartm ent is on duty here, three or four days a week. School Administration On the right beyond is the main en trance to the school from the Vacation Lane side. On the left, the main stair way to the upper and lower floors. Now, we should like to suggest that you enter the Office through the side door. This first office is that of our Principal, Claude Richmond. Nearby is the vault for safe keeping of im portant records. The next little spot is reserved for the electrical gadgets that make the Public address system work. Then the main office itself. Jane Ross and Grace M arrs serve as school secretaries and will greet you with a cherry “Hello!” when you call JAckson 5-7500. This long counter is really ju st a cover over a whole series of three draw er file cases. Ju st beyond are three small offices—for the Assistant Principals, Evelyn Barnes and Doris Mor tim er, and the Guidance Director. Mary Mare. Now, back into the corridor. Again on our right, the next three rooms are teacher’s rooms, two lavatories and a lounge. E arlier we mentioned the "floating” teachers. The schedule of in structors provides for six periods. Each teacher is scheduled to instruct for five of the six periods, providing one free period for study, correction of papers, or occasional relaxation. (Several teach ers are scheduled to teach all six periods due to the increased enrollment.) During this free period, another teacher (a float er) uses the classroom. As a result more office space must be provided for the teachers than is available in the class rooms alone. This accounts for Rooms 322, 313 and 308. And this teacher's lounge permits a little bit of that needed relaxation. Room 210, opposite the lounge, is as signed to Marjorie Thomson for seventh grade Math. Joseph Macekura and Dicie Armstrong hold seventh gx-ade core classes in Rooms 208 and 209. L et’s go down the main stairway with the substan tial handrail and non-skid treads. The tile walls inquire practically no main tenance—ju st an occasional wash job. Turn to the left at the bottom of the stairs. March 3, 1951 Rooms 109 and 110 are classes in eighth grade core under the instruction of Sally Powell and Dox-othy McCord. William Allman teaches seventh grade core in Room 111. (How did a seventh grade room get down here on the first floor?) Physical Education Ju st beyond is the girls’ locker room. (To get yourself oriented, you are now directly under the door of the main gym that you started from when you began this tour.) Inside the locker room are a num ber of benches on which the girls may sit while changing into or out of gym clothes. The lockers spaced in rows are in groups of seven—one cloth ing locker and six small lockers. Each of the small lockers is equipped with a combination lock. These are used for storage of the pupil's gym clothes be tween gym periods. Each pupil is as signed one of the small lockers. When dressing for gym, the student removes h er gym clothes from the small locker and hangs her dress and other clothing in the clothing lockei-, locking it with the combination lock from the small locker. A fter gym class, the process is revei-sed, but not until the student has properly showei-ed. The showering is a continuous pi'ocess. Once one stai’ts th ere’s no turning back. (The w ater tem peratures in the showers are controlled from a series of m aster valves, regulated by the Phyical Education instructor, pro viding three tem peratures.) Do you want to try it? Fii'st, into the soaping area with 10CPF sprays, then into the rinsing areas—which become progressively cool er—final tem perature 80°F, then an antisepsic foot bath (just try and jum p over this), get your towel from the supply room, dry yourself, tu rn your towel in, and you’re right back in the locker room to slip into your clothes and get to the next class. (For the very modest girls and occasionally desired by others, two separate dressing booths with shower stalls have been provided.) A separate stairway at the far side of the locker room leads right up to the main gym. A small auxiliary gym is located between the girls’ and boys’ locker rooms. This is provided for classes in Rhythmics, Tumbling, W restling and other activities not requiring a high ceiling and to take care of the overflow from the large gyms above when team matches ai’e being played. The boys’ locker room is sim ilar to the gii-ls’. If you care to, you may reach it by ci-ossing the auxiliary gym, or by en- Marcli 3, 1951 lei'ing it fi’om the last door on the left at the end of the corridor. L et’s retrace our steps for a short distance and take a look at the other end of this floor. You may have noticed that there are no classrooms on the other side of this coi‘ridor (left side as we reti'ace our steps.) That side of the building is below ground level. The Virginia Boai’d of Education will not perm it perm anent type classrooms to be built below ground level. The first room on our right after we pass the main staii-way, Room 108, is where Helen Fi-iauf holds special classes. Rooms 107 and 106 have been assigned to Glenn Piper and Blanche Sautebin for seventh and eighth grade Math. Eve lyn Chapman meets with her eighth gi'ade coi'e class in Room 105. Opposite the latter is Room 101, headquarters for the chief custodian, Vernon Bowers. Community Services Ju st outside this room and hardly noticeable unless you’re looking for it, is a recessed folding grill which can be pulled across the coi’ridor and shut off the school rooms from the auditox'ium. This still perm its access from the lobby to the boys’ and girls’ lavatories at the left end of the corridor. Continue through the door at the end of the corridor into the lobby of the auditorium. To the left, in oi'der, a tele phone booth, a small fish pond, the stair way from the second floor, the Vacation Lane entrance to the auditorium , and a check room. In the center of the lobby is a large trophy case soon to be filled (we hope) with many awards to our stu dents. On the right, a ticket office and doors to the corridors and entrance from the Old Dominion side. Peeking into the auditorium, we notice the ar rangem ent of the seats, about 500 in all, of varying widths, so that no individual will sit directly behind another. We’ll take a closer look at the stage a fter we finish with the Music Department. So back into the lobby and through the doors on the Old Dominion side and into the corridor. Music Department First on our right, in Room 104, Jose phine Schofield instructs in group instrum ental music. Still another type of chair is provided for the music l’ooms— had you noticed? (Appears to be a pretty good idea to get this "noisy” pai't of our school instruction off by itself.) In the next room, 103, Lou Sanderson works with the classes in vocal music. At the end of this hall beyond the stairs are Page Five THE SIGNPOST three small rooms, each with a wash basin that may be used for dressing rooms for stage productions or as spe cial individual instrum ental music prac tice rooms. While we’re back here, don’t you want to see the stage? Notice the places for storage up overhead. The reason the stage floor is part maple and part pine is not to save money, but to make it easier to drive nails or screws in the pine portion when setting up scenei’y for stage productions. Those big double doors at the rear of the stage are de signed so th at heavy pieces (maybe a grand piano) can be brought on to the stage. Industrial Arts Department Let’s go down to the Industrial Arts Department, using this little stairway on the side of the stage. Walk straight ahead to the shop, below the auditorium and about the same size in floor space. Victor Repp, Robert Vaughn, replace ment for Rodger Hicks who has just answered “G reetings” from Uncle Sam. and A lbert Hoefer provide instruction for seventh, eighth and ninth graders. Rows of work benches, each with six lockers below, with hand tools—planes, chisels, saws, hammers, squai'es, x-ules, power tools, lathe, table saw, band saw, sci-ollsaw, drill press, jointei-, drafting tables, T-squares, triangles, drafting in strum ents, handicraft kits—ju st every thing to keep these youngsters of ours busy every minute. Across the hall, the Shop Annex provides facilities for the seventh grades. (How does one get registered for some adult education to be able to use some of this equipment?) Just beyond the shop on the right is the boiler room and heating plant for the entire school. On our left is a lai'ge un finished room for storage of school sup plies and equipment. L et’s go back up the stairway on our left into the lobby of the auditorium. General Construction Features We’re now back in the lobby of the auditorium and have completed our tour of the interior of the building. Did you notice—the fluoi-escent lighting in all the classrooms which provides pi-oper illumination to all pai-ts of the rooms on those dark days? Or the heating units in each room therm ostatically regulated, that insure proper controlled tem peratui’es in every room? Or that the walls of the corridors and stairways up to a foot or so above eye-level are of ceramic tile, that requires no m aintenance—a quick wash job will clean them right up? Or that above the tile, the walls are paint ed cinder block, an inexpensive type of construction? O r that the ceilings are acoustical tile, to deaden noise and th ere by facilitate classroom instruction? Or that the window fram es and chalkboard and bulletin board moldings are fabri cated aluminum—a lifetim e feature re quiring no maintenance. Exterior You probably noted as you entered the building the numerous walks and road ways pi-oviding access to the building from all sides. Did you see the bicycle racks flanking each of the appi-oach walks? The athletic field will be eonstnxcted on the Old Dominion side of the building with direct access to the locker rooms. (You know th at terrace immediately below the sidewalk will be a wonderful place for perm anent steps— like the W atergate—of brick or concrete forming a natural Stadium.) We hope you enjoyed your visit to Stratford. Don’t you agree with us that this is a wonderful new school?—That it has been well planned and constructed without waste for the functions of a Junior High School? Don’t you concur with the Virgin a Board of Education that this is “the most functional secondary school in Virginia?” All of our secondary schools in Arlington should have the same facilities for instruction as we have in this new building. We want others in Arlington to enjoy school facilities equal to these in Stmtford, and to be proud of their part in the Arlington School System as we are. To that end, WE, the Parents, Students and Faculty of Stratford pledge our continued support. This special issue of The Signpost is published and printed by The Stratford PTA. �P age Six THE SIG N PO ST PROGRAM Saturday, 2 P.M., March 3, 1951 Gymnasium Stratford Junior High School Arlington, Virginia MUSIC BY THE STRATFORD BAND INVOCATION: Reverend George F. Tittman, Rector of St. Mary’s Episcopal Church, Arlington. SONG: “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny” — Everybody WELCOME TO VISITORS: Rolland W. Stoebe, President of the Stratford Parent-Teachers Association. Claude Richmond, Principal — from the Stratford Faculty. Bruce Haslam, President of the Student Council — from the Students of Stratford. INTRODUCTION OF DISTINGUISHED GUESTS STRATFORD GIRLS CHORUS: “Panis Angelicus” — Franck ADDRESS BY MR. DOWELL HOWARD: Mr. Dowell Howard, State Superintendent of Instruction, introduced by Mr. William A. Early, Superintendent of Schools, Arlington. STRATFORD ORCHESTRA: Theme from Brahms First Symphony. ADDRESS BY GOVERNOR JOHN S. BATTLE: Introduction of the Honorable John S. Battle, Governor of the Com monwealth of Virginia, by Senator Charles R. Fenwick. PRESENTATION OF THE KEY TO THE BUILDING: The key to the new building presented by Mr. Lee Paschal, President of the Wise Contracting Company to Mr. Colin MacPherson, Chairman of Arlington County School Board. SONG: “The Star Spangled Banner” — Everybody BENEDICTION: Reverend Paul R. Hunter, Minister of the Rock Spring Congrega tional Church, Arlington. MUSIC BY THE STRATFORD BAND March 3, 1951 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Signpost", Stratford Junior High School, Arlington, Virginia, Special Issue, March 3, 1951. 4 pages. Description An account of the resource Special issue concerning official opening by Governor Battle, school departments and includes opening program. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington County Public Schools, Stratford Junior High School Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_2_1_12 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/819337b6670f1d4d2ac9dc41d157875c.pdf 71cf1b6b6bf442c837b9fe0386eab79e PDF Text Text Vol. 1, No. 7 STRATFORD JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL, ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA Barbara Garnett Speaks on Democracy Barbai-a G arnett was introduced on Friday, February 23 to the assembled members of Stratfox-d by Mr. Simpson. Mr. Simpson told the assembly that Barbai-a would like to know how the audience would like the speech. He said, “A speech is sometimes compared to a steer’s horns. A point here and a point there with a lot of bull in between. But there is no bull here, as you will see.” He remai'ked that the first prize was approxim ately $4,000 dollars in scholarship, down to $1,000 for fourth prize. Barbara won the Stx-atford contest and first place in the county contest which was held on Tuesday, February 27. After the first moments until the last word the audience was in complete silence. The audience fi-om th eir continued ovation showed they thought it was a bx-illiant speech. We give B arbara our sincerest wishes and hope she goes on to gx-eater suc cess in the coming contests! HOMEROOM NEWS Mx-s. A rm strong’s homei-oom 7B1 had a skating party on Saturday, February 24, at Riverside. John Darlington has recently joined 7B1. Mrs. Thomson’s homeroom 7B3 had a Valentine Party at the home of Gail Fx-y on February 17. Paul Bunker has joined 7B3. Mr. Cook’s homeroom 7B5 had a Valentine Pax-ty during sixth period on Febx-uary 14. Mr. Kulick’s homeroom 7B6 had a skating party on Friday, February 16, at Riverside. Miss Groom’s homeroom 7B7 had a skating party on Saturday, February 24, at Riverdele. Vicki Graham is a new member of 7B7. Miss Sandei-son’s homeroom 7B8 gave a farewell pax-ty for Molly Hinshaw who left Friday, February 23. Mr. Davis’ homei-oom 8B6 has gained two members. They are Nancy Betts from Ohio, and Mike Lamay from St. Agnes. March 8, 1951 Classes Begin in New Building March 2nd Mr. Hicks Leaves Stratford Mr. Roger Hicks, industrial ax-ts teach er, left Stratford on Wednesday Febru ary 21. He has been called into the army. Two of the main reasons that made Mr. Hicks decide to be a teacher were that many of the members of his family were teachers and also because California Teachers College, which he later at tended, was near his home. E xtra-curricular activities made up a large part of his college life. He was editor of the college yearbook in his senior year and sung tenor in some of the musical groups. He was also Presi dent of the Student Government. Our form er eighth grade shop teacher says he is unmax-ried and ‘‘very eligible.” He said his pet peeve is ‘‘people who are on the slow side of doing what you ask.” Mr. Hicks just came to Arlington this year. He wox-ked in a hotel in Maine during the summer. At Stratford he was faculty sponsor of the hall patrols. He was known at Stratford for being continually “on the go.” Stratford Students Present Radio SKit The following students took part in a radio skit “Watch What You Say” over WARL, on Tuesday February 20. Carolyn Scheele, Mary H unter, Bruce Haslam, Jim Freidersdorff and Cecil Truluck. Sound effects wei-e handled by Robert Dunn and music was provided by Pat Logan. Another skit on “Bicycle Safety” will be presented March 15. Mr. Earle is director. On Tuesday, February 27, the ninth grade went bx-iefly through there sched ules in the new building at 10 o’clock. Lunch was served in the cafeteria and they returned to Washington-Lee for the regular schedule. On Wednesday and Thursday the eight and seventh grades went through th eir schedules and returned to Washington-Lee. On F ri day classes began at Stratford. The hours are from 8:40 to 3:20. On Saturday, March 3, the opening ceremonies were held in the gym. A special issue of The Signpost will be published on Thursday March 22. This issue will contain two full pages of pictures taken at the opening cex-emonies. There will also be pictures taken in and around the building. This will be the best issue we have yet published and everyone will want a copy. In order that you may receive this issue if you have not subscribed x-eserve your copy immediately. Stratford Girls Win One — Lose One On February 15, the Girls Basketball Varsity beat Thomas Jefferson 24-21 in a thrilling game. Stratfox-d led at the end of the first half 14-10. Ixx the second half Stratford made 10 points and Thomas Jefferson 11, ending the game 24-21 in favor of Stratford. Highest scorer for Stratford was Valerie Reyn olds with 15 points. On Febuary 21 the Stx-atford girls lost to Dolly Madison 20-23. A fter a hard fought first half the score was 10-12. Stratford came up in the third quarter 17-15 but Madison came back with Stratford losing 20-23. Highest scorer for Stratford was Bobby Tucker with 8 points. �THE SIGNPOST Page Two LIFE AND LIMB Bi-weekly newspaper published by the students of Stratford Jun io r High School, Arlington, Virginia. Printed by Universal Printers, Arlington Virginia. Vol. 1 M arch 8, 1951 No. 7 STAFF Editor-in-C hief............Billy Van Deusen Feature E d ito r...............Elaine Alexander Editorial & News Editor Jackie Albrecht Sports E d ito r...................... Donald Sours Business M anagers........ Steve Milliken, Vernon Iden, Gene Weedon, Rosemary Young Circulation M anagers .. Joanne Witzel, Eustace Land, Grace Tunnicliffe, Frank Rollins Exchange Editors .......... Winona Payne Barbara McHenry, Jo Ann Hemphill Faculty Sponsor................Mr. Macekura Reporters ......... Priscilla Welbon, Linda Condra, Evelyn David, Kathleen Blake, P at Williams, Dottie Gordon, Lois Garino, Elaine Koup, Barbara H ar rington, Ruthie Bowman, Greg Hetter, Johnny Hetzer, Donna Clow, Joan B arrett, Joyce Simmons. Further Work Done On Student Constitution The Constitution Committee which is headed by Bruce Haslam and supervised by Mr. Allman has almost completed the Constitution for the student body to vote upon. All the core class and some English classes have had discussions on its contents. It has been passed by the faculty and an assembly will be held soon. Penny For Your Thoughts By the tim e you will read this week’s thoughts we will be settled in our new school at long last. I would like to say th at the boys basketball team in doing a wonderful job this year. We are right behind you boys. We at Stratford are proud and honored at the leader ship Bobbie G arnett has given us. There has been some talk about having com bined boys and girls gym class on Friday, will this keep up? The students hope hail patrols won't be necessary at S trat ford. It seems th a t lately people don’t seem to value themselves much. In this age of motor vehicles and je t planes people ju st don’t seem to care. Of course some people will say, “I’m insured, so what!” Being insured they feel free to go barreling around a curve at sixty or running down the stairs as if there were a fire upstairs. An easy way to get skull fractures; a hard way to learn a lesson. Just goes to prove that some people need a lot to knock some sense into th eir heads. Some kids might say “Stay home and be safe don’t go to school.’’ That is a ridiculous statement. Many accidents can and do happen in the home. Of course many of those could be prevented with a little caution. Slipping on a rug, fall ing downstairs, slipping on soap in the bathtub are common accidents. Few people realize that, in comparison, more people were kinned and injux-ed last year than in the entire Korean War. To be exact there were 90,000 killed and injured in this countxy, compared with 47.000 in nine months of war. If all people involved in accidents had been careful a lot of lives and limbs could have been saved. Let us all try to be a little more care ful and have a little safety. If we all thought a little more and moved slower we all would be much safer. Be safety conscious in our new buiding and we will have a fine safety record. FACULTY SPOTS Miss Blanche Sautebin, who came to Stratford thx-ee months ago to take over Mr. Palm er’s classes, is now faculty sponsor of the hall patrols. Miss Sautebin has attend Jamestown College, North Dakota, University of Oregon, and University of Montana. She had has teaching experience in North Dakota, Minnesota, and Oregon. This is her first year in Arlington. During World War II Miss Sautebin was a recx-eation worker for the Red Cross overseas. She served in Germany, New Guinea, Philippines, and Japan. Miss Sautebin will probably never forget an unusual experience which occuri-ed during the war. She m et a new ly liberated prisoner, the father of a child who been in her class back in the states. He had not heard from his family for a long time so Miss Sautebin was able to pi’ovide him with the needed and happy news of his family. March 8, 1951 Faculty Team Sets Record Have you seen Stratford’s lanky five who have been galloping around the gyms of several Arlington Junior High Schools lately? Despite their not too enviable record they have been cheered on by over-whelming crowds against th eir terrific opposition. Of course, you know we are talking about our Stratford men’s faculty basket ball team, made up of: Mr. Hulett, Mr. Davis, Mr. Kulick, Mr. Cook, Mr. Earle, Mr. Piper, Mr. Wayne, Mr. Taylor, Mr. Francis, and Mr. Druckenmiller. One of the team ’s greatest stars, Mr. Earle, believes th at lack of height is greatly responsible for th eir past de feats. He also says th at the entire faculty team is greatly appreciative of the school spirit which Sti’atford stu dents have shown. Sti'atford’s lanky five are far from being defeated in morale and have high hopes for the future. Stratford Boys Defeat Madison 23-21 On Friday, February 16, Stratfox-d de feated a fast Madison basketball team by a tight score of 23-21. Stratford held the lead throughout most of the game, but not by a wide margin. In the first quarter Stratford only led by one point with a score of 4-3. In the second quarter Stratford pulled a little farth er ahead, making six points against four points for Madison. By half time the score was 10-7. It was still anybody’s game. Stratford was still in the lead in the third quarter, making nine points while Madison made six. When the game entered the fourth quarter, the score was 19-13, S tratford’s favor. In the final minutes of the game Madison rallied, almost closing the gap with eight points. Stx-atford only made four points this period and ju st bax-ely held a two point lead when the final whistle blew. Skip Motes was high scorer with six points. Bob Childx-ess and Dick Mabry were next with four points each. O ther wise the points were made by Davis (3), Jacobs (2), Kennedy (2) and Hetzer (2). Both teams and their coaches wex’e fighting hard in this game. As a result of an argum ent between a Madison coach and the referee, Bob Childress was awarded a free throw. Coach Dnxkemiller said th at the secret of the team ’s victoxy was in its fast breaking when in possession of the ball. THE SIGNPOST March 8, 1951 Record of the Week Faculties of Stratford-Madison Meet on Basketball Floor Stratford’s faculty was defeated on February 16 by a strong Dolly Madison faculty by a score of 34-17. In the first half Madison made 15 points and S trat ford only 4. Stratford did a little b etter in second half, making 5 and 8 points in the third and fourth quarters. Madison made 8 and 12 points in the same periods. Mr. Earle and Mr. Francis were high scorers with 4 points each. Otherwise the points were made as follows: Davis (2), Cook (2), Kulick (2), and Taylor (1). B etter luck next tim e teachers! Page Three MILTON H. C0MLEY by RUTHIE BOWMAN Florist • Landscaping 5353 LEE H IG H W A Y The record of the week is Pattie Page’s smash hit “Tennesee Waltz." Pattie Page does a duet, first making one record, then making a second record and com bining them for a beautiful song. On the back of this Mercury record is a solo p art Miss Page sings “Long Long Ago.” The “Tennessee Waltz” was w ritten by Peewee Kixik and Red Stewart and is under the direction of Jack Aoel. Patti appeared recently at the Capital Theater in Washington. Arlington, Virginia CLARENDON TRUST COMPANY T he R a n k On T he Circle C o m p lete B a n k in g Services FREE P A R K IN G L O T MOVIE HIGHLIGHTS MEMBER FD IC by LOIS GARINO “Kim,” the technicolor version of the Kipling novel is a spectacle filled with the exciting wonders of India. This film takes place in the days when English Sahibe’s were running the govex-nment and the Russians were trying to stir things up around the Kyber Pass. Kim, (Dean Stockwell) describes the adventures of a twelve year old orphan. Erroll Flynn plays Mabub Ali the Red Beard. Red Beax-d poses as a horse trader, but actually he is a native agent for the English Government. • OWENS 7777 Subscribe To ® l]c tsonkfyn’s efforisf J S tg n p n s t Member Florist Telegraph Delivery Association M o n ey w ill b e c o lle c te d in h o m e ro o m f o r th e seco n d h a lf, M arch 12 - 1 4 . • 2046 WILSON BOULEVARD Arlington, Virginia T h e P r ic e 5 0 / C H e stn u t 3233 First F ederal Savings & L oan A ssociation O X fo rd 4141 FURNITURE O f A rlington fo r every room in your home C h a rtered by th e F ederal G o v ern m en t for th e p u rp o se of e n co u rag in g t h r if t an d hom e o w n ersh ip in th is c o m m u n ity A t sensible prices. M ONTHLY REDUCTION HOME LOANS BOTH STORES OPEN EVERY EVENING UNTIL NINE Dividends Paid Semi-Annually Accounts Opened With $5.00 Savings Accounts Insured Up to $10,000.00 2050 WILSON BOULEVARD CHestnut 7100 ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA ARLINGTON O p e n A S a v in g s A c c o u n t L argo O r S m a ll T h e S e e d M u s t B e S o tc n T o G a th e r A H a rv e st Miller & Wrentt BARNES & KIMEL CO. OXford 0713 Opon U n til Noon S a tu rd a y s H o u rs 9 A. M. to 4 P. M. ALEXANDRIA m DALE LUMBER COMPANY "A rlin g to n ’s Sm artest” Plywood — Lumber — Millwork — Hardware — Pain! F u r n itu r e “On Clarendon Circle” 2217-21 N. Pershing Drive A rlington, V irginia Arlington, Virginia Glebe 3100 3 2 0 0 N. Washington Blvd. OWens 4343 • JAckson 8-6999 *— 3«C zxxz rxKi 3HC 3tK= :xtc �THE SIGNPOST Page Four March 8, 1951 TATTLER FAD-SHIONS ALLCRAFT CYCLE SHOP by Kathy I’ll start this off right now with a con tribution from one of the girls in journa lism class who wants to rem ain anony mous and healthy. Here goes; Skirts, shirts, all sorts of clothes, enough to make one go daffy. Chartreuse ties, jackets and sweaters make our students look classy. Stratford girls wear bright up-to-date things; dresses, and bright socks to boot. But some of the boys look sloppy and drab, I don’t think they give a hoot. With wornout jeans and patched up earns th eir persons they do clothe. They come to class hoping they will pass, but their dirty nails I loathe. But they do comb their hair, though their faces could be cleaner. And the way they tease th eir poor in structors, nothing could be meaner I must watch myself I greatly fear, for some will not like that crack. So. I shall scrub my nails and ears or this poem might hit me back. * * * On that tender note ends the poem and I shall now attem pt to give you gals a peek into the spring fashions. The “shortie coat” is going to be very im portant this spring. In full swingback lines belted in the back or “boxy” it is tops. The accent this year is on soft pas tels with such names as “sunshine yel low,” “robin’s egg blue,” etc. The suits are checked, tweed, pastel linen, and navy blue mostly with pencil slim and pleated skirts. Bat wing sleeves in coats, blouses and jackets can’t go wrong. If you seem to need something to pep up your wardrobe on those days when it isn't w inter but not yet spring a new “blouse-sweater” will do the trick. They are in everything from soft angora to nubby cotton chenille to smooth nylon. Some have pockets, collars, and buttons All look nice with those little fitted waists. If any of you are interested in sewing that beautiful embossed cotton is on sale at Penny's in Clarendon, or in Washing ton. It looks wonderful in sunback dress es especially. It also launders beautifully. Adios, hope I’ve given you some ideas for your wardrobe. La C. SMITH,, Inc. Everything in Building Materials H eatin g E quipm ent — P aint 3330 N. W ashington Blvd. The ta tte r runs to beat the deadline. While running the following tid-bids are heard in the breeze. A certain boy in the basketball team is lonely for a cheerleader, namely Pete Ward. Can this be true? Bobby Childress is always calling Nancy Christhopher up. The Ware brothers at W-L seem to have gotten two of our Stratford girls, They are Don Ware and Joan Chase, Bob Ware and Diane Stocking. We hear that Dick Davis would like to know Darrell Hamacer much better. P at sy B urnett is always in a daze. Could it be because of Raymond Edwards? John ny Hetzer is trying to convince Lotte Lueders that he’s the right boy for her. Virginia Meyers thinks Don Rea is a very nice boy. What about this Don? There are four girls after Joe Wright, which will it be? Lucy Hastings, Janice Medley, Ann Thomas, or Betty Kerfoot? Donna Clow is always running to the wrong class and Sammy Day is usually there, he doesn’t mind. Carol Leatherman and Nancy Wagstaff don’t seem to like Stratford boys. I wonder why? Dianne Sopoznich and Doris Jean MeKinsey are interested in Paul Bunker. He doesn’t seem to notice, someone better tip him oil'. Why is Susan Goulett giving Billy Creekmore such a hard time? Johanna Haily won’t let anyone look in her wallet. Could it be that she has finally gotten that picture of David Leffler? Mariyn Gluntz seems to have quite a crush on Mike Netzer. Still running the tattler pants, “I'll be seeing you, oops I mean I'll be hearing about you.” Schwinn & English Bicycles Repairs - Service - Accessories 31361DTH STREET • OWENS 4464 W. J. BAUMBAOH, Inc. Plumbing & Heating Sales-Service Fixzit System 4147 Wilson Boulevard JAckson 4-1250 Cherrydale Florist “ Say It W ith Flow ers" ★ C orsages T h a t A re D iffe re n t 3725 Lee Highway OWens 1181 Taylor’s Stationery & Printing School and A r t Supplies 3155 WILSON BLVD. OWens 2666 A R L I N G T O N T R U S T C O M P A N Y , INC. A R L IN G T O N , V IR G IN IA COMMERCIAL ACCOUNTS SAFE DEPOSIT BOXES SAVINGS ACCOUNTS ACCOUNTS OF INDIVIDUALS AND CORPORATIONS INVITED MEMBER FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION FEDERAL, ST A T E AND COUNTY DEPOSITARY ROSSLYN BRANCH 2029 North Moore Street —------ MAIN OFFICE 55 North Courthouse Road " NAVY FACILITY Arlington Navy Annex � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Signpost", Stratford Junior High School, Arlington, Virginia, Vol. 1, No. 7, March 8, 1951. 3 pages. Description An account of the resource Issue includes "Classes Begin in New Building March 2nd" and school activities. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington County Public Schools, Stratford Junior High School Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_2_1_13 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/7dbc216e9a5f8e5224412af1f3dbcd70.pdf 8470d1a36348b0be2656a7eebfb92a1b PDF Text Text Stratford Is Officially Opened Gov. Bestfle Makes Opening Address The day on which Stratford Junior High School was officially dedicated is a day we shall long remember. The cere mony was held in the Stratford Gym nasium on March 3, 1951, before many distinguished guests and citizens of Ar lington. The program was highlighted with speeches by Mr. Richmond, Mr. Early, Senator Fenwick, Governor Battle, and our own Bruce Haslam. Many other no tables were present, some of them being county and state officials, and presidents of prom inent Arlington organizations. There were many fine speeches, b u t as evidenced by the applause, one of the best was a short one made by the P resi dent of our Student Council, Bruce Has lam. He welcomed the people and thank ed them for giving us a fine new school on behalf of the students. State Senator Charles R. Fenwick in troduced the Honorable John S. Battle, G overnor of the Commonwealth of V ir ginia. Governor Battle spoke about the educational system of Virginia and some of its early founders. His speech was highlighted with the idea of our teachers responsibility of teaching not only the prescribed subjects, but the reasons why, so we may realize and appreciate the idea of democratic principles of govern ment. Governor Battle called Stratford “ a wonderful building.” To Stratford’s teachers, the governor said: "Teach them (the students) the value of the real freedoms we now enjoy, those things we have inherited." When that is done, he added, “this school shall have justified its existence.” Another fine speech was made by Mr. Reese, Architect of Stratford. He com mended the Wise Construction Company and other companies on the fine job they did in building our new school. Mr. Reese also spoke of the reasons certain materials were used in th e construction of our new school. Two of these being; glass brick for lighting purposes and light colored stone and tile because they give the school a “lift.” (Continued On Page 5) �THE SIGNPOST • Page Two BARNYARD BEHAVIOR ( L fj t jS r g n p o s t Bi-weekly newspaper published by the students of Stratford Junior High School, Arlington, Virginia. P rinted by Universal Printers, A rlington, Virginia. Vol. 1 M arch 22, 1951 March 22, 1951 No. 8 STAFF Editor-in-Chief ..........Billy Van Deusen Feature Editor .......... Elaine Alexander Editorial & News Editor Jackie Albrecht Sports Editor .................... Donald Sours Business M anagers........ Steve Milliken, Vernon Iden, Gene Weedon, Rosemary Young Circulation M anagers .. Joanne Witzel, Eustace Land, Grace Tunnicliffe, Frank Rollins Exchange Editors .......... Winona Payne Barbara McHenry, Jo Ann Hemphill Faculty Sponsor ...............Mr. Macekura Photographers............... Morton & Rolland Reporters ..............Elaine Koup, Ruthie Bowman, Joyce Simmons, Patsy Wil liams, Evelyn David, Johnny Hetzer, K athleen Blake, George Weaver, Frank Rollins. Barbara Garnett Places In Oratorical Contest In her first experience in public speak ing Barbara G arnett tied for second place in the state oratorical contest on March 7, with a boy from Charlottes ville who had won for the last three years. Barbara first presented her oration before Mr. Sim pson’s first period class. The class gave her some helpful hints on how to improve h er speech. The students of Stratford wish Barbara the best of luck and may she have even better success in future oratorical con tests. An old m ountaineer and his wife mov ed to the city. A fter th e ir first night in the new home, the wife woke up first and nudged h er husband, A in’t it about time you was getting up to build the fire, paw?” "Land sakes no, maw. We m ight as well get used to these city ways right now. I'll just call the fire departm ent.” NEW FACULTY MEMBERS One of the best parts of the day to any Stratford student is the forty min utes devoted to lunch. With food care fully prepared by professional cooks and dieticians, and ample time for relaxa tion, there is no reason why we cannot enjoy it. As few rules have been made as possible and the student is allowed a lot of freedom, with the best facilities money can buy. But sometimes students seem to forget where they are eating. Perhaps it would make them feel more at home to eat in a cafeteria th at resembled the part of the barnyard where bacon is grown. They dash to the cafeteria, complain about the food, eat the food in an un mannerly form, then go outside or wand er the halls to disturb classes, leaving the tables for someone else to clean up. Many are not guilty, but the few who lose their manners will lose the liberal privileges for all. The hams who think that cutting in line is a big joke, or think that complaining is a sign of intelligence, or disturbing classes a great sport can not be tolerated. Unless these heels are stepped on now, lunchtime will be come ju st another class. To avoid this a little common courtesy must be practiced. Make sure everyone helps to clean the table, and wait patient ly in line. The food is not bad, so take your time and taste it. The cafeteria is a place where students can relax and enjoy lunch, so stay there and let the other classes get something done. S trat ford is a modern school but old fashion ed manners are not outdated. March 22, 1951 THE SIGNPOST Page Three Candid Shots Taken a t ©pening Ceremonies MR. KENNETH L. BOEGNER, health teacher, is one of our new faculty mem bers. He graduated from Newton High School, in Newton, Massachusetts. He later attended Boston University. One of his most interesting experiences hap pened when he was in the service. He was at the Atomic Bomb experimental grounds on the Island of Bikini. His hob bies include knot tieing, chess, sports, and repairing old cars. This is Mr. Boegn er’s first year of teaching. jfr * J jt MISS DOROTHY McCORD, core and speech teacher, came to us from Penn sylvania. She has taken over the classes of Mrs. M arjorie Boxa. Miss McCord was born in Scenery Hill, Pennsylvania. She attended West Newton High School. She later graduated from Fairm ont State College in West Virginia where she ma jored in dramatics. Miss McCord work ed at the FBI in Washington, D. C. for 14 months. * * * * MR. ROBERT VAUGHN, eighth grade shop teacher, hails from Arlington, Vir ginia. He graduated from WashingtonLee High School. He then attended the University of Maryland. He is married and has one son. His hobbies are making models, and photography. This is his first year of teaching. S peech C la s s e s P r e s e n t R a d io P la y The two ninth grade speech classes pre sented a fifteen m inute safety play titled “On a Bicycle Built F or You,” over radio station WARL on Tuesday, March 13. The cast consisted of Dick Mabry, Bruce Haslam, Jim Street, Stanley Richards, George Wilkes, Darlene Graham, Anne Reed, and Margie Elliott. The musical background was supplied by Pat Logan. • The speech classes hope to put on a play over our public address system for the entire school in the very near future. The title of this play will be, “The Em p ero r’s New Clothes.” Mr. Jack B Simpson, speech and core teacher, is writing a history of Stratford, to be carried on from teacher to teacher through the years. HOMEROOM NEWS Miss Powell’s homeroom, 8B2. is plan ning to buy a picture of Stratford Hall. They are also bringing plants to put in the windows. The president has appoint ed a committee of six to take care of the plants and the condition of the room. In the near future they hope to have a homeroom party. It is certainly hoped that the other homerooms are doing their share too, to improve the appearance of our lovely building. Mr. P iper’s homeroom, 7B8, has lost a member, Molly Hinshaw, who has moved to Indiana. Mr Allman’s homeroom, 8B5, and Miss W att’s homeroom, 8B7, are going to have a swimming party shortly after Easter. Miss Groom’s homeroom, 7B7, has a new member, Paul Barton, who came from Dolly Madison Junior High School. * * * * Miss M ueller took her ninth grade core class to the Washington Post build ing on February 21. The class learned the process of publishing a newspaper. The students were then guided through the entire building. They were given a series of slides on newspapers. Claude M. Richmond, principal, greets Covernor Battle (top left) ; Evelyn Barnes and Doris Mortimer, assistant principals, and Mr, Richmond (top center) ; Dowell Howard, State Superintendent of Instruction, speaks (top right) ; Covernor Battle signs autograph (left center) ; Colin MacPherson, Chairman of Arlington County School Board, presents the key to the building to Mr. Richmond, Covernor Battle looks on (center) ; Senator Charles R. Fenwick speaks (right center) ; William A. Early, Superintendent of Arlington Schools, speaks (bottom left) ; Covernor John S. Battle makes address (bottom center) ; Candid shot of Covernor Battle and Dowell Howard (bot tom right). �Page Four THE SIGNPOST March 22. 1951 School Features New Facilities The gym is the largest in Arlington schools. The floor is m arked off for bad minton, volleyball, and basketball. Note the p artition in th e center of the picture, it closes to make the gym into two sm aller ones. Stratford Junior High School is located on nine acres of ground adjoining the seven acre Old Dominion Playground, which is used for athletic activities. The total cost of the building was approxi mately $1,600,000. The gym has the largest playing floor of any of A rlington’s schools. It is divid ed off into two sm aller gyms during class periods, with one for the boys and one for the girls. The floor is marked off for badminton, volleyball, and basketball. Special features of the gym include fold ing bleachers, four loudspeakers, electric scoreboard, and an observation room for the instructor. The cafeteria will seat approximately 500, but with 1,070 students enrolled it is necessary to have two lunch periods. At the end of the kitchen near the rec reation area, a window is provided into the cafeteria and another onto the te r race so that refreshm ents may be served without using the entire kitchen space. The home economics departm ent has a kitchen which contains sinks, cupboards, gas stoves, electric stoves, automatic clothes washers, portable clothes wash ers, refrigerators, electric appliances and utensils. O ther features are electric and treadle sewing machines, and a complete ly furnished living room. The art departm ent features doors which open from the class room on to a patio, suitable for outdoor sketching classes. At one end of the class room is a sink for easy cleaning of brushes and paint pots. Numerous cupboards for art supplies are built in under the windows. The science rooms are the first in Ar lington that perm it students to perform their own experim ents at their desks. There are double gas and electric con nections at each table. In the shop are rows of work benches, each with six lockers below, with hand tools—planes, chisels, saws, hammers, squares, and rulers. Power tools include a band saw, table saw, scrollsaw, lathe, drill press, and jointer. O ther things available in the shop are drafting instru ments and handicraft kits. The auditorium will seat 534 people. At the entrance of the auditorium in the lobby is a ticket office, trophy case, fish pond, and a mezzanine where special meetings are held. The science rooms are the first in Arlington that perm it students to perform their own experim ents at their desks. There are double gas and electric connec tions at each table. Stratford is the most functional and best planned school in the state of Vir ginia. THE SIGNPOST March 22, 1951 S tratfo rd Is Officially O pened (Continued From Page 1) Mr. Lee Paschal, President of the Wise Construction Company, presented the key to Stratford to Mr. Colin MacPherson. Chairman of Arlington County School Board, who in turn gave it to our Principal, Mr. Claude Richmond. To add an air of student participation to the ceremony the Stratford Band, Or chestra, and Girls Chorus took part in the program. Reverend George F. Tittman, Rector of St. Mary’s Episcopal Church, gave the invocation and Reverend Paul R. Hunter, M inister of the Rock Spring Congrega tional Church, pronounced the benedic tion. Photo Credits Page 1—W ash in g to n P o st Page 3—M o rto n & R oland Page 4—A rlin g to n S un During a chemistry quiz the teacher asked a student to identify a form ula he had ju st placed on the board. Student: Er-ah I have it on the tip of my tongue. Teacher: In th at case you had better spit it out, it’s nitric acid. Page Five Stratford Girls Lose to Swanson L. C. SMITH, Inc. The Stratford girls basketball team took second in the county championship, with Dolly Madison placing first. Everything in Building Materials H e atin g E quipm ent — P ain t 3330 N. W ashington Blvd. Stratford was tied with Madison until losing the last game w ith Swanson here in our new gym on Monday, March 1. The score at the end of the first half was 10-7 in favor of Swanson. At the end of the last thrilling half, which kept the spectators on the edge of th eir seats, the score stood 18-11 with Stratford losing. Highest scorer for Stratford was Evelyn David who made 6 points. CLARENDON TRUST COMPANY T he B a n k On T he Circle C om plete B a n k in g Services FREE P A R K IN G L O T Personality Sketch MEMBER FD 1C Bobby Smith, eighth grade JRC presi dent, was born in Washington, D. C. Bobby has lived in Arlington most of his life. He attended Woodrow Wilson school for seven years. Bobby’s main interest is art. He likes all sports, but football is his favorite. His ambition is to be a cartographic engineer (one who makes or draws maps or charts). Bobby is a very busy boy at Stratford. He is president of his homeroom, 8B5, and is also on the Constitution Committee. Bob by is one of those boys who is going to contribute much to Stratford. • OWENS 7777 Cherrydale Florist “ Say It W ith Flow ers” ★ C orsages T h a t A re D iffe re n t ★ 3725 Lee Highway OWens 1181 Patronize Our Advertisers F irst F ederal Savings & L oan A ssociation O f A rlington C h a rte re d by th e Federal G o v ern m en t for th e purpose of en co u rag in g t h r if t a n d hom e o w n ersh ip in th is c o m m u n ity Dividends Paid Semi-Annually | Accounts Opened With S5.00 Savings Accounts Insured Up to S10,000.00 M ONTHLY REDUCTION HOME LOANS 2050 WILSON BOULEVARD ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA H ours 9 A. M . to 4 P. M. O pen U n til Noon S a tu rd a y s OHestnut 7100 T h e S e e d M ust B e S o ic n T o G a th e r A H a rv e st FURNITURE for every room in your home OXford 0713 O p e n A S a v in g s A c c o u n t L a rg e O r S m a ll U a l e l u mber d c o m pa n t A t sensible prices. Plywood — Lumber — Millwork — Hardware — Paint BOTH STORES OPEN EVERY EVENING UNTIL NINE “On Clarendon Circle” A rlington, V irginia BARNES & KIMEL GO. ARLINGTON ALEXANDRIA GLebe 3100 3 2 0 0 N. Washington Blvd. IXSC ix x i ix j c ix x i ix x i 3HC IX X I IX XI IX X I I �THE SIGNPOST Page Six TATTLER March 22, 1951 Inquiring Reporter FAD-SHIONS by Kathy Well, well, I do declare, the T attler’s here to get in people’s hair. A certain Miss W ashburn has got “those eyes” for a certain Mr. Jacobs. How about oblig ing sir? Reliable sources report that Carol W egner is wild over David Daljord. M arie Silsby has her eye on a new boy in core class. Could it be Mike Lamay? Sybil Child is looking out for Bob Reed. W hat happened to Susan Duley? Barbara Harrington and Mickey Mc Carthy are still going strong. Could this be love? Butch Rubble likes Sidney Tally, but she prefers Eddie Briggs. There are two boys in Mary Louis’ heart, Don Larrick and Bob Bengston. How is that cute boy that comes around grinning at Kathleen Blake in the lunch line and visa-versa? Well spring is here early and the love bug has come with it. Yes, love is grand isn’t it Paul Quintus and Jo Hutton? Bruce Reynolds would do anything for Nancy Christopher. Pat Logan seems to like going with a boy named Irvin. Can you imagine who Ann Murphy is swooning about? You guessed it, none other than Marshall Brooks. B arbara Zinn didn’t want to leave W-L, could it be because of Pete Binns? El bert Jenkins likes Jean Clendening, what’s Chris Jackson going to say? John Richmond likes Carol Leatherm an, how about this Faith? Lotte Luenders seems to like h er new seat in Mr. Timberlake's class. Who's the cute little girl who is walking Roy Heinbuch home? A fter w riting the swirl of social life, the T attler, in complete exhaustion sits and dream s of a fondling Easter bunny. MILTON H. COMLEY Florist • Landscaping 5353 LEE H IG H W A Y One of the questions some of the girls have been asking each other is, “What are you going to wear for Easter?” The following replies have been given by some of our students. Jo Hutton — A checked suit with flare-backed jacket and a pencil slim skirt and probably red accessories. K ate Lloyd — I think I’ll wear a blue gabardine suit. Helen Calkins — A gold checked suit with a green hat and green gloves. Jane Green — A yellow organdy dress with a black velvet sash. Willie Clow — I want to get a green tweed suit, brown shoes, and purse and w hite hat and gloves. Lotte Lueders — A natural straw hat and bag, blue gloves, shoes, and a pink pique dress. P at Moravetz — A rose suit and a beige hat and coat, brown gloves and alligator shoes, and purse. * * * * This time a poem was contributed for the girls. Here goes; Lipstick, rouge, all sorts of stuff, You would think our girls w eren’t pretty enough. They lick it, suck it, and sm ear it on thick. The way they do it makes me sick. A fter watching one girl, their secret I found, Their beauty is bought for a dollar downtown. * * * Our question for this issue is, “How do you like the early school hours?" ' Dale Kennedy — If you can make it out of bed it’s all right. Stanley Richards — I think they are fin e.. Pete Ward — It’s too early. Joan Chase — They are fine, but I miss the W-L kids. Betty Paterson — They’re all right if you can stay awake through the sixth period. Bobbie G arnett — All you have to do is ask my teachers, as they keep asking me why my eyes are closed. Richard August — I don’t like them because I miss my beauty sleep. Bill Franklin — I don’t like getting up at 6:30 in the morning. Carolyn Kennedy — I like it but the classes are too long. L ennart Koneczny — I think we should have another half hour sleep and go to school later. John Kaparakis — It's hard to get used to the early morning classes. Johnny Farris — I like it because I get home in time to serve my papers. 8 x 1 0 prints can be bought of any picture on page 3 for $1 each. tlon&fyn's eHorisf * Short and Sweet: Some of the boys loud gym shorts . . . Anne Reed’s black bow tie . . . Those “catty” fourescent jackets . . . Pricilla Cheek’s matching plaid hat and skirt . . . The ultra-sheer cotton and nylon blouses we have been seeing at parties. Member Florist Telegraph Delivery Association • 2046 WILSON BOULEVARD Arlington, Virginia C U e stn u t 3233 Arlington, Virginia O X fo rd 4141 BUY THE SIGNPOST Miller & Wrenn " A rlin g to n ’s Sm artest” F u r n itu r e 2217-21 N. Pershing Drive Arlington, Virginia OWens 4343 • JAckson 8-6999 A R L I N G T O N T R U S T C O M P A N Y , INC. A R L IN G T O N . V IR G IN IA COMMERCIAL ACCOUNTS SAFE DEPOSIT BOXES SAVINGS ACCOUNTS ACCOUNTS OF INDIVIDUALS AND CORPORATIONS INVITED MEMBER FEDERAL DEPOSIT IN SU RAN C E CORPORATION FEDERAL, ST A T E AND COUNTY DEPOSITARY ROSSLYN BRANCH 2029 North Moore Street MAIN OFFICE NAVY FACILITY 1513 North Courthouse Road Arlington Navy Annex � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Signpost", Stratford Junior High School, Arlington, Virginia, Vol. 1, No. 8, March 22, 1951. 4 pages. Description An account of the resource Issue includes "Stratford Is Officially Opened", candid photos at opening ceremonies, new facilities and school activities. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington County Public Schools, Stratford Junior High School Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_2_1_14 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/28622db9b2ea42016c2d4c595f351463.pdf d976ef6cad7d0fda9bdf0b102fb1b3ac PDF Text Text Stratford Is Officially Opened Gov. Battle Makes Opening Address The day on which Stratford Junior High School was officially dedicated is a day we shall long rem ember. The cere mony was held in the Stratford Gym nasium on M arch 3, 1951, before many distinguished guests and citizens of A r lington. The program was highlighted with speeches by Mr. Richmond, Mr. Early, Senator Fenwick, G overnor Battle, and our own Bruce Haslam. Many other no tables were present, some of them being county and state officials, and presidents of prom inent Arlington organizations. There were many fine speeches, but as evidenced by the applause, one of the best was a short one made by the Presi dent of our Student Council, Bruce Has lam. He welcomed the people and thank ed them for giving us a fine new school on behalf of the students. State Senator Charles R. Fenwick in troduced the Honorable John S. Battle, Governor of the Commonwealth of Vir ginia. Governor Battle spoke about the educational system of Virginia and some of its early founders. His speech was highlighted with the idea of our teachers responsibility of teaching not only the prescribed subjects, but the reasons why, so we may realize and appreciate the idea of democratic principles of govern ment. Governor Battle called Stratford “ a wonderful building." To Stratford’s teachers, the governor said: "Teach them (the students) the value of the real freedoms we now enjoy, those things we have inherited.” When that is done, he added, “this school shall have justified its existence.” Another fine speech was made by Mr. Reese, Architect of Stratford. He com mended the Wise Construction Company and other companies on the fine job they did in building our new school. Mr. Reese also spoke of the reasons certain materials were used in the construction of our new school. Two of these being; glass brick for lighting purposes and light colored stone and tile because they give the school a “lift." (Continued On Page 5) �Page Two W q t jS t g t t p o s t THE SICNPOST BARNYARD BEHAVIOR One of the best parts of the day to any Stratford student is the forty min utes devoted to lunch. With food care fully prepared by professional cooks and dieticians, and ample time for relaxa tion, there is no reason why we cannot Vol. 1 M arch 22, 1951 No. 8 enjoy it. As few rules have been made as possible and the student is allowed STAFF a lot of freedom, with the best facilities Editor-in-C hief............ Billy Van Deusen money can buy. Feature Editor ............Elaine Alexander But sometimes students seem to forget where they are eating. Perhaps it would Editorial & News Editor Jackie Albrecht make them feel more at home to eat in Sports Editor .................... Donald Sours a cafeteria th at resembled the part of Business M anagers........ Steve Milliken, the barnyard where bacon is grown. Vernon Iden, Gene Weedon, Rosemary They dash to the cafeteria, complain Young about the food, eat the food in an un mannerly form, then go outside or wand Circulation M anagers .. Joanne Witzel, e r the hrlls to disturb classes, leaving Eustace Land, Grace Tunnicliffe, the tables for someone else to clean up. F rank Rollins Many are not guilty, but the few who Exchange E d i t o r s .......... Winona Payne lose their manners will lose the liberal Barbara McHenry, Jo Ann Hemphill privileges for all. The hams who think Faculty S ponsor.....................................Mr.Macekuracutting in line is a big joke, or think that that complaining is a sign of intelligence, P hotographers............... Morton & Rolland or disturbing classes a great sport can Reporters .............. Elaine Koup, Ruthie not be tolerated. Unless these heels Bowman, Joyce Simmons, Patsy Wil are stepped on now, lunchtime will be liams, Evelyn David, Johnny Hetzer, come ju st another class. Kathleen Blake, George Weaver, Frank To avoid this a little common courtesy Rollins. must be practiced. Make sure everyone helps to clean the table, and wait patient ly in line. The food is not bad, so take Barbara Garnett Places your time and taste it. The cafeteria is a place where students can relax and In Oratorical Contest enjoy lunch, so stay there and let the other classes get something done. S trat ford is a modern school but old fashion In her first experience in public speak ed manners are not outdated. ing Barbara G arnett tied for second place in the state oratorical contest on March 7, with a boy from Charlottes ville who had won for the last three years. Bi-weekly newspaper published by the students of Stratford Junior High School, A rlington, Virginia. Printed by Universal Printers, A rlington, Virginia. Speech Classes Present Radio Play Barbara first presented her oration before Mr. Simpson’s first period class. The class gave her some helpful hints on how to improve her speech. The students of Stratford wish Barbara the best of luck and may she have even better success in future oratorical con tests. An old m ountaineer and his wife mov ed to the city. A fter th e ir first night in the new home, the wife woke up first and nudged h er husbond, A in't it about time you was getting up to build the fire, paw?” The two ninth grade speech classes pre sented a fifteen minute safety play titled “On a Bicycle Built For You,” over radio station WARL on Tuesday, M arch 13. The east consisted of Dick Mabry, Bruce Haslam, Jim Street, Stanley Richards, George Wilkes, Darlene Graham, Anne Reed, and Margie Elliott The musical background was supplied by Pat Logan. The speech classes hope to put on a play over our public address system for the entire school in the very near future. The title of this play will be, “The Em peror’s New Clothes.” Mr. Jack B. Simpson, speech and core teacher, is writing a history of Stratford, “Land sakes no, maw. We might as to be carried on from teacher to teacher well get used to these city ways right now. I’ll ju st call the fire departm ent.” | through the years. March 22, 1951 NEW FACULTY MEMBERS M arch 22, 1951 THE SICNPOST Page Three Candid Shots Taken a t Opening Ceremonies MR. KENNETH L. BOEGNER, health teacher, is one of our new faculty mem bers. He graduated from Newton High School, in Newton, Massachusetts. He later attended Boston University. One of his most interesting experiences hap pened when he was in the service. He was at the Atomic Bomb experim ental grounds on the Island of Bikini. His hob bies include knot tieing, chess, sports, and repairing old cars. This is Mr. Boegner’s first year of teaching. ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ MISS DOROTHY McCORD. core and speech teacher, came to us from Penn sylvania. She has taken over the classes of Mrs. M arjorie Boxa. Miss McCord was born in Scenery Hill, Pennsylvania. She attended West Newton High School. She later graduated from Fairm ont State College in West Virginia where she ma jored in dramatics. Miss McCord work ed at the FBI in Washington, D. C. for 14 months. * * * * MR. ROBERT VAUGHN, eighth grade shop teacher, hails from Arlington, Vir ginia. He graduated from WashingtonLee High School. He then attended the University of Maryland. He is married and has one son. His hobbies are making models, and photography. This is his first year of teaching. HOMEROOM NEWS Miss Powell’s homeroom, 8B2, is plan ning to buy a picture of Stratford Hall. They are also bringing plants to put in the windows. The president has appoint ed a committee of six to take care of the plants and the condition of the room. In the near future they hope to have a homeroom party. It is certainly hoped that the other homerooms are doing th eir share too, to improve the appearance of our lovely building. Mr. P iper’s homeroom, 7B8, has lost a member, Molly Hinshaw, who has moved to Indiana. Mr. Allman’s homeroom, 8B5, and Miss W att’s homeroom, 8B7, are going to have a swimming party shortly after Easter. Miss Groom’s homeroom, 7B7, has a new member, Paul Barton, who came from Dolly Madison Junior High School. * * * * Miss M ueller took h er ninth grade core class to the Washington Post build ing on February 21. The class learned the process of publishing a newspaper. The students were then guided through the entire building. They were given a series of slides on newspapers. Claude M. Richmond, principal, greets Governor Battle (top left) ; Evelyn Barnes and Doris Mortimer, assistant principals, and Mr. Richmond (top center) ; Dowell Howard, State Superintendent of Instruction, speaks (top right) ; Covernor Battle signs autograph (left center) ; Colin MacPherson, Chairman of Arlington County School Board, presents the key to the building to Mr. Richmond, Governor Battle looks on (center) : Senator Charles R. Fenwick speaks (right center) : William A. Early, Superintendent of Arlington Schools, speaks (bottom left) j Covernor John S. Battle makes address (bottom center) ; Candid shot of Covernor Battle and Dowell Howard (bot tom right). �Page Four THE SICNPOST March 22, 1951 School Features New Facilities The gym is the largest in Arlington schools. The floor is m arked off for bad minton, volleyball, and basketball. Note the partition in the center of the picture, it closes to make the gym into two sm aller ones. Stratford Ju nior High School is located on nine acres of ground adjoining the seven acre Old Dominion Playground, which is used for athletic activities. The total cost of the building was approxi mately $1,600,000. The gym has the largest playing floor of any of A rlington’s schools. It is divid ed off into two sm aller gyms during class periods, w ith one for the boys and one for the girls. The floor is marked off for badm inton, volleyball, and basketball. Special features of the gym include fold ing bleachers, four loudspeakers, electric scoreboard, and an observation room for the instructor. The cafeteria will seat approximately 500, but with 1,070 students enrolled it is necessary to have two lunch periods. At the end of the kitchen near the rec reation area, a window is provided into the cafeteria and another onto the te r race so th at refreshm ents may be served w ithout using the entire kitchen space. The home economics departm ent has a kitchen which contains sinks, cupboards, gas stoves, electric stoves, autom atic clothes washers, portable clothes wash ers, refrig erato rs, electric appliances and utensils. O th er features are electric and treadle sewing machines, and a com plete ly furnished living room. The a rt departm ent features doors which open from the class room on to a patio, suitable for outdoor sketching classes. At one end of the class room is a sink for easy cleaning of brushes and paint pots. N um erous cupboards for a rt supplies are built in u n der the windows. T he science rooms are the first in Ar lington th a t perm it students to perform th e ir own experim ents at th e ir desks. T here are double gas and electric con nections at each table. In th e shop are rows of work benches, each with six lockers below, with hand tools— planes, chisels, saws, ham m ers, squares, and rulers. Pow er tools include a band saw, table saw, scrollsaw, lathe, drill press, and jointer. O ther things available in the shop are drafting in stru m ents and han d icraft kits. The auditorium will seat 534 people. At the entran ce of the auditorium in the lobby is a ticket office, trophy case, fish pond, and a mezzanine w here special m eetings are held. The science room s are the first in A rlington th a t p erm it stu d e n ts to perform th e ir own exp erim en ts at th e ir desks. T here are double gas and electric connec tions at each table. S tratfo rd is th e m ost functional and best planned school in the state of V ir ginia. THE SICNPOST March 22, 1951 S tratfo rd Is Officially O pened (Continued From Page 1) Mr. Lee Paschal, President of the Wise Construction Company, presented the key to Stratford to Mr. Colin MacPherson, Chairman of A rlington County School Board, who in turn gave it to our Principal, Mr. Claude Richmond. To add an air of student participation to the ceremony the Stratford Band, Or chestra, and Girls Chorus took p a rt in the program. Reverend George F. Tittman, Rector of St. M ary’s Episcopal Church, gave the invocation and Reverend Paul R. Hunter, M inister of the Rock Spring Congrega tional Church, pronounced the benedic tion. Photo Credits P age 1—W a sh in g to n P o st P age 3—M o rto n & R o lan d P age 4—A rlin g to n S u n D uring a chem istry quiz the teacher asked a student to identify a form ula he had ju st placed on the board. Student: E r-ah I have it on the tip of my tongue. Teacher: In th a t case you had b etter spit it out, it’s nitric acid. Page Five Strafford Girls Lose to Swanson L. C. SMITH, Inc. Everything in Building Materials The Stratford girls basketball team took second in the county championship, with Dolly Madison placing first. H e atin g E quipm ent — P a in t 3330 N. W ashington Blvd. Stratford was tied w ith Madison until losing the last game w ith Swanson here in our new gym on Monday, M arch 1. The score at the end of the first half was 10-7 in favor of Swanson. A t the end of the last thrilling half, which kept the spectators on the edge of th eir seats, the score stood 18-11 with Stratford losing. Highest scorer for Stratford was Evelyn David who made 6 points. Personality Sketch Bobby Smith, eighth grade JRC presi dent, was born in Washington, D. C. Bobby has lived in A rlington most of his life. He attended Woodrow Wilson school for seven years. Bobby’s main interest is art. He likes all sports, but football is his favorite. His am bition is to be a cartographic engineer (one who makes or draws maps or charts). Bobby is a very busy boy at Stratford. He is president of his homeroom, 8B5, and is also on the C onstitution Committee. Bob by is one of those boys who is going to contribute m uch to Stratford. CLARENDON TRUST COMPANY T h e B a tik O n T h e Circle C o m p le te B a n k in g Services FRE E P A R K IN G L O T MEMBER FD IC • OWENS 7777 Cherrydale Florist “Say It With Flowers" ★ C o rsag es T h a t A re D iff e re n t 3725 Lee Highway Patronixe Our Advertisers OWens 1181 F irst F ed era l S a vin g s & L o a n A sso cia tio n O f A rlin g to n C h a rte re d by th e F ed eral G o v e rn m e n t (o r t h e p u rp o se of e n c o u ra g in g t h r i f t a n d h o m e o w n e rsh ip in th i s c o m m u n ity Savings Accounts Insured Up to $10,000.00 Dividends Paid Semi-Annually Accounts Opened With $5.00 M O N TH LY RED U C T IO N HOM E LOANS 2050 WILSON BOULEVARD CHestnut 7100 ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA OXford 0713 O p en U n til N oon S a tu r d a y s H o u rs 9 A. M . to 4 P. M . T h e S e e d M u s t B e S o w n T o G a th e r A H a r v e s t FURNITURE fo r every room in your home A t sensible prices. BOTH STORES OPEN EVERY EVENING UNTIL NINE BARNES & KIMEL CO. ARLINGTON ALEXANDRIA O p e n A S a v in g s A c c o u n t L a r g e O r S m a l l Id a l e l u m b e r c o m pa n y Plywood — Lumber — Millwork — Hardware — Paint “On Clarendon Circle” Arlington, Virginia 3200 N. Washington Blvd. — NF--------- **------------------------------. - X K = X ! g — GLebe 3100 XKT" MV---------M --W ] �THE SICNPOST Page Six TATTLER March 22, 1951 Inquiring Reporter FAD-SHIONS by Kathy Well, well, I do declare, the T attler’s here to get in people’s hair. A certain Miss W ashburn has got “those eyes” for a certain Mr. Jacobs. How about oblig ing sir? Reliable sources report that Carol W egner is wild over David Daljord. M arie Silsby has her eye on a new boy in core class. Could it be Mike Lamay? Sybil Child is looking out for Bob Reed. What happened to Susan Duley? Barbara Harrington and Mickey Mc Carthy are still going strong. Could this be love? Butch Rubble likes Sidney Tally, but she prefers Eddie Briggs. There are two boys in Mary Louis’ heart, Don Larrick and Bob Bengston. How is that cute boy that comes around grinning at Kathleen Blake in the lunch line and visa-versa? Well spring is here early and the love bug has come with it. Yes, love is grand isn’t it Paul Quintus and Jo Hutton? Bruce Reynolds would do anything for Nancy Christopher. P at Logan seems to like going with a boy named Irvin. Can you imagine who Ann Murphy is swooning about? You guessed it, none other than Marshall Brooks. Barbara Zinn didn’t want to leave W-L, could it be because of Pete Binns? El bert Jenkins likes Jean Clendening, what’s Chris Jackson going to say? John Richmond likes Carol Leatherm an, how about this Faith? Lotte Luenders seems to like her new seat in Mr. Tim berlake’s class. Who’s the cute little girl who is walking Roy Heinbuch home? A fter writing the swirl of social life, the Tattler, in complete exhaustion sits and dream s of a fondling Easter bunny. MILTON H. COMLEY Florist • Landscaping 5353 LEE H IG H W A Y One of the questions some of the girls have been asking each other is, “What are you going to wear for Easter?” The following replies have been given by some of our students. Jo Hutton — A checked suit with flare-backed jacket and a pencil slim skirt and probably red accessories. K ate Lloyd — I think I’ll wear a blue gabardine suit. Helen Calkins — A gold checked suit with a green hat and green gloves. Jane Green — A yellow organdy dress with a black velvet sash. Willie Clow — I want to get a green tweed suit, brown shoes, and purse and white hat and gloves. Lotte Lueders — A natural straw hat and bag, blue gloves, shoes, and a pink pique dress. P at Moravetz — A rose suit and a beige hat and coat, brown gloves and alligator shoes, and purse. * * * * This time a poem was contributed for the girls. Here goes; Lipstick, rouge, all sorts of stuff, You would think our girls weren’t pretty enough. They lick it, suck it, and sm ear it on thick. The way they do it makes me sick. A fter watching one girl, their secret I found. Their beauty is bought for a dollar downtown. * * * Our question for this issue is, “How do you like the early school hours?” Dale Kennedy — If you can make it out of bed it’s all right. Stanley Richards — I think they are fine. Pete Ward — It’s too early. Joan Chase — They are fine, but I miss the W-L kids. Betty Paterson — They’re all right if you can stay awake through the sixth period. Bobbie G arnett — All you have to do is ask my teachers, as they keep asking me why my eyes are closed. Richard August — I don’t like them because I miss my beauty sleep. Bill Franklin — I don’t like getting up at 6:30 in the morning. Carolyn Kennedy — I like it but the classes are too long. L ennart Koneczny — I think we should have another half hour sleep and go to school later. John Kaparakis — I t’s hard to get used to the early morning classes. Johnny Farris — I like it because I get home in time to serve my papers. 8 x 1 0 prints can be bought of any picture on page 3 for $1 each. tsonkfyn’s IFforisf * Short and Sweet: Some of the boys loud gym shorts . . . Anne Reed’s black bow tie . . . Those "catty” fourescent jackets . . . Pricilla Cheek’s matching plaid hat and skirt . . . The ultra-sheer cotton and nylon blouses we have been seeing at parties. Arlington, Virginia Member Florist Telegraph Delivery Association • 2046 WILSON BOULEVARD Arlington, Virginia C H e stn u t 3233 O X fo rd 4141 BUY THE SICNPOST Miller & Wrenn "A rlin g to n ’s Sm artest” F u r n itu r e 2217-21 N. Pershing Drive Arlington, Virginia OWens 4343 • JAckson 8-6999 A R L I N G T O N T R U S T C O M P A N Y , INC. A R L IN G T O N , V IR G IN IA COMMERCIAL ACCOUNTS SAFE DEPOSIT BOXES SAVINGS ACCOUNTS ACCOUNTS OF INDIVIDUALS AND CORPORATIONS INVITED MEMBER FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION FEDERAL, ST A T E AND COUNTY D EPO SITARY ROSSLYN BRANCH 2029 North Moore Street MATN OFFICE NAVY FACILITY 1515 North Courthouse Road Arlington Navy Annex � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Signpost", Stratford Junior High School, Arlington, Virginia, Vol. 1, No. 8, March 22, 1951. 4 pages. Description An account of the resource Issue includes "Stratford Is Officially Opened", candid photos at opening ceremonies, new facilities and school activities. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington County Public Schools, Stratford Junior High School Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_2_1_15 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/c8b8b5158885576cfeb903aefc109759.pdf 5b663d8264a44b5435267bcc4a8c1b9d PDF Text Text Vol. 1, No. 4 STRATFORD JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL, ARLINGTON, V IR G IN IA January 19, 1951 Mew School Nears Completion School Plant Offers Best In Educational Planning Stratford Junior High School is lo cated on nine acres of ground adjoining th e seven acre Old Dominion Playground, which will be used for athletic activities. The total cost of the building and fur nishings will be $1,676,909. The con tra c t calls for its completion on Febru ary 7. The above picture shows the back of th e building as it appears from Old Do minion Drive. On the left hand side (not in picture) is the home economics de partm ent, which is on the top floor. It consists of a complete house including living room, dining room, and kitchen. Below the home economics departm ent is the main gym which is equipped with a sliding door which closes it off into two gyms during class periods, making one side for boys and one for girls. During games the doors will be opened to make one large gym. The floor is marked off for badminton, volleyball, and basket ball. Special features of the gym include folding bleachers, built-in loudspeakers, electric scoreboard, and an observation room for the instructor. Beneath the large gym is the auxiliary gym for danc ing and exercises, and the locker rooms. The ultram odern cafeteria is also on the left. The three floors in the middle of the picture are class rooms. There are thirtythree class rooms of which twelve are exceptionally large. In the center of the building is the modern library and office. There will also be guidance offices and a full time nurse. The halls are twelve feet wide with built-in lockers. On the right hand side of the picture are the instrumental music rooms, which are on the first floor. Underneath the music rooms, in the basement, is the shop. The shop is completely sound proof. In back of the music rooms is the audi torium, which will seat 534 people. The auditorium will be closed off from the rest of the building when it is not in use during school hours. It will also be closed off to keep people out of the building when it is used outside of school hours. At the entrance of the auditorium is a ticket office, trophy case, fish pond, and a mezzanine where special meetings will be held. Stratford is the most functional and best planned school in the state of Vir ginia. �Page Two Action Taken To Develop Point System Due to the rum ors going around school about points, true facts have been se cured from the chairman of the Faculty Points System Committee. The commit tee consists of nine members who are: Mr. Richmond, principal; Mr. Allman, chairman; Mr. Hullet, Mr. Orbell, Mr. Druckenmiller, Mr. Francis, Miss Blakemore, Mrs. Thorne, and Mrs. Thompson. It will be in the latter part of March or maybe April before the system will be underway. The reason for the delay is because the committee must translate other schools’ points to our own system. For example Swanson uses the 1,000 point system. They must find out how many Swanson points are in one of ours. This must also be done for the other schools. A county wide point system would mean that you could transfer from one school to another, without harming your points one way or another. How ever, it will be about two years before the system is working correctly. The rea son for this is because most of the eighth and ninth grade students have had a chance to earn points at other schools, and the seventh graders haven’t. At the present time it is thought that 100 points will be needed for a school letter. Instead of having several letters for services, athletics, and so forth there will be ju st one. There will be an insig nia such as a football for a football player. A fter a student earns one letter, additional points will be given toward a bar or star or something similar. The boys on the football squad who received certificates will receive a school letter as soon as they are available. The stu dents who were on other teams will re ceive points. L et’s all get to work and earn our school letter. Hall Patrols Tour New Building On Friday, January 5, thirty-three members of the hall patrol went on a tour through the new building. This tour was conducted by Mr. Richard Muller, superintendent of the school. Faculty members accompanying the patrols were Mr. Claude Richmond, principal; Mrs. Doris M ortimer, assistant principal; and Mr. Roger Hicks, sponsor. The purpose of this tour was to acquaint the patrols with the building so they will be able to help you find your class when we move over there next month. THE SIGNPOST Homeroom News The Signpost perfect subscription award was given to Mrs. Armstrong’s 7A1 homeroom class. A check for three dollars was proudly presented to the class by the Signpost. 7A1 homeroom had a Christmas party on December 18 at the Arlington County Recreation House on Washington Blvd. 8A2, Miss Powell’s homeroom class, had a skating party on Friday, January 12 at Riverside. Editor’s Note; It may not be known that the poems that appeared in the first issues of The Signpost were w ritten by Judy Van Schaick, a student in Mr. Allman’s journalism class. Judy has re cently moved to California with her family. We wish to thank Judy for her fine poetry. Stratford Drops Opening Game A rough and ready Paul Junior High team set back the Stratford quintet in th eir opening game of the '51 season. Control of the backboards was the de ciding factor as the three six footers of Paul rebounded success.ully throughout the game. The first quarter saw Paul sweep into the lead with Bob Childress being the only Stratford player to score. Mid-way in the second quarter S trat ford forged into the lead by a 12-10 score. Co-captains Dick Mabry and Pete Ward were intsrum ental in this surge into the lead but by the time the half ended Paul was once more in the lead 14-13. Stratford was rocked on its heels in the third quarter as Paul went on into a lead th at it never relinquished. Trailing 25-16 the Stratford squad once again spurted and Paul themselves leading by only 27-25. A last minute goal cinched the game and Stratford found themselves on the short end of a 29-25 score. Scoring honors for Stratford went to Childress and Kennedy with six each. Scoring for Stratford went as follows; Forwards-Moles (3), Jacobs (1), Ward (4), and Mabry (2); Centers-Hockersmith •0), and Davis (0); Guards-Childress (6), Hetzer (2), Kennedy <6), and Whetzel (1). Scoring by Q uarters 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Final 9 5 7 8 29 5 8 3 9 25 January 19, 1951 January 19, 1951 Winter Riding Now Possible At Alexandria Stratford Spots by ALVINA EREN Mrs. William Dillon’s riding classes, held at Hayfield Farm, in Fairfax, will go on thru rain, sleet and snow this winter. Bad weather riding is made pos sible by virtue of a large inside riding arena. Nice weather will find the rugged x-iders in the open, enjoying Hryfield’s rolling acres. Mrs. Dillon stresses th at she is interested in accepting students who are interested in becoming fine riders, with a view to a good turn out for the annual spring horse show. Applications will be accepted until Jan. 23 for the winter semester. For infor mation telephone OVei'look 3895. Field Trip Briefs . . . Students of Stratford have been con tinuing their field trips. Finding them .nteresting and educating, they visited Washington and Arlington County. Am~ng the places that have been visit ed are Stratfoi'd Hall and Wakefield in Westmoi-eland County, Virginia. Mrs. Armstrong took her 7A1 and 7A3 core classes to see the colonial homes at Stratford Hall and Wakefield on Nov. 21. There they found excellent subjects for their st.,dy of Home Life in Early Amex-ica. On Dec. 7, Mr. Atkins and his science class went to the Naval Observatory in Washington. This trip was to find out the correct time in the United States and to furnish important information about the sun and the moon. Ch'natown in the District of Columbia was visited by Mrs. Baxa’s core class on Dec. 19. The Core class had lunch at the Cathay Restaurant. Chow Mein, Chop Suey, and some American dishes were served. Pep Rally Held On January 5, Stratford held its bigte s t pep rally of the season. The cheer leaders with Barbara G arnett directing did many of their cheers with the whole student body. Some of the cheers includ ed T-E-A-M, The Term and The Coach, and Two Bits. Mr. Druckenmiller inti'oduced the basketball team to the student body. We all wish them luck for the com ing season and hope they can secui'e the County Basketball Championship for Stratfoi'd. Page Three THE SIGNPOST —Photo by Mi Iliken. Lee's Birthday Observed Today Today is the hundred-forty-fourth birthday of one of Vii'ginia’s greatest men, Gen eral Robei-t E. Lee. He was born on January 19, 1807 at Sti'atford Hall, the home of the Lee family and the place for which our school is named. It was the home of many famous Lees, including “Light Horse” Harry, and two signers of th e Declara tion of Independence, Richard Henry and Lightfoot Henry. Robert E. Lee lived at Stratford for only four years, but it remained in his family until it was sold in 1829. R obert E. Lee x-eceived his education at Alexandria and later became a graduate of West Point. He married a descendant of Martha Washington in 1831. He had seven children. Lee spent many years of his life working on the defenses of the Nation. He ser ved in the Mexican War in 1846 and won much praise, plus several promotions for his bravery and skill. He also sei-ved with the Cavah-y against the Indians. He was for a short tim e superintendent of West Point. When Virginia seceeded from the Union he was offered a position in the Federal army, but he declined and went with his home state. Hei-e he worked his way up to commandei’-in-chief of the Confedei'ate Army. For sevex-al years the South, thi-ough his leadeiship. defended itself against the overpowering North. With an army of 80,000 he could stop a Federal ai’my of 180,000 with heavy casualties to the Union troops. But at last, being outnumbered and war-weary, he surrendered on April 9, 1865 to General Gi-ant at Appomattox. Dismissed of a chai-ge of treason through Gi'ant’s influence, he became pi-esident of Washington-Lee College. He served there until his death in 1870. He always took an interest in the welfare of his men, w hether on the battlefield or as supei’intendent at West Point. Stratford Hall is owned by Robert E. Lee Memorial Foundation, Inc. who pur chased it in 1929 to restore and preserve this 1100 acre plantation. Guides show visi tors the house and grounds from 9.00 to 5:30 every day in the year except December 25. Admission is 50 cents for adults and 25 cents for children, with a special price of 25 cents for adults and 15 cents for children in groups of twenty-five or more. Our school may well be proud of a name connected with this famous family and plantation. The Green Bay Packers won their fifth professional football title by troucing the New Yoi'k Giants, 27-0, before 32,000 at Milwaukee. THE DEFENSE ATTORNEY was sum ming up. “The man who l-obbed that bank was a genius,” he told th e jury. “His every move was clevei-ly planned. Now will you please take a good look at the defendant?” Tennessee beat Aubuirn, 7-0, to finish its grid season unbeaten, untied, and unseored on. READ THE SIGNPOST ELEVEN YEARS AGO (1939) One of Arlington County’s most suc cessful teachers is Stratford’s Mrs. Dicie Armstrong. A native Virginian, she has traveled extensively in North America, but has always called Arlington her home. Some time ago Mrs. Armstrong had the opportunity to have a 6 weeks tour in the United States, Canada and Mexico, Some of th e highlights of this tour were the Grand Canyon and Yellowstone Na tional P ark whose scenic beauty impress ed h er greatly. Mrs. A rm strong has attended Madison State Teachers College, George Wash ington, and U niversity of Virginia. She has had experience teaching grades one through eight, but says she prefers seventh grade. One of h er interesting hobbies is the collecting of antique furniture and sil ver. H er beautiful home reflects her art of interior decorating which is another of her hobbies. It is rum ored the new suit she has ju s t bought was purchased to match her new convertible. Those of us who have had the good fortune to study English under her will always appreciate h er understanding ways. SIX YEARS AGO (1944) Glenn Davis raced 50 yards to score one of the touchdowns as Army walloped Navy, 23-7, for its ninth victory of the year. TWO YEARS AGO (1948) In a driving snowstorm at Shibe Park, Philadelphia, th e Eagles won the NFL title over the Chicago Cardinals by a 7-0 margin. Steve Van Buren scored in the fourth quarter. Poet's Corner Listen my children And you shall hear Of the Signpost calling In every ear There are fashions for girls And movies too The T attler unfurls Choice whisperings for you T here’s news for all For every you and you So answer the call �THE SIGNPOST Page Four . Platter Parade by Ruthie Bowman by Evelyn David Here are the ten top tunes as picked by our stafT. Do you think this should be the order of these tunes? In first place is “Tennessee Waltz” by Patti Page. Second is “My H eart Cries for You” by Vic Damone. Third, by all means, is “The Thing” by Phil Hairis. Fourth, an old tune brought back, is "Thinking of you,” which is a very pretty number. Fifth place goes to that very clever song “You’re Ju st in Love” by Perry Como and the Fontaine Sisters. "H arbor Lights” comes in sixth with quite a few different versions. “Oh, Babe” that song with rhythm comes in seventh, su n j by Kate Star. “I’ll Never Be Free,” hillbilly style, is eighth. In ninth place we have "Nevertheless,” another old song brought back, composed by the old re liable Ruby and Kalmar who also com posed “Thinking of You.” Last of all a beautiful song by Bing Crosby, “All My Love.” T in t's just about it. How do you like it? STAFF Editor-in-C hief............Billy Van Deusen Feature E d ito r..............Elaine Alexander Editorial & News Editor . Jackie A lbrecht Sports Editor .......................Donald Sours Business M anagers........ Steve Milliken, Vernon Iden, Gene Weedon Circulation Managers .. Joanne Witzell, Eustace Land, Grace Tunnecliffe, Frank Rollins Loafers and oxfords are still the boys’ favorites. Some, however go out for rid ing boots with chains and what-nots on them. Those fluorescent colors in char treuse. blue and orange are back again, this time in shoestrings. E ither Jane Green or Tommy Hackersmith has the doubtful honor of starting this fad. P hotographer.................. Stuckey Studio Faculty Sponsor ................................... Mr.Macekura R e p o r te r s .............. Winona Payne, Jo Ann Hemphill, Priscilla Welbon, Ev Our Hall Patrols have the thankless elyn David, Barbara McHenry, Kathjob of keeping order in the halls. They lene Blake, Ruthie Bowman. must attend many meetings and take being pushed around for granted. We will all reach our classes safely and more quickly if a little cooperation is shown our patrols. If everyone ran down Newspapers are more than folded, the halls disregarding the hall patrols printed sheets of paper that are sold on serious accidents could result. corners and thrown on your front For these reasons it is necessary for us porches. A newspaper is a living thing, all to obey and cooperate with the Hall sometimes more alive than you or I. Patrols to make their thankless duty a It is made of human lives, human tears little easier. and fears. It is made of children and adults, teachers and lawyers, laborers and clergymen. The Signpost, to the SIX YEARS AGO (1944) staff, means: Harold G reen (left defeated Rocky Graziano in 10 rounds before a crowd of S— Sound, strong minds and bodies 10,237 at Madison Square Garden. to collect and print the best. I—Interest in everyone, his strength and weakness. G—G rit to work for and seek the ^9onf?fyn’s eftorisf truth. N—News—the events that concern all Member Florist Telegraph the people. P—Pride in each word we print. Delivery Association O—Objectiveness in reporting and printing the news that is free from p re • judice and intolerance. 2046 WILSON BOULEVARD S— Sincerity and honesty as guiding Arlington, Virginia principles. T—T ruth without which th ere is no C H e stn u t 3233 O X fo rd 4111 freedom, liberty, or democracy. This Christmas seems to have been a very merry one for all Stratfordites. L et’s see what Santa Claus left for us in the way of clothes. A Thankless Job Shirley Thompson got a grey blouse and an attractive blue plaid skirt. Diane Stocking has been wearing those silk neck scarfs she got for Xmas. That pretty gray wool dress Sherrie Jam es was wear ing was a Christmas gift. Santa left Eva Markwood an orange blouse and a grey checked skirt. Mary Morrison was a little surprised at some of her presents. She got four pairs of angora gloves! A NEWSPAPER Susan Goulett found a beautiful purple tweed twin sweater set in her Xmas stocking. Lottie Lueders got a sweater in a heavenly shade of lavender. Well, the feature editor is hot on my heels, so I ’ll have to close my wardrobe warblings, now. Ip D Q O O O O O O e O O O S O D C X Ij I OLD DOMINION BANK jj .. Three locations To Serve You X jlj jj jj jlj 2926 COLUMBIA PIKE 3555 LEE HICHWAY 4254 FAIRFAX DRIVE JL V A M o m h er O f T h e F e d e ra l R e s e r v e In s u r a n c e F o r p a r a t io n J. V jlj jj Inquiring Reporter A fter great deliberations on the part of two eminent scholars of Stratford; the following question came to light. “What was your New Year’s resolution?” The red-faced students began to stammer: Johnny Hetzer—Not to give my teach ers a hard time. Ann Reed—To be sweet to Warren. Bobby Brown—To eat twice as much. Ruthie Myers—To go steady with Ed die Drecher. Johnny Blush—To do as much in Typ ing class as Joe Martina does. Jackie Albrecht—Go on a diet. Mary McKinely—Not to like Don Moy er. Barbara Harrington—To be one jump ahead of the clock. Elbert Jenkins—Start liking Ann Reed. C H E R R Y D A L E D RU G S T O R E | j X School Supplies— Fountain Service— Cosmetics 3922 Lee High way DitC 3UC A rlin g to n , Virginia DitC r a te ix k : r x tc rx tc ALLCRAFT CYCLE SHOP The time was twelve-ten as I left home for the last day of school in 1950. As I walked along, I dreamed of those glor ious, well not so glorious days in school. My mind was still in a cloud when I started to cross my neighbors back yard. But suddenly, I jerked back to the pres ent. Before me, blocking my way was a chicken, no, a rooster, but what's the difference. In algebra, I was taught to state my problem clearly and then look it over. Well, my problem stated itself with a crow, as I looked it over. “How can I get around this obstacle without getting pecked?” I asked myself. (A previous experience taught me that the thing would peck!) It seemed that the answer would never come, so taking a new grip on myself and keeping my tru s ty algebra book handy, I started bravely forward. As I drew closer, the rooster started to edge in with his head cocked to one side. This I knew to be his method of attack. Quick as a flash he darted in— but I was ready. I waved the book in front of his face. I stopped him for a moment, but that moment was all I needed, I dash ed past. But—oops—dropped my Latin book. I stopped to pick it up, while again the chicken moved in. This time I was not quite ready and I barely missed being pecked. The chicken’s beak and my alge bra book connected with a crack which left a dent in my book, to sperk nothing of the flattened condition of his beak. By this time my neighbor roused from her after-lunch nap, by the commotion, came to the door. I glanced up. and with out listening to what she had to say (putting it frankly) I lit out. I had had hopes of the chicken be ing eaten for my neighbor's Christmas dinner—but no such luck. Schwinn & English Bicycles Repairs - Service - Accessories 313610TH STREET • OWENS 4464 Stuckey Studio* Portrait & Commercial Photography N. GARFIELD ST. at IFILSON BLVD. C H estnut 4877 CLARENDON TRUST COMPANY T he B a n k On T h e Circle C o m p lete B a n k in g Services FREE P A R K IN G L O T MEMBER FD IC • OWENS 7777 Miller & Wrenn " A rlin g to n ’s Sm artest” F u r n itu r e 2217-21 N. Pershing Drive Arlington, Virginia OWens 4343 • JAckson 8-6999 S U B S C R IB E TO TH E SIG N P O ST Cherrydale Florist A R L I N G T O N T R U S T C O M P A N Y , INC. “Say It With Flowers” A R L IN G T O N . V IR G IN IA ★ C orsages T h a t A re D iffe re n t X Page Five CHICKEN In this issue the limelight is turned on shoes. As usual, saddle oxfords and loaf ers are tops with the girls. Also suede oxfords or loafers with crepe soles are being seen here and there. At the par ties during the holiday season, black suede prevailed over everything. High and semi-high heels are being worn more and more. The conduct of Straford students at the bus stops is fast becoming a major issue here at school to both pupils and teachers. Valuable property has been, and is being, destroyed for no good re ason. This fault does not lie with every one, but everyone will share the bad name our school will receive if such con duct continues. The reputation we are making for ourselves now will live on for many years, and it must not be one of vandalism and destructiveness. When at the bus stops, we must rem em ber th at we are on private property, and must have enough self-respect to practice selfcontrol for the little time we must be there. No. 4 We hope THE SIGNPOST will continue to grow into the finest expression of the faculty and student body. It can grow only if everyone shares in the task of supporting and encouraging the staff. The Signpost is your paper, it will reflect you and you alone, therefore, give it a good start and subscribe. THE SICNPOST by Kathy Bi-weekly newspaper published by the students of Stratford Jun io r High School, Arlington, Virginia. Printed by Universal Printers, Arlington Virginia. J a n u a ry 19, 1951 January 19, 1951 Fad-shions A Major Issue W at Yol. 1 January 19, 1951 ★ 3725 Lee Highway OWens 1181 COMMERCIAL ACCOUNTS SAFE DEPOSIT BOXES SAVINGS ACCOUNTS ACCOUNTS OF INDIVIDUALS AND CORPORATIONS INVITED MEMBER FEDERAL DEPOSIT IN S I RANGE CORPORATION FEDERAL. ST A T E AND COUNTY DEPOSITARY ROSSLYN BRANCH 2029 North Moore Street MAIN OFFICE NAVY FACILITY 1515 North Courthouse Road Arlington Navy Annex �Page Six January 19, 1951 THE SIGNPOST TATTLER The tattler has heard that the New Year has entered. That is news. The same old faces, the same headlines, the same world, so, with great glee the ta ttle r makes a resolution, To Be Heard B ut Not Seen. The new list of romantic ravings be gins with Dick Davis and Ann Gosnell, A rt E berdt and Anne Reed, Bruce Reynolds and Sherrie James. Winkie Gordon received a note from Elsie Dutrow, well. Barbara Hull has her eyes on Roy Heinbuch, well, what’s the response, Roy? Among the list of steadies are Jane Green and Don Lancaster, Bobbie Railey and Don Smith, and last but not least, Susan Goulett and Billy Creekmore. What’s in the meeting Jack Cornwell and K arren Brock have between first and second periods? A fairly new couple around school is Doug Corbin and Mary Hunter. Betty Paterson, Bert Ankeney and Diane Stocking, Ross Fletcher were at Margo Mann’s house Sunday night. Who was with Margo? None other than Bubs Ankeney. This is getting good! Jackie Albrecht seems to think more of W-L boys than our Stratfordites. Could it be because of Jeff Lindsey? Ann Swain’s hook and line is out for Art Eberdt. Pat Hackney and Bob Bengston have eyes only for each other. Have Jay Foxwell and Joan Atkins met Dick Mabry yet? Mary Ann Morrison and Jan Dykeman are still going strong. Larry Yeatman and Jean Branner seem like two love birds in a cage. Did you notice Johnny Ferris has had eyes for Joddie Dunman? What tall, black-haired boy and what small, blond cheerleader are getting along fine? Tommy and Jo seem almost inseparable. Pete Shepard sits in Math class swooning over Joyce Simmons. Betty Wilson finally found in the Lost and Found what she wanted, Jimmy Pollard! Did you see Nancy Corson and Frank Hudnor sitting in the bus? L arry Bohnert and Libby Griffith are laughing at each others jokes. Cecil Duncan looks only David Kelley’s way. David Daljord is just wild over Carole Wegner. Sonny Carrera seems to be the only lone wolf in the class. Jim Coleman and Anne Murphy are supposedly secretly in love. Did you hear the sweet stories Molly Hinshaw is telling—well, you know who. Betty Jameson had better have a split personality to be able to suit both Danny Long and Kenny Colton. The T attler closes this column with joy for the dream joy now approaches. C L A S S IF IE D A D S TV TALK If you want to buy, sell, trade, or have rost or found something place a Classi fied Ad in THE SIGNPOST. The cost is only 2c per word. The following ads were used by some of our satisfied cus tomers. WANTED: Five strong, able bodied boys with some knowledge of a game called basketball. Report to Coach Druck enmiller, in the gym. WANTED: Bright, intelligent student to test electric chairs. Apply Warden Lawes, San Quentin. FOR SALE: ’33 Buick, one door sedan (needs body work) slight knock in motor is ju st a mechanic trying to get out. FOR SALE: Coat. Never been used. Lump over shoulder is tailor still working on it. FOR RENT: One Shanty in Old Shanty Town, complete with hot and cold running rats. Private bath-tub, on most occasions. Bud Abbott and Lou Costello have signed a contract with NBC-TV to replace M artin & Lewis on “Comedy Hour” some time this month. A fter this they will oc cupy the vacancy of Fred Allen on the same show. . . Spike Jones will “spike” TV with an appearance in the near future . . . Folk singer Burl Ives will make a series of fairy tales for TV . . . W alt Disney believes the preview of “Alice in W onderland” presented on TV Christmas Day will do wonders for the film’s box office . . . Milton Berle has returned after a two week vacation . . . The ten top TV shows in the Hooperatings for December are: “Texaco Star Theatre,” "Fireside Theatre,” “Godfrey’s T alent Scouts,” Toast of the Town,” “Cactus Jim ,” “Man Against Crime,” “Mama,” “Philco Tele vision Playhouse," “Lights Out," and “Your Show of Shows.” If you want to place a Classified Ad in THE SIGNPOST see Mr. Macekura in room 307. TWO YEARS AGO (1948) Southern Cal held Notre Dame’s un beaten, untied team to a 14-14 deadlock at the Coliseum in Los Angeles. TH E Q U A L IT Y SH O P Movie Highlights by Barbara McHenry N ationally K now n M en’s W ear “Watch the Birdie” is a comedy con cerning a camera store owner (Red Skel ton) who in trying to meet his bills, tries his hand at taking newsreel pictures to earn the extra money. In one incident he goes to take pictures of the christening of a yacht, but he has an accident and in this way meets his love interest of the picture (Arlene Dalh). In this movie Red gets into trouble with some gangsters, because he had taken movies of two men planning to wreck someone’s business. There are many humorous incidents in this film and it is recommended for the whole family. Wilson Bird, & Ar. H ighland St. A R L IN G T O N % \ 7 R G IN IA POLLOCK REFRIGERATION COMPANY An I horized Frigidaire Sales & Service 2900 WILSON BLVD. Arlington, Virginia First F ederal Savings & L oan Association O f A rlinglon C h a rtered by th o F ederal G o v ern m en t for th e purpose of en co u rag in g th r if t a n d hom e ow nership in th is c o m m u n ity Savings Accounts Insured Up to $10,000.01) Dividends Paid Semi-Annually Accounts Opened IT’ith So.00 MONTHLY REDUCTION HOME LOANS 2050 WIL’ ON BOULEVARD - ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA H ours 9 A. M. to 4 P. M L Open U ntil Noon S a tu rd a y s Giles I nut 7100 T h o S p e d M u s t H r S o tvn T o G a th e r A H o rvest OXford 0713 O p e n A S a v in g s A c c o u n t L a rg e O r S m a ll � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Signpost", Stratford Junior High School, Arlington, Virginia, Vol.1, No. 4, January 19, 1951. 4 pages. Description An account of the resource Issue includes information on new school building and school activities Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington County Public Schools, Stratford Junior High School Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_2_1_7 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/9106bb363dc7feb33f5e2143d5fe517e.pdf b0f67733adcdd5b09c20b1a7beeec995 PDF Text Text STRATFORD JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL, ARLINGTON, V IR G IN IA January 19, 1951 New School Nears Completion School Plant Offers Best In Educational Planning Stratford Junior High School is lo cated on nine acres of ground adjoining the seven acre Old Dominion Playground, which will be used for athletic activities. The total cost of the building and fu r nishings will be $1,676,909, The con tract calls for its completion on Februrry 7. The above picture shows the back of the building as it appears from Old Do minion Drive. On the left hand side (not in picture) is the home economics de partm ent,. which is on the top floor. It consists of a complete house including living room, dining room, and kitchen. Below the home economics departm ent is the main gym which is equipped with a sliding door which closes it off into two gyms during class periods, making one side for boys and one for girls. During games the doors will be opened to make one large gym. The floor is marked off for badminton, volleyball, and basket ball. Special features of the gym include folding bleachers, built-in loudspeakers, electric scoreboard, and an observation room for the instructor. Beneath the large gym is the auxiliary gym for danc ing and exerc'ses, and the locker rooms. The ultram odern cafeteria is also on the left. The three floors in the middle of the picture are class rooms. There are thirtythree class rooms of which twelve are exceptionally large. In the center of the building is the modern library and office. There will also be guidance offices and a full time nurse. The halls are twelve feet wide with built-in lockers. On the right hand side of the picture are the instrum ental music rooms, which are on the first floor. U nderneath the music rooms, in the basement, is the shop. The shop is completely sound proof. In back of the music rooms is the audi torium, which will seat 534 people. The auditorium will be closed off from the rest of the building when it is not in use during school hours. It will also be closed off to keep people out of the building when it is used outside of school hours. At the entrance of the auditorium is a ticket office, trophy case, fish pond, and a mezzanine where special meetings will be held. Stratford is the most functional and best planned school in the state of Vir ginia. �JPage Two THE SIGNPOST Action Taken To Develop Point System Due to the rum ors going around school about points, tru e facts have been se cured from the chairman of the Faculty Points System Committee. The commit tee consists of nine members who are: Mr. Richmond, principal; Mr. Allman, chairm an; Mr. Hullet, Mr. Orbell, Mr. Druckenmiller, Mr. Francis, Miss Blakemore, Mrs. Thorne, and Mrs. Thompson. It will be in the latter p art of March or maybe April before the system will be underway. The reason for the delay is because the committee must translate other schools’ points to our own system. For example Swanson uses the 1,000 point system. They must find out how many Swanson points are in one of ours. This must also be done for the other schools. A county wide point system would mean that you could transfer from one school to another, w ithout harming your points one way or another. How ever, it will be about two years before the system is working correctly. The rea son for this is because most of the eighth and ninth grade students have had a chance to earn points at other schools, and the seventh graders haven’t. At the present tim e it is thought th at 100 points will be needed for a school letter. Instead of having several letters for services, athletics, and so forth there will be ju st one. There will be an insig nia such as a football for a football player. A fter a student earns one letter, additional points will be given toward a bar or star or something similar. The boys on the football squad who received certificates will receive a school letter as soon as they are available. The stu dents who were on other teams will re ceive points. L et’s all get to work and earn our school letter. Hall Patrols Tour New Building On Friday, January 5, thirty-three members of the hall patrol went on a tour through the new building. This tour was conducted by Mr. Richard Muller, superintendent of the school. Faculty members accompanying the patrols were Mr. Claude Richmond, principal; Mrs. Doris Mortimer, assistant principal; and Mr. Roger Hicks, sponsor. The purpose of this tour was to acquaint the patrols with the building so they will be able to help you find your class when we move over there next month. Homeroom News The Signpost perfect subscription award was given to Mrs. Armstrong’s 7A1 homeroom class. A check for three dollars was proudly presented to the class by the Signpost. 7A1 homeroom had a Christmas party on December 18 at the Arlington County Recreation House on Washington Blvd. 8A2, Miss Powell’s homeroom class, had a skating party on Friday, January 12 at Riverside. Editor’s Note: It may not be known th at the poems that appeared in the first issues of The Signpost were w ritten by Judy Van Schaick, a student in Mr. Allman’s journalism class. Judy has re cently moved to California with her family. We wish to thank Judy for her fine poetry. Stratford Drops Opening Game A rough and ready Paul Junior High team set back the Stratford quintet in their opening game of the ’51 season. Control of the backboards was the de ciding factor as the three six footers of Paul rebounded successfully throughout the game. The first quarter saw Paul sweep into the lead with Bob Childress being the only Stratford player to score. Mid-wry in the second quarter S trat ford forged into the lead by a 12-10 score. Co-captains Dick Mabry and Pete Ward were intsrum ental in this surge into the lead but by the tim e the half ended Paul was once more in the lead 14-13. Stratford was rocked on its heels in the third quarter as Paul went on into a lead that it never relinquished. Trailing 25-16 the Stratford squad once again spurted and Paul themselves leading by only 27-25. A last minute goal cinched the game and Stratford found themselves on the short end of a 29-25 score. Scoring honors for Stratford went to Childress and Kennedy with six each. Scoring for Stratford went as follows: Forwards-Motes (3), Jacobs (1), Ward (4), and Mabry (2); Centers-Hockersmith (0) , and Davis (0); Guards-Childress (6), Hetzer (2), Kennedy (6), and Whetzel ( 1 ) . Scoring by Quarters 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Final Paul 9 5 8 7 29 5 Stratford 8 3 9 25 January 19, 1951 January 19, 1951 THE SIGNPOST | Winter Riding Now Possible At Alexandria Strafford Spots by ALVINA EREN Mrs. William Dillon’s riding classes, held at Hayfield Farm, in Fairfax, will go on thru rain, sleet and snow this winter. Bad w eather riding is made pos sible by virtue of a large inside riding arena. Nice weather will find the rugged riders in the open, enjoying Hayfield’s rolling acres. Mrs. Dillon stresses that she is interested in accepting students who are interested in becoming fine riders, with a view to a good turn out for the annual spring horse show. Applications will be accepted until Jan. 23 for the w inter semester. For infor mation telephone Overlook 3695. Field Trip B r ie fs . . . Students of Stratford have been con tinuing their field trips. Finding them interesting and educating, they visited Washington and Arlington County. Among the places that have been visit ed are Stratford Hall and Wakefield in Westmoreland County, Virginia. Mrs. Armstrong took her 7A1 and 7A3 core classes to see the colonial homes at Stratford Hall and Wakefield on Nov. 21. There they found excellent subjects for their study of Home Life in Early Amer ica. On Dec. 7, Mr. Atkins and his science class went to the Naval Observatory in Washington. This trip was to find out the correct time in the United States and to furnish im portant information about the sun and the moon. Chinatown in the District of Columbia was visited by Mrs. Baxa’s core class on Dec. 19. The Core class had lunch at the Cathay Restaurant. Chow Mein, Chop Suey, and some American dishes were served. Pep Rally Held On January 5, S trat'o rd held its big gest pep rally of the season. The cheer leaders with Barbara G arnett directing did many of their cheers with the whole student body. Some of the cheers includ ed T-E-A-M, The Term and The Coach, and Two Bits. Mr. Druckenmiller intro duced the basketball team to the student body. We all wish them luck for the com ing season and hope they can secure the County Basketball Championship for Stratford. Page Three Lee's Birthday Observed Today Today is the hundred-forty-fourth birthday of one of Virginia’s greatest men. Gen eral Robert E. Lee. He was born on January 19, 1807 at Stratford Hall, th e home of the Lee family and the place for which our school is named. It was the home of many famous Lees, including “Light Horse” Harry, and two signers of the Declara tion of Independence, Richard Henry and Lightfoot Henry. Robert E. Lee lived at Stratford for only four years, but it rem ained in his family until it was sold in 1829. Robert E. Lee received his education at Alexandria and later became a graduate of West Point. He m arried a descendant of M artha Washington in 1831. He had seven children. Lee spent many years of his life working on the defenses of the Nation. He ser ved in the Mexican War in 1846 and won much praise, plus several promotions for his bravery and skill. He also served with the Cavalry against the Indians. He was for a short tim e superintendent of West Point. When Virginia seceeded from the Union he was offered a position in the Federal army, but he declined and went with his home state. H ere he worked his way up to commander-in-chief of the Confederate Army. For several years the South, through his leadership, defended itself against the overpowering North. W ith an army of 80,000 he could stop a Federal army of 180,000 with heavy casualties to the Union troops. But at last, being outnumbered and war-weary, he surrendered on April 9, 1865 to G eneral G rant at Appomattox. Dismissed of a charge of treason through G rant’s influence, he became president of Washington-Lee College. He served there until his death in 1870. He always took an interest in the welfare of his men, w hether on the battlefield or as superintendent at West Point. Stratford Hall is owned by Robert E. Lee Memorial Foundation, Inc. who pur chased it in 1929 to restore and preserve this 1100 acre plantation. Guides show visi tors the house and grounds from 9:00 to 5:30 every day in the year except December 25. Admission is 50 cents for adults and 25 cents for children, w ith a special price of 25 cents for adults and 15 cents for children in groups of twenty-five or more. Our school may well be proud of a name connected with this famous family and plantation. The Green Bay Packers won their fifth professional football title by troucing the New York Giants, 27-0, before 32,000 at Milwaukee. THE DEFENSE ATTORNEY was sum ming up. “The man who robbed that bank was a genius,” he told the jury. “His every move was cleverly planned. Now will you please take a good look at the defendant?” Tennessee beat Auburn, 7-0, to finish its grid season unbeaten, untied, and un scored on. READ TIIE SIGNPOST ELEVEN YEARS AGO (1939) One of Arlington County’s m ost suc cessful teachers is Stratford’s Mrs. Dicie Armstrong. A native Virginian, she has traveled extensively in N orth America, but has always called A rlington h er home. Some tim e ago Mrs. Armstrong had the opportunity to have a 6 weeks tour in th e U nited States, Canada and Mexico, Some of th e highlights of this tour were the Grand Canyon and Yellowstone Na tional P ark whose scenic beauty im press ed her greatly. Mrs. Arm strong has attended Madison State Teachers College, George Wash ington, and University of Virginia. She has had experience teaching grades one through eight, but says she prefers seventh grade. One of her interesting hobbies is th e collecting of antique furniture and sil ver. H er beautiful home reflects h er a rt of interior decorating which is another of her hobbies. It is rum ored the new suit she has ju st bought was purchased to match her new convertible. Those of us who have had th e good fortune to study English u nder her will always appreciate h er understanding ways. SIX YEARS AGO (1944) Glenn Davis raced 50 yards to score one of th e touchdowns as Army walloped Navy, 23-7, for its ninth victory of the year. TWO YEARS AGO (1948) In a driving snowstorm a t Shibe Park, Philadelphia, th e Eagles won the NFL title over the Chicago Cardinals by a 7-0 margin. Steve Van Buren scored in the fourth quarter. Poet’s Corner Listen my children And you shall hear ! Of the Signpost callilng In every ear There are fashions fo r girls And movies too The T attler unfurls Choice whisperings for you T here’s news for all F or every you and you So answer the call And get the Signpost, too �Page Four THE SICNPOST A Major Issue jitg ttp O S t Bi-weekly newspaper published by the students of Stratford Junior High School, Arlington, Virginia. P rinted by Universal Printers, Arlington Virginia. Vol. 1 Jan u ary 19,1951 J a n u a ry 1 9 , 1 9 5 1 No. 4 STAFF Editor-in-C hief............Billy Van Deusen Feature E d ito r..............Elaine Alexander Editorial & News Editor Jackie A lbrecht Sports E d ito r......................... Donald Sours Business M anagers........ Steve Milliken, Vernon Iden, Gene Weedon Circulation Managers .. Joanne Witzell, Eustace Land, Grace Tunneclifle, F rank Rollins A Thankless Job A NEWSPAPER adults, teachers and lawyers, laborers and clergymen. The Signpost, to the staff, means: S—Sound, strong minds and bodies to collect and p rin t the best. I—Interest in everyone, his strength and weakness. G—G rit to work for and seek the truth. N—News—the events that concern all the people. P—Pride in each word we print. O—Objectiveness in reporting and printing the news that is free from pre judice and intolerance. S— Sincerity and honesty as guiding principles. T—T ruth without which there is no freedom, liberty, or democracy. We hope THE SIGNPOST will continue to grow into the finest expression of the faculty and student body. It can grow only if everyone shares in the task of supporting and encouraging the staff. The Signpost is your paper, it will reflect you and you alone, therefore, give it a good start and subscribe. SIX YEARS AGO (1944) Harold G reen (left defeated Rocky Graziano in 10 rounds before a crowd of 10,237 at Madison Square Garden. In this issue the limelight is turned on shoes. As usual, saddle oxfords and loaf ers are tops with the girls. Also suede oxfords or loafers with crepe soles are being seen here and there. At the par ties during the holiday season, black suede prevailed over everything. High and semi-high heels are being worn more and more. Loafers and oxfords are still the boys’ favorites. Some, however go out for rid ing boots with chains and what-nots on them. Those fluorescent colors in char treuse, blue and orange are back again, this time in shoestrings. E ither Jane Green or Tommy Hackersmith has the doubtful honor of starting this fad. This Christmas seems to have been a very merry one for all Stratfordites. L et’s see what Santa Claus left for us in the way of clothes. Shirley Thompson got a grey blouse and an attractive blue plaid skirt. Diane Stocking has been wearing those silk neck scarfs she got for Xmas. That pretty gray wool dress Sherrie Jam es was wear ing was a Christmas gift. Santa left Eva Markwood an orange blouse and a grey checked skirt. Mary Morrison was a little surprised at some of her presents. She got four pairs of angora gloves! Susan Goulett found a beautiful purple tweed twin sweater set in her Xmas stocking. Lottie Lueders got a sweater in a heavenly shade of lavender. Well, the feature editor is hot on my heels, so I’ll have to close my wardrobe warblings, now. tfonfrfyn’s eJforisf Member Florist Telegraph Delivery Association Page Five CHICKEN by Ruthie Bowman by Kathy Photographer ...................Stuckey Studio Faculty S ponsor.....................................Mr.Macekura Reporters ................ Winona Payne, Jo Ann Hemphill, Priscilla Welbon, Ev Our Hall Patrols have the thankless elyn David, Barbara McHenry, Kathjob of keeping order in the halls. They lene Blake, Ruthie Bowman. must attend many meetings and take being pushed around for granted. We will all reach our classes safely and more quickly if a little cooperation is shown our patrols. If everyone ran down Newspapers are more than folded, the halls disregarding the hall patrols printed sheets of paper that are sold on serious accidents could result. corners and thrown on your front For these reasons it is necessary for us porches. A newspaper is a living thing, all to obey and cooperate with the Hall sometimes more alive than you or I. Patrols to make th eir thankless duty a It is made of human lives, hum an tears little easier. and fears. It is made of children and THE SICNPOST Platter Parade Fad-shions The conduct of Straford students at the bus stops is fast becoming a m ajor issue here at school to both pupils and teachers. Valuable property has been, and is being, destroyed for no good re ason. This fault does not lie with every one, but everyone will share the bad name our school will receive if such con duct continues. The reputation we are making for ourselves now will live on for many years, and it must not be one of vandalism and destructiveness. When at the bus stops, we m ust rem em ber th at we are on private property, and must have enough self-respect to practice selfcontrol for the little time we m ust be there. J a n u a ry 1 9 , 19 5 1 by Evelyn David H ere are the ten top tunes as picked by our staff. Do you think this should be the order of these tunes? In first place is “Tennessee Waltz” by Patti Page. Second is “My H eart Cries for You” by Vic Damone. Third, by all means, is “The Thing” by Phil Harris. Fourth, an old tune brought back, is "Thinking of you,” which is a very pretty number. Fifth place goes to that very clever song “You’re Ju st in Love” by Perry Como and the Fontaine Sisters. "Harbor Lights” comes in sixth with quite a few different versions. “Oh, Babe” th at song with rhythm comes in seventh, sung by Kate Stax-. “I’ll Never Be Free,” hillbilly style, is eighth. In ninth place we have “Nevertheless,” another old song brought back, composed by the old re liable Ruby and Kalm ar who also com posed “Thinking of You.” Last of all a beautiful song by Bing Crosby, “All My Love.” That’s just about it. How do you like it? Inquiring Reporter A fter great delibei’ations on the part of two eminent scholars of Stratford; the following question came to light. “What was your New Year’s resolution?” The red-faced students began to stammer: Johnny Hetzer—Not to give my teachei's a hard time. Ann Reed—To be sweet to Warren. Bobby Brown—To eat twice as much. Ruthie Myei-s—To go steady with Ed die Drecher. Johnny Blush—To do as much in Typ ing class as Joe Martina does. Jackie Albrecht—Go on a diet. Mary McKinely—Not to like Don Moy er. Barbara H arrington—To be one jump ahead of the clock. Elbert Jenkins—S tart liking Ann Reed. ALLCRAFT CYCLE SHOP The time was twelve-ten as I left home for the last day of school in 1950. As I walked along, I dreamed of those glor ious, well not so glorious days in school. My mind was still in a cloud when I started to cross my neighbors back yard. But suddenly, I jerked back to the pres ent. Before me, blocking my way was a chicken, no, a rooster, but what’s the difference. In algebra, I was taught to state my problem clearly and then look it over. Well, my problem stated itself with a crow, as I looked it over. “How can I get around this obstacle without getting pecked?” I asked myself. (A previous experience taught me that the thing would peck!) It seemed th at the answer would never come, so taking a new grip on myself and keeping my tru s ty algebra book handy, I started bravely forward. As I drew closer, the rooster started to edge in with his head cocked to one side. This I knew to be his method of attack. Quick as a flash he darted in— but I was ready, I waved the book in front of his face. I stopped him for a moment, but that moment was all I needed, I dash ed past. But—oops—dropped my Latin book. I stopped to pick it up, while again the chicken moved in. This tim e I was not quite ready and I barely missed being pecked. The chicken’s beak and my alge bra book connected with a crack which left a dent in my book, to speak nothing of the flattened condition of his beak. By this time my neighbor roused from her after-lunch nap, by the commotion, came to the dooi\ I glanced up, and with out listening to what she had to say (putting it frankly) I lit out. I had had hopes of the chicken be ing eaten for my neighbor’s Christmas dinner—but no such luck. Schwinn & English Bicycles Repairs - Service - Accessories 3136 10TH STREET • OWENS 4464 S tu c k e y S tu d io Portrait & Commercial Photography N. GARFIELD ST. at WILSON BLVD. C H estnut 4877 CLARENDON TRUST COMPANY T he B a n k O n T h e Circle C o m p lete B a n k in g Services F RE E P A R K IN G L O T MEMBER FD IC • OWENS 7777 Miller & Wrenn "A rlin g to n 's Sm artest ” F u r n itu r e 2217-21 N. Pershing Drive Arlington, Virginia OWens 4343 • JAckson 8-6999 S U B S C R IB E TO T H E S IG N P O S T • Cherrydale Florist Arlington, Virginia C H e stn u t 3233 O X fo rd 4141 A R L I N G T O N T R U S T C O M P A N Y . INC. "Say It W ith Flow ers" 2046 W ILSO N BOULEVARD A R L IN G T O N , V IR G IN IA ★ ,X ’ -~ ~ XKI IXiC ....... ------------- w ------- 34fC C H E R R YD A LE DRUG STO R E X 3 C School Supplies— F ountain Service— Cosmetics 3922 Lee H ighw ay -« « ■ A rlin g to n , Virginia -------- IX iC ix x ----- XiC 1 C orsages T h a t A re D iffe re n t COMMERCIAL ACCOUNTS SAFE DEPOSIT BOXES SAVINGS ACCOUNTS ACCOUNTS OF INDIVIDUALS AND CORPORATIONS INVITED MEMBER FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSU RANCE CORPORATION FEDERAL, ST A T E AND COUNTY DEPOSITARY 3725 Lee Highway ROSSLYN B RA N CH M A IN O F F IC E NAYY F A C IL IT Y OWens 1181 2029 North Moore Street 1515 North Courthouse Road Arlington Navy Annex �Page Six January 19, 1951 THE SICNPOST TATTLER The tattler has heard th at the New Year has entered. That is news. The same old faces, the same headlines, the same world, so, with great glee the tattler makes a resolution, To Be Heard But Not Seen. The new list of romantic ravings be gins with Dick Davis and Ann Gosnell, A rt Eberdt and Anne Reed, Bruce Reynolds and Sherrie James. Winkie Gordon received a note from Elsie Dutrow, well. Barbara Hull has her eyes on Roy Heinbuch, well, what’s the response, Roy? Among the list of steadies are Jane Green and Don Lancaster, Bobbie Railey and Don Smith, and last but not least, Susan Goulett and Billy Creekmore. What’s in the meeting Jack Cornwell and K arren Brock have between first and second periods? A fairly new couple around school is Doug Corbin and Mary Hunter. Betty Paterson, B ert Ankeney and Diane Stocking, Ross Fletcher were at Margo Mann’s house Sunday night. Who was w ith Margo? None other than Bubs Ankeney. This is getting good! Jackie A lbrecht seems to think more of W-L boys than our Stratfordites. Could it be because of Jeff Lindsey? Ann Swain's hook and line is out for Art Eberdt. Pat Hackney and Bob Bengston have eyes only for each other. Have Jay Foxwell and Joan Atkins met Dick Mabry yet? Mary Ann Morrison and Jan Dykeman are still going strong. Larry Yeatman and Jean Branner seem like two love birds in a cage. Did you notice Johnny Ferris has had eyes for Joddie Dunman? What tall, black-haired boy and what small, blond cheerleader are getting along fine? Tommy and Jo seem almost inseparable. Pete Shepard sits in Math class swooning over Joyce Simmons. Betty Wilson finally found in the Lost and Found what she wanted, Jimmy Pollard! Did you see Nancy Corson and Frank H udnor sitting in the bus? Larry Bohnert and Libby Griffith are laughing at each others jokes. Cecil Duncan looks only David Kelley’s way. David Daljord is just wild over Carole Wegner. Sonny C arrera seems to be the only lone wolf in the class. Jim Coleman and Anne Murphy are supposedly secretly in love. Did you hear the sweet stories Molly Hinshaw is telling—well, you know who. Betty Jameson had b etter have a split personality to be able to suit both Danny Long and Kenny Colton. The T attler closes this column with joy for the dream joy now approaches. C L A S S IF IE D A D S TV TALK If you w ant to buy, sell, trade, or have rost or found something place a Classi fied Ad in THE SIGNPOST. The cost is only 2c p er word. The following ads were used by some of our satisfied cus tomers. WANTED: Five strong, able bodied boys w ith some knowledge of a game called basketball. Report to Coach Druck enmiller, in the gym. WANTED: Bright, intelligent student to test electric chairs. Apply W arden Lawes, San Quentin. FOR SALE: ’33 Buick, one door sedan (needs body work) slight knock in motor is ju st a mechanic trying to get out. FOR SALE: Coat. Never been used. Lump over shoulder is tailor still working on it. FOR RENT: One Shanty in Old Shanty Town, complete with hot and cold running rats. Private bath-tub, on most occasions. Bud Abbott and Lou Costello have signed a contract with NBC-TV to replace M artin & Lewis on “Comedy Hour” some time this month. A fter this they will oc cupy the vacancy of Fred Allen on the same show. . . Spike Jones will “spike” TV with an appearance in the near future . . . Folk singer Burl Ives will make a series of fairy tales for TV . . . Walt Disney believes the preview of “Alice in W onderland” presented on TV Christmas Day will do wonders for the film’s box office . . . Milton Berle has returned after a two week vacation . . . The ten top TV shows in the Hooperatings for December are: “Texaco Star Theatre,” “Fireside Theatre,” “Godfrey’s Talent Scouts,” Toast of the Town,” “Cactus Jim ,” "Man Against Crime,” “Mama,” “Philco Tele vision Playhouse,” "Lights Out,” and “Your Show of Shows.” If you want to place a Classified Ad in THE SIGNPOST see Mr. Macekura in room 307. TWO YEARS AGO (1948) Southern Cal held Notre Dame’s un beaten, untied team to a 14-14 deadlock at the Coliseum in Los Angeles. THE Q U A L IT Y SH O P Movie Highlights by Barbara McHenry N atio n ally K now n M en 's W ear “Watch the Birdie” is a comedy con cerning a camera store owner (Red Skel ton) who in trying to meet his bills, tries his hand at taking newsreel pictures to earn the extra money. In one incident he goes to take pictures of the christening of a yacht, but he has an accident and in this way meets his love interest of the picture (Arlene Dalh). In this movie Red gets into trouble with some gangsters, because he had taken movies of two men planning to wreck someone’s business. There are many humorous incidents in this film and it is recommended for the whole family. Wilson Blvd. & T . H ighland S t. V A R L IN G T O N , V I R G IN IA POLLOCK REFRIGERATION COMPANY A uthorized Frigidaire Sales & Service 2900 WILSON BLVD. Arlington, Virginia First F ederal Savings & L oan A ssociation O f A rlington C h a rtered by th e F ederal G> v rrn m c n t lo r th e purpose of en co u rag in g t h r if t a n d hom e ow nership in th is c o m m u n ity Savings Accounts Insured Up to $10,000.01) Dividends Paid Semi-Annually Accounts Opened II itli$',.00 MONTHLY REDUCTION HOME LOANS 2050 WILSON BOULEVARD ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA H ours 9 A. M. to 4 P. M. Open U n til Noon S a tu rd a y s CHestnut 7100 T h e S e e d M n n t lie S o tc n T o G a th e r A Ilo r r e s t OXford 0713 O p en A S a v in g * A c c o u n t L a rg e O r S m a ll � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Signpost", Stratford Junior High School, Arlington, Virginia, Vol.1, No. 4, January 19, 1951. 4 pages. Description An account of the resource Issue includes information on new school building and school activities Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington County Public Schools, Stratford Junior High School Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_2_1_8 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/584088a443dcb217f56bab256e7cd63e.pdf e801d7bc2028e1c9f02172516ca034cd PDF Text Text Vol. 1, No. 5 STRATFORD JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL, ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA Assembly Hears W.-L. Choir On January 23 Mr. Richmond intro duced the Washington-Lee Choir under the direction of Miss Florence Booker to the assembled members of Stratford. The Washington-Lee Choir began the assembly with Christmas music. The first song was “Hodie Christus Natus E st”, the second was “A Virgin Unspot ted". The last song of the first p art of the program was “God Is With Us”, an appropriate song for these troubled times. The second p art of the program in troduced the Madrigal Singers. They sang “Carol of the Bells”, and "W assail”. The third part of the program consist ed of "Break F orth”, "I Sing of a Mai den”, and “While Sheperds Watch Their Flocks.” The M adrigal Singers then sang “All Creatures Now are Merry Minded,” and in the lighter vein “John Come Kiss Me”. The choir concluded the program by singing “Cowboy Fantasy”, “Lil David” and a very lively arrangem ent of “Jingle Bells” sung by soloist Eddie Enzor with choir accompaniment. Stratford’s student body and faculty enjoyed the assembly and hopes that the Washington-Lee Choir and Miss Booker will soon return. Two Stratford Girls Attend Big Meeting Two of our students, Jean and Joan Hanger went with Mrs. Deidrich to the Future Homemakers of America county conference at Falls Church on January 20. The meeting started at ten and ended at twelve. The big topic was recreation. A fter a half-hour meeting several square dances were taught and different games were played which might come in handy at parties. Stratford F.H A. has had one meeting and others will be called when we are in the new building. The following officers were elected: Joan Hanger, president; Barbara Willi ams, vice-president; Billie Buckmaster, secretary; and Jean Hanger, treasurer. February 9, 1951 Gala Plans Being M ade For Opening Program Band to Present Concert February 11 On Friday, February 9, members of the N orthern Division of the AllState Band of Virginia will come from all over northern Virginia for a three day stay at Washington-Lee High School. While in Arlington they will hear the army band, and present a concert on Sunday, February 11. Mr. Orbell who is now musical director of W-L will be their host. There will be two bands, a concert band containing ninety-nine members and a workshop band with six ty-eight members. Mr. William A. Sheafer from Carnegie Tech will lead the concert band, and Mr. Raymond P. Linkenheim er will lead the workshop band. The workshop band will have four members from Arlington Junior High schools. They are: Jimmy Wienstein from Stratford on the french horn; Jacqueline Means of Swanson also french horn; John Shope playing trum pet and Robert Green playing clarinet, both of Thomas Jefferson. There are twelve members from Washington-Lee. Those picked for the All-State Band are the best in Virginia. This will be an excellent program, so plan to attend. Seventh Grade J R C Dance Held The seventh grade J. R. C. was held Friday night, January 26. This proved to be a very enjoyable occasion as was the last one. Season tickets were sold for $1.50 and will enable the buyer to attend all other seventh grade J. R. C. dances. A ticket for one dance is 35 cents. The dance was held at W alter Reed elem entary school. Tentative plans have been made for the opening ceremonies of Stratford Junior High School which will be held on Saturday afternoon March 3. Mr. Richmond lias contacted Governor Battle, governor of Virginia; the Arlington County Board: and other dignitaries to make opening addresses. This will be a big occasion and will officially open Vir ginia’s most functional and best planned school. Constitution Is Written Shortly after the Student Council be gan, the Constitution Committee was formed to write the Constitution. This committee consists of: Ross Fletcher, Carol Wagner, Elsie Dutrow, Bobby Smith, Paul Ward, Frank Smith, Dick Davis, Sally Smith, and Bruce Haslam, Student Council president. The faculty advisors are Mr. Allman and Miss Groom. On Friday, January 12, the committee finished writing the Constitution, which will be put into effect after it has been approved by both the faculty and stu dent body. It is hoped that it will not be long before the school will have handbooks to give to new students when they enter the school. School Nickname Chosen On January 19, the Cavaliers, was chosen as our school nickname. The nickname committee met each week for about five weeks. This committee con sists of nine members who are: Carol Leatherm an, John White, Helen Keely, Carol Orndorff, Pat Logan, John Bryant, Sally Lawrence, Angela Nutt, and Henry Ide. Mrs. Armstrong is faculty advisor. Orginally there were eighty-six names, the committee cut this down to sixteen. Then in a vote by the student body all were eliminated but four. These four were: Cavaliers, Rebels, Little Lees, and Red Devils. In a final vote the Cavaliers won by a wide margin. �Page Two T1IE SIGNPOST February 9, 1951 HOMEROOM NEWS Bi-weekly newspaper published by the students of Stratford Jun io r High School, Arlington, Virginia. Printed by Universal Printers, Arlington Virginia. Vol. 1 February 9, No. 5 STAFF Editor-in-C hief.......... Billy Van Deusen Feature E d ito r...............Elaine Alexander Editorial & News Editor Jackie Albrecht Sports Editor ...................... Donald Sours Business M anagers........ Steve Milliken, Vernon Iden, Gene Weedon Circulation Managers .. Joanne Witzel, Eustace Land, Grace Tunnicliffe, Frank Rollins Exchange Editors .......... Winona Payne Barbara McHenry, Jo Ann Hemphill Faculty Sponsor .............. Mr. Macekura R ep o rters..........Evelyn David, Priscilla Welbon, Carolyn Kenney, Mareen del Mar, Helen English, P at Williams, Elaine Koup, Dwight Scott, Jerry Foster, Dick Burgess, Rodney Cald well, Donald Rea, Ruthie Bowman, K athlene Blake, Joyce Simmons, Jo h n ny Hetzer, Edna Mahoney, Donna Clow A rthur Hammond, Georgianna Nagley, Greg H etter, Linda Condra. C. A. Orbell Heads Music Department Mr. C. A. Orbell, music teacher, left on Friday, January 20, to replace Mr. Harold Rubenstein as head of the instru m ental music departm ent of Washing ton-Lee High School. He was faculty advisor of the bus patrols, directed the band, boys chorus, and several other classes. Mr. Orbell is from Pennsylvania. Be fore World War II he won a football scholarship to Pennsylvania State Col lege. Before completing college he joined the army, with which he served in the South Pacific. A fter the war he com pleted his education at Carnegie Tech. Mr. Orbell came to the Arlington County Schools at the beginning of last year and taught instrum ental music at Swanson and Thomas Jefferson. In appreciation of his work at S trat ford, the boys chorus and the band join ed in giving him a farewell party, at which he was presented a loving cup. We wish him luck at Washington-Lee. SPORTLIGHT Miss Powell’s 8A2 is planning to have a skating party at Riverside Skating Rink. Miss Arington’s 8A8 homeroom and Miss Craig’s 8A ll homeroom had a skating party at Riverside on Jan. 30. Mrs. Thompson’s 7A3 had two skating parties, one for the entire class on Jan. 6, and another on the 13th. for the boys. Mr. Cook’s 7A5 is planning a skating party at Riverside in the near future. Peggy Hank, a new member of 7A6 moved from Washington, D. C. a few weeks ago. Mr. P iper’s homeroom, 7A8, had a skating party at Riverside on Jan uary 27. On January 20, Mr. Taylor’s homeroom, 7A9, had a skating party at Riverside. Mr. and Mrs. Piper were the guests of Mr. Taylor. Mrs. Welbes, the homeroom m other of 7A9, and Mr. Taylor helped to organize the party. Miss Baker’s 7A11 held a skating party at Riverside on February 2. :jc ae sc ) f On January 2, Miss Baylis took a small group of students from her health class to the Mental Hygiene Clinic, in Ar lington. These pupils were working on a problem in psychology. The infor mation they received was helpful and interesting. Mr. Donald Druckenmiller, basketball coach and gym teacher, was born in Washington, D. C. and has lived in Ar lington most of his life. Boys Basketball Team Beats Deal iun. High Stratford won a thrilling victory over Deal Junior High School in a three min ute overtime in the latter’s gym. The score was 32-32 when the regular game time ran out. A three m inute overtime was played. In the overtime Stratford scored three points to clinch the game. High scorer for Stratford was Dick Mabry who scored sixteen points. Stratford Girls Lose First Game to TJ. On Thui’sday, January 25, the girls basketball team was beaten by Thomas Jefferson. High scorer was Bobby Tuck er who racked up twelve points. At halftim e the score was 23-9 in favor of TJ. In the last half Stratford picked up thirteen points, and T J twelve, making the final score 35-22. GIRLS BASKETBALL SCHEDULE January 25—away at T J February 1—away at Madison February 8—away at Swanson February 15—home with T J Febraury 20—home Madison March 1—home Swanson At Washington-Lee High School he played football in his first year on the Junior Varsity, and on the Varsity the other three years. He played baseball all four years. A t George Washington University he played baseball four years at both first base and catcher. He was center on the football team in 1946, 1947, and 1949. Mr. Druckenmiller says a team is everybody working together with a spirit of cooperation, a give and take attitude, respect for each others ability, a feeling of friendliness and helpfulness between the players and the coach, playing to win, and abiding by the rules and regu lations. In his words, “Any team can take a victory in stride but it takes an exceptionally good team to take a loss in stride.” “Basketball is like math or science in that it serves as a part of the total edu cation of an individual. Remember a team is a combined unit of the total members and not composed of in individuals,” he said. INQUIRING REPORTER It seems there has always been quite a question about women drivers, fol lowing are the answers to this question as given by our students. Phillip Farm er—They are just as good as men. Robert Inseoe—Don't think much of them. Edward Ferrell—They should go back to driving school. Frankie Hermen—Same opinion as Edward Ferrell. Vickie Kosmas—The average woman is pretty good. Beverly Oneil—Some are pretty good, but others are too nervous. Our second question is, “Are you go ing to give a valentine to your sweetie?” Jackie Albrecht—Why yes! Pete Reimer—I don’t have a girl. Catherine Gordon—I don’t send valen tines. Marion M urray—I don’t have enough money. Stanley Collins—Yea man! Mary H unter—Depends on the mood I am in. Bill George—Don’t know. Anne Richardson—Sure am! Bobbie G arnett—I’m broke. Page Three TIIE SIGNPOST February 9, 1951 Stratford Boys Win First Game In Three Fad-shions by Kathlen Blake Now that 1951 is fairly on its way let’s look back and compare a few of the last year’s fashions with the fashions of this year. Two m aterials that have gained in popularity are jersey and velveteen. Those felt hearts worn on jackets last year have gone out of the picture completely. The khaki army pants with big side pockets have disappeared too. Taffeta is still tops. L etter sweaters aren ’t seen as much as they were last year. Altogether styles haven’t changed too much. Back to the present now have you noticed yet—Susan Duley’s short hair —Roy Heinbuch’s shirt th at looks like leopard skin—The crewcuts of the boys on the basketball varsity—Grace Tunnecliffes black corduroy skirt. Lavender is becoming a very pop ular color. Betty Crabtree sports a com plete outfit in th at color. Talk about sewing! Helen Calkins made that purple dress by herself. I wonder where Sherrie Jam es got that neat bracelet? Well now —Patsy B urnett has been wearing a sm art little suit with a blue and white checked skirt and a blue jacket. Billie Buckm aster’s grey corduroy jum per with the scalloped neckline is really pretty. Elbert Jenkins wears some of the loud est and sportiest socks. Jo-Ann Schil ling looks sharp in her light blue suit and fuchsia sweater. Stratford got off to a fast start in winning th eir first basketball game in three starts. They beat a fast Dolly Madison team 27-21. In the first quarter Stratford got seven quick points and Madison six. Both teams slowed up in the second quarter, and the half time score was 13-10 in favor of Stratford. Madison started the second half with a burst of scoring. Meanwhile Stratford had slowed down, and the score at the end of the third quarter was 16-16. Stratford opened the final quar ter with a scoring spree, and the game ended with Stratford ahead by a score of twenty-seven to twenty-one. High scorer for Stratford was Skip Moats with seven points. The rest of Stratford's scoring was pretty well dis tributed as follows: Kennedy (4), Mabry (3), Ward (0), Davis (1), Hetzer (2), Chil dress (0), Whetzel (2), Jacobs (0), Eberdt (0), Martina (5), Reimer (0), Hockersmith (3), Peterson (0), Bransford (0), and Woloski (0). To even things up. in a faculty game, Dolly Madison defeated Stratford 30-15. B u y The Special W a sh in g to n ’s B irth d a y Issue StucJve+f. S tu d io * Portrait & Commercial Photography N. GARFIELD ST. at fFILSON BLVD. C H estn u t 4877 CLARENDON TRUST COMPANY T he B a n k On T he Circle C o m p lete B a n k in g Services FRE E P A R K IN G L O T MEMBER FD IC "A rlin g to n ’s Sm artest” F u r n itu r e 2217-21 N. Pershing Drive Arlington, Virginia OWens 4343 • JAckson 8-6999 tlon&fyn’s eJforisf A R L IN G T O N . V IR G IN IA Member Florist Telegraph Delivery Association COMMERCIAL ACCOUNTS SAFE DEPOSIT BOXES SAVINGS ACCOUNTS ACCOUNTS OF INDIVIDUALS AND CORPORATIONS INVITED • MEMBER FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSU RANCE CORPORATION FEDERAL, ST A T E AND COUNTY D EPOSITARY 1515 North CourthouseRoad Arlington Navy Annex Arlington, Virginia NAVY FACILITY • Cherrydale Florist “ Say It W ith 2046 WILSON BOULEVARD MAIN OFFICE 2029 North Moore Street Flowers” [ 1 OWENS 7777 Miller & Wrenn A R L I N G T O N T R U S T C O M P A N Y , INC. ROSSLYN BRANCH • C H e stn u t 3233 O X fo rd 4141 DALE LUMBER COMPANY | Plywood — Lumber — Millwork — Hardware — Paint “On Clarendon Circle” C orsages T h a t A re D iffe re n t A rlington, V irginia 3725 Lee Highway OWens 1181 3200 No Washington B lvd Glebe 3100 s K ------- ------------XX-------- XX---------XX---------«X-------- XX---------«X---------XX-------- MX------- V �THE SIG N PO ST ' Page F o u r TATTLER The tattler sits, relaxed and refined after the exams, and reads the tear drenched notes laid at the doorstep by hurrying shadows in the night. Stratford-W ashington - Lee relations have been improving steadily. Mary Morrison of Stratford and Pete Binns of W-L have been doing th eir share to improve the situation. The “old tim ers” Barbara Raily and Don Smith along with Jean Hanger and Joe Bush keep up the morale. A new Couple in this series is Anne Richardson and Max W althers have a cementing influence on these relations as do C harlotte Rollins and Eddie Zveare. Bachelor of the Month title is bestowed to Dick Jacobs. The Spinster of the Month is Ruthie Bowman. With these two lonely hearts floating about school you would think that they could get together. Ruthy Leahy and Bobby Inscoe have seen a lot of each other lately. Phyliss K oerner has it for Jimmy Reed. Janice Ohman and Fred Insim inger have been together a lot these last few months. Johnny Farris is making eyes at Elaine Koup and Jody Dunmon. One to a customer Johnny. Joan B arrett is still fishing for somebody—Jim m y Copperthite. It seems Bambi Iliff and John aren’t happy unless sitting together. Carolyn Artell and Pete Shepard seem to be made for each other. Marsha Mikelson and Frank Sm ith are still going strong. The new list of steadies is: Betty Root and Billy Swift, John Rogers and Christene Bownen and Patsy B arrnett and Wally Ryland. Betty Knott seems to be wild over Dick Davis. Pat Smith, Jean H arris and Marylin Gluntz all have a crush on B. W. Ruffner, Gale Fry and Joan Goodsel have been fighting over David Leffler. Jerry Foster and Wesley Bevens are both swooning over Angella Nutt. Helen Wakeman and Ann Swain are chasing Jeff Manack. What will Jane H arrington say? The Midnight clock tolls a sad story. The ta ttle r stands slowly, shuffles to . ward the bed—and sleeps. Exercise kills germs, but we haven't found out how to get them to exercise. Taylor's Stationery & Printing School and A r t Supplies 3155 WILSON BLVD. OWens 2666 F eb ru ary 9, 1951 PLATTER CHATTER by Ruthie Bowman ALLCRAFT CYCLE SHOP The ten top tunes of the week are practically the same as last reported. The listing is as follows: “Tennessee Waltz,” “My Heart Cries for You.” “Be My Love.” “The Thing,” “You're Ju st in Love,” “Harbor Lights,” “Neverthe less,” “Thinking of You,” “If,” and “The Roving Kind.” The five records th at are selling the fastest in this area are: “Be My Love” —They haven’t found a singer to sing it yet for the H it Parade; “Tennessee Waltz." People sure must love Patti! “ I f ” —a new one on the Hit Parade is done particularity well by Perry Como; "The Roving Kind”—a number that de serves more credit than it has been get ting: Still pulling it out and making a wonderful attem pt is “My H eart Cries for you.” Well, that just about does it for this week. I sure hope they cut a few of these songs. Don’t You? Schwinn & English Bicycles Repairs - Service - Accessories MOVIE HIGHLIGHTS “Harvey” is the name of an invisible rabbit who comes from Ireland and enjoys drinking. No one ever sees him except his favorite companion. Elwood P. Dawd (James Stewart) and a psychiatrist (Cecil Kellaway). but he complicates the lives of many people before he is through with his shenanigans. Harvey and Elwood keep cheerful un til Elwood's sister interferes. She and her daughter find Harvey’s presence em barrassing to their social ambitions. So, she decides to have Elwood admitted to a mental hospital. T hat’s the general situation, and you’ll find this movie to be a delightful comedy. 3136 10TH STREET • OWENS 4464 Pollock Refrigeration Co. A ir Conditioning Home Freezers Authorized Frigidaire Sales and Service 2900 WILSON BLVD. Arlington, Virginia fO D O O O for every room in your home A t sensible prices. BOTH STORES OPEN EVERY EVENING UNTIL NINE BARNES & KIMEL CO. A RLIN G TO N ALEXANDRIA lia O O O B Q O Q C W O Q e o O g s ALMA SHOPS Feminine Accessories S P O R T SW E A R — SHOES Two Stores To Serve You. MILTON H. COMLEY Florist • Landscaping 5353 LEE H IGH W A Y Arlington, Virginia 3152 W ilson Blvd., C larendon 131-133 So. W ashington St. Clarendon Store—OWens 8378 Falls Church Store—FA. 6767 First F ederal Savings & L oan A ssociation O f A rlington C h a rtered by th e F ederal G o v ern m en t (or th o purpose of e n co u rag in g th r if t a n d h o m e o w n ersh ip in th is c o m m u n ity Savings Accounts Insured Up to 810,000.00 Dividends Paid Semi-Annually Accounts Opened JFith S5.00 M ONTHLY REDUCTION HOME LOANS 2050 WILSON BOULEVARD ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA H ours 9 A. M. to 4 P. M. O pen U n til Noon S a tu rd a y s CHcatnut 7100 T h e S e e d M u s t B e S o w n T o G a th e r A H a rv e st OXford 0713 O p e n A S a v in g s A c c o u n t L a rg e O r S m a ll � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Signpost", Stratford Junior High School, Arlington, Virginia, Vol.1, No. 5, February 9, 1951. 3 pages. Description An account of the resource Issue includes information on the gala plans for opening program and school activities. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington County Public Schools, Stratford Junior High School Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_2_1_9 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/2ee2d397dd6336cb24158bbdc2e9be9f.pdf fad07bee9a26b35a3c5dd508ba667c8c PDF Text Text Vol. 1, No. 6 STRATFORD JUNIOR HICH SCHOOL, ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA Stratford Host to Visiting SCA Students The Student Cooperative Association will hold its yearly conference at S trat ford on Friday, April 20. The SCA con sists of School Student Councils and is sponsored by th e Parent-Teachers As sociation. Eight students and one faculty mem ber will be chosen from each secondary school in eight Northern Virginia coun ties. Stratford has been requested to supply a secretary and Washington-Lee a chairman for the conference. Last year the N orthern Virginia Dis trict held its meeting at Swanson, but since Stratford is a new school, it has been chosen as this year’s host. The m eeting is usually divided into two or three p rrts. In the morning the students have a General Session in which they discuss a certain topic or question. At noon they adjourn for lunch. After lunch they break up into small groups and discuss some part of the larger question. Then again, they will get to gether and discuss what they have ac complished. Since Stratford is the host it will have certain duties to perform. We will have to do such things as help park the visitors cars, register the visiting stu dents, and act as guides. It is hoped that Stratford will make a good impression on the visiting students. Fencing Club Is Organized Here On February 12, 1951 a fencing club was organized at Stratford. This is the first public school to have a fencing team in the Washington area. The club is appropriately named the Stratford Fen cers Club. Three additional members are needed to complete the team. Enough boys for ten teams have signed up. The director of the team is a profes sional fencer. He said that in about a year they will challenge teams in this area. February 21, 1951 Washington's Birthday To Be Observed Tomorrow, Feb. 22 Tomorrow we will celebrate the two-hundred-and-nineteenth birthday of one of our country’s greatest men. He is George Washington, our first President who is known by everyone as the Father of His Country. Washington was born on February 22, 1732 at Wakefield in Westmoreland County, Vir ginia. A few years after his birth his home burned down and he moved to what later became Mount Vernon. His father died in 1743 and the es tate went to George’s brother Lawrence. In 1752 Lawrence died and at the age of twenty George inherited the planta tion. Washington had very little education and did not go to school until he was sixteen. But he learned by experience and always listened to other people’s opinions. George Washington h e l d three important positions in the history of the United States. They were Commanderin-Chief of the Continental Army, president of the Con stitutional convention, a n d President of his country. Washington accepted the first with s’ncere protests of unfitness. But no man could have been better nualified. From 1753 until 1759 he fought the French and the Indians. T armv then consisted of a Ti« few raw and mutinous men and he had to learn to survive on only a few supplies. But he never gave up even in the face of overwhelming odds. With his leadership the much better trained and supplied British army was defeated. As president of the Constitutional convention he had more influence than anyone else on the forming of a strong national government. He was unanimously elected the first President of the United States in 1789.. As President he gave the government financial steadiness by Hamilton’s measures of economy, and won the respect of the new nation's independence. He served two term s and refused a third. He retired to Mount Vernon in March 1797, where he died two years later. Thus he completed a full life for his country. He loved his country sincerely, and believed in law and the rights of free men. He was truly ‘‘First in war. first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen.” �Page Two THE SIGNPOST FIELD TRIP BRIEFS . . . Miss M ueller’s ninth grade core class went to the Star building in Washing ton, D. C. on February 12. The purpose of the trip was to find out how a news paper is w ritten and put together, as the class is making one. They also found out the various types of newspaper jobs. Mr. Macekura and his 7B8 and 7B10 core classes hope to go to Stratford Hall and Wakefield in W estmoreland County in the near future. Several other field trips are being planned by the core classes. So far this year field trips have been limited to the core classes as the other classes are too short. In the new building the periods will be longer and other classes will be able to take trips. Mrs. Scofield Takes Over C. A. Orbell Position Mrs. Scofield, a new teacher this se mester, has taken over the position of Mr. C. A. Orbell who left Stratford to head the music departm ent of Washing ton-Lee. This position includes teaching woodwinds, band, boys chorus, and sev enth grade exploratory courses. Mrs. Scofield received her Bachelor of Arts degree at Pottsdam State Teachers Col lege. She later attended Syracuse U ni versity where she received h er M aster of Music degree. Before moving to Arlington 3 years ago she taught for 10 years in New York. She is a member of the Arlington Sym phony where she plays the violin. She also plays the piano, clarinet, and trom bone. We are indeed fortunate to have her with us. Principal’s Brief by Mr. C. M. Richmond, Principal The long wait for our new building is almost over. We shall soon be able to experience the thrill of working in one of the finest junior high school buildings in our area. A week or so ago I heard one of the workmen rem ark “This building is by far the best I have ever seen among the many I have worked on; it is a monument to education.’’ I like to think of it as a place which provides a splen did opportunity for all of us to live and learn. With all of us working together, we can prove to our parents and our School Board that they have made the best kind of investment In building S trat ford for us. HOMEROOM NEWS Mr. Palm er’s homeroom 7B2 held a party on February 9 at the Aldington Recreation Center. Alice Alan and Juan Simon have joined 7B2. Mr. Cook’s homeroom 7B7 has a new member Joe M clver who came from Florida. Mr. Taylor’s homeroom 7B9 has lost a member Ann Ball who transfered to Swanson. Miss Baker’s homeroom 7B11 had a skating party at Riverside on Febru ary 16. Miss McCord’s homeroom 7B12 has received a new member Connie Smith who came from Swanson. M arta M artin has transfered to Falls Chui’ch. The big news of 7B12 is that Miss McCord has replaced Mrs. Baza who has left S trat ford. Miss W att’s homeroom 8B7 will lose Billy Harris who is moving to Center ville, Virginia. Miss Craig’s homeroom 8B11 lost Jane Harrington on February 1. Jane trans ferred to Falls Church. Stratford Boys Win Over T. J. 21-7 Stratford easily won for the third time out of six games in a one sided contest with Thomas Jefferson, Feb. 8. Stratford held the game in its hands from the start until the final whistle blew. In the first quarter ten points were scored by S trat ford against five by Thomas Jefferson. The second quarter was the same thing over again, with 7 quick points for S trat ford and only one for, T.-J. Thomas Jefferson switched its defense in the third quarter and held Stratford to 4 points. But T.J. again only made one point. By the fourth quarter Stratford had won the game as the score was 21-7. S tratford then made another six points and held T.J. to three, ending the game with a final score of 27-10, in favor of the Cavaliers. Dick Mabry, Skip Motes and Bob Chil dress were high scorers with six points each. Otherwise the scoring was thus: Whetzel (4), Jacobs (2), Davis (2) and Kennedy (1), Welosky, Hetzel, Bransford, Eberdt, M artina, Peterson, and Reimer played in the game. Both Pete Ward and Tom Hoekersmith were absent. The best place to find a helping hand is at the end of your arm. February 21, 1951 Further Opening Plans Made F urther plans for the dedication of Stratford Junior High School have been completed by Col. R. W. Stoebe, from the PTA, who is in charge. The ceremonies will be held on the afternoon of March 3, in the Stratford gym. The students will usher and th e Stratford Band and Orchestra have been asked to play. Gov ernor J. S. Battle of Virginia has been invited, Senator C. R. Fenwick, of Vir ginia; Dowell Howard, Superintendent of Virginia schools; Mr. Early, and all the Arlington School Board will be pres ent. Mr. Richmond, principal; Bruce Haslam, Student Council president, and someone from the PTA will take part. Two members of the state legislature, Mr. George Damm and J. M. Magruder, will also be present. Girls Win Two Games After Dropping Opener Since losing their opening game the Stratfoi'd Girls Basketball team has won two straight. The second game, on Feb. 1, was hard fought at Dolly Madison in which our girls were victorious. The third game was played at Swan son on February 8. At the end of the first half the score was 20-11 in favor of Swanson. In the second half our girls played hard and at the end of the x-egular playing time the scoi'e was 24-24. Swanson suggested that a 5 m inute over time be played. At the end of the over time the score was 28-28. It was then agreed upon that the next team to score would win the game. Bobbie Tucker shot the next basket and Stratford was again victorious. Faculties of Stratford - W.-L. Meet On Basketball Floor The Stratford Faculty played the fac ulty of Washington-Lee on Tuesday, February 6, at 8 o’clock in the latter’s gym. The Stratford faculty has played sev eral games. Thi-ough th eir vast experi ences they have been awax-ded “nick names”. But since this is a descriminating newspaper we are unable to pi-int them. The Stratfoi'd players are: Mr. Davis. Mr. Hulett, Mr. Taylor, Mr. Kulick, Mr. Piper, Mr. Francis, Mr. Earle, Mr. Wayne, Mr. Druckenmiller, Mr. Hicks, and Mr. Cook. February 21, 1951 GOOD READING by Priscilla Welborn Our book recommended for good read ing this issue is “See Here, Private Har grove. Private Hargrove was yanked out of a peaceful life when he joined the Army in response to a letter from Washington which began, “The President of the United States to Marion Hargrove, Greetings.” Hargrove was what many of the ser geants who served over him called “the sore thumb of his platoon.” While other privates received regular promotions Hargrove remained Private Hargrove. One situation that best describes P ri vate Hargrove’s life at Fort Bragg occured at one of his ill-fated rifle inspec tions. While he was standing at atten tion a gnat made a three point landing on his forehead. It walked across his forehead and back again. It stopped awhile, wiped its shoes and began pacing back and forth stamping its feet. Need less to say after an ultim ate conclusion, Hargrove was on Kitchen Police. This is just one of the manv humorous incidents that makes “See Here, Private Hargrove” very enjoyable reading for all. MOVIE HIGHLIGHTS by Barbara McHenry The plot of “Born Yesterday” concerns a junk dealer (Broderick Crawford) who brings his bride-to-be to Wash ington, D. C. to help him entertain while he works on a crooked deal involving the control of scrap iron. Crawford hires a young reporter (Wil liam Holden) to take off Judy’s rough edges, but there he makes a big mis take. Judy Holiday whom you may remem ber as the dizzy young wife in “Adams Rib,” must be seen to be believed. Her good liming, casual delivery of lines, and her wonderful comic sense all make this picture a real joy. Penny For Your Thoughts Our new school is nearly complete, everyone is very anxious to start in . . . Many of the students have been talking about the faculty game and think there should be more . . . There was not much talk about the boys basket-ball team this year, keep up the good work boys . . . Seems like everyone can’t wait for the next J.R.C. They’re getting bet te r all the time . . . All the girls are glad th at Ray Heinbuch is back at school again. . . . It looks like the lockers are in pretty bad shape, hold that temper. Page Three THE SIGNPOST AD-LIBBING A contribution for this column Was our assignment for tonight; I tried and tried so many times, And finally got it right. To take you to my subject, I’ll start right away. With a snappy little poem, That I wrote at bay. Five hundred years ago today, A wilderness was here. And a man with powder in his gun. Went forth to hunt a deer. But now that things have changed some what, Along a different plan, A dear with powder on her nose, Goes forth to hunt a man. Now let me close this column. And bid you a good, good night, And rem em ber little juniors, With a senior never fight. For I have a little motto. That seems to fit in here. It seems to fit the senior, In his senior year. Don’t push a junior down the stairs, Or kick his teeth in unawares. Or with a hammer bash his bean, We want to keep our building clean! JOKES Announcer (at a concert:) “Miss P eri winkle will now sing. Oh, That I Were A Dove, I’d Flee.” Frank R.: “Dad, what’s a dove-eyed flea?” * * * Salesman: “H ere’s a card with a lovely sentiment: “To the only girl I ever loved." Roy H.: “That’s swell, give me a doz en.” * * * Joe M.: “Did it make you nervous to ask your dad for spending money?” Joe B.: “No, I was calm—and collect ed.” * * * Joe B.: “Would you marry a sap for his money?” Jean H.: “Are you gathering statistics or proposing?” * * * Jim S.: “If there were three empty glasses, and two were filled with dads favorite root beer and the third glass is empty—What king does it remind you of?” Bill F.: Phillip the T hird” (fill up the third). LOOKS OR BOOKS by Joanne Witzel Compacts, lipsticks, occasionally books; M irrors come forth—got to see how she looks. She dreams about boy friends, a new ring from Harry; Believe it or not she’s in the li brary. A bell; a rush; a clamor for a seat; and finally she’s there. Another bell; quiet; she sinks down into h er seat. Her gaze wanders to the world outside. She thinks of the freedom beyond that room. A sharp look from the librarian brings her to her senses, and two pierc ing eyes cause her to suddenly seize a book and begin to study. Peace comes again, already five m in utes have passed. She must hurry if she expects to get anything accomplished before the end of tlie period. Out with her compact; on with the powder, rouge, and lipstick. H er eyebrows are growing out again, and she has to m eet HIM after school. She squirms about in her seat in an attem pt to get the best light, and her eyebrows become a thing of the past. She practices the look she is to greet him with, and then what she will say first. Her heart skips a beat as she sees there are only five minutes more. She takes this time to worry about the test she must “flunk” to dab at h er nose. The bell rings, and she leaves, totally un prepared because she simply hasn’t had the time. JOHHNY STRATFORD L ittle Johnny Stratford walked down the street. He stopped at a drugstore to buy himself a treat. But in walked the coach before Johnny had finished his smoke, So Johnny hid the cigarette underneath his coat. The coach said hello to Johnny and then he passed him by, When the c&ach walked out the door. Johnny heaved a sigh. But the coach wasn’t really so dumb, as Johnny later found. For Johnny was kicked off the team before the next day came round. Take it from Johnny, he told me so, th at smoking doesn’t pay, For the smoke you had this m orning might ruin your whole day. �THE SIGNPOST Page F our Bi-weekly newspaper published by the students of Stratford Jun io r High School, Arlington, Virginia. Printed by Universal Printers, Arlington Virginia. February 21, 1951 No. G STAFF Editor-in-Chief ........ Billy Van Deusen Feature Editor ........ Elaine Alexander Editorial & News Editor Jackie Albrecht Sports Editor .................... Donald Sours Business Managers . Steve Milliken, Vernon Iden, Gene Weedon, Rosemary Young Circulation Managers . . Joanne Witzel, Eustace Land, Grace Tunnicliffe, Frank Rollins Exchange Editors .......... Winona Payne Barbara McHenry, Jo Ann Hemphill Faculty Sponsor . . . Mr. Macekura Reporters. . Kathleen Blake, Elaine Koup, Joan B arrett, Johnny Hetzer, Edna Mahoney, Linda Condra, A rthur Hammond, Mareen del Mar, Priscilla Welbon, Joyce Simmons, Carolyn Kenney, Patricia Cookman, Evelyn David, Greg H etter, Pat Williams THE LADY JANITORS Too often we do not realize or appre ciate the people who keep our school clean and tidy. The custodial staff, the people responsible for the cleanliness and operation of the school, deserve much credit. Mrs. Proctor, m ember of the custodial staff, was recently interviewed by a re porter for The Signpost. She said, “Sometimes the rooms have to be clean ed twice or maybe three times a day.” This could be avoided if we would, d u r ing our afternoon session, practice neat ness and cleanliness. We could ease the task of the custodial staff by using the waste paper baskets for scraps of paper and pencil stubs. By cooperating with and showing our appreciation to them we can now learn a lesson that will pay fine dividends when we a re in the new building. DEWEY’S HARDWARE CO. " The Place to Shop” H a rd w a re — P aint 4756 Lee H ig h w a y CH. 0880 Appreciation of a newspaper comes from knowing about that paper. Few people as they read The Signpost re alize the cost of bringing each issue to the student body once every two weeks. Each issue costs from $40 to $80 de pending upon the num ber of pages and pictures it contains. Only about 50 per cent of this cost is obtained from subscriptions, the rem ainder must be raised from advertisements. ALLCRAFT CYCLE SHOP Schwinn & English Bicycles Repairs - Service - Accessories 313610TH STR EET • O EN 4 6 W S 44 W. J. BAUMBACH, Inc. Plumbing & Heating Sales-Service Plans are being made for The Signpost to sponsor dances, a variety show, and feature length movies. Remember, The Signpost is your paper. Subscribe to it, and support the activi ties which it sponsors. Only with every one working together can we have an outstanding paper. Fixzit System 4147 Wilson Boulevard JAckson 4-1250 Personality Sketch Cherrydale Florist Janice Medley, seventh grade JRC president, was born in Washington, D. C., but came to Arlington at an early age. Before coming to Stratford she attended Jam es Monroe Elementary School. Ja n ice’s favorite sports are swimming, roll er skating, and basketball. She has never played on a school team although she hopes to next year. A fter completing school she wants to be a nurse. She likes to read. Janice is very interested in dancing. As chairman of the JRC Janice pre sides over all meetings and sees that the JRC runs smoothly. She likes her job and hopes to continue her fine work next year. “ Say It W ith Flow ers” ★ C orsages T h a t A re D iffe re n t 3725 Lee Highway OWens 1181 ALMA SHOPS Feminine Accessories S P O R TSW E A R — SHOES TH E Q U A L IT Y SHOP by Evelyn David The night was dark though the moon was high, And all seemed well to the passerby. But within the school my blood froze with fear, For what was that sound which had come to my ear. I jum ped back into the shadows my heart filled with dread, As the sound came closer, a slow dis tinct tread. A stealthy creature tiptoed down the hall, It walked slowly, carefully, and close to the wall. His outline was dim, but he looked straight at me, And his eyes burned with a fire, which was fearful to see. But he saw me not as I crouched in my corner, Had he noticed me then, I’d have sure been a goner. Then I heard a cry which again filled me with dread, A shrill scream in the distance, like one from the dead. In the furnace room, the watchman looked at his clock and found. That the time had come for his mid night round. He stood up and stretched like lazy men do. Leaned over and spit in the corner by the flue. Walking to the door and throwing it wide, He started down the corridor with a shuffling stride. He had reached the second level when the scream I had heard. Startled him so, he took off like a bird. When he landed, he dropped to the corridor floor. Covered his ears so he wouldn’t hear more. As the echo died in the empty school . house. The watchman wished he was home with his spouse. But he got to his feet and hitched up his belt, And you can imagine just how he felt. Again came the scream which cut through me like ice, The sensation I felt was not really nice. For the thing was quite near now, his eyes glowing bright. Suddenly he let out a cry, which filled me with fright. But our watchman was brave, and he cocked his old gun. With knees wobbling and shaking he came on the run. He raced through the building ’til he reached the fourth level, And was suddenly confronted with what he thought must be the devil. What happened next I shall leave up to you, For I awoke from my slumber, before the dream was quite through. But whatever you think of, don’t tell your friend Daisy, Having not read this, she’ll think you’ve gone crazy. Ttvo Stores To Serve You. Taylor's Stationery & Printing 3152 W ilson Blvd., C larendon 131-133 So. W ashington St. 3155 W ILSON BLVD. Clarendon Store—OWens 8378 Falls Church Store—FA. 6767 School and A r t Supplies OWens 2666 Portrait & Commercial Photography N. GARFIELD ST. at WILSON BLVD. Arlington, Virginia C H estnut 4877 & SERVICE COMPANY COMMERCIAL ACCOUNTS SAFE DEPOSIT BOXES SAVINGS ACCOUNTS ACCOUNTS OF INDIVIDUALS AND CORPORATIONS INVITED ffNorthern Virginia Head quarters for Electrical Appliances ” MAIN OFFICE 1515 North Courthouse Road NAVY FACILITY Arlington Navy Annex ,- » O O K O O O M O O C O O D O ^ OLD DOMINION BANK Three Locations To Serve You 2926 COLUMBIA PIKE 3555 LEE H IG H W A Y 4254 FA IRFA X DRIVE A Member of The Federal Reserve Insurance Corporation « so o o o » « 3 FURNITURE fo r every room in your home BARNES & KIMEL CO. IARLINGTON ALEXANDRIA ijio e o Q o o o Q « « e o o » { A R L IN G T O N . V IR G IN IA ROSSLYN BRANCH A H L IN G T O N , V IR G IN IA A t sensible prices. BOTH STORES OPEN EVERY EVENING UNTIL NINE Florist • Landscaping 5353 LEE H IG H W A Y VIRGINIA APPLIANCE MEMBER FEDERAL DEPOSIT I NS I RANGE CORPORATION FEDERAL, STA TE AND COUNTY DEPOSITARY N ationally K now n M en's W ear Wilson Blvd. & JV. H ighland S t. S tu c k e y S tu d io MILT0H H. COMLEY A R L I N G T O N T R U S T C O M P A N Y , INC. 2029 North Moore Street Page Five THE SIGNPOST February 21, 1951 A Ghost Walks At Stratford YOUR PAPER ( t h e jS t g n p o s t Vol. 1 February 21, 1951 4236 N. Fairfax Drive Id a l e l u mber c o mf a n y | Plywood — Lumber — Millwork — Hardware — Paint " “Oh Clarendon Circle” A rlington, V irginia X 3 2 0 0 N. Washington Blvd. JAckson 4-1200 I* - - M K V* «« — x* :■■ XK......... XKT- M GLebe 3100 M ' W | M X------- H �F eb ru ary 21, 1951 THE SIG N PO ST Page Six INQUIRING REPORTER FAD-SHIONS TATTLER by Kathy The tattler stands waiting for the footsteps that will bring the choice warblings of the lonely hearts . . . Little news comes . . . So . . Mary Jane Marl and Jerry Norman are always smiling at each other. Marilyn Babb seems to be quite interested in a ninth grader whose last name is Wilson and whose first name is one of Jerry Lester's pet expressions. Ida Wade H einer has her eyes on John Hilchock. Peggy Ensminger is always talking about Tommy Coates. Larry Bohnert seemed to be having a good time at the last JRC with Jane H arrington. Winona Payne seems to enjoy Bobby Garin’s company. Betty Lusby has been looking for Calvin Marcey. I wonder who Sue Hamilton and Mary Hulsey have been day-dreaming about. Neel Hartselle and Nelda Klopp aren’t happy un less they are together. Could it be Larry M artell or a magnet that draws Jane Moreland to the front of the class? It seems our Fad-shions editor has stolen the rest of the latest news. So without comment the tattler refers you to that column. The tattler still stands . . . and hopes th at someday . . . the tattler will be ta t tled about. CLARENDON TRUST COMPANY About this time of the year Cupid is supposed to be coupling up all the stray guys and gals. One of Cupid’s targets, Ann Churchill, constantly wears Jimmy Monsees’ W-L class ring. Could that have been Bobby Insco’s ring on Patsy Bray’s finger? Joe Bush’s letter sweater is no doubt one of Jean Hanger’s favor ite articles of clothing. T hat’s Love Dept.: According to re ports Mary McKinley won’t part with Tommy Hahn’s handkerchief. Bobby Railey wears Don Sm ith’s brace let constantly. The gold football and ring that Sue Goulett wears are Billy Creekmore's. The ring with the initials “AAA” that Margo Mann sports is “Bubs” Ankeney’s. Karen Brock faithfully wears Jack Corn well’s silver I.D. bracelet. Last but not least by any means is Sherrie Jam es with the bracelet Bruce gave her. I don't want T attler to think I’m try ing to give competition, so-o-o I’ll change the subject. One of the different shirts around school is Phil Peterson’s with the zebra stripes. The dark green in Bobbie G arnett’s jum per seems to suit her very well. Joanne Schilling’s white fur neckpiece looks like it’s made for her green shortie coat. Mary Morrison’s gold medallion goes with loads of her scarves. Bye now kiddies, be seeing you at Stratford. How many hpneit people are there? This question is indicated with the an swers to the following question: “What would you do if you found a $1,000 bill?” Cynthia Smith—Gosh, I would faint! Gail Towers—Wow, take a long vaca tion. A rthur Hammond—I think, in fact I’m sure, I would buy a horse, and a place to keep it. Patricia Raymonds—I would keep it. Shirley Sarchet—I would keep it if no one claimed it. Patricia Farrington—I would take a train to New York and visit “Ted.” sjt s jfc jc Our second question is: “What do you think a velorver is?” This is a scrambled word. Ann Monsees—Some Latin word I guess. Joe M artina—It’s a revolver. Jim Finn—I haven’t the slightest idea. Vesta Skees—I have never seen the word before. Shirley West—It’s beyond me. Tony St. John—I don't know. Joan LeBeau—I’ve never seen that word. Robert Lawin—A revolver. Two people guessed the correct word. They were Joe M artina and Robert Lawin. The word was ‘Tevolver.” Miller & Wrenn "A rlin g to n ’s Sm artest” F u r n itu r e T h e B a n k On T he Circle C o m p lete B a n k in g Services L. C. SMITH, Inc. 2217-21 N. Pershing Drive F RE E P A R K IN G L O T Everything in Building Materials Arlington, Virginia MEMBER FD IC • OWENS 7777 tsonkfyn’s efforisL Member Florist Telegraph Delivery Association 9 3330 N. W ashington Blvd. OWens 4343 • JAckson 8-6999 First F ederal Savings & L oan A ssociation O f A rlington C h a rte re d by th e F ederal G o v ern m en t for t h e purpose of e n co u rag in g t h r if t a n d hom e ow n ersh ip in th is c o m m u n ity Savings Accounts Insured L’ to $10,000.00 p Dividends Paid Semi-Annually Accounts Opened With $5.00 M ONTHLY REDUCTION HOME LOANS 2016 WILSON BOULEVARD Arlington, Virginia C H e stn u t 3233 H eatin g E quipm ent — P aint O X fo rd 4141 2050 WILSON BOULEVARD ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA H o u rs 9 A. M . to 4 P. M. O pen U n til Noon S a tu rd a y s CHestnut 7100 T h e S e e d M u s t B e S o w n T o G a th e r A H a rv e st OXford 0713 O p e n A S a v in g s A c c o u n t L a rg e O r S m a ll � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Signpost", Stratford Junior High School, Arlington, Virginia, Vol.1, No. 6, February 21, 1951. 4 pages. Description An account of the resource Issue includes school activities. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arlington County Public Schools, Stratford Junior High School Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_2_2_1_10 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/7c0c034609619c1424edc7a3c2bb51a8.pdf a8c14f0096845409861476c65d35c216 PDF Text Text The WINCHESTER BRANCH of the 1JAACP COMMUNICATION BULLETI'7 AIHS Our alia is to make people aware of the inhumanity to huwa.«-ftv. To rid ourselves of contented attitudes. To create a program that will inform and enlighten our people to the needs.of the group or civic togetherness.. To stand together at registration for voting. To stand with o®en views to political opinion. To stand with pride at the Ballot Box. To feel the need for and by the Fellowman. To give dignity to jobs. To support your church and churches. To support education and all educational programs To seek better housing for the man’i. To clean up our neighborhoods. To have better relationships with neighbors - forgetting barriers of race, creed or color. To become more civic minded. To attend and support by personal appearonces to civic affairs.. To interest Xouth and the Aged in helpful projects. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Winchester Branch of the NAACP Communication Bulletin, no date. Description An account of the resource Community aims of the Winchester Branch of the NAACP. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource NAACP Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No date Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 18_1_1_9_3 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/4ee005fc145b714d0371daf0529c55fc.pdf 77c9c107aecdba51705d05285341d77a PDF Text Text The WINCHESTER BRANCH of the NAACP COMMUNICATION BULLETIN Tlio Program of Needs The membership of the N.A.A.C.P. found that there is a definite need for an awareness on the part of the members of the community, for improvement of relations with the HAACP and its ttuc function . In the Winchester Branch of the HAACP, the main theme is Community Organization. We feel that if the Community would first loole at itself, it would then, therefore see the needs, its shortcomings, and the social distance between neighbor and neighborhoods, stVoois and administrations and parents, churches and their membership, business and its customers and their power, to the total picture headed by Health - Education - and Welfare. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Winchester Branch of the NAACP Communication Bulletin, no date. Description An account of the resource "Program of Needs". Why the community needs the NAACP. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource NAACP Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No date Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 18_1_1_9_4