7 20 1839 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/624162daacd7b47c06e38c1fba01abb8.pdf 392ddef88e24644d778a0aa7d64c33e3 PDF Text Text For Drew Addition School Item in Bond Election To Drew, , Is Voted « ARLINGTON The School Board — or four-fifths of It, any­ way — hopes It lias fin a lly endled'.the controversy over whether the Drew School area should have a new school or an a tion. And members hope ending the controversy w ill insure passage o l a $ 3 ,0 0 school bond issue' 90 0 Nov. 7 . The Board last night voted. 1 1 for the addition. Board member James G.’Stockard voted against the motion by Robert A. Peck - and seconded by Bernard Joy. . STOCKARD MADE a determin­ ed effort to prove the board-re­ jected Douglas Park .site.would provide better space and fa c ili­ ties for the overcrowded Negro elementary school children in that Because Arlington County voters will vote,on a, $6.5 million bond issue' on Nov. 7 with , minimum of $750,000 going to the proposed Drew-Kemper enlarge­ ment, the School Board felt it should pinpoint how the school improvement. money would be used. • • An additional $2 00 in 'the. 0,0 school Bond issue would go for needed land acquisition f o r County Board member Ernest D. Wilt, one of about 20 citizens who attended the meeting, had organized a group of business men, political figures and com­ munity leaders to support the bond Issue. In May 1 6 , voters 90 turned down a $7.5 million bond issue. IX TAKING a stand against enlarging .the present Drew-Kemper site, Stockard was holding fast to his previous position that the construction of the pro­ posed 1,100-pupil Negro elemen­ tary school — nearly twice Hie size of other County elementary schools — was "discriminatory.” " I think the community is split right down the middle on this plan,” Stockard stated labeling tiie Board's position as "shabby"' and saying the same Board mem­ bers were being ."'ied like sheep, (Continued on'Page A -3) c Citizens’ Group Supports Addition c*«- p/ov , ARLINGTON — Backing for tion, said it was the only prac­ position to school bonds is a form the $ 5 ,0 0 school item in the' tical one90 0 of defection from the school im ­ $6.5 m illio n bond Issue up before provement movement. IN A STATEMENT today, ■Arlington voters next Tuesday "T iie School situation In the came from another itourcb today. Grove said "the executive com­ Drew area is deplorable. A bond Ernest W. Grove, chairman of mittee of CCSI feds the liberal issue to correct It was defeated the Citizens Committee for School opponents of tiie Drew addition, a year and a half ago. A second Improvement, said the organiza­ though well-meaning, arc serious­ defeat next Tuesday is unthink­ tion’s executive committee had ly misguided, and that their op­ able. voted unanimously for the bond 'People who oppose the bonds J issue, which would be used p ri­ in the interest of desegregation • m arily to build a 22-room addi­ are expressing th e ir idealism at } tion to Drew School — a proposal die practical expense of other which had attracted considerable people's children." opposition. GROVE SAID the' 230-members of the CCSI had not voted on the bond endorsement, given at an executive committee meeting Oct. 5 and announced today. T The addition has been attack­ ed ns a means of perpetuating segregation at the school, which only Negroes attend. Opponents have sought an entirely new school but the School Board decided none of tho sites avail­ able was suitable for a school. One board member, James Stockard, has been unvaryingly opposed to tiie addition. The oth­ ers, admitting that perhaps the addition was not an ideal solu­ (pci <2-"5 This is the design for the circular-shaped school planned by M ontgomery County. 3-Story Circular School Planned In Crowded Montgomery Section With' ranoh-style ramblers cry County fire marshals. Stu­ as the conventional 8-acre rambling all ov.er the avail­ dents on the first floor have site because of tile compact able meal estate, nearby Mont­ ready egress in case o f emer­ design o f the building. It can gomery, County has, -had to gency; students on the second house 510 pupils. The School Board has di­ come up, with a novel solution floor have two back exits at of where to put an elementary ground .level b e c a u s e the rected, however, -that studies building is on a slope, and be launched to see-about buy­ school. The Board o f Education has students on the top floor have ing an adjoining 1.8-acre par­ cel, although the price could told the, architectural firm of but one flight of stairs to de­ be a b o u t $20,000 an acre— ; Deigert and Yerkes and Asso­ scend to get to the second twice as much as Montgomery ciates to go ahead with plans floor exits. In addition, the building will County ever paid for school for a 3-story, $539,000 circular, be more fire resistant than land. shaped ■ school. Third, Yerkes 'said, circular The preliminary approval the ordinary sprawling 1-story schools have been built in came despite.the objections of school. Consideration is being given to automatic fire, doors Kansas, Arizona, California, some citizens who thought: Connecticut and France. He S u c h a building would t o . p r e v e n t the spread of pose a fire hazard, especially smoke, which firemen have said they are- hardly a found can fill corridors quick- elty; they save so much space for pupils on the third floor. that the per-pupil cost is esti­ •The s i t e —6.1 a c r e s at mated to be no higher than Viers Mill rd. and Bushey dr. Adequate Play Area that of -a I-story school and —is -two acres smaller than Second, Yerkes said, the 6 - they ought to be considered .1 the usual eight acres. acre .site will have virtually wherever suburbs find them­ •It lo ok s 'odd, the same amount of play area selves hard pressed for space. 'Fire D anger N egligib le T h e o b je c tio n s cam e . at a pu blic hearing M onday night, and ed u cato rs an sw ered them yesterday point by point, i- First-, noted arch itect D avid Yerkes, th e fire hazard prob1e m h a s b e e n th orou gh ly stu died and the prelim inary ; plans..approved by M ontgom- � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 3 News clippings, Addition to Drew Voted, 10/20/1961, Citizen's Group Supports School Item in Bond Election, November 21, 1961, 3 Story circular school planned in crowded Montgomery section, October 23, 1961. Description An account of the resource Bond for Drew School building expansion Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 18_2_1_14_18 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/7b3a02113fbf681ef5d6bd371ca6f092.pdf b4fe3af6471af510cd689ab941425842 PDF Text Text Letters to the E d i t o r J oy E x p la in s B oa rd ’ D r e w V o te s D ear Sir: In view o f TOie Sun’ editorial s osk in s that the Arlington School Eoard state its reasons for whatev er decision is m ade concerning the construction of extra classroom s for the Drew - Kem per school area, I will attempt to explain the action o f the Board majority last Saturday in voting to add the needed 21 extra classroom s at the site o f the present Drew school, rather than at a separate site a t D ouglas Park, as : advocated by many. a rc: (1) It a t Drew i s v ery clo se to th e cen ter o f the a re a it serves: (2) b y closing 21 Street - tli It can be shut o il from a ll tra ffic noise and hazards; and (3) land sufficient to provide 3 addition al acre s o f level ground for physical education h as o r ca n b e obtainod by the purch ase o f ,vacant land and not m o r e than s ix low-cost dw ellings. TH E PRIN CIPAL (disadvantage wlll be an enrollm ent e stim ated to reach a peal; in 19S3 o f 1-ctween 1,020 an d ’ .ICO. ’ is d,s.h advantage w ill b e largely, overTUE SCHOOL BOARD h a d com b y .three possible alternatives: Build in g einto separatin g the one build­ ___ the tw o sect: a school on the D ouglas Park Jefferson sch ool in Arsite: continue use o f the existing _______ _s now separated. T h e Dally Madison building now be- H enry - J efferson building h a s an ..n° ton ing used a s a Drew Annex: or enrollm ent of 613 elem en tary a n d add classroom s at the present 781 ju n io r high pupils — a tota l site. o f 1323. Fo r adm in istration it i s planCrt^n*Valiev^*the c o r aom inistration u i s piiuiDolly Madison s ch ool is ju st out­ side the extrem e oast corner. ..__ - , Thus both these sites a re p oorly com p ose d o f kindergar. located fo r the children who . •S r a c e s l, - a n d 3; an d a n Plans for : S .’ SS' ‘ Sftii.SS g r a d e s 4, 5 o ffice s w ill b e b etw een th e l c la s s ro o m areas. L unch e s w i l l b e Um-, close r lo W aller R eed drive Oran D olly M adlsoo Ls l o Shirley'.1 “ highway. W alter R eed drive, a l­ ready a • a jo r thoroughfare, is m to be dev eloped into a 4-lane d i­ vided highw ay — leav in g le ss than one a c re o f level land for physical education and p lay sp a ce at the school. A p rop osa l w as m ade to clo se P ollard S treet to provide m ore usa ble land at D ouglas Park. P ollard Street, it has been learned, cann ot b e clos­ ed becau se it is an essential a c ­ c e s s road to the h om es south of D ouglas Park. B E SID E S T H E a b ov e d isadvan ­ tages. the stee p con tou rs o f the D ouglas P ark s ite w ould m a k e ; it v ery expen sive to build an elem entary s ch o o l th ere co m p a r­ a b le to oth ers in Arlington. So far a s the D olly M adison building is concerned, it should not b e used fo r children a t D rew becau se it is im p ro perly - lo cated , in relation t o t h e pupils an d b e ­ ca u s e of its prg»mity.J.o_Shirl£y v Hg ' t . ihwy r ' I n v otin g to add the e x tra d a ss- Irooms a t the p resen t D r ew site, the S ch ool B o ard took in to a c ­ count both a d v a n tages an d d isa d ­ vantages. Th e m ost im p ortant a d v a n ta ge s |In yirliTL!*toiv separated, with c a d i s e ctio n usin s *t-s ow n m ultip u rp o se room , T H E SMALL O L fU O C t : physleal e d u ca tion a r e a u se d by the p rese n t s ch o o l c a n b e a s s ig n e d to the p rim u ry s e c t io n a n d the m u ch la r g e r a r e a o f la n d to bo a cq u ired north o f the s c h o o l ca n b e a s s ig n e d to tl» in te rm ed ia te e section. T h e re w ill b o a s s ista n t p rin cip a ls fo r e a c h se ction . D rcw K em p e r a lr e a d y h a s t w o a sslst.-'it p rincip als, s o th is w ill a d d n o u -dillcn-il expen se, M y co n clu sio n is that w h ile enro llm c n ts in e x c e s s o f 600 m a y h a v e d isa d v a n ta ge s, th es e d isad v a n ta g e s ca n b e o v e r c o m e b y p r o p e r a rr a n g em e n t o f fa c ilit ie s . in th e bu ildin g, o u t d o o r p h y s ic a l e d u ca tion a r e a s and r e s p o n s ib le itie s o f m e m b e r s o f th e n d m in istra tiv e staff. I a m fu rth er s a t isf ie d th at the b u d d in g pla ns, s it e p la n s, an d i- —— an education , f o r c h ild r e n w h o ' attend, w h ich w ill b e c o m p a r a b le ■»■ »£ >» education a c tlv iu c a — - G? I BA RNA RD JOY ' C h a irm a n A rlin gto n C o u n ty • S ch ool B o a rd "S i ’ <£>/ I For Drew School S ch o ol B o a rd fo r I A R L IN G T O N — N e a r l y 51 niil- sought by (lio n h a s b e e n a p p r o v e d b y th e c o n s t r u c t io n , a n d 5200,000 f o r l a n d s ‘C o u n ty B o a r d to r e l i e v e s c h o o l a c q u is i t i o n . B u t u n d e r U r b a n s k c ’ / ( Io v e r c r o w d in g in t h e D r e w - K e m p - p r o p o s a l t h e s u m i s l u m p e d t o ­ le r a r e a — but th e c o n t r o v e r s y g e t h e r a n d m a y b e s p e n t h o w y ' (ab ou t h o w Ih e m o n e y i s t o b< e v e r t h e b o a r d d e s ir e s . I s p e n t h a s n o t b e e n s p ik e d . a c t io n w a s t a k e n a s a r e ­ The . County' Hoard Saftirday s u l t o f h e a t e d c o n t r o v e r s y a s a r e ­ proved $ 5 ,0 0 for Ihe proj9 0 0 p r o p o s e d 22- r o o m a d d i t i o n t on a motion b.v Hoard Chnlr-t o D r e w - K c m p e r . A n u m ber of in Leo tlrbanskc Jr. - but N e g r o l e a d e r s h a v e a p p e a r e d -be­ •board did not specify how f o r e t h e b o a r d a n d s a i d t h a t s u c h the money, will l» spent if ap­ e a d d it i o n w o u l d b e f i n a n c i a l l y proved by voters In tlio N i u n r e a s o n a b le and e d u c a t io n a lly v ember bond referendum. u n sou n d. Two id e a s , v o cife r o u s ly p roThe idclition would provide c l a i m e d ' ' b y t h e ir b a c k e r s , h a v e the area with a 37-room school , b e e n h e a r d o n H ie m a t t e r . O n e i s .1 1 th at t h e m o n e y - s h o u ld b e u s e d and facilities for 1 7 .slndcn(.s. Cititons in the area are jro.neri a d d it io n to D r e w - K c m p e r , ully split over flio project. a N e g r o s c h o o l. T h e o t h e r i s th at ih e m o n e y s h o u ld be u se d to S o m e w a n t th e a d d it io n con ­ b u ild a c o m p l e t e l y n e w s c h o o l . . s t r u c t e d . s i n c e t h e y f e e l t h e r e i s o th e r s u it a b le s it e a n d a d d i­ T h e m o n e y , U r b a n s k c s a id , is are d e s p e r a te ly l o b e u s e d n s th e S c h o o l B o a r d t io n a l f a c i l i t i e s i s fit. It w ill n o t b e s p e c i f i e d n e e d e d t o r e l i e v e c r o w d e d c o n d i th e r e f e r e n d u m w h e t h e r t h e P r c se n tly .. c h i l d r e n in t h e a r e a L m o n e y w ill g o t o w a r d a n a d d it i o n -c s e n t t o t h r e e d i f f e r e n t e l e ­ th e D r c w - K e m p c r s i t e o r a m e n t a r y s c h o o ls . S om e le n d e r s w s c h o o l l o c a l .-d e l s e w h e r e . O K T H E T O T A L 5730.000 w a s h a v e s a i d t h e y w o u l d r a t h e r l e a v e th e s itu a t io n a s it I s th a n e n l a r g e D rcw - K em p cr. ) C? I Bond for School there is a rea son a b le d ou b t that su ch a la r g e s c h o o l cou ld b e d e­ sign ed w ith d ecen tra lization o f a d ­ ministration. c la s s r o o m fa c ilitie s 1 and p la y s p a c e s t o o v e r c o m e pro-' fcssion a l objection . “ h a t anyone in ten d s to m o v e T m o r e slow ly, t o p la n carefu lly , to attend to con tinuing r e s e a r c h ely doubtful,” “ the School Board should isI f ex tr emrow th in th e e le h ee nsaid. If " any g m ta r y announce, a s it d oc s s e e m likely sch ool p opulation is p r o je c t e d in to do in the few d a y s rem aining Uie ex istin g d istric t in -th e n ext until Nov. 7, that it w ould be few years, the is su e ou g h t t o b e willing to d efer its plans fo r sev e­ b efore u s in the lo c a tin g a n d c o n ­ ral months o f review and re-ap­ stru ctin g o f tw o w h o lly n e w e l e ­ praisal, I w ould not stand against m en ta ry s c h o o ls l o r th e d is tric t it. now s e r v e d b y D rew -K em p e r a n d ARLINGTON' County h as m ad e Drew-Annex. . im pressive and outstanding g ain s Mr. R e d m a n c o m m e n d e d th e in the field of educational stand­ plan o f a rch itect llU ly a rd R o b ­ ards generally. Yet, m uch a s I inson fo r th e D o u g la s D ark site., would w ish to lavish p ra ise on all an d s a id the stcci»cst p a r t w a s who have ach ieved s o much, I not in clu d ed in t!*e ph ut a n d m ust sa y if this expansion o f D rew the c a m p u s p la n t o r the area, School is allow ed to happen, s e e m e d in tere stin g an d fe a s ib le . will b e a m onum ent o f failu re." H e s a i d o th e r p o s s ib ilit ie s a r e Mr. R edm an s a id h e fa vored present, c itin g a s c h o o l d e s ig n fo r M o n tg o m e r y C ou n ty that en vis-, all other ite m s on th e b ond issue, ion s a 3 s to r y s e m i - c ir c u l a r de-| declarin g them n ecessary. Mr. R ed m an qu oted a recen t s ig n g iv in g in g r e s s a n d e g r e s s on com m unication from Dr. R ay g ro u n d l e v e l o n tw o o f th e th r ee Kehnc of the B ureau of S ch ool floors. H e a ls o p oin ted ou t th a t the S erv ices of the U niversity ot M ichigan, w hich con du cts sch o ol T w in B r a n d i S c h o o l in M o n t g o m ­ su rv ey s a s on e of Its fu nction s: e r y C ou n ty w ith 38 c l a s s r o o m s Dr. K ehoe w rote that th e sta n ­ an d 1300 p u p ils h a s h a d d is c i p li ­ d ard a cc e p te d b y th e m a jo r ity n a ry a n d a d m in is tr a t iv e p r o b le m s that h a v e d ra w n th e a tte n tio n o f o f sch ool plan ning person n el the n e w sp a p e r s. the cou nty is fiv e a a re s as -MR. R E D M A N r e m a r k e d That b a se s ite p lus on e a c r e fo r e a c h e v e n w ith m o r e a n d m o r e in t e ­ 100 pupils. T h e U n iversity g r a t e d e x p e r i e n c e s f o r th e c h il­ M ich igan bureau r e c o m m e n d s dren. o f A rlin gton , t h e r e w o u ld 20-room s c h o o l co n sistin g o f two still b e r e q u ir e d a d e q u a te s c h o o l s k indergarten r o o m s a n d 18 c l a s s ­ a n d p la y c e n t e r s in -the N e g r o room s to s e r v e g r a d e s through C o m m u n it y a n d n e a r it s p c r im e tthe sixth. T h is w ould a llo w 120 k indergarten pupils, w ith tw o s e s ­ ’ w e a r c t o s e r v e t h e s e c h il ­ If sion s d a ily in e a c h room , a n d 540 d re n w ell,” h e s a id , w e m u s t ta k e p u p ils in ih e o th er 18 room s, m a k ­ a c c o u n t o f th e ir n e e d a n d o u r in g a m a x im u m o f 6G0 pupils. r e s p o n s ib ility t o p r o v i d e t h e m o s t M R. REDMAN* s a id th a t w hile f a v o r a b le e n v ir o n m e n t w h ic h c a n tie p ro p on en ts o f the Drew -Kem - p o s s i b l y b e d e v is e d . ” A R L IN G T O N — ’ n d e r n o c ir ­ U c u m s t a n c e s slio u ld w e s u p p o r t th e g r a n d io s e a d d itio n o f s o m a n y a s 22 c l a s s r o o m s t o D r e w E l e ­ m e n ta ry S ch o o l.” s a i d th e R ev . E d w a r d H. R ed m a n , p r e a c h in g y e s t e r d a y a t th e U n ita ria n C h u rc h o f A rlington. H e sa id : 11 I $950,000 A p p r o v e d Cleric Opposes fcon- o , SCH O O L S U IT . It A V K E 1 I1 s a id th at a r g u m e n t s c a llin g th e D r ew - K cm p er e n la r g e m e n t edu­ c a t i o n a l l y u n s o u n d a r e '• u n r e a s o n ­ a b le a n d b a s e d on u n s u lfic io n t g r o u n d s.” T h e a r g u m e n t is b a s e d o n a 1 0 - y ea r - old - N a t io n a l E d u c a ­ tio n A s s o c ia t io n r e p o r t s a y i n g t h a t a n y e le m e n t a r y sch ool of over 600 p u p i l s i s t o o l a r g e f o r t h e w e ll b e i n g o f t h e in d iv id u a l s t u ­ den t. * —— v , “ u t a n y b o d y w h o t h in k s t h a t B I • e le m e n ta r y e d u c a tio n has not / m a d e t r e m e n d o u s a d v a n c e s i n U»e / p a s t 10 y e a r s h a s f a i l e d t o i n f o r m I h im s e lf. U n d e r m o d e r n c o n d i t i o n s I s c h o o l o f o v e r 600 i s n o t o n l y \ e d u c a tio n a lly s o u n d b u t a l s o c a s - J ily m a n a g e d . ” R e id s a id . — tions. Tho Elemcntnry^fSL ^>ol Principals D epartm ent o u tlie | National Education A sso c ia ­ tion declared in 1954: J. “ « We b eliev e the in terests o f children are b est serv ed w h en the m axim um cla ss size is 25 pu pils and the s iz e o f the sch oo l is 500 pupils.” Behind this reso lu tio n is a feeling, shared by parents, that an elem entary s c h o o l sh o u ld be “ se to the hom e.” It clo shou ld be a p la ce to w a lk to and a p la ce w h ere n o t on ly teacher but p rin cip a l k n ow s each ch ild b y name. In th e h a p p ie s t s it u a t io n p r in c ip a l m ig h t s t o p ^ a c h ild in t h e h a l l a n d a s k , " J o h n n v , ca n y o u r e c it e th a t p o e m y o u le a r n e d la st w e e k ? ” o r “ o w H is y o u r l i t t l e b r o t h e r ? I h e a r h e h as c h ic k e n p ox .” R eason fo r B ig n e ss B ig c itie s b u ild o v e r s iz e e le m e n ta r y s c h o o ls b eca u se th e y h a v e to. s a y s J a m e s R u s| s e l l, h e a d o f t h e E d u c a t i o n a l .* ' P o l ic ie s P o licie P n m m k ^in n . “ Y o u V C o m m is s i o n “on ju s t c o u l d n ’ p e p p e r e n o u g h t s c h o o l s in a n i n n e r c i t y t o s t ic k to t h e r u le . ” B u t in o u t l y i n g c o m m u n i t i e s , even prosperou s on es, ta x ­ p a y e r s s e e a s a v i n g in b u i l d i n g a d d it i o n s t o s c h o o l s ra th er th a n e r e c t i n g n e w o n e s , R u s ­ s e l l sa id . T h e fa c t th a t a d d it io n s c a n be b u ilt fa ster th a n new s c h o o l s b e c o m e s im p o r ta n t w h e n p u p i ls a r e o n s h i f t s b e ­ c a u s e o f a la c k o f sp a c e . In a d eq u a te p la n n in g a ls o can prod u ce a m a m m o th s c h o o l. W h e n s u b d i v i s i o n s b i t th e W h e a to n - R o c k v illc a rea, th e S c h o o l B o a r d c o u l d f in d � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 3 News clippings, Joy Explains Board's Drew Vote, January 31, 1961; $950,000 Approved for Drew School, October 11, 1961, Cleric Opposes bond for school, October 31, 1961. Description An account of the resource Bond for Drew School building expansion, Bernard Joy, Rev. Edward Redman Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 18_2_1_14_19 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/7b4c1857179179f554ceab56a570e0fb.pdf c7f0d2b34a49b34dad6339a42ba99af7 PDF Text Text lore Negroes' Apply lor Entrance ■ j Arlington Schools This September" & n ' By d o r s k y M c C a r t h y < S U N Education Editor A R L I N G T O N — Five new ap­ plications have been made by Negro students at white schools, The S U N learned today. ‘ School administration officials, verified that the applications • have’been made in the last two days but declined to release the names of the .children. R E P O R T S indicated there will be more applications coming in during the next week. The Ne ­ gro parents met last week and will meet again this week to map, plans , for the desegregation moves. . . Arlington >s under a Federal Court order to desegregate i s t schools. Judge .Albert V. Bryan -decreed last fall that seven Ne­ gro children must be admitted immediately to four previously all-white schools. The new applications were re­ portedly made at Stratford Jun­ ior High School by children' go­ ing from the sixth to the seventh . grade. • . A L L INQUIRIES at the indi­ vidual schools are being referred to the Superintendent’ office. s Judge Bryan’ order was ap­ s pealed to the Supreme •Court which refused last week to re­ view. the case. . A mandate ordering Arlington : County to admit the Negroes was sent-to Judge Bryan Monday by the Fourth Circuit Court of Ap• pcalsrThe Alexandria judge said he will not need to issue a newj order because the old one stands., Judge Bryan said copies-of the,1 for both the School Board and, mandate will go to the attorneys; for both the School Board and; • the Negro plaintiffs. The next move’ he said, i for the plain-' , s ti to f l a motion asking for! ffs ie a new admission date. Tnis, pre­ sumably, will be set for next f l . al In Richmond, Oliver W. H ll, i N A A C P attorney for the plain­ t f s said a motion will be filed if, ii Judge Bryan’ court in “due i s course.” He said attorneys will '/confer this weekend on a time /[Schedule. He said he "under/stands” new applications will be • made by Negroes to white schools but would not reveal names or the total number. ’- - - A..' 15-" ^ . * State Rejects Plea NegraNames i3c> . R I C H M O N D , • June board. They were told that, be­ (Special)— The Virginia Pupil cause' of existing restraining Placement Board turned down orders- from Federal courts, today a request from the Ar­ they could not compel parents lington Defenders ,of State' of Negro children to sign Sovereignty a n d Individual placement application forms as a condition of enrolling liberties for the names of children. Negro children seeking admis­ The placement board de­ sion to white schools in Arling­ clared, however, that the law ton. s i l requires white parents to tl The action was taken, at a execute the application forms closed m e e t i n g . Afterward before their children can be board secretary G. F. Potcet registered. released a copy of a letter he sent to Jack Rathbone, secre­ tary of the Arlington chapter of the Defenders. "Without wishing to seem mco-operative," the letter / id, “this board cannot accede a o- your request. Nothing i s .mentioned in the Pupil Place­ ment Act about race or color, and nothing on the application! forms issued by this board re­ lates to race' or color. The board regrets therefore that i t | s unable to provide the in­ i formation to you.” : The Arlington school admin­ istration has followed a policy t jof not making public the f H names of Negro students who fjjapply for admission to white 1 schools. The number of such 1 applications and the schools j involved are made public, but | the school administration says j jlit withholds the names t prei ■ vent the Negroes from being j y harassed. A R L I N G T O N ^ - N o Negroes : v In other action today, the have attempted to enter Arling-1 yboard sent a reminder notice ton white schools before the fa l j i {jto the Richmond school su­ term. perintendent and ;.he school The deadline for su school enrollment was passed on Friday without any Negro 'dents signing pupil placement forms .for summer courses in white schools. However, 24 Negroes have f iled placement forms for fa l onrolll . ment i - white schools. The offi­ n ci l tabulation shows II filing a for Stratford. Junior High,'4 for Gunston Junior High, 4 for W ake­ field High, 2 for Thomas Jeffer- j ,son Junior High, 2 f r- Washingo 'ton-Lee, and I foe Kenmore Junjior High. ' I No Entry,Test,, V seen mAmminer j 1 A 7 ^.v., % The Yearbook of Boy Named Green By Murray Kempton From the New York Post ! L ITTLE R O CK —There is a picture of I Ernest G reen in its prop er o rd e r as a ; m em ber o f the class o f 1958 in Tix, the I yearbook o f Central H igh School, and 1the notation that ja zz is. his hobby and that he was a transfer from H orace Mann, the N egro school. Th ere is in addition a panel o f pic- , ; lu res o f soldiers, but n o oth er su g ge s­ tion o f the events fo r which this year J at Central High is unlikely to be forgot! ten. Tix is otherwise what every high / school yearbook, how ever increased by ' substance and imagination,-ends up be; ing, the portraits o f the hom ecom in g • queen and the football players and the 'reserve cheerleaders and the m em bers of- the' societies in this particularly com ­ p le x civilization. But Ernest G reen’ yearbook is differ- * s ent from all others, becau se in it are written* the good bys o f 14 o f his 601 fello w graduates to this boy, a Negro, you nger than the average am ong them, w h ose name has engraved their class in' history. ct -J ' “ YOU KN OW how it is in high school,”said Ern est Green.” "K ids ask you to w rite in their books \and then th ey ask to w rite som ething back in . . yours.” S om e o f them began, u ncon scious of any n eed to c elebrate this m om ent with rhetoric: “ Man. this English is rough” ... or “ n joyed having you in solid . . . ” E or ‘ h is governm ent cou rse is fo r the T bird s”and like expression s o f solidarity against the oppressor. B u t they all end­ ed up expressing som e of^ th e sam e sou l’ cry: s “ have found you a real nice fellow.” I “ want to take the opportunity to tell I , you that I think you have displayed r e ­ m arkable cou rage in you r struggle to p rove y ou r rights as an American.” “ have adm ired you r cou rage th is I year, and I ’ glad you m ade It through m • all right.” "I have en joyed having hom e room with you this year. Y our friendship has . 1 m eant a lot t o me: I want to w ish you all the luck p ossible in the future, fo r you deserve it. May G o d bless you richly.” "M ay you always have the best during ' the future. Things have turned out fo r i the best n o m atter how one feels perI sonally. You've sto6d the test and passed it.- May you always have this much courage." “ know it has been real tough for you I over here. But now that it is all over, I know that you and I are happy.” “ has been a sincere p leasu re to It have been you r friend. May G o d always guide y ou and k eep you safe.” “ really adm ire you, Ernest. I doubt I if I could, have done half s o w ell had the circum stances been reversed. M ay you achieve all y ou r goals, and they bo . the best.” • T h e last w as w ritten across the por[ trait of a girl especially m arked by hetf I classm ates for honor to her qualities. 1 And m ost o f them had b een w ritten by those seniors m ost adm ired by the rest t o f the class, by Student Cou ncil memI bers and by belles, which, o f course, r figures, because pretty girls fee l no n eed t to assert -their- place in a m aster race. J They were, these 14 souvenirs o f Ern est ( Green's, from the leaders o f the school. r C-» f . NO ONE reading them w ho has ever • tried to do his b e st and failed c ou ld read them without taking note o f their uniform sense o f envy o f E rn est G reen fo r having done what they doubted they - cou ld have done. T h is sense seem s to - have occurred to E rn est Green, who. . ■ having done what h e did, o f cou rse d oes • not find i t especially brave. ' Ern est G reen close d the book and talked about how it felt to b e graduated. ‘ "‘ You know for m e," h e said, "th ere’ ll I never be a graduation like this again. I’ been look in g forw ard to it fo r 12 ve years.” ! I t may seem odd. but he was not talk­ ing about bein g the first N egro to b e graduated with white children from a j high school in Arkansas. H e was talking only about what it w as like ju st to be graduated froin high school. “ don’ know." he said, about the I t m om ent he w alked under the ligh ts and i w aited for the boos that never came. “ was kind of like a bom b that w as a It dud.” , Th ere rem ains the book with its notes : of hom age; there rem ains the crow d in • the stands and the w onder that lay b e ­ hind its silence, a silen ce o f respect and s envy. That silen ce seem ed to say that - this is a Southerner, this is our child • and this our product; w c m ade him and : we salute him. H e is better titan wo " are: he has donci som ething we w ould not have the guts to do, and w o saluto him with ou r silence. The South m ade him. and he is its better, m ost o f all becau se he d oes not boast or brag or � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 4 Newspaper Articles, Five More Negroes Apply For Entrance In Arlington Schools This September, May 28, 1958, Northern Virginia Sun, State Rejects Plea For Negro Names, No Entry Test Seen In Summer, June 16, The Yearbook Of Boy Named Green, June 8, 1958, New York Post Description An account of the resource 4 newspaper articles, Five More Negroes Apply For Entrance In Arlington Schools This September by Dorsey McCarthy, May 28, 1958, Northern Virginia Sun, State Rejects Plea For Negro Names, unattributed, 1958, No Entry Test Seen In Summer, unattributed, June 16, The Yearbook Of Boy Named Green by Murray Kempton, June 8, 1958, New York Post. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Northern Virginia Sun, Dorsey McCarthy, New York Post, Murray Kempton Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 18_2_1_4_11 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/c66e7a32b379682d9b78ef8abab96b93.pdf b341b6d36c34bcb7dfa69c18a3d1ef39 PDF Text Text 2 More Schools Integrated $>:N ( d ; ( / School Board Miemberl Defends Negro' Rulings By V ictoria Stone that h e personally'thought the Stall Reporter pupils’ “ best educational in­ Arlington . S ch o o l B o a r d T ells R easons for Choice terests w ould be s e r v e d ” I Chairman Barnard Joy yes­ Pupil by pupil, Joy set forth at all-Negro schools where terday defen ded f o r s ix hours his own o bjections but refused the pupil w ould be "accepted.” in court the Board's rejection to speak f o r the Board's other Judge A lbert V. Bryan o f 20 of 31 N egroes applying fou r members. He said 12 pu­ scheduled final arguments in fo r adm ission to white schools. pils w ere rejected for academ­ the case fo r Sept. 6. H e also ic reasons and eight because D uring the day-long p ro ­ they lived outsile the "attend­ accepted Reeves' requ est that ceedin g in Alexandria F ed­ ance area” o f the school to three oth er N egroes.w h o had eral Court, attorney Frank D. which they applied. applied to white schools in­ Reeves, representing the N eg­ And, J oy added, the State dependently in March, be roes, sou gh t to sh ow that the Pupil Placem ent Board alone added as plaintiffs in the suit. has the pow er to assign pupils. Bryan told the S ch ool Board Board’ action- w as taken oi s Reeves charged-that many . the basis o f the applicant' N egro children must attend to act on the three applicants before the Sept, 6 hearing. N egro schools not within their race. One o f them is seeking entry The S ch ool Board on July 7 attendance areas. "The Pupil to the desegregated Stratford Placem ent Board has hot fol­ decided not to opp ose the ad­ low ed your areas as they apply Junior H igh S ch ool and the other tw o are applying to Clay m ission o f nine o f the appli­ to N egroes?” he asked Joy. Elementary S ch ool.. "T o my knowledge, tl cants. Judge Bryan also agreed to It also said it w ould not Pupil Placem ent Board has oppose entry o f another N egro follow ed the attendance areas hear argum ent Sept. 6 in the into a special "sigh t saving" except in those cases where Alexandria .school desegrega­ a child w ould be in a racial tion case. The Alexandria class at Page Elementary School Board on July 8 agreed minority,”Joy answered. sch ool “ when there is R eeves asked Joy whether to adm it 10 o f 15 N egro ap­ ancy.” It added that an 11th applicant,- who sou gh t admis­ white children with grades plicants to w hite schools. A ttorneys f o r the Board and sion to a non-existant kinder­ sim ilar to the N egroes rejected garten at Patrick Henry, would on academ ic grounds would be fo r the N egroes agreed to b e unopposed if he applied d e n i e d acceptance at the consult on the oth er fiv e be­ for the Clarem ont Kindergar­ schools in question. Joy said for e th e hearing. Sch ools w hich w ould be afhe had no know ledge o f what ten. Reeves, D em ocratic National the Pupil Placement Board fected by a cou rt order adm it the nine unopposed Com mitteem an from the D is­ N egroes are Thom as Jefferson trict and an attorney for Junior H igh and the desegre­ . N egroes in many court dcseg-|B . . t t o f chiId gated Stafford, Washingtonrogation battles, questioned u est 1,UcrtSt 01 l'niul . Joy on the Board's reasons for R egarding several N egroes L ee and P a t r i c k Henry ■ rejectin g each of the 20 pupils |with low grades, Joy testified schools. Arlington Gels Irid ge’ Orders s To Admit Two T w o N p gv o c h ild r e n w e i o r d e r e d y e s t e r d a y in to tw ; all-w h ite s c h o o ls i A rlin g to n C o u n t y b y F e d e a l D i s t r i c t J u d g e A lb e rt- ' B ryan . of the children, Vivii Funn, was assigned to the kindi garten class at Claremont Scho< The other, Sherman Jones, w ssigned to.a sight-saving class Page School, and will enter as there is a vacancy, 5 cording to school officials. THE TWO Negroes were amoi J/f whose entry to white schoi not-opposed by the Arlingt School Board. Because only 1 2 the 14 were assigned to white cl; ses by the State Pupil Plucemc Board, the School Board « tended it needed a court order permit entry of .the other two. Still pending in Federal coi re the applications of 20 other 1 gro children. The School Board opposing their assignment to wh schools either because they live an attendance area served by Negro school or because they 1 to meet the Board’ acaden s preparedness criterion. JUDGE BRYAN heard arj meats in the case Tuesday c promised a decision as quickly possible. A total of 26 Negro childi (have been assigned to seven p Iviously white schools in the co \ Meanwhile, today. -Judge Bn is Hearing testimony and al­ iments' in the Fairfax county segregation suit. Attorneys for Negro applicants are expected challenge the county Scl Board’ grade-a-year dcsegro s tion approach as "too slow.” JAMES M. NABIUT HI, one the Negroes’attorneys, revec in court this morning that more Negro children were adr ted to Fairfax white element schools yesterday after school licials completed a check of i ords, such as birth certificates. quired for entrance. A total of five Negro child now attending white classc: il Il l!l � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 4 newspaper articles, papers unknown, dates: July (?), 1960, September 6, 1960, September 8, 1960, September 16, 1960. Description An account of the resource Articles concerning court cases to force desegregation in Arlington. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 18_2_1_6_21 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/86b5e77a5b959d92ebb1585e5d411f36.pdf 466ba5800fd002153f19021ca4eaa61c PDF Text Text Drive Lags / on ,For Negro ; ; Registration "5 ® i » ** -Auoclatcd Prui * Negro voter registration con­ tinues to log in the South de­ spite Lincoln Day rallies last ! month that triggered a drive aimed at doubling th e i r : strength in Dixie elections by 1960. In a few of the 21 cities where Feb. 12 kickoff rallies ■ ■ were held, Negro registrations were below normal, an Associ­ ated Press , survey indicated yesterday. The Southern C h r i s t i a n Leadership Conference, head­ ed by the Rev. Martin Luther King of .Montgomery, Ala., began its campaign with mas3 1 meetings in 11 Southern states. To achieve its goal, the S C L C must persuade more than a million Negroes to qualify as ' voters. In the first month of the drive only a handful re­ sponded. At Montgomery, where Mr. King gained national attention as leader of a Negro boycott of buses in 1956, the chairman of the county board of reg­ istrars reported a drop below normal, in Negro voter appli­ cants. And at Birmingham,' •chairman W. D. Gwin of the Jefferson County board said Negro registrations “have been less since the Lincoln Day ral­ lies than before.” Same Story Elsewhere Elsewhere, the story from county and state officials was 'much the same: If no drop-off occurred, no increase resulted. The S C L C drive covers Ala- • bama, Arkansas, F l orida, Georgia, Louisiana. Mississip­ p , North Carolina, South Caro­ i lina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia. Alabama, Arkansas, Missis- ; sippl, Texas and Virginia have a poll tax. The other states do not. ■ Negro voter registration in the 11 slates totaled roughly 1.2 million in 1956— less than 20 per cent .of the total reg.istration— but the estimate i s jvery rough. M a n y counties do 1 not classify voters by race and many that do make no sep- ; arate totals but merely mark each registration card “W ” or “N.” Mississippi has no law providing for a breakdown by color. Some Negro leaders said the drive hasn't really begun. Gen­ erally, S C L C spokesmen de­ clined to comment on their j progress. ! Drive “Hasn’ Started” t ; | “Preparations are. b e i n g ‘ made to increase Negro regi■ slration considerably,” said Z. ’Alexander Looby, president of • ; the Nashville, Tenn., branch of i the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and a city councilman. But the drive “hasn’ started,” t he added. - ' | Lethargy among Negroes i s a stumbling block, said Dr. George W. C. Brown of Nor­ folk, president of the Virginia Voters League, Inc1 . “Our big problem is to find out how to awaken the Ne­ groes," the Negro leader de­ clared. “W e will just have to meet and work out some meth.ods and techniques of over|coming the apathy, indiffer. ence, complacency and uncon. corn among Negroes on this f whole matter of registration I and voting.” - N o statewide registration j figures were available for Vir) ginia. There was a moderate ’ increase in Negro registration |at Warwick, but registration jwas running about the same j for white and Negro appli­ cants at Richmond, Norfolk, ' Newport News and Roanoke. None registered at Danville [since Feb. 1 . 2 J?UPIX. I N T E R V I E W S S T A R T — Pushing I l daughter back Into the doonvay of tho Pupil Place­ ls ment Board offices, a Negro father tries to protect her from the lenses of news photographers. . . Finally, tho pair decided to face tho battery of newsmen nnd left the offices of tho Arlington Trust Co. Ttyi photo at Tight shows tho unidentified pupil as she walked" to the elevator. This girl and het,father were tho second pair to bo Interviewed this morning. (SUN Photos— Orville Lynn). ' ■ assive Resistance’ M Crossroads Scbof|: Board By S H I K E E V E E D E K . U. S. Supreme Court i and. was. S U N Staff Writer turned down. y . _ The first step putting “massive A R L I N G T O N — The machinery of .Virginia’ .much .publicized resistance” into effect was taken s “massive resistance” program i by Governor Almond on Aug. 6 s .grinding Jnto action h r , just .when'he told a press'conference eetwo years after Senator. Harry that he considered a child ^"en­ in Flood Byrd revealed.it a ' a picnic rolled” ‘ a school whenever or­ t. dered there by a Federal Court in Berryville. . . \ .The. m a n who pushed the but­ decree. Such a school, the Gover­ ton that activated the resistance nor said,-would be considered in­ program was Judge Albert Bryan tegrated and Would not open in al' who, in his 1957 desegregation the f l . . . . i order in the U. S. District'Court, . Friday, he suggested the possi­ '.directed seven Negro students bility of closing a single room ns . nto Arlington's white public an alternative to'closing entire i , schools. Implementation -of the schools. .. . order was delayed while the •The second step was taken . State appealed a l the way to the: when the - Governor, a c.tln g l 26 Negro Pupils Noiv Ask Entrance A R L I N G T O N — Another npUcatlon to 'attend Washington^ Lee High School was' filed yes-' torday by a •Negro student, school administration officials reported. The applicant I the 2 s 6tli Negro to ask for admission to an all-white -school In the county. Sovon" other ’ Negro youngsters wore ordered ad­ mitted to all-white schools by Federal Judge Albert V. j Bryan. yesterday’ application was s the fourth from a Negro o f Wnslilngton-Lce. Other appli­ cations have been, made at: Wakefield High, 4; Stratford Junior High, 11; Gunston Jun­ ior High, - ; Jofforson Junior 1 High, 2 and ISonmoro Junior , High, 1 . Upon receipt of this advice, Negro parents decided last Fri­ day night that they would per­ mit their children to attend the interview meetings— accompanied by the parents. They pointed out, , in a letter to the School Board, that they previously hod 'said • • they would go along with "any-' reasonable procedures properlyrelated to efforts by the School Board to discharge its duties and . responsibilities.” .... Their letter added that i in­ f terviews are designed to serve any "attempted" function of the State Pupil Placement Board, the Negro families would submit to questioning under protest and without waiving any of their rights or previous objections. " ; viewed today. The remainder a scheduled "f r tomorrow; H e said o those who are out of town "will g t another chance" to partici­ e; pate In placement interviews. A spokesman fo . Negro par­ r ents said i was her understand­ t ing that a l Negro students and l their parents who were in town would be present at their sched­ uled appointment time. Apparently interviews were re­ corded. A court reporter, carry­ ing an armload of equipment, bustled into the board's office a minute after the first Negro applicant arrived. . D O W N S T A I R S in front of the Arlington Trust Company Build­ ing, where the-local office of the placement board occupies room 301, a ‘ curious Arlingtonian but­ tonholed a reporter. "What’ go­ s ing on?” he asked. "You all wait­ ing for- a movie star or some­ thing?" , ' Except for the cluster of re­ porters' in front of the building, there was no indication that any­ thing unusual was taking place. There was no sign of a crowd, id no policeman was in sight. Across the street. N A A C P at­ torneys Frank D. Reeves and James Mabrit m waited in their car. Attorney Reeves said the lawyers were there to arrange re-scheduling for parents and children who are out of town and unable to be present at the appointed time. The N A A C P at­ torneys, however, were excluded from the interviews. A P P E A R A N C E of the youngs ters and their parents ends i boycott of the Placement Boarc interviews. Last week the grou; refused to attend originnllj scheduled interviews. The School'Board subsequentl; sent a letter pointing out tha the schools "had a representativ. to participate in the interviews,' and also that "a representativ. of the School Board will partlci pate in interviews hcrcafto scheduled.” � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 4 Northern Virginia Sun Newspaper Articles, Negro Pupil Interviews Under Way In Arlington August 18, 1958, Drive Lags For Negro Registration, March 13, 1958, 'Massive Resistance' Crossroads Faced By Arlington School Board, August 18, 1958, 26 Negro Pupils Now Ask Entrance, July 10, 1958 Description An account of the resource 4 Northern Virginia Sun newspaper articles, Negro Pupil Interviews Under Way in Arlington August 18, 1958, Drive Lags for Negro Registration, March 13, 1958, 'Massive Resistance' Crossroads Faced by Arlington School Board by Shirley Elder, August 18, 1958, 26 Negro Pupils Now Ask Entrance, July 10, 1958. Includes photos. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Northern Virginia Sun, Shirley Elder Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 18_2_1_4_10 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/048b600d83309ba12e37edcef6ccc24d.pdf 0392bbaddfb9e031b0782ba530a4b3f9 PDF Text Text (66 Finding the 'Roots Of R^ce Tensions By v-UMipicUUUIU In Error on Lack O f Courses, Negro Principal Says By Richard Morris Pest Reporter ■ Superintendent William A. Early testified yesterday that J discrimination, if it exists ini” Arlington. County schools, is fci against whites rather than'"' Negroes. v * | pc His comment came under direct! ■ examination in an Alexandria Federal District Court s uit, charg­ ing the county with racial discrim­ ination in i s high. t schools. . The suit was brought by Cons­ tance Carter, a 17-year-old pupil at Hoffman-Boston High School (Negro);, who asks that she be given equal educational opportun­ ities with white students or be admitted to the county's white high school. Four,Courses Were Available Before Early-was called, Negro Principal Stephen M. Syndor of the Hoffman-Boston School testi­ fied that four courses the girl claims she was unable to take in 1946 were in fact being taught at the time. Ho said she was mistaken in her claim that Spanish, civics! typing and physical education were' not available. The last course was not taught by a ."certificated" instruc­ tor, he conceded. But since that time, two such teachers have been added for the purpose. The defense for the school board and superintendent have one •itness to present. Judge Albert ' Bryan continued the hearing . until next month— probably Octo­ ber 18— because of his docket in Norfolk next week. Lawrence Douglas, defense at­ torney, asked.Early i he had obf jserved discrimination against Ne­ groes "solely on account of their 'I race or color.” "" 'White Schools Antiquated |: J {° "I have not,’- Early replied.icis ’ "Discrimination has,bcen ngainstiarr the whites, i anything." He al-^j, f luded to three "antiquated" white *' elementary school buildings, saj»|r_ ing Negroes' have' "all modern] , buildings, well-equipped, well-ven-1 tilatcd and adequate." ; Pri Early would not concede under cross-examination by At t o r n e y , ® : Oliver Hill, that white school facil->,® ’ tics are restricted to whitest^ "purely on the basis of race.” " t's purely on the basis of law,” Pl ( I c Early said. If a white student at- g d tempted to enter Hoffman-Boston, t0 v ■ he would be sent to' Washington-j t ; Lee High School by the same (Sni token, he added. State law requiresIfi-d f segregation. M. (j Early said inability to provide wnr<! desired courses for whites orlsterj Negroes in Arlington would neces-iPhil' sitate sending students to regional) hair high schools in Manassas, Va. Ar. ; |rangements have been completed, W he said. | The plaintiff’ attorneys have / s concentrated largely on failure of 1he school board to provide exactly a i I i same course for Negro and 3 tl e 1 yjwhite high school students. w n| Dr. Howard A. Dawson, director P ' a of rural services for the National i jEducation Association, i the print s | cipai defense witness yet to be * y| heard. F a u l k n e r ’ V i e ic s s Being a Southerner myself, I w ould like to re p ly to Wil­ liam Faulkner’ speech as re ­ s ported in you r issu e o f Feb. 21. H e spoke o f the South h elping the N egro to develop . by teaching him m orality and rectitude. I wish he had given : . one exam ple o f the South's m orality and rectitude. Was it the lynching o f the little T ill boy in M ississippi or the inciden t that happened in m y hom e tow n (Little Rock)? ' How can anyone, as he says, who practices ’ these virtues ’ only on Sunday, teach anybody ] else? This sou nds to m e like hypocrisy. He further said , the N egro should for ge t about i his reading, w riting and arith- , ; metic. Is he advocating illiter- i acy fo r first-class citizenship? i If building a country, fight- \ in g for a country and dying for a country do not m ake ’ ■ one w orthy o f first-class citi- . • zenship, I ’ afraid Mr..Faulk- ■ m ncr w ill have to tell .the N egro how to change the c o lo r of his skin. If the other articles • he w rote w ore sim ilar to this one, lie should return the N obel Prize and have the ju d ge s impeached. MATTIE M. THURSTON.' Washington. e d g e o f each grou p through to the other is o ne step in m aking it p ossible f o r the "w e’ uns” arid "th ey’ uns” o f the planet to live in the close r contact that lies ahead. , What h elp d o cs scientific research of­ fe r in this? A great am ount o f such research has been carried out. Now U N ESCO (United Nations Education, Scientific and Cul­ tural Organization) has assem bled a bjrd’ s-.eye view o f these findings. The first phase o f this effort is published in a recen t Iriternational S ocial S cience Bulletin. This con tain s re p o rts- o f re­ search o n ethnic grou p relations in Brit­ ain, E ast Africa, the F ederal R epublic o f Germ any and the U nited States. ( ONE con clu sion relating to alleged British "snootiness” igh t b e o f Interest m to oth er nations. I t is that the British have an initial fear o f strangers, includ­ in g a wish to avoid association with them. P ersons o f m arked difference. as those o f oth er colors, are especially relegated to social distance. Y et racial attitudes have n o t hardened in Britain, says this study, bu t "are still in a state o f (lux, easily influenced by favorable o r u nfavorable propaganda and, first-hand experience." O ne interesting finding in a survey o f racial feelin g in W est Germany, which the Bonn governm en t h elped fi­ nance, was that anti-Semitism seem ed m ore prevalent among, the academ ically ' educated than am ong p eo ple of- other A m erican racial relations have been greatly influenced in recent years by econ om ic changes, including entrance o f N egroes into industry and their mi-gration to cities. O n e study o f the rela­ tive con cern s o f N egroes and w hites in their relations with each o th er showed N egroes p la cin g econom ic discrim ina­ tion at the top o f th eir list and ba rs to interm arriage at th e bottom. With fhe w hites interm arriage was placed* first, t with econom ic privileges la s t A sum m ary of studies on racial inter­ m arriage says their current results in­ dicate that this “ does not increase ap­ preciably with greater incorporation o f m inority racial grou ps in A merican so: ciety o r with an im provem ent .of their > social positioni” I ■<, cc •l f u © S O Q 'jS ' 4 Q > « 5 *—. i CH t - ills' 33 H3B32S St .n s , Ai 3 .-gliilslla=lss= . r- 3 O _ (I .^3 •“Z —z ' S z c P 1 ..ID C. Fircn*' . ; F o i' ’' s d .* s Malvina L n s y ida THE- GR EA T am ount o f folklore bandied about by self-appointed experts on ethnic grou ps has h elped to intensify % racial friction. In this country N egroes, ’ Indians, Jew s and usu­ ally the latest grou p o f imm igrants (cur­ rently Puerto Ricans) have been the sub­ je c t s o f much careless generalization. Yet every nation has its m inority gro u p or caste, usually rigidly stereotyp ed by major- i a j t-TT :»oI§s'S-S_i|-|6.“ c u | s , =s3 S S K jr teS S5 & s e s - l i s a s ^ TW O S C H O O L S o f thought sh ow up in the research on origins o f prejudice. ' O ne is that it is prim arily based on per­ sonality quirks and deficiencies. The other, which now is gain in g ground, sees it larg ely as a result o f grou p o r c o l­ lective factors, including environm ental - and s ocial pressures. This scientific research offers'{io cureall for racial tensions. O ne survey finds that dissem ination *of p rop er inform a­ tion and factual kn ow ledge w ill have a "p ositive though sm all effect in chang­ ing racial attitudes." M ore effective, the resea rch indicates, Is “ grou p therapy,” i in which m em bers o f all grou ps associ­ ate inform ally in carrying out commu' nity projects. A suggestion for m eeting bigoted re­ marks pm erges from one study. It is— train p eo ple to answer them. N o such rem ark should g o unanswered, the study . concludes, but the results are better if ‘the answer is given in a "calm and qu iet" manner. . S om e o f th e contributions to "p olicy k n ow ledge" m ade by research in race ; relations have specipl pertinence to cur­ re n t school segregation conflicts, os: “ nam biguous declarations o f institu­ U tional intentions and firm efforts to im­ plem en t the intentions are decisive m eans o f shaping a given racial situa* lion. “ m ediate and firm p olicy action by Im > p olice officials and officers generally ' com m itted to upholding the law suffices to prevent and con trol race riots. Such com m itm ent can be developed easier and m ore effectively by developin g am on g them a sen se o f professional re­ sponsibility than by trying to change th eir feelings and attitudes toward ra­ cial groups. “ The m obilization o f pow er grou ps on behalf o f a program o f racial change is m ore effective than a cam paign of m oral exhortation or even a program � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 4 Washington Post Articles, Bias In Schools Of Arlington Denied By Early, September 10, 1949, Faulkner's Views, March 11, 1958, Finding The Roots Of Race Tensions, December 1, 1958, Negro Candidate Stirs Alexandria With Pledge To Democratic Party, January 5, 1958 Description An account of the resource 4 Washington Post Articles, Bias In Schools Of Arlington Denied By Early by Richard Morris, September 10, 1949, Faulkner's Views (letter to the editor written by Mattie M. Thurston), March 11, 1958, Finding The Roots Of Race Tensions by Malvina Lindsay, December 1, 1958, Negro Candidate Stirs Alexandria With Pledge To Democratic Party, unattributed, January 5, 1958. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Washington Post, Richard Morris, Mattie M. Thurston, Malvina Lindsay Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958-01-05 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1940s, 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 18_2_1_4_42 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/5445b597a474b2abcd0466f23a02d50f.pdf 620ef94445ca29fc3ae2c6ae3dc15270 PDF Text Text American Association of University women I 63 U Eye Street, N.YV., Washington 6, D.C. January 1952 A BIBLIOGRAPHY TO SUPPLEMENT THE READING CONTAINED IN THE KIT "The Attack on the Public Schools" Axtelle, George E. "Public Relations and Educational Statesmanships Progressive Education, vol. 28, No. 7, May 1951. Next Steps." The writer believes the educator has a positive duty not yet fully realized: "To help the public organize itself so it may identify its basic interests in educa tion, to make available the scientific data and other considerations it must have at its disposal to form intelligent educational policy." Beminghausen, David K. "The Case of the Nation." American Scholar, Winter 1950. The Nation was dropped from New York City public school libraries by the New York school administration. This article by the chairman of the Committee on Intellect ual Freedom, American Library Association, examines the idea of a student's "freedom of inquiry" gs part of his "educational opportunities." Defense Bulletins Nos. 35. 36, 37, 38, 39. (freeTI NEA Defense Commission, Yvashington, D.C. No. 35, "Report on the Enemy," is a speech given in Missouri by Harold Benjamin (1950), describing purpose of Commission and is a first statement of reconnaisance on war on education. No. 3 6 , November 1950, No. 37, January 1951, No. 38, Febru ary 1951, No. 39, October 1951, contain reports and informative quotes related to current issues in the attack on the public schools. Forster, Arnold. A Mea sure of Freedom. Doubleday, New York, 1950. This 250-page book by the lawyer who is director of the Anti-Defamation League's Civil Rights Division, contains documented profiles of propaganda leaders in this country who make their living by organizing prejudice. For those who do not know the reputations, motivations, and methods of the characters behind organized at tack, this reference is a must. Hullfish, H. Gordon, "The Profession and the Public Face a Common Problem." tional Research Bulletin, volume 30, No. 5, May 16, 1951. Educa "The simple fact is that education must become more public than it has been here tofore." The educator and the public must see that education becomes better understood in order "to help young people grow into effective and intelligent citizenship." Constructive lessons from the Pasadena case. Kaplan, Louis. "The Attack on Modern Education." Phi Delta Kappan, January 1951. Professor Kaplan makes a documented analysis of these questions: Did schools of an older generation do a good teaching job? Are modem schools any better? How can a desirable relationship be created between a community and its schools? �- Lippitt, Ronald# “Attacks on the school: Progressive Education, May 1951. 2 - How to Develop Preventive Strength#" This two^page article refers to the various "attacks" on public schools as a starting point for discussion of the obligation of the school and its leaders to inform the community concerning educational matters. Mead, Margaret. The School in American Culture# Massachusetts, 195l^ Harvard University Press, Cambridge, A refreshing presentation from an anthropological point of view of the problems our schools and our teachers face in the culture of today. Age brings not wisdom but confusion to a teacher today, unless that teacher can keep up with the demands of a changing society. Melbo, Irving R. mi5hat Can School Board Members do to Answer Criticisms of Public Education?" American School Board Journal, vol. 122, No. 5, May 1951. A carefully organized article showing how citizen criticism of public education should be received, evaluated, and used to improve children's education. Although "freedom- to criticize appears to be inherently a privilege of American citizen ship," there must also be "willingness to accept responsibility for making a criticism." Morse, Arthur D. "Who's Trying to Ruin Our Schools?" September 1951. McCall1s Magazine, A report of the attempts made in several cities to discredit educational leader ship, program, and methods, and the part played by special interest groups and certain specified persons in using or making a confused community situation. National Commission For the Defense of Democracy Through Education, The Pasadena Story, NEA, Washington, D.C., June 1951. Of all the books and articles written on the attack on the Pasadena schools and on Superintendent Goslin in particular, this short report of the case seems to give the best objective account of the entire story. Smith, Mortimer. And Madly Teach. Henry Regnery Co., Chicago, Illinois, 19l*9. Serious criticism, entertainingly written, of the foibles and pitfalls of American public school education, written by an educated and intelligent layman who served on a Board of Education. Contains more truth than fiction. Tuttle, Edward M. "Community Complaint a Golden Opportunity to Effective Public Relations." American School Board Journal, vol. 121, No. 2, August 1950. The School Board should consult the community as well as principle that "all the p eople should have all the facts community interest in schools is only now emerging after during which people generally have paid (them) little or natural that many questions arise. the educators, on the all the time." Because "a considerable period no attention," it is �- 3 - Younger, George. "Protestant Piety and the Right Wing." Social . c i n May IS. Ato, 1951. A 35-page leaflet, reporting current attempts to enlist the churches to support a particular economic or political philosophy. Describes attempts to form mutual alliances through emphasis on certain common interests. A specific and thoroughly documented stucty. Current journals carrying articles on this subject are; The Education Digest, 50 cents a copy, S&.00 a year; 330 South State Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan. National Citizens Commission for the Public Schools, 2 West ligth Street, New York 19, New York, various publications. NEA Journal, 1201 Sixteenth Street, N.l«., Washington, D. C. Nation's Schools, the Nation's Schools Publishing Company, 919 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. New York Times, Sunday Education Section. School and Society, available by subscription,in educational libraries, or from The Society for the Advancement of Education, Inc., 10 McGovern Avenue, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Bibliography to Supplement the Reading Contained in the Kit "The Attack on the Public Schools," American Association of University Women, January, 1952 Description An account of the resource Bibliography of resources for defending public schools and understanding the opposition. 3 pages Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource American Association of University Women 1952-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_6_1_1_17 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/fa7a79e87f479ccd4a50e7c2e378bf3f.pdf c326229b71403c339cf71f81dc736f24 PDF Text Text A B R I E F LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF THE C I V I L RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN ARLINGTON by K e v in S w e e n e y The c i v i l r i g h t s m o v e m e n t i n A r l i n g t o n i s a microcosm o f t h e n a t i o n a l s t r u g g l e f o r e q u a l i t y . De­ d ic a te d in d i v i d u a l s fought i n s t i t u t i o n a l s e g r e g a t i o n in th e co u rth o u se, in th e l e g i s l a t u r e , in th e v o tin g b o o th , i n th e s c h o o l s , and i n th e s t r e e t s . The a c ­ t i o n s o f t h o s e a c t i v i s t s h a s changed our community f o r t h e b e t t e r . R i g h t s which a r e now t ak en f o r g r a n t e d by a new g e n e r a t i o n w e r e a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h t h e s t e a d y , p e r s i s t e n t r e f u s a l o f many i n d i v i d u a l s i n c o u n t l e s s s i t u a t i o n s t o a c c e p t t h e s t a t u s quo. I t i s i m p o s s i b l e t o g i v e a f u l l p i c t u r e i n j u s t a few w o r d s , b u t h e r e a r e some h i g h l i g h t s o f t h e s t r u g g l e f o r e q u a l i t y . S e g r e g a t e d P u b l i c M e e t i n g s On O c t o b e r 2 8 , 1 9 5 7 M a r j o r i e T a y l o r was a r r e s t e d a t a p o l i t i c a l r a l l y and charged w ith v i o l a t i n g a s t a t e o rdinance e n a c te d in 1926 r e q u i r i n g s e g r e g a t e d s e a t i n g a t p u b l i c e v e n t s . Ms. T a y l o r w a s f o u n d g u i l t y a n d f i n e d . On J a n u a r y 13» 1958, a n A r l i n g t o n C i r c u i t J u d g e r u l e d t h a t t h e law d e p r i v e d Ms. T ay lo r o f h e r r i g h t o f l i b e r t y w i t h ­ o u t due p r o c e s s o f law and o v e r t u r n e d t h e c o n v i c t i o n . V o t i n g R i g h t s One o f t h e m o s t s u c c e s s f u l v o t e r reg istra tio n d riv es in th e co u n try in 1964 w as s p e a r h e a d e d l o c a l l y by t h e N o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a c h a p te r o f th e Congress o f R a cial E q u a lity . John R o b i n s o n , J r . , D a v id B. B r o o k s , and o t h e r s w o r k e d t i r e l e s s l y on t h e campaign. S h o r t l y b e f o r e t h e 1964 e l e c t i o n s , t h e A r l i n g t o n C ounty R e g i s t r a r s u d d e n ly c h a l l e n g e d 111 o f t h e new r e g i s t r a n t s . A h e a r i n g was sc h e d u l e d a t s h o r t n o t i c e w h ich co uld have r e s u l t e d i n p u r g i n g a l l o f them f ro m t h e r o l l s . I r a M. L e c h n e r , a t t o r n e y f o r CORE a t t h e h e a r i n g , c h a r g e d t h a t t h e a c t i o n was "an a t t e m p t t o g e t r i d of a l a r g e segm ent o f Negro v o t e r s , p e r h a p s a s an example t o o t h e r s . " On M a rch 2 4 , 19 66, t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s S u p r e m e C ourt i n v a l i d a t e d th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f v o te r r e g i s t r a n t s an d v o t e r s i n f e d e r a l e l e c t i o n s on t h e b a s i s o f w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e y h ad p a i d a p o l l t a x . T h i s a c t i o n s p e c i f i c a l l y o v e r t u r n e d V i r g i n i a ’s p o l l tax. V i r g i n i a s u b s e q u e n t l y amended i t s l a w s t o p r o ­ v i d e f o r d u a l r e g i s t r a t i o n an d q u a l i f i c a t i o n o f v o te r s , a s a f u r t h e r a tte m p t to bar persons se ek in g to r e g is te r for s ta te electio n s. �PROGRAM W ELCOM E Susan Prokop DINNER INTRODUCTIONS Amy Bruno T ate AW ARDS Susan Prokop INTRODUCTION OF THE KEYNOTE SPEAKER Clyde S h o r t KEYNOTE SPEAKER Mr. J o s e p h L. Rauh, INTRODUCTION OF SPECIAL GUESTS Kevin Sweeney CLOSING REMARKS Clyde S h o r t MUSIC AND DANCING U n t i l 1:00 A M F l o r a l a r ra n g em en t d o n a t e d by W ilson’ s F l o r i s t s �P o r t i a H askins r e g i s t e r e d to v o te in f e d e r a l e l e c t i o n s . L a t e r , sh e p a i d t h e r e q u i r e d s t a t e p o l l ta x . S t a t e and l o c a l v o t i n g o f f i c i a l s s t i l l r e f u s e d t o p e r m i t h e r t o v o t e , c l a i m i n g t h a t she had f a i l e d t o r e g is te r se p ara te ly for s ta te e lectio n s. Ms. H as k in s ap p ealed . The U n ited S t a t e s D i s t r i c t Cou rt h e l d t h a t "no r a t i o n a l b a s i s e x i s t s " t o s u p p o r t such a s t a t u t e . E q u a l E m ploym ent D a v i d B r o o k s , CORE v i c e c h a i r m a n , c h a r g e d i n May, 1965 t h a t t h e c o u n t y g o v e rn m en t had f a i l e d to f u l f i l l i t s c i v i l r i g h t s o b l i g a t i o n s i n county h i r i n g s , p o i n t i n g t o t h e t o t a l a b s e n c e o f b l a c k s on t h e A r l i n g t o n p o l i c e f o r c e . At l e a s t tw o b l a c k s had a p p l i e d f o r p o s i t i o n s , b u t t h e y a p p a re n tly f a i l e d e i t h e r the e n tra n c e ex am inations or t h e backgr ou nd i n v e s t i g a t i o n , w hich d e te r m in e d w h e t h e r a p p l i c a n t s had a c r m i n a l r e c o r d o r " s o c i a l p roblem s". H o u sin g O p p o r t u n i t i e s On J u n e 22, 1 9 6 8 , t h e A r l i n g t o n County Board a d o p t e d an o r d in a n c e p a t t e r n e d a f t e r f e d e r a l la w w h i c h e s t a b l i s h e d a f i v e - m e m b e r F a i r H o u s in g B o a rd t o r e c e i v e and i n v e s t i g a t e c o m p l a i n t s by any p e r so n c l a i m i n g t o have been d e n i e d h o u s i n g on t h e b a s i s o f r a c e , c o l o r , r e l i g i o n , o r national orgin. C i v i c P a r t i c i p a t i o n As i n many o t h e r l o c a l i t i e s a c r o s s A m erica, n o n v io le n t d e m o n s tr a tio n s b ro u g h t a b o u t t h e d e a t h o f de f a c t o s e g r e g a t i o n . In p a r t i c u l a r , t h e A r l i n g t o n i a n f o r a B e t t e r County, l e d by A l l a n D ean , h ad i t s o r i g i n s i n t h e c i v i l r i g h t s m o v em en t o f t h e 1 9 5 0 's . The L e a g u e o f Women V o t e r s , u nder t h e s t e w a r d s h i p o f E l i z a b e t h Weihe, championed the r i g h t s o f m i n o r i t i e s to p a r t i c i p a t e f u l l y i n the p o l i t i c a l p ro c e s s . D em o n s tra tio n s r e s u lte d in th e i n t e g r a t i o n o f d r u g c o u n t e r s , m o v ie t h e a t e r s , a n d A rlin g to n H o sp ita l. E d u c a t i o n The Supreme C o u r t 's landm ark d e c i s i o n i n Brown v. B o a rd o f E d u c a t i o n o f Topek a on May 17, 1954 b e g a n t h e s t r u g g l e t o d e s e g r e g a t e A r l i n g t o n ' s pu b lic schools. At t h e t i m e o f t h e Brown d e c i s i o n , A r l i n g t o n had a p p r o x i m a t e l y 22,677 p u p i l s e n r o l l e d i n p u b lic sc h o o ls. Of t h o s e , 1 , 4 3 2 w e r e b l a c k . The County a d m i n i s t e r e d f o r t y s c h o o l s , f o u r o f which w ere s e t a p a r t f o r b l a c k s : Hoffm an-Boston, Drew-Kemper, and L an g sto n . Almost f i v e y e a r s o f " m a s s i v e r e s i s t a n c e " f o r c e d b a c k t h e t i d e o f c h a n g e i n A r l i n g t o n u n t i l 1959. S u p p o r t e r s o f i n t e g r a t i o n w ere com pelled t o b a t t l e t h e S t a t e and County go vernm ent e v e r y s t e p o f t h e way. I n �Arlington County Board DEMOCRATS Ellen Bozman John Milliken Mary Margaret Whipple Al Eisenberg salu te Arli ngton YOUNG DEMOCRATS And ■from our new esV uTWemW-s -for q I\ : bO t orV vr\ \AS3.W - A\ E\senberg �1956, a s u i t was f i l e d t o r e v e r s e t h e S ch o o l B o a rd 's p o lic y of r e fu s in g to ad m it b lack c h ild r e n to a l l w h ite schools. The S ch o o l Board moved t o d i s m i s s th e s u i t ; ho wever, F e d e r a l D i s t r i c t Judge Bryan, who h e a r d th e c a s e , n o t o nly r e f u s e d to d i s m i s s th e c a s e , b ut i s s u e d a n o r d e r p r o h i b i t i n g t h e S c h o o l B o a r d f ro m r e f u s i n g t o a d m i t c h i l d r e n t o any p u b l i c sc h o o l on t h e b a s i s o f r a c e , e f f e c t i v e J a n u a r y 31» 1 9 5 7 f o r e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s and S ep tem b er, 1957 f o r j u n i o r and s e n i o r h ig h s c h o o l s . I n h i s o p i n i o n , Ju d g e Bryan s t a t e d t h a t Brown v. B o a rd o f E d u c a t i o n h o l d s t h a t "no c h i l d s h o u l d be d e n i e d a d m i s s i o n t o a s c h o o l on t h e b a s i s o f r a c e o r c o lo r." The c o u r t o f a p p e a l s u p h e l d t h e r u l i n g , f i n d i n g t h a t i n t h e two y e a r s s i n c e t h e Supreme Cou rt r u l i n g , " t h e b o a r d s o f e d u c a t i o n h av e t a k e n no s t e p s t o w a r d s rem oving t h e r e q u i r e m e n t o f s e g r e g a t i o n i n t h e s c h o o l s " , and t h a t t h e S ch o o l Board’s a c t i o n "was n o t t h e ' d e l i b e r a t e s p e e d ' i n c o m p l y i n g w i t h t h e l a w ... b u t was a c l e a r m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f an a t t i t u d e o f in t r a n s i g e n c e ." H o w e v e r , t h e V i r g i n i a A s s e m b l y e r e c t e d a new b a r r i e r t o sc h o o l d e s e g r e g a t i o n . The P u p i l P l a cem en t A c t , e n a c t e d i n 1956, r e q u i r e d p u p i l s a p p l y i n g t o a p a r t i c u l a r p u b lic sc h o o l f o r th e f i r s t tim e , or g r a d u a t i n g t o a new p u b l i c s c h o o l , t o a p p l y t o t h e " P u p i l P la c e m e n t Board" f o r e n r o l l m e n t . On t h e f i r s t d a y o f c l a s s e s i n S e p t e m b e r , 195 7, s e v e n b l a c k c h ild re n sought e n ro llm e n t in v ario u s w h ite -o n ly schools. Of t h e s e se v en c h i l d r e n , on ly George Nelson had c o m p l e t e d t h e P u p i l P l a c e m e n t f o r m s . The P u p i l P la c e m e n t B oard a s s i g n e d G eorge to H o ffm a n -B o sto n , w h i c h w as s i x m i l e s f r o m h i s home, e v e n t h o u g h S t r a t f o r d J r . Hig h w a s o n l y o n e - h a l f m i l e f r o m h i s door . Ju d g e Bryan, who r u l e d t h a t "the o n ly g round, a s i d e from p r o v i s i o n s o f t h e P la c e m e n t A ct, f o r th e r e j e c t i o n o f th e p l a n t i f f s was t h a t th e y w ere o f th e N eg ro r a c e . " Ju d g e Bryan o r d e r e d t h a t County o f f i c i a l s comply w i t h t h e law and a d m i t t h e b l a c k s t u d e n t s on S ep tem b er 2 3 , 1957. H o w ev er, t h e C o u n t y a u t h o r i t i e s a p p e a l e d , s t a y i n g t h e a d m i s s i o n o f t h e s t u d e n t s u n t i l t h e S ch o o l Board c o n s i d e r e d t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n s . U l t i m a t e l y , s c h o o l o f f i c i a l s c o n s i d e r e d an d r e j e c t e d th e a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h i r t y c h i l d r e n fo r t r a n s f e r t o w h i t e s c h o o l s , based upon f i v e c r i t e r i a , i n c l u d i n g " A d a p t a b i l i t y " . Once a g a i n , t h e s t u d e n t s a p p e a l e d , and once a g a i n , Ju d g e Bryan h e a r d t h e c a s e . �S ^ x /i/z^ /csv ^/accn^y ^ efrio cx a /A /; Waco t/l& O ^ £ /l& 0 ^ C U f-/^ y { ^eAl^l/Z/AAeAs■ qjo j.98M, ^! HARRIS MILLER P a id f o r b y H a r r i s M ille r f o r C o n g r e s s C o m m itte e �Oh S e p t e m b e r 17, 1958, he handed down h i s r u l i n g : fo u r o f t h e s t u d e n t s , R o n a ld D e s k i n s , M i c h a e l G. J o n e s , L ance Newman, and G l o r i a Thompson would be p e r m i tt e d t o a t t e n d S t r a t f o r d J r . High. All f o u r were e n t e r i n g t h e s e v e n t h g r a d e , an d a l l f o u r w ere r e j e c t e d on t h e s o l e b a s i s o f " a d a p t a b i l i t y " . Sad ly, f i v e s t u d e n t s o f t h e o r g i n i a l se v en whose t r a n s f e r s had been ord ere d by J u d g e Bryan t h e p r e v i o u s y ear u l t i m a t e l y found t h e i r ap plications rejected . On J a n u a r y 2 3 , 1959, t h e U. S. C o u r t o f A p p e a l s u p h e l d J u d g e B r y a n , b u t t h e S ch o o l Boa rd s t i l l v o t e d to se ek postp o n em en t. The v o t e was 3 - 1 ; Ja m e s S t o c k a r d , t h e l o n e d i s s e n t i n g v o i c e on t h e Boa rd t o c o n t i n u e d s e g r e g a t i o n sin c e th e m id-5 0's , s t a t e d t h a t " i t w o u l d b e a w a s t e o f t a x p a y e r s ' money t o c o n t i n u e t o f i g h t w h a t b o t h t h e s t a t e and F e d e r a l c o u r t s h ave d e c l a r e d t o be t h e l a w o f t h e l a n d , " an d t h a t f u r t h e r d elay c o u l d " l e a d t o n e e d l e s s t e n s i o n s and u n c e r t a i n t i e s am on g A r l i n g t o n c i t i z e n s " . The b o a r d m a j o r i t y s t a t e d t h a t i t "recognized t h a t th e g r e a t m a j o r i t y o f V i r g i n i a n s and A r l i n g t o n i a n p r e f e r s e g r e g a t e d s c h o o l s " . The Board's appeal was d enied by C h i e f J u s t i c e Warren. The " m a s s i v e r e s i s t a n c e " l a w s , e n a c t e d i n t h e 1 9 5 0 ' s , h u n g o m i n o u s l y o v e r t h e e v e n t s o f t h e day. A c c o r d in g t o i t s p r o v i s i o n s , a s t a t e o f f i c e r could c l o s e a p u b l i c s c h o o l , and on Ja nuary 11, 1958, Gover­ n o r J . L i n d s a y Almond an n o u n ced t h a t no i n t e g r a t i o n w o u l d o c c u r i n V i r g i n i a . And I n d e e d , t h e G o v e r n o r c l o s e d s i x s c h o o l s i n N o r f o l k on S e p t e m b e r 2 7 , 1958. H o w e v e r , f o l l o w i n g Ju d g e B r y a n 's o r d e r t o a d m i t t h e f o u r s t u d e n t s t o S t r a t f o r d J r . High, b o th th e Supreme C o u r t o f V i r g i n i a and a t h r e e - j u d g e p a n e l o f t h e F e d e r a l D i s t r i c t Court ru le d the m assive r e s i s t a n c e s t a t u t e s i n v a l i d i n s e p a r a te d e c i s i o n s on Ja n u a ry 19, 1 9 5 9 , c l e a r i n g t h e way f o r s c h o o l d e s e g r e g a t i o n i n A rlin g to n . F e b r u a r y 2 , 1959 was s e t a s t h e f i r s t day o f s c h o o l a t S t r a t f o r d f o r Lance Newman, Ron D e s k i n s , M i c h a e l J o n e s , an d G l o r i a Thompson. Over 85 p o l i c e o f f i c e r s , more th a n h a l f of th e e n t i r e A r lin g to n f o r c e , a s s e m b l e d a t th e school i n r i o t g ear. No major i n c i d e n t s o c c u r r e d , altho ugh a f a l s e bomb t h r e a t was r e c o r d e d , a n d tw o b o y s th r e w a f i r e c r a c k e r f ro m a t h i r d f l o o r bathr oo m window. The c h i l d r e n were d riv en t o sc hool as a s e c u r i t y p r e c a u t i o n , and th ey were c a r e f u l l y g u ided from c l a s s t o c l a s s t h r o u g h o u t t h e day. When t h e s c h o o l day �en d ed , M ichael J o n e s s a i d u s u a l " dayj Ron D e s k l n s " s o r t Th o m p so n r e p o r t e d t h a t s h e o l a s e s b e c a u s e o f t h e immense t h a t he had "a kind of o f l i k e d i t " , an d G l o r i a h ad b e e n l o s t b e t w e e n siz e o f the build in g . The d e s e g r a t i o n o f S t r a t f o r d J u n i o r H ig h was on ly a b e g i n n i n g i n w h a t p r o v e d t o be a l o n g s t r u g g l e , w hich has n o t ended, to a c h ie v e i n t e g r a t i o n i n th e C ounty s c h o o l s . F u r t h e r r e m n a n t s o f s e g r e g a t i o n to f a l l b e f o r e t h e m ar ch o f p r o g r e s s i n c l u d e d s e g r e g a t e d s p o r t i n g e v e n t s (1 961), s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s ( 1 9 6 2 ), and sc h o o l p e rs o n n e l (1963). I n 1 9 6 4 , t h e S c h o o l B o a rd t e r m i n a t e d t h e s e n i o r h i g h program a t H o ffm an -B o s to n f o r t h e 1964-1965 a c a d e m ic y e a r and t r a n s f e r r e d th e a f f e c t e d s t u d e n t s to o t h e r C ounty s c h o o l s ; i n a d d i t i o n , t h e Board r e d r e w p o r t i o n s o f t h e new sch o o l attendance a rea zones to p e r m i t f u r t h e r i n t e g r a t i o n . As a memorand um p r e p a r e d by t h e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f S c h o o l s i n 1964 s t a t e d , " [ a s s i g n m e n t o f p u p i l s i n t h e A r l i n g t o n C o u n ty P u b l i c S c h o o l s w i l l c o n t i n u e t o be d e t e r m i n e d on t h e b a s i s o f ' g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i c t ' an d not w ith regard to race." Contributors to this article included: E l l e n Bozman James Gee O liver H ill M ic h ael J o n e s I r a Lechner Mary M a r s h a l l Spot sw ood R o b in so n Ja m es S t o c k a r d S . W. T u c k e r Olympic 4E^§porting G oods University Shopping Center • Fairfax, Virginia • 273-0898 Springfield Mall • Springfield. Virginia • 922-9089 Adidas Shop • Skyline Mall • Haileys Xroads, Va • 671-1951 Tennis Shop • Skyline Mall • Haileys Xroads. Va. • 820-4100 Smallwood Village Center • St. Charles, Mary land • 843-8787 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 94, Arlingtonians for a Better County (ABC) Organizational Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Brief Look at the History of the Civil Rights Movement in Arlington by Kevin Sweeny Description An account of the resource 4 page document discussing the national civil rights movement and the struggle for desegregation in Arlington. Backs of pages include a program of a dinner and dance, a salute of the Arlington Young Democrats by the Arlington County Board Democrats, and an advertisement for Harris Miller for Congress. 8 pages. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No date Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 94, Arlingtonians for a Better County (ABC) Organizational Records Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant unknown Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 94_16_8_53 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/8f81d0db835d129b22eb3839afbc9427.pdf d7dfcbeb442d397b87ac8fabe06bcf26 PDF Text Text a first step to w a rd school integration �FOREWORD Can the method o f non-violence that erased the color line in Mont­ gomery’ buses be applied effectively to schools? This pamphlet seeks s an answer to that question, so urgent in southern communities where the Supreme Court decision o f 1954 is not yet accepted. C O R E (the Congress of Racial Equality) told the M ontgomery story in Our Struggle, a pamphlet in which I described the year-long boycott o f segregated buses. In this pamphlet Anna Holden tells how a C O R E group helped par­ ents and children when— despite the violence of segregationist mobs— desegregation was begun in the Nashville schools in the fall of 1957. Alex Wilson, the newspaperman who was beaten by a Little R ock mob, wrote in the Tri-State Defender that the two groups which made inte­ gration possible in Nashville were C O R E and the N egro PTA. Since C O R E was organized in 1943, its affiliated groups have worked steadily by peaceful means to end discrimination in restaurants, hotels, theaters, transportation and employment. Nashville was an important test o f non-violent techniques in the schools. The outcome suggests that the same methods can be used in other southern communities where court-ordered integration is being thwarted by terrorism. The key to success in Nashville was C O R E ’ policy of backing up the S parents— by visiting them and by escorting their children to integrated schools. If Little Rock had had a strong interracial group, Governor Faubus might have been checked without the use of federal troops. M a r t in L u t h e r K in g Montgomery, Alabama May 1958 A N N A HOLDEN, b o m in Ocala, Florida, was gradu­ ated from Florida State University in 1950 and re­ ceived her master’ degree in sociology at the University s o f N orth Carolina in 1955. She was research and information assistant with the Southern Regional Coun cil from 1951 to 1955. Since then she has been a research associate in social sciences at Fisk University, Nashville. In 1957 she becam e chairman o f the Nash­ ville C O R E group. Edited by J i m P e c k and A l e x a n d e r L. C r o s b y �A PSiST STEP toward sehool integration By Anna Holden in cooperation with the Nashville C O R E group “ can tell you now that I was scared that morning,”Dr. Isaac Miller I admitted to Mrs. H. W. Watson, several months later. “ had just read I the news about the Hattie Cotton School when you called and I knew they weren’ kidding when they talked about blowing up schools.” t Dr. Miller, a biochemist engaged in research at Meharry Medical College and an active member o f the Nashville Committee on Racial Equality (CORE), had first visited the Watson family just before school opened on September 9, 1957. He knew that 6-year-old Barbara Jean Watson was one of the four N egro children enrolled for the first time in Jones Elementary School, North Nashville. “ there is anything I can If do, just telephone,”he told the Watsons. On the second morning of school, Mrs. Watson needed help. The day before, carloads of segregationists had raced through the streets, carrying Ku Klux Klan placards and Confederate flags, shout­ ing insults at Negroes. M obs had gathered at most o f the seven schools where a few N egro children were entering the first grade under a grad­ ual integration plan approved by the federal district court. A shower of rocks had injured a police inspector and a N egro mother at one school. Picket signs at another school were inscribed, “ od Is the Author of G Segregation”and “ The Mayor Is A Rat.” John Frederick Kasper, the racist from New Jersey, seemed close to victory in his 2-month campaign to disrupt integration. During the latter part of August he had held meetings nightly, urging every white parent to boycott the schools. Kasper’ collaborator was Fred Stroud, s an ousted Presbyterian minister o f Nashville who had organized a church of his own. The jubilant segregationists gathered on the steps of the state capitol Monday night to whip up their emotions for more chaos. At 12:33 a.m. there was a rumbling explosion that shook houses over a wide area. A dynamite charge had partly wrecked the Hattie Cotton School— a white school where one N egro child was enrolled. 3 �Linda G ail McKinley, the girl on the cover, is taken to Fehr S ch ool by Mrs. C. M. Hayes, chair­ m an o f the PTA Intergroup Relations Committee, an d her mother, Mrs. G race McKinley. �At breakfast time Mrs. Watson telephoned Dr. Miller. “ I ever needed anybody, I needed somebody that morning,” she If recalled. “ had gotten a phone call threatening to set the house on fire I if Barbara Jean went to school. I couldn’ go off and leave the rest of t the children alone. And I knew she had to go to school.” Mr. Watson had gone to his job as a shipping clerk. Barbara Jean was dressed and ready. Dr. Miller came promptly. He drove the child five blocks to her school. Then he took her by the hand and they walked through a crowd o f jeering whites. The same morning Mrs. Charles Martin, another C O R E member, walked to the Jones School with her neighbor, Mrs. Myrtle Battle, and another first-grader, Charles Edward Battle. “ have never had people look at me like that in my life,” Mrs. I Martin said afterward. “ mean, with hate, like they wanted to kill me. I People from right there on my block. That was a long walk. When we got about two blocks from the school Mrs. Battle said, ‘ Think we’ d better turn back?’ said, ‘ not now. W e’ com e too far.’ we went I No, ve So on.” Mrs. Martin and her daughter Amelia, a college student, had urged Negroes in the vicinity to enter the neighborhood white schools. In the Glenn School area of East Nashville the Reverend R. W. Kelley o f Clark Memorial Church accompanied several children to school. B ob Schwerdtman, a graduate student at Fisk University, was another escort. Teen-age boys in the booing crowd got themselves photo­ graphed for the newspapers by standing behind Mr. Kelley, pretending to measure him for a coffin. The Bomb that Went Wrong The bom b that blasted the Hattie Cotton School did even more dam­ age to the cause of the segregationists. The vast majority of Nashville citizens was outraged. The police stopped tolerating lawlessness. AntiN egro pickets were ordered to disperse. Twenty persons were arrested in a single day for vagrancy, loitering, disorderly conduct or carrying dangerous weapons. Kasper himself was booked four times. City Judge Andrew Doyle told him: “ any blood is shed on the streets of Nashville, it will be you and If your kind that are responsible.” The crisis was soon reduced to manageable size. Kasper and his mobs were suppressed. The tide was turned because the police finally enforced the law and because a handful of N egro parents, staunchly backed by the N egro PTA, CORE, ministers and other forces of decency, persisted in sending their children to formerly white schools. 5 �How CORE Operated C O R E became active in the school situation when the Nashville Tennessean published results of the August 27 registration of firstgraders. The school board had estimated that 126 Negro children would be eligible for formerly white classes under the plan of gradual integra­ tion approved by the federal district court. But only 13 enrolled— and 6 of the 13 families immediately got threatening telephone calls. Parents o f 47 other N egro first-graders, most of them fearful, had re­ quested transfers from the integrated neighborhood schools to the allN egro schools where no white children were expected. This procedure was allowed by the court-approved plan, just as white parents in a pre­ dominantly N egro zone could transfer their children to a predominantly white school. The remaining 66 N egro beginners were not accounted for. It was obviously important to find and help them. C O R E members decided on two objectives: 1. T o support the 13 families already registered. 2. T o increase the number o f Negro children in integrated schools, if possible. The group felt that any organization dedicated to the removal o f racial discrimination could not ignore the challenge. The Negro PTA and a handful of individuals, primarily ministers, came to the same conclu­ sion. All went to work, independently but similarly. C O R E ’first step was to give its 11 members the names and addresses S o f the 13 Negro parents and children, a list of schools where Negro children were expected, and a special list of schools where the school board expected “ difficulty.” The members then paired off for work. Wherever possible, they formed interracial teams and chose schools in their own neighborhoods. The members agreed to visit the parents of registered children first and then call on other families with eligible first-graders. The strategy was to concentrate on four school districts in North and East Nashville where some Negroes had enrolled but larger numbers were expected: Glenn, Fehr, Jones and Buena Vista. A team was also assigned to Liscomb, in South Nashville, where none o f the expected five first-graders had registered. Each team was responsible for two to four enrolled families and as much additional visiting as possible. T o find unregistered families, C O R E members made the most of established contacts. A friend in the school system supplied a list of N egro children zoned for one of the neighborhood schools. A commu­ nity worker compiled a list of families with first-grade children in an­ other district. When no list was available, C O R E members inquired 6 �Mr. and Mrs. Herschell Groves and their son Erroll talk with two C O R E visitors, Mrs. Charles Martin and Anna Holden. This family never wavered. C O R E ’support was a big help, they said. S through friends or friends of friends— or walked up and down the streets, asking which families had first-graders. Some people were reluc­ tant, however, to give even that much information. For example, a fam­ ily in the Fehr district “ seemed happy when we left the yard.”Although this family had been in the neighborhood for several years, they said they did not know where any children lived. Directly across the street the C O R E team found four children. Names and addresses of all families visited were turned over to the Negro PTA, which was also giving parents real support and preparing to escort children to school. There was hope at first that the white PTA would cooperate in preparing parents for integration. The president favored this step, but it was blocked— chiefly by the opposition of a school board member who was also a PTA member. Visiting the Parents Visits to parents began during the weekend of August 31. By this time all those with listed telephones were receiving threats continuously. M ost of the anonymous callers warned of harm to the child or the parents if the youngster went to the white school where he had been registered. A White Citizens Council motorcade came to the house of 7 �one family and stopped before moving on. A threatening note was left on the porch of another house. Some families who had not registered were also threatened. A mother in the Buena Vista area was told by telephone that lye would be thrown in her daughter’ face if she went to the white school. The mother s wanted the child to enroll anyway but the father would not consent so she was transferred to a N egro school. Stroud was holding nightly meetings in his church in the Buena Vista district. Yet a C O R E team found one mother “ calm we. won­ so dered if she had any idea what sort of situation she might face when school opened.” The situation was exactly opposite in another family whose child was withdrawn before school started: The parent showed confusion and fear that the child might come to bodily harm, that the home might be damaged by vandalism, that the father might lose his job. Apparently there had been some onthe-job pressure. She said if she had felt the support o f others who had first-grade children, as well as the support o f groups like CORE, sooner, she might have been encouraged to send her child. The Reverend Will D. Campbell of the Nashville office o f the National Council of Churches visited parents during the first week o f school. He reported: I recall particularly the bravery in one mother’ voice as she re­ s lated to me, “ My little girl likes it in school, her teacher and the other children, but she keeps telling me that the people outside make so much noise. She wants to know what they are doing there. What shall I tell her?” My reply had to be that it would take someone with more wisdom than I have to explain to a 6-year-old child that the mob was outside because she was inside. Other parents said their children were beginning to suspect why the m obs had gathered. Linda Gail McKinley, one o f four N egro children in the Fehr School, was hit by a white woman on her way to school the first day. The next night, the McKinley tool shed was burned. Linda Gail had been friendly to a white C O R E member on two visits before school opened but the child clung to her aunt’ skirts when the same C O R E s member called during the mob demonstrations. Robert Alden of the New York Times wrote: It seemed to me, as an outsider, that calling a little girl filthy names or screaming at her “ pull that black kinky hair out”was as great a crime as the dynamiting o f a school. A school can be repaired. The mind o f a child, once scarred, can never be mended. �Wide World Photos Irate segregationists exchange angry words with police at the Glenn School after officers had escorted three Negro children into the school. Probably the greatest help given by C O R E members was the simple act of calling upon a worried parent. Many parents held back on the initial visit. But when they saw that C O R E had sympathetic under­ standing of their fears, the situation eased. They talked freely about their reasons for rejecting or accepting the white school for their first-grader. They spoke o f Kasper and his followers. They mentioned whites in the neighborhood who had been friendly for years but now weren’speaking. t They showed fear of m ob violence and doubt o f police protection. T o counteract these worries, C O R E members emphasized their belief that the mob was in the minority. They told about the support that various organizations and individuals were giving to the school board. They explained why C O R E was deeply interested and was prepared to accompany parents and children to school as long as might be necessary. They discussed the whole question of integration and the importance of positive action in the schools, especially since the board had taken the attitude that the initial venture was an experiment on which future plans would be based. Some members felt that all o f their visits were successful, but others cited cases where their influence was small. One visitor reported: “ I think the fact that we were an interracial team, from the same organi­ zation, did more to influence them than anything else.” 9 �V/hat the Visits Meant The informational and educational value of the C O R E visiting pro­ gram was significant. A number of parents had hazy or erroneous ideas about the first step in integration. These were cleared up by the visitors. Other families were in doubt as to what stand to take. “ We encour­ aged them to assert their citizenship rights by going to the public school nearest them,”the Reverend Mr. Kelley said. The Reverend Mr. Campbell commented: “ Very few of us feel strongly enough about anything to involve an innocent 6-year-old child. Only as these parents were led to see that the future of democracy was resting upon their own willingness or reluctance could they go through with what the situation demanded of them.” Mr. Kelley reported that more than one parent had said the family could not have stood firm if C O R E members had not helped. Noting that only 10 percent of the 126 eligible N egro children had been enrolled in white schools on August 27, he commented: “ aid to these parents If had not been given, Nashville would have failed to desegregate.” Dr. Miller summed up: “ The visits served to strengthen those who had made up their minds to go through with the program, at a time when doubts were high, threatening phone calls numerous, encouragement from Negro neighbors slight, and the prospect o f turning back very real.” Mr. Campbell said the visits meant a great deal to him personally. “ I found them rewarding because I was able to tell these parents that a great many individuals, many of them white like myself, realized that they were actually carrying the ball for the rest o f us.” Through revisits and telephone checks the C O R E teams noticed drastic fluctuations in morale. Confidence waned and waxed, fear moved in and receded, determination faltered and took on new strength. Par­ ents who seemed as solid as bedrock one day would be nervous the next. T w o actions by Federal Judge William E. Miller helped materially. On September 6 he ruled that the Tennessee school preference law was “ unconstitutional on its face” and instructed the school board to pro­ ceed with desegregation as planned. On September 16 he made perma­ nent a temporary injunction issued four days earlier, restraining Kasper and nine others from interfering with school desegregation. Score Sheet When school opened, 2 o f the original 13 enrollees had been with­ drawn— but there were 12 new parents ready to enter their children in the white neighborhood schools. Most o f them had been undecided. One, the Reverend Kelly Miller Smith, president of the Nashville 10 �NAACP, had been out of town during registration. He surprised the segregationists by taking his child to the Clemons School in South Nashville, where no Negroes were expected. Four of the additional 12 families were recorded as having originally asked for transfers to Negro schools. T w o o f these parents said the white principal had asked them if they had com e for transfers and, without waiting for answers, had begun to fill out the forms. The parents did not protest then, but decided they would revoke the transfers when school opened. After a week’ deliberation Assistant Superintendent s William H. Oliver turned down all four petitions for canceling of trans­ fers. In contrast, fast service was given to N egro parents who were frightened by the mob demonstrations and sought transfers. One mother was able to arrange a transfer from Fehr School, by telephone, in no more than an hour. C O R E kept in touch with most of the 19 families who had entered first-graders in white schools. Only nine of these children remained when the first half of the school year ended. Most o f the dropouts occurred during the tumultuous first three days of the term. Other children were withdrawn later for various reasons, such as traffic hazards and a health problem. Community Attitudes Despite Kasper’ campaign, Nashville did not expect trouble until a s few days before school opened. The city had witnessed successful de­ segregation in the parochial schools, several colleges, the public library, the municipal golf courses and the railroad station. Racial restrictions had been lifted by the local members o f the League of Women Voters, the United Church Women, the American Association o f University Women, the American Nurses Association and the National Associa­ tion of Social Workers. When Kasper, Stroud, the Ku Klux Klan and the Tennessee Federa­ tion for Constitutional Government urged the school board on August 8 to call off desegregation. President Maclin Davis o f the Nashville C om ­ munity Relations Conference presented an opposing petition signed by 600 individuals and 17 organizations. Later 300 additional signatures were submitted. The Nashville Association of Churches encouraged a number o f ministers to make appeals to their congregations the Sunday before registration. Organizations that made positive stands before the board or cooper­ ated in community-wide educational efforts included the American A sso­ ciation of University Women, B’ B ’ nai rith, Fellowship of Southern Churchmen, League o f Women Voters, Middle Tennessee Mental Health 11 �Wide World Photos Mrs. Cecil Ray and Cecil Jr. with Mrs. George Clinnard and her daughter Pamela at the end of the first day in the Jones School. Association, Nashville Association of Churches, National Association of Social Workers, Council of Colored Parent-Teacher Associations, Coun­ cil o f Parent-Teacher Associations, C IO Council, AFL Trades and Labor Council, Nashville Ministerial Association, National Council of Jewish Women, Tennessee State Nurses Association, United Church Women and the Young W omen’ Christian Association. s Only two community organizations joined the segregationists in making public stands against integration during the crisis: the Kiwanis Club and the Men’ Club of the Monroe Street Methodist Church. s During the first week of school the Reverend Mr. Kelley and Mr. Schwerdtman had several conferences with Assistant Superintendent Oliver (who has since succeeded W. E. Bass as superintendent). They tried, unsuccessfully, to convince the school official that the transfer re­ quests of four parents— made in confusion and fear— should be re­ voked so the children could enter the white schools near their homes. Mr. Oliver told his visitors that board members and administrators had discussed the advisability of putting their names on the federal injunc­ tion list with Kasper and his troublemakers. After observing the police during the first two days o f school, several C O R E members felt it had been a mistake to emphasize the promised protection. One pregnant mother, in desperation, picked up a shotgun to chase white ruffians out o f her house. 12 �Special Problems of Partial Desegregation Partial desegregation creates special problems. C O R E members re­ ported the first-grade approach made it hard if not impossible for many families to take advantage of integration. Mothers with babies or pre­ school children usually depend on an older child to escort the 6-year-old to and from school. Sending the children to different schools would require the mother to accompany the first-grader. She would then have to leave the very youngest at home alone, or else hire a baby-sitter twice a day. The problem is tougher when both parents have jobs. Aside from the practicalities, some 6-year-olds quite naturally wanted to go to schools with their older brothers and sisters. More than one parent said, “ I could send all my children to the neighborhood school, If they would go— but not the first-grader, alone.” Obstacles to Integration School Superintendent Oliver has said several times that few Negroes are interested in desegregation. He points to the small number of Negroes who entered the neighborhood schools last September. Actu­ ally the N egro enrollment was small for three principal reasons: 1. Segregated housing means segregated schools. (The school board, after painstakingly redistricting the first grade zones, estimated that only 126 out o f some 1,400 Negro first-graders would be eligible for enroll­ ment in white schools.) 2. Fears of physical and econom ic reprisal kept many eligible fam­ ilies from enrolling. 3. Other families were reluctant to break with custom. C O R E members found keen interest in desegregation among the parents they visited. Most parents wanted to send their children to the white school nearby but were torn between the long-range advantages and short-range disadvantages. They feared m ob action (particularly dynamiting), economic pressures and lack o f acceptance in the school. They had little confidence in protection promised by the police depart­ ment and city officials. Most felt the children would get along well but were dubious about the adults. The Reverend Mr. Kelley listed eight responses from parents he had talked with. One or two of these reflect unstated fears: 1. “ have an older child in the Negro school and my first-grader I needs his protection.” 1 3 �2. “ am not well, so I am keeping my child out of school the first I week.” 3. “ The child is not well enough to go and register.” 4. “ We are planning to move to another community within Nash­ ville.” 5. “ don’want to make my child a guinea pig.” I t 6. “ When these folks get off the school grounds and quit threatening on the telephone, I’ send my child to the integrated school.” ll 7. “ am going to send my child, but I am badly frightened.” I 8. “ Please pray for me and my family.” Who Must Bear the Burden In most communities, particularly those of the south, the job of de­ segregation is just beginning. In December 1957 the Reverend Mr. Campbell visited Dallas, which had been ordered to desegregate. He was told that of 500 potential Negro students perhaps no more than a dozen would enter white schools. The situation is all too typical. “ The future is not stumbled upon; it is created out of words and acts,” Lillian Smith wrote in Now Is the Time. Those o f us who want a society where all men are equal must now work for our goal. In many southern communities school suits are in the courts or soon will be; signs are being removed in buses and are going down in railroad stations; local plants are covered by fair employment practice agree­ ments written into federal government contracts. Where a suit is filed, a sign goes down or a manufacturer signs a con­ tract, there must always be a first one or two or ten to take advantage of the new opportunity. Technically, the burden of desegregating public facilities that violate constitutional guarantees rests on the defendants— the school boards, the park boards, the bus companies, the railroads. Practically, however, those who desire the change must bear the burden. The burden becomes lighter where the strength of others is felt. BASIC PRINCIPLES 1. With cooperation, understanding and non-violence, we can make plans work for the benefit o f all. This includes plans such as school de­ segregation which may be branded as unworkable. 2. Personal contact is the best way to give people a brighter outlook and a better understanding o f citizenship. Face-to-face talks are better than telephone calls and letters, although the latter can help. 14 �3. If we expect to build the kind o f society we want, we must put forth effort ourselves. In the case of school desegregation we must be prepared to go through mobs, if necessary. 4. The interracial group has something especially valuable to con­ tribute. It is a live demonstration that integration works. SPECIFIC SUPS 1 . Organize parents ahead of time so they do not feel they are alone. Strengthen them by bringing them together in meetings. 2. Begin work with the parents months before the day for registra­ tion and the opening of school. The more contacts, the more confidence and understanding, the less risk of their succumbing to intimidation. 3 . Many of the parents affected by school desegregation do not be­ long to civic organizations or attend educational meetings. G o directly to them. Talk with them in their homes and reach them through small neighborhood meetings (half a dozen families can be brought together in a private house). D o not plan programs beyond their educational level or in places they are not accustomed to. 4. Be thoroughly informed so you can pass on information about general school procedures and desegregation plans, statements from civic leaders and organizations, and names of people who can assist parents in case of difficulties. In times of tension, routine procedures may look like discriminatory treatment— the omission of a birth certifi­ cate, for example, may appear an enormous problem. There are always people to turn to: Interested lawyers will be glad to write for birth cer­ tificates, political leaders can be called on to help with police protection. But the parents may need someone to suggest which persons to see or what steps to take. Keep in mind, also, that apparently routine pro­ cedures may mask discriminatory treatment. 5 . Let school and public officials know you are interested and active and what your goals are. Let them know you are concerned about the plans they are making. This can be done through conferences, letters, attendance at school board meetings and hearings, and by being present when court cases are heard. If you are silent, they can say— truthfully— “ Everyone who called or wrote or spoke out was against desegregation.” 6 . Protest immediately any police laxness or softness toward agi­ tators who are breaking laws. The police and city officials will not take firm steps unless they know the community is behind them. A citizen has a duty to demand action on neighborhood disturbances, illegal meet­ ings and threats to lives. Even those who want segregation will often support a curb on lawlessness. 1 5 �7. Take your place in troubled areas to give positive witness to your stand; encourage others to d o so. People who are subject to threats, m ob abuse and econom ic pressures do not want congratulations after the crisis is over. They expect those who share their convictions to stick with them when the going is rough. 8. D o not underestimate your own power and the power o f your group. Of course it would be fine if the most important people in town were active workers for desegregation. But there is little chance that they will be, so the victory depends on you. The less important people are often better able to reach and influence the parents. . 9. Invite every likely individual and group to work with you— but don’ waste energy worrying about what the others are not doing. Cer­ t tain groups and individuals should logically take the lead— the churches, PTAs, city and school officials— but when they d o not, individuals in their ranks can always be recruited. 10. Concentrate on one project at a time if your organization is small, but support and encourage related efforts, such as voter registra­ tion and attempts to break down segregation in voluntary organizations, on buses and in other public facilities. Studies o f other communities have shown that all efforts to break down barriers contribute indirectly to the success o f school desegregation. P U B L ISH ED J U N E 1958 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 38 Park Row 0 New York 38 0 N. Y. PRICE 25< (Write for quantity price schedule) A chronology of all major events in the Nashville school desegre­ gation struggle to April 1958 is available at 100. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 07, Arlington County Public Schools Description An account of the resource Record Group 07 contains the incomplete and unofficial records of the Arlington County, Virginia, public school system. The entire collection measures 20.85 linear feet, and ranges in date between 1909 and 2004. The bulk of the material is from the period 1946-1988. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A First Step Towards School Integration Description An account of the resource Pamphlet written by Anna Holden regarding the Congress of Racial Equality's (CORE) role in making desegregation in Nashville, TN possible. 16 pages Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 07, Arlington County Public Schools, 1909-2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and Anna Holden Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958-6 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 7_1_8_8_1 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/f2785d62bb03ee3fa68613c32bb04daa.pdf 5cc95443196d38d85246e7bd5f1eca5a PDF Text Text A PRO PO SA L FOR . . . NEW ELEM ENTARY SCHOOL PLANNING FOR THE DO UG LAS-KEM PER AREA A m o st p r e s s in g n e e d e x is t s fo r add ition al p h y sic a l sc h o o l f a c ilit ie s . How are th e s e s p e c ific a lly id e n tifie d ? Thoughtful exam in ation of th e c h a r a cte r and exten t of th is d e fic ie n c y in sc h o o l ro o m sp a ce and su pp orting f a c ilit ie s to m e e t to d a y 's m od ern e d u ca ­ tio n a l stan d ard s m a k e s it n e c e s s a r y to c o n sid er: (1) Scope and ch a r a cte r n eed ed in new sc h o o l co n str u c tio n and equip m ent. (2) L ocation (or site ) fo r the new sc h o o l co n stru ctio n to b e s t s e r v e the n e e d s of the D o u g la s-K e m p e r com m u nity and at the sa m e tim e obtain b e tte r va lu e fo r our ta x d o lla r s . (3) E xam in ation of th e u rg en t tim e sch ed u le fo r a cq u irin g the n eed ed new c o n str u c tio n . To d evelop m o r e thorough ly the C en tral A rlin gton C iv ic A s s o c ia tio n 's own con cep t in p r o p o sin g a n s w e r s to the th r e e c o n sid e r a tio n s noted above, w e have b e e n fortu n ate in obtaining the s e r v ic e s of an A r c h ite c t a s our C onsultant. Our C on su ltan t, M r, H ily a rd R. R ob in son , who b r in g s to u s high s k ill and e x te n siv e p r a c tic e a s a p lan n er, w ill p r e se n t to the B oard of E du cation of A rlin gton County in our b eh a lf tonight c a r e fu lly w orked out reco m m en d a tio n s e m b r a cin g the th r e e p h a se s of the sc h o o l p r o b le m that co n c er n s u s . He h as p r e p a r ed te c h n ic a l stu d ies on the su b ject. T h e se he w ill p r e s e n t by la r g e s c r e e n p r o je c tio n and exp lain . Your c a r e fu l atten tion i s in v ited , a s he d e v e lo p s the n u m erou s sig n ifica n t v a lu e s . . . not e a s ily d eterm in a b le by the laym an . . . of the D ou glas P ark Land T r a ct a s a s ite fo r a sc h o o l to se r v e th e se expanded ed u cation al n eed s m o st e ffic ie n tly and fu lly . F in a lly , it w ould be w e ll to k eep in m ind that the planning p r e se n te d by our C onsultant can be a c h iev e d w ith in the lim its of the allow ab le c o st fo r new co n str u c tio n in A r lin gton County. F u r th e r, if a c ted upon fa v o ra b ly and p rom p tly, a p art of the p r o p o sed new sc h o o l p r o je c t could p o s s ib ly be read y fo r occu pancy in S e p te m b e r, 1961. The to ta l p r o je c t could be o ccu p ied by the sc h o o l ch ild ren in the fo llo w in g F eb ru a ry "M id-T erm ". � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Proposal for New Elementary School Planning for the Douglas-Kemper Area Description An account of the resource Document regarding the need for additional school facilities and a presentation to the Board of Education of Arlington County Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No date Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s (assumed) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 18_3_6_2_9 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/28cf5894ab47d1f82cc2a86fd88b14fd.pdf 0935a91ada5a20406b72b2459405d5d1 PDF Text Text A P R O P O S A L F O R . . . N E W E L E M E N T A R Y S C H O O L PLANNING F O R THE DOUGLAS-KEMPER AREA A most pressing need exists for additional physical school facilities. How are these specifically identified? Thoughtful examination of the character and extent of this deficiency in school room space end supporting facilities to meet today's modern educa­ tional standards makes i necessary to consider: t ( ) Scope and character needed in new school construction and 1 equipment. ( ) Location (or site) for the new school construction to best 2 serve the needs of the Douglas-Kemper community and at the same time obtain better value for our tax dollars. ( 3) Examination of the urgent time schedule for acquiring the needed new construction. To develop more thoroughly the Central Arlington Civic Association's own concept in proposing answers to the three considerations noted above, we have been fortunate in obtaining the services of an Architect as our Consultant. Our Consultant, Mr. Hilyard R. Robinson, who brings to us high skill and extensive practice as a planner, will present to the Board of Education of Arlington County in our behalf tonight carefully worked out recommendations embracing the three phases of the school problem that concerns us. He has prepared technical studies on the subject. These he will present by large screen projection and explain. Your careful attention is invited, as he develops the numerous significant values , . . not easily determinable by the layman . . . of the Douglas Park Land Tract as a site for a school to serve these expanded educational needs most efficiently and fully. Finally, i would be well to keep in mind that the planning presented by t our Consultant can be achieved within the limits of the allowable cost for new construction in Arlington County. Further, i acted upon favorably and f promptly, a part of the proposed new school project could possibly be ready for occupancy in September, 1961, The total project could be occupied by the school children in the following February "Mid-Term". � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Proposal for...New Elementary School Planning for the Douglas-Kemper area, n.d. Description An account of the resource Introduction to Central Arlington Civic Federation's presentation at School Board meeting, by Hilyard R. Robinson Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Central Arlington Civic Association Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 18_2_1_14_46 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/c5b8b4b47737b73b3d4987066f146af3.pdf 37df307c60b4bd7cabf4fc1e4eaf1e27 PDF Text Text A REPORT TO THE ARLINGTON CHURCHES OM RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IK BOWLING ALLEYS AMD MOTELS The Arlington Council on Human Relations committee on Recreational Improvement has questioned the Bowling Alleys and Motels In Arlington County to find out their policy regarding racial discrimination. We are passing along our find­ ings to the churches of the county, in hopes that they may he of use to them. Should anyone encounter reception at a bowling alley or motel that indicates a change in policy from that listed here, we would appreciate hearing from them. Please call Mrs. Sally Anderson, KE 6-9357MOTELS No Racial Restrictions Will not accept Negroes Ainsworth Motel Holiday Inn Marriott Motel Hotel Merrimac Motel Arcadia Motel Hotel Arlington Motor Court Arva Motor Hotel Clarendon Hotel Court Iwo Jima Motor Hotel Hotel Fifty Pentagon Motel Will accept Negroes in Integrated Groups Airport Motel Park Arlington Motel South Gate Motor Hotel BOWLING ALLEYS No Racial Restrictions Will not accept Negroes Pentagon Recreation Center Colonial Village Bowling Allen PLA-MOR Lanes SKOR-MOR Lanes Rosslyn Ten PinBowling Center Will accept Megroes in Integrated Groups Clarendon Bowling Center Arlington Bowling Center � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 123, Records of the Rock Spring Congregational United Church of Christ [UCC] Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Report to the Arlington Churches on Racial Discrimination in Bowling Alleys and Motels, early 1964 Description An account of the resource A Report to the Arlington Churches on Racial Discrimination in Bowling Alleys and Motels, early 1964. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 123, Records of the Rock Spring Congregational United Church of Christ [UCC] Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource unknown Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 123_1_2_1_2 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/c32b1c3558e2617e43311bddbc5e8891.pdf fe39e14e23a26d44f6d7bd844d8f0fa3 PDF Text Text A SAliPLE LOCAL BRANCH BUDGET Name of NAACP Branch__________________________________ Date___ Anticipated Revenue for Year's Budget for Branch of 200 Members Amount on hand......................................... Membership dues: 175 25 members at $2.0 0 -- local portion 70 ^........... ... .122.50 members at $5.00 — local portion $1 .3 5 .... ...... Fund raising project................................... Contributions............ ............................. Total ........................ ... $436.25 Suggested Expenditures Administrative work: Duplicating and mailing newsletter or notices to members — 20^ per member ............ ............ $ 40.00 ..... 10.00 Membership Committee....... ............................ ..... 20.00 Committee work......................................... ..... 15.00 Special Projects — such as a Pay your Poll Tax Drive...... Conference expenses: 7 th district dues....,............................ ..... 5.00 Delegates fees to State Conference.................. ..... 10.00 - National Convention fee........................... Freedom Fund Contribution ($1.50 per member).............. Contingent.................................. ......... Toward next year's budget............................... .... . 6.25 Total................... . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Sample Local Branch Budget Description An account of the resource Sample local NAACP branch budget, including revenue and expenditures. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No Date Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource NAACP Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 18_1_1_2_23 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/3d4c288ae5fee1cca7300e79002a8a71.pdf d1857bc2a9b97b8a08c641e59b7bdef7 PDF Text Text A SHORT HISTORY of the ARLINGTON COMMITTEE TO PRESERVE PUBLIC SCHOOLS In the spring of 1958 a number of individual citizeds met to assess the possible application of the Virginia school-closing law in Arlington and to consider whether there would be a role for a citizens' organization other then those groups like the PTA which already concern themselves with school problems. From its inception this group included individuals prominent in many different county organizations - liberal and conservative. After several meetings and much discussion, twenty-three Arling­ ton citizens and parents issued the following statemtn on May 1. "Formation of an Organizing Committee to Preserve Public Schools was announced today by a group of prominent Arlingtonians, headed by 0. Glenn Stahl, former School Board member. The group is inviting par­ ticipation by 'all likeminded persons who share our concern.' "Following is the complete text of the statement announcing the formation of the Committee: "The undersigned Arlington citizens and parents, alarmed about the future of our public schools, have been considering ways and means to assure maintenance of public education in Arlington next fall. This is necessitated by the prospective application of Virginia State laws closing schools under Federal court action outlawing segregation. For this reason we have formed an interim Organizing Committee to Preserve Public Schools, and we invite all like-minded persons who share our concern to join with us. We shall see that the public is kept fully informed on developments in this matter. "The Organizing Committee has concluded so far: "1. We are determined to pursue every legal means to keep public Schools open. "2. We are here concerned neither with perpetuating segreation in schools nor hastening integration. "3. We oppose entrusting public education to private hands hav­ ing no responsibility or accountability to the general public. "4. We have faith in Arlington's ability to meet its public education problems, "5» We recognize the excellence of tive staff in Arlington schools. We assure values it educational system and that it is public schools. We urge Arlington teachers in the days ahead," the teaching and administra­ them that the community determined to maintain its to stand with the community �Response to this announcement clearly indicated that citizens wanted an organization which would work solely for the preservation of public schools and which, therefore, could unite thrueands of Arlingtonians in this one crucial purpose* The enlarged organizing group held a meeting on June 12 which was attended by nearly 700 people. This meeting established the Arlington Committee to Preserve Public Schools, adopted by-laws and elected officers and an Executive Board. The by­ laws include the 5 conclusions listed above as the principles of the committee. During the summer months the Executive Board kept abreast of the legal and administrative aspects of this problem; conferred with local officials including the Arlington School Board and kept its membership, now numbering over 3300, informed. Members of the Executive Board along with other civic leaders conferred with Governor Almond in order to en­ list his understanding of the Arlington situation and his sympathy for the desire of the overwhelming majority of Arlington citizens to keep the public schools open. The Legal Sub-committee studied various steps which individual citizens or local officials might take in State or Federal courts to ensure continuous public education. It came to the conclusion and announced that the state school-closing and fund-withholding laws would be declared unconstitutional by the courts. The Committee, however, is not bent upon contesting the State laws unless real damage is done by them to the Arlington School system. Late in August, after due deliberation, the Executive Board re­ commended to the public its view that any suit designed to test the constitutionality of the Virginia school-closing law would be inadvis­ able unless or until a school was actually closed. Members of the legal sub-committee, however, were prepared to be of assistance to plaintiffs whenever the filing of suits became appropriate. In effect, during the summer months the Committee to Preserve Public Schools: 1. provided a rallying point for the sentiment of Arlington citizens to keep the schools open; 2. situation; pulled together and broadcast information on the school 3. provided assurance and support to local officials who were interested in keeping the schools open; 4. helped reassure the school teaching and administrative staff of general community backing and; 5. provided a contact point for the press and State officials to probe community reactions. �The Arlington Committee to Preserve Public Schools has tried to provide responsible and constructive leadership in a situation which might have provoked irresponsible and destructive actions. Listed below are the Officers and Executive Board Members for the Arlington Committee to Preserve Public Schools: OFFICERS 0. Glenn Stahl Wesley Cooper Elizabeth Weihe (Mrs. Vernon) Hugh McGrath Myrtice G. Pomeroy (Mrs. F.S.) Ellen Bozman (Mrs. William H.) President 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President Treasurer Recording Secretary Corresponding Secretary ELECTED MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Edmund D. Campbell Warren E. Cox William M. Lightsey Irving M. Herman B. Alden Lillyvhite Nan Manning (Mrs. J. Lawrence) APPOINTED MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Richard L. Franz Fuller Groom Rev. Paul Harrel Paul Lindgren William P. McCahill For Further Information Call: Mrs. Peter Henle, in charge of Bublic Relations 4224 N. 23rd St. Arlington, Va. JAckson 7-4508 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 07, Arlington County Public Schools Description An account of the resource Record Group 07 contains the incomplete and unofficial records of the Arlington County, Virginia, public school system. The entire collection measures 20.85 linear feet, and ranges in date between 1909 and 2004. The bulk of the material is from the period 1946-1988. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Short History of the Arlington Committee to Preserve Public Schools Description An account of the resource Description of founding and activities of the committee. 3 pages Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 07, Arlington County Public Schools, 1909-2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Committee to Preserve the Public Schools Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No date Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant unknown Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 7_1_8_4_19 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/f3d933cef1f0c8481ff650ca35176500.pdf a8b12a1cf50581bcda0509e0bb40bda0 PDF Text Text A SUMMARY of Developments in Virginia as a result of the Supreme Court ruling against racial segregation in public schools Page 1 — The Supreme Court Decision Page 2 — Reaction in Washington Virginia Continues Segregation Page 3 — Official Reaction in Virginia Page 4 -- The Governor's Commission on Public Education Page 5 — Opinions of Political Leaders Page 6 — Reaction in Different Localities Page 7 — Fairfax County Resolutions Page 8 — Facts and Figures on Population Page 9 — Won-Political Organizations Page 10 -- Integration in Fairfax County Page 11 -- The Court's Final Hearing Virginia's Arguments on Implementation Page 12 -- List of Members of Governor's Commission Page 13 — Text of Fairfax County Supervisor's October 20 Resolution �page 1 THE SUPREME COURT DECISION The unanimous U.S. Supreme Court decision abolish­ ing segregation in the public schools of Virginia, Delaware, Kansas and South Carolina was expressed in an opinion delivered by Chief Justice Earl Warren on May 17, 1954, "We have now announced that such segregation is a denial of the equal protection of the laws," the Court declared. Thus the ruling is based on part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This amendment, approved by Congress in 1868 and finally adopted in 1868, has more than once proved a major instrument of Federal power. State laws were made subject to federal judicial veto with this wording: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United. States and of the btate in which they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens..., nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." Speaking of current conditions, the Court had this to say: "Today, education is perhaps the most important function of state and local governments...It is the very foundation of good citizenship...In these days, it is doubtful that any child may reasonably be expected to succeed in life if he is denied the opportunity of an education. Such an opportunity, where the state has undertaken to provide it, is a right which must be made available to all on equal terms." Observing that segregation, especially when sanctioned by law, is detrimental to the development of Negro children, the Court went on: "We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'sep­ arate but equal^ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." In previous crucial civil rights decisions*, the Supreme Court had dealt with and rejected civil rights enforcement by Congress. The 1954 decree deals with quite a different matter: discrimination enforcement by state law. In disallowing either kind of enforcement, the Court is apparently consistent in opposing legal interference with individual rights -- either the right to mingle or the right to discriminate, as one chooses. Its decision affects segregation by law, as distinct from voluntary segregation. *Cruikshank, 1876; Civil bights cases, 1883; Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896. �page 2 R E A C H O H IH WASHINGTON Response to the Supreme Court ruling in the South has, of course, included the impression that this is a "Southern problem." Actually, there are 2.1 states affect­ ed, most but not all of them in the South. Virginia's case was decided in the same language as that of kansas. Since World War I, migration of Southern colored people to cities in the North and the West had carried with it a pattern of segregation. President Eisenhower indicated the scope of the decision in his statement June 30, 1954, to the convention of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People: "We have passed...a milestone of social advance in the United States. The social and political maturity of our people evidenced by the reception given the recent Supreme Court decision is of great significance... "We must have continued social progress, calmly but persistently made, so that we may prove without doubt to all the world that our Nation and our people are trhly dedicated to liberty and justice for all." Integration of all schools on military posts by September, 1955, had been ordered through the Defense Department, The U.S. Office of Education, however, had announced a "tiands-off" policy toward the states, with Commissioner Samuel Brownell promising to help only "when they '.vant us to." VIRGINIA CONTINUES SEGREGATION Dowell J. Howard, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, said, "There will be no defiance of the Supreme Court decision as far as I am concerned. 'We are trying to teach children the lav; of the land and we will abide by it." Continued segregation during the 1954-55 school term was decided by the State Board of Education. A u ­ thority for this was a ruling by Attorney General J. Lindsay Almond that segregation laws remain in effect until the Supreme Court gives its final decree. �page 5 OFFICIAL REACTION IN VIRGINIA Two hours after the Supreme Court decision was made public. Governor Stanley said his people would receive the ruling calmly. He intended no "precipi­ tate action," he said, but would call together state and local representatives to work out an acceptable plan, with views of both races invited. He also called a conference of Southern govern­ ors to discuss plans. They met June 20 but no action resulted. The gathering showed a wide difference in viewpoint among the state executives. On June 25, Governor Stanley said he had no intention of abolishing the public school system but would like careful thought given to eliminating Section 129 of the Virginia Constitution, which says the Ceneral Assembly shall maintain a system of free public schools. Repeal of this, he explained, might be needed to enable the legislators to deal more freely with the problem. To make certain his statement was clean, he concluded: "I shall use every legal means at my com­ mand to continue segregated schools in Virginia." Speaking several months later, Lt.-Gov. A.E.S. Stephens sounded a somewhat different note when he said Virginia's system of free public schools must be kept, warning that to abolish it might mean the state would lose "the things we hold dear." Finally, on August 28, the Governor appointed a bi-paEtisan 32-man commission of state legislators and gave the following description of their duties: "I am inviting the commission to ascertain through public hearings and such other means as appear appropriate, the wishes of the people of Virginia; to give careful study to plans or legislation or both, that should be considered for adoption in Virginia after the final decree of the Court is entered, and to offer such other recommendations as it may deem proper as a result of the decision of the Supreme Court affecting the public schools." (A fuller account of this commission is given on page 4 of this report.) Meanwhile, Attorney General Almond, hoping for " a satisfactory solution" which would not mean aban­ donment of separate but equal schools, declared on June 11, "Negro teachers are not going to be engaged in Virginia to teach white children. No child of any race is going to he compelled to attend a mixed school." Later, in October, Mr. Almond asserted that the Supreme Court itself "has defied the Constitution," �page 4 THE GOVERNOR'S COMMISSION ON PUBLIC EDUCATION Appointed August 28, 1954, the 32 members are state legislators, at least two from each congression­ al district. Tenth District members are Senator Charles R. Fenwick and Delegate J. Maynard Magruder, both of Arlington. At its first meeting Sept, 13, the commission received instructions from the Governor, with his suggestion that it hold hearings in various parts of the state. It elected as chairman Senator Garland Gray, and Mr, Gray named an 11-man executive committee. A rule was adopted that all meetings except public hearings would be secret and all discussion would be confidential. Since then the commission has held several exec­ utive and full meetings, talked with the State Board of Education and the Attorney General, and held one public hearing, Nov. 15, 1954. At the public hearing, representatives of gov­ erning bodies and organizations were invited to suggest ways to solve the problem of desegregation. The all­ day session was a stormy one at times, with much oppo­ sition to integration. The Fairfax County Board of Supervisors had adopted and rescinded a resolution asking the maximum of local option in deciding the fate of the public school system. (See cage 7 of this report.) The Tenth District Democratic Women's Club asked for maintenance of free public schools and compulsory atten­ dance laws. Majority opinion, however, was concentrated on demands for continuing segregation at almost any cost. No further public hearings have been set. Various solutions proposed to the Commission have included several kinds of segregation besides racial: by school districts, by sex, by I.Q., etc. Some have suggested separate white and Negro facul­ ties and school facilities. In an interim report, January 20 of this year, the Gray Commission said integration "would virtually destroy or seriously impair" Virginia's public educa­ tion system. It called for preservation of segregation "within the framework of the constitution." All citizens' ideas are still sought by the commission. A list of members will be found on page 12 of this report. �page 5 OPINIONS OP POLITICAL LEADERS State Legislators Polled Delegate Armistead Boothe sent a questionnaire in August to the 140 members of the General Assembly. The 47 replies he received showed reluctance to integrate: (1) 10 to 1, the legislators think "no child of either race should be compelled to attend a school for children of the other race." (2) 7 to 1, they seem to favor retaining the free public school system. (3) 10 to 1, they want no teachers assigned to a school of another race. (4) 3 to 1, they voted that in case segregation between races must be abolished, boys and girls should be separated. Boothe's Plan In a Norfolk speech Oct. 21, Del. Boothe outlined a tentaive plan calling for much local option. He thought school boards should be allowed to assign "outstanding Negro students" to white schools, and should provide some voluntary choice of schools, segregated and integrated, within the same district. His plan also called for more individual placement of students on bases of educational background, health, area feeling about segregation, etc., with some rearrangement of school attendance districts. Governor1s Commission Criticized The commission was criticized for electing Sen. Gray its chairman after he had led a group of 20 Louth Virginia legislators in stating "unalterable opposition" to the principle of integration. In Cctober he again caused a stir by addressing a group of segregationists, saying bluntly, the Supreme Court decision was "political and monstrous." He said he did not intend to let his grand­ children go to school with Negroes. The Virginia Meth­ odist Advocate said there was "serious question of his competence to serve on the commission in any capacity." Sen. Ted -^alton of Radford, Republican candidate for governor in 1953, criticized wr. Stanley for naming a commission without any Negro members. Del. Robert Whitehead of Nelson County, a leader of the Democratic oppostion to the Byrd wing of his party, said either Dalton or Boothe should have been in­ cluded on the commission, since both had sponsored reso­ lutions (unsuccessfully) to set up a biraclal study. Mr. Whitehead also said on Oct. 21 that to abolish the public school system would be "an open invitation to the Federal government to boldly step into the field of education and take over." He favored giving each local­ ity wide discretion. This speech brought a sharp reply from Rep. William Tuck, Fifth Congressional District, a former Governor of Virginia and a strong opponent of integration. �page 6 REACTIONS IN DIFFERENT LOCALITIES A large volume of mail has reached the Governor and the Gray Commission asking continued segregation in Virginia schools. Residents of areas with sizable col­ ored populations have been more outspoken in their re­ sponse than those In predominantly white areas, where the prospect of integration causes less concern, Halifax County, with a 44$ Negro population, presented a resolution to the Governor August 8 urg­ ing the public school system be abolished unless some way can be found to keep segregation. Signed by 8,452 people, about 60$ of the adult population, it said "an admixture of colored and white children will bring unending violence and strife." In June a group of 20 state legislators from southern jurisdictions had already announced "unalter,able opposition to the principle of integration of the races in the schools." In the area of the southern "Black Belt", includ­ ing the Fourth Congressional District, Negroes outnumber whites In many places. According to Col. Benjamin Muse (Washington Post and Times Herald, May 27, 1954), racial tension here is partly the result of historical crises; the Nat Turner insurrection of 1831, when drunken Negroes murdered over 50 white people; the ravages suffered during the closing days of the Civil l <ar; and the election, in 1888, of Virginia's only Negro Congressman. Fourth District Representative now is Congressman Watkins M. Abbitt, who says his constituents favor a state consitutional convention, presumably to change the public school provision. One county In this district. Prince Edward, rpovided the test case for Virginia's participation in the 1954 Supreme Court decision. Typical of a different sort of area was the meeting of the Northern Virginia Conference of School Boards, in Warrenton Oct. 21. No positive action was taken, though opinions did show a desire for local option in handling whatever course may be decided by the Common­ wealth. Supervisors or School Boards or both in over 40 Virginia localtilies have gone on record opposing the end of segregation in the schools. �page 7 FAIRFAX COUNTY RESOLUTIONS On October 20 the County Board of Supervisors passed a resolution requesting the maintenance of free public schools and a "maximum of local option." (See text on page 13 of this report.) This was sponsored by Supervisor Anne Wilkins of Mason District and was approved by all the members except Mr. Runyon, who abstained on grounds that it needed further study. On Nov. 10, five days before the Gray Commission hearing in Richmond, the resolution was rescinded on pe­ tition by 2,843 residents of the county. They said the Board had acted without consulting the citizens. How the Resolution was Rescinded Supervisor Wilkins agreed that thorough study was needed and moved to accept the petition after careful consideration by the Board. She was seconded by Super­ visor Shaffer (elected from Mt. Vernon District). During the public discussion that followed, the first citizen to speak called the Supreme Court decree "Marxist" and wanted to know why we were "riding on the side of the Communists." Next was a lady who said it was an effort to destroy our country from within and was handed down by "nine men of mediocre ability, one of them an immigrant and one the son of an immigrant," Testimony continued, mostly against the resolution. County Executive Carlton Massey said he had "quite a number" of letters and a petition signed by 300 persons asking the Board to keep the resolution. The Rev. T.Dabney Wellford spoke for the dio­ cesan Council of the Episcopal Church, asking imple­ mentation of the Court's decision in a charitable manner. Supervisor Runyon made a motion to accept the anti-resolution petition as a whole and was seconded by Supervisor DeBell. Supervisor Fox then said he opposed integration but wanted the Board to take no stand. Chairman Carper said he believed Mr. Fox and Mr. Jett had expressed the sentiments of the whole Board. (Supervisor Jett, Lee District, had offered a motion opposing integration, but it was not seconded.) After more discussion, Mr. Shaffer withdrew his second to Mrs. Wilkins' motion and Mr. Runyon withdrew his move to accept the petition, proposing instead to rescind outright the Oct. 20 resolution. This was seconded by Mr. Shaffer and won by a 6 to 1 vote, Mrs. Wilkins voting No. After Mrs. Wilkins failed three times to get the floor, amid much confusion, l t . Runyon moved that the yr Board resolve to go along with whatever the Governor's Commission and the Commonwealth might decide. He was seconded by Mr. Jett. The vote was again 6 to 1, with Mrs. 'Wilkins opposed. �page 8 PACTS AND FIGURES ON POPULATION 1950 census figures analyzed by Mrs. Louise Palmer State of Virginia Localities in Virginia vary widely in percentage of Negro population and can be expected to vary accord­ ingly in their reception of integration. Buchanan County has only 10 colored people; Charles City County has 81$. One-third of the residents of Virginia live in areas with 10$ or fewer colored, but there is a heavy concentration beginning at the North Carolina border and extending up beyond Richmond. In 15 rural counties there are 50$ or more colored. Another 17 counties and cities have 40$ to 50$. Together, these two groups make up 15$ of the state's population. Rural areas would experience more racial tension because the greater distances in school districts would mean more integration on buses, in lunch rooms, etc. Boundaries would be difficult to change. Rural areas are also somewhat behind urban sections in providing equal educational standards for colored children. Fairfax County school figures supplied by County Superintendent's office During the current school term, total enrollment includes 5.25$ in Negro elementary schools, 1.35$ in Negro secondary schools. Total "egro school proportion, now 6.6$, has declined over hhe past few years. In 1949-50, 9.93$ of school children here were colored. Instructional and other school employes include 68 Negroes as compared with 971 whites. Fairfax County has "separate but equal" facili­ ties for Negro students. They have similar activities and share with the white students the same supervisory direction through the Superintendent's office. At the time of the 1950 census, the county had 10$ colored population. Since then the white popula­ tion has increased rapidly. Though there are not yet any official figures to measure the change, it is certain the proportion of colored people has shrunk. Areas Ad.iacent to Fairfax County Total population,1950:: County or City: 98,557 FAIRFAX COUNTY $Negi Falls Church Alexandria Arlington County Loudon County Prince William County 1.8 12.4 4.9 18.8 11.9 7,535 61,787 135,449 21, 147 22,612 ie.o �page 9 NON-POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS Colleges -- Some state-supported colleges make a practice of admitting Negro graduate students. Parent-Teacher Associations -- Virginia state con­ vention in October adopted a platform including: "We face a period of continuing change in our way of life. We must meet this change with far-sighted wi&dom, prayerful tolerance, watchful reaaiuaess." Fairfax County P-TA has distributed kits of study materials for local discussion. Virginia Bar Association -- has adopted no definite stand but was asked by its past president, T.Justin Moore, attorney for Prince Edward County case, to take the lead in making plans to meet conditions that "vary widely from locality to locality." He said the Su­ preme Court decision must be accepted. NAACP -- Negro leaders have asked for immediate integra­ tion, with nothing done to jeopardize Negro teachers' jobs. League of Aomen Voters -- have decided to study the matter and local units have had one meeting to learn the facts. Churches -- Leaders of all major denominations have adop­ ted a pro-integration stand as the only course in keep­ ing with Christian principles. Some statements follow: Disciples of Christ in this area called for definite steps to desegregate the Sunday schools. Episcopal Southeast conferees called the Supreme Court decree "just and right", said it should be put into effect "as best manifests our Christian heritage." Southern Council of Church Women from 16 states adopted a resolution: "We feel we are impelled to promote a Christian society in which segregation is no longer a burden on the human spirit." Dr. G.E. Hopkins of Herndon, president of Methodist Conference Board of Social and Economic Relations, said integration should begin promptly in areas where Negro schools are equal, should proceed more slowly where they are still below white standards. Presbyterian Synod of Virginia said segregation is "discrimination which is out of harmony with Christ­ ian theology and ethics." Southern Baptists Convention approved a statement that the decree "is in harmony...with the Christian prin­ ciple of equal justice and love for all men." Four or five Baptist churches have objected to this stand, but their position is unique in church circles. United Lutheran Churches have said the church "must free itself from those cultural patterns of prejudice and discrimination in our society andmmust manifest in its own life the principles and attitudes of Jesus." Roman Catholic schools in most of Virginia are already being integrated this year. �page 10 INTEGRATION IN FAIRFAX COUNTY The general pattern here, of course, is segregation. But there are some places where integration now in effect can be observed by interested citizens. The Boards of most service organizations such as Red Cross, Community Chest, Girl Scouts, etc., are biracial at the adult level. Both political parties admit ^egro members and there is one Negro on the Falls Church Democratic Committee. Girl Scouts -- The charter says, "Scouting is open to all girls." The make-up of each troop is decided by its leader, but if she drops out her troop remains as it is. Some troops are integrated in the Vienna-McLean and Ft. Belvoir areas, including girls 10-13 years old. County-wide integrated camping was begun last summer. Churches -- Three county churches include both races in their congregations and activities: St. James' Roman Catholic, Advent Episcopal (Annandale), and the Annandale Methodist Church. The Vienna area Council of Church Women is integrated. Five churches in that vicinity sponsored an interracial vacation bibleschool in 1954. Schools — Burgundy Farms private school has an integrated faculty as well as colored students. AllCatholic schools are integrating. One in the county has a few Negro stu­ dents, but not enough to serve as a yardstick. Ft. Belvoir schools are of special interest because this is the only place where integration is compulsory. All seven grades are integrated this year, with 10$ colored students. Two families started to withdraw their children but have stayed on without difficulty. In the light of Fairfax County's yearly need for qual­ ified teachers it is interesting to note that for 25 teaching positions Ft. Belvoir schools had 75 appli­ cants. acuities would be integrated but no qualified Negro teachers applied. Fairfax County's curriculum is used at Ft. Belvoir. School records do not separate white from colored chil­ dren, but the principals, through frequent conferences with teachers, are convinced the colored students are keeping up without strain. This is true even though many of them had their early schooling in Deep South areas where equal standards were not provided for them. Ho trouble is apparent in the classrooms. On the playgrounds and buses the children do not seem con­ scious of any need to discriminate, though housing on the post is segregated. Important differences from a normal county situa­ tion must be noted: (1) Army discipline (all school families live on the post) has abearing on attitudes, health and morals. (2) Teachers enjoy better community status at Ft. Belvoir, though salaries are lagging behind those in the county. �page 11 THE COURT'S FINAL HEARING How will the Supreme Court go about abolishing legal segregation in the public schools? It has set April 11 as the date to begin hearings on this question. In giving the May 17, 1954, ruling, the Justices took an entirely new approach by asking all states affected, as well as those directly involved in the decision, to pre­ sent opinions on two main points: (1) May the Court permit an "effective gradual adjustment?" (2) Assuming that it may, should the Supreme Court assume the burden itself of giving instructions, or should it appoint a "special master" (such as a special commission or some other authority) to handle the details, or should it allow the lower Federal District courts to do the job? The U.S. Attorney General has recommended use of the lower federal courts to develop plans to fit their own localities, VIRGINIA'S ARGUMENTS ON IMPLEMENTATION The Commonwealth of Virginia, through Attorney General Almond, filed with the Court on Nov. 15, 1954, argumants which made the following points: (1) The Supreme Court has the power to grant a gradual adjustment, as shown in its order for further reargument of the case. (2) Ratio of races is important. Virginia needs time to devise a plan for local variations. (3) The lower court (Federal) is closer to the scene and better qualified to cope with the details than either the Supreme Court or a "special master". (4) The Supreme Court should give very general Instructions to the District courts, while permitting the preservation of the local system. (5) Conclusion: "Our desire is to minimize any conflict that may now result and to preserve the public education of Virginia's children." �Page 12 GOVERNOR'S COMMISSION ON PUBLIC EDUCATION List of members, showing their home counties or cities and the proportion of colored people living in each at the time of the 1950 census; (ttmarke those on executive committee) Senators -sGarland Gray, Chairman “ -Robert F. Baldwin, Jr. Robert Y. Button ■JtCurry Carter W.C.Caudill Charles R. Fenwick Earl A. Fitzpatrick Mills E. Godwin, Jr. ■il-James D. Hagood ■ : A S Harrison, Jr. s-.. S. Floyd Landreth G. Edmond Massie W W. Marvin Minter Delegates ■ifflarrv B. Davis, Vice Chairman Howard H. Adams J. Bradie Allman -::-Joseph E. Blackburn Orby L. Cantrell •ifRussell M. Carneal C.W. Cleaton John H. Daniel Charles K. Hutchens Baldwin G. Locher -:J Maynard Magruder :-. *-W. Tayloe Murphy Samuel E. Pooe Harold H. Purcell James W. Roberts Vernon S. Shaffer W. Roy Smith -::-J.Randolph Tucker, Jr. C.Btuart Wheatley, Jr. Home localities Sussex Norfolk Culpeper Augusta Giles Arlington Roanoke Suffolk Halifax Brunswick Galax, bewteen Grayson County Carroll County Richmond Mathews Princess Anne Northampton Franklin Lynchburg Wise Williamsburg Mecklenburg Charlotte Newport News Rockbridge Arlington Richmond County Southampton Louisa Norfolk Shenandoah Petersburg Richmond Danville % colored 65.6 29.7 27.9 5.1 2.5 4.9 15.9 36.7 44.0 57.8 4.4 1.5 31.7 24.9 23.5 53.5 14.6 22.0 4.2 13.0 49.5 40.9 43.2 8.6 4.9 34.4 60.9 39.8 29.7 1.8 42.2 31.7 30.2 �page 13 RESOLUTION OP THE FAIRFAX COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS passed October 20, 1954 rescinded November 10, 1954 Whereas, it is the belief of this Board that a system of free public education is one of the corner­ stones of our democracy and must be preserved, Whereas, the Supreme Court of the United States has determined that segregation of white and Negro stu­ dents in our public schools is in violation of the Con­ stitution of the United States, and Whereas, it is believed that conditions which would determine ability to comply with this decision in an orderly manner differ widely in the various lo­ calities of the Commonwealth, Be it therefore resolved, by the Board of County Supervisors of Fairfax County, Virginia, that a system of free public schools should nbe maintained which should receive state direction and financial support and Be it further resolved:? that a maximum of local option should be allowed the various communites in the Commonwealth so as to insure orderly compliance with the Supreme Court's decision, and Be it further resolved that a copy of this reso­ lution be transmitted to the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. �page 14 This summary was prepared by members of The Democratic Women of mount Vernon, an organ­ ization of Democratic Women voters in the Mt. Vernon and Lee Districts of Fairfax County. This club has not yet taken a stand for or against integration in the public schools. The next phase of this report will continue coverage of current developments in state and local policy, and will also include a special section dealing with groups active in this area with respect to the oroblems raised by the Su­ preme Court decision. Anyone interested in more general views of the pros and cons of the Supreme Court decision has a wide choice of materials to read. One pamphlet which states the pro-segregation viewpoint is "The Race Integration Cases" by Charles W. Collins, published by American States Rights Asso­ ciation, 2112 First Ave.,N., Birmiuigham, Ala. A pamphlet which states arguments for integration is called "Answers for Action -- Schools in the South". It may be obtained for 20^ from the Southern Regional Council, 63 Auburn Ave.,N.E., Atlanta, Geoggia. Copies of both publications, plus other material, are available to members of 1'he Democratic Women of Mount Vernon through their club library. Public distribution of this information is in accord with the following sections of the club's Principles and Aims: "V/e respect, among ourselves as everywhere, differences in viewpoint and the free expression of opihion as the right of a people for whom freedom of the mind is a precious heritage. "We believe, as Thomas Jefferson did, that a people who would govern themselves must educate themselves. We will study our political institutions and local, state, and national issues. What we learn we will share with our fellow citizens." � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 94, Arlingtonians for a Better County (ABC) Organizational Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Summary of Developments in Virginia as a Result of the Supreme Court Ruling against Racial Segregation in Public Schools Description An account of the resource Summary reported by a Fairfax County organization, the Democratic Women of Mount Vernon, regarding the Supreme Court Decision, reactions, population information, and integration in Fairfax. 15 Pages Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No date Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 94, Arlingtonians for a Better County (ABC) Organizational Records Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Democratic Women of Mount Vernon Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 94_16_8_10 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/02ec062335371c13fa3f7438ad46af26.pdf 28c0160d0c87fe6e89d91fcb0ae35ca5 PDF Text Text A Supmnttniipnt SjonkH at Sty? iKittiiprgartPU H illis A. Multan Superintendent o f Schools, A tla n ta , Georgia �f *OOKING into the kindergarten room in September, one sees a large group of children from many different types of homes making first contacts with the world outside. A little boy sits silent and watchful; a home sick little girl weeps for her mother; half a dozen children, stimulated by the new envi ronment, move restlessly about the room; others have begun to play together or to investigate the attractive equipment. In May the visitor sees a different picture. The child who was silent in September is now leading a group in a constructive activity; the little girl who was homesick is capably serving an imaginary meal to others in the doll house; instead of the aimless response of the unad justed groups of September there is now the gentle hum of cooperative effort. Many factors have combined to bring about this change and perhaps that of great est importance is social adjustment thru com mon interests. It is but a step from the home environment to that of the school when that step is kindergarten, yet how much it involves. This venture out into the big world requires adjustment. A new set of habits must be formed in addition to, and perhaps in place of, those heretofore practised. These are some of the problems that confront the teacher in facing a new class, and her goal is to see that before the children leave her, they will have formed habits that fit them to face squarely any situation, in which they find themselves, with a feeling of self-confidence in meeting these situations and in attacking new fields of endeavor. A little girl said of a habit, " It’s something you get to doing and can't stop." This sums up rather successfully the thought in the teacher's mind when she plans to help children form habits that will fit them for worthy citizenship. In September, the teacher encounters "I want to ," "Let me do it," " It is mine," for the beginning kindergarten child is intensely individualistic. Gradually, however, he begins to recognize the part others must play. He eventually reaches the point where he says, "John can do that; he makes good ones." He has learned to subordinate his will for the good of the group and to take turns at being both leader and follower; in other words, to work harmoniously to accomplish the activity undertaken. The "three R's" of the elementary curricu lum are tangible means of measuring what education does for the child and are there fore held of the utmost importance, but those values of learning to live with others and of adjustment to the many human relationships are so subtle that they are apt to be over looked or not understood by the taxpayer or other critic of the value of a kindergarten program in a public school. The kindergarten itself is a source of in spiration. The kindergartner's attitude toward her children is one of cooperation and com radeship, and contains a sympathetic insight into their interests and needs. The children's �attitude toward their work is marked by spontaneity. The school and the community in general profit from the kindergarten, not only from an increased cooperation on the part of the children in obedience to civic laws and inter ests, but in actual monetary savings. In cities in which the kindergarten is not a part of the public schools, a larger enrolment occurs in the first grade, making this grade an adjust ment as well as an entrance grade. An ex periment by an Atlanta teacher shows that the percent of nonpromotions of children in her own first grade with kindergarten experi ences was 9.1 compared to 53.3 of pupils without kindergarten experiences. There has been a gradual decrease of first-grade fail ures in Atlanta since the kindergartens have become part of the public-school system. Free literature and advice relative to pro cedure in securing the establishment of a public-school kindergarten may be obtained by writing to the National Kindergarten Association 8 West Forfieth Street, New York � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Superintendent Looks at the Kindergarten, by Willis A. Sutton, Superintendent of Schools, Atlanta, Georgia Description An account of the resource A pamphlet containing a Superintendent's observations of the positive effects of a kindergarten class. 3 pages Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Kindergarten Association No date Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant unknown Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_6_1_1_10 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/cecf03a5e407fd465beec9be58075db1.jpg a1e2a515a9fb7914cb40836d1f66e744 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Testimonial Tea in Honor of Mrs. Esther Cooper invitation, 1956 Description An account of the resource Invitation to a tea honoring Esther Cooper to help her attain a "life membership" to the NAACP. The tea is scheduled for April 8, 1956. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-4-8 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 18_1_1_3_1 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/42d7f99c70eabd1f6ffb3db9afa59c30.pdf e2a943ec52283c0f5c7f42d8d6e1585e PDF Text Text FROM: 3037 N. STAFFORD STREET ARLINGTON 7, VIRGINIA Bulk Rate U. S. POSTAGE I'Ac PAID Arlington, Va. Permit No. 315 W HAT’S AHEAD Peter Morstein, Barbara S & Barbara S Marx 6897 N Washington Blvd Arlington 13, Va 11 FOR A R LIN G TO N ? X 6 © 0 § GOVERNMENT BY ABCThe central issue of this contest for the Arlington OR MORE MISRULE BY A IM ? affiliated candidates to the School Board. County Board is whether the ABC program for good government and good schools will be carried out. This year the voters can finish the job by electing ABC candidate Curtis Tuthill. Last year the voters made a determined start toward Curtis Tuthill’ election will give ABC a -working s putting that program into effect by overwhelmingly majority on the County Board, and this majority will, electing Ralph Kaul and David Krupsaw, the ABC in turn, give Arlington the kind of responsible govern candidates, to the two open seats on the five-man ment that the great majority of our citizens want. Here is a concrete program for Arlington. County Board. They also overwhelmingly elected all the ABC- Here are the policies which Curtis Tuthill and ABC support. WHAT ABC STANDS FOR A B C believes that long-range comprehensive planning must be the cornerstone of county policy. Arling ton continues to grow. has been lost. That growth must not continue to be haphazard and undirected. Much time already A well-ordered, carefully drawn plan is needed now for the development of parks and play grounds, streets and sidewalks, water and sewage distribution systems, storm drainage, libraries, and parking facilities near business areas. Arlington businessmen will be placed at a competitive disadvantage and Arling ton homeowners will be threatened by falling property values if we plunge blindly into an unmapped future. ABC worked for and will fully support the newly reestablished Planning Commission. A B C supports, and will strive to improve still further, our excellent public school system. ABC believes in adequate school budgets to make sure our children keep receiving basic and up-to-date training, as well as the other benefits of a well-administered educational program. ABC will resist all attempts to close or immobilize our public schools, to deprive them of state funds, or to take them out of the hands of the people of Arlington. �A B C regards the zoning ordinance as a contract between the County Board and the people of Arlington. This contract should be amended only when the public interest so requires. Spot zonings for the benefit of land speculators will be vigorously opposed by ABC. Z&IBCC believes in keeping taxes to the absolute1minimum consistent with providing the essential services demanded by the people. ABC will keep taxes down by careful scrutiny of every budget item, thorough exploration of new revenue sources, vigorous collection of taxes when due, and careful planning for public improvements. ABC pledges to make sure we get the most mileage out of each penny spent. A B C believes that all citizens should be made to feel at home when presenting their views to the County Board. Hostility to citizens’ groups and community associations is indefensible. ABC suggests that the County Board should cooperate with neighborhood associations desiring to set up non-profit swimming pools and other recreation facilities. ABC believes in strengthening, not limiting, the franchise. will work to regain our right to have an elected School Board. ABC believes in an elected School Board and ABC believes that Federal employes should be permitted to serve on the County Board and will endeavor to reestablish that right. holders’ veto over bond issues. ABC opposes a free ABC endorses full citizen participation in county affairs. AT THE The ABC Board members, though a m n r t , have e e g t c l y pressedfor ioiy nreial t e ABC program .and already have accomplished much. h HOW ABC HAS WORKED FOR ARLINGTON The ABC B oard m em bers, sh ortly after th eir election last year, d ram a tized the absence o f effectiv e county plan n in g and forced the Board to reestablish the P lanning Com m ission. The ABC B oard m em bers focu sed pu blic attention on requests fo r rezon in gs which th reaten ed residential n eigh borh ood s o r orderly com m ercial d evelopm en t. The ABC B oard m em bers ex p osed the AIM polity of sellin g bon ds b e fore the County w as read y to spen d the m on ey on plann ed projects. ABC m em bers revealed that this practice w as costin g taxpayers at least $35,000 annually. HOW AIM HAS HURT ARLINGTON 1 ^ - The AIM County B oard tried to abolish the P lanning C om m ission an d scattered its fu nctions a m o n g th ree u n coord in ated com m ittees. The AIM Board a b a n d on ed A rlington's six-year plan for County im provem ents. The AIM B oard h as rep ea ted ly d a m a ged residential n eig h b o rh o o d s by rezon in gs. Exam ples: the Sickles tract on the old Shirley H om es site in South Arlington, r ezon ed to h igh -density apartm en ts o ver the virtu ally u n anim ou s opp o sitio n o f the w h ole area . . . the Altha Hall tract betw een Lee H ighw ay and Spout Run, w hich w a s rezon ed from detach ed - h om e use to high-density apartm en ts o ver the opp o sitio n o f the P lann in g Com m ission, the Zon in g an d Land Use C om m ittee, the County's P lanning Division, an d the citizens o f the area. The ABC Board m em bers o p p o sed the freeholders' v eto proposal, which The AIM Board forced tax p a y ers to p a y u n n ecessary in terest on bon ds w ou ld v irtually disenfranchise, in bon d elections, all our citizens w h o rent 1 by sellin g th em lo n g in a d van ce o f the actu al con stru ction o f projects. their hom es. The AIM Board p etition ed the L egislatu re to a u th orize the freeh olders' The ABC Board m em bers su pported an ad equ ate sch ool b u d get and ! referendum . w orked in h arm ony w ith the School Board. The AIM B oard slash ed sch ool b u d gets an d in terfered in the p o licy The ABC Board m em bers stron gly o p p o sed the M oncure bill an d testified m ak ing functions o f the Sch ool Board. again st it in Richmond. The AIM Board form ally spon sored an d a d o p ted a resolu tion u rging the The ABC Board m em bers tried twice, w ithout success, to get AIM Legislature to abolish A rlington's right to elect a Sch ool Board. m em bers to u rge the Legislature to tak e no action which w ou ld d a m a ge or destroy ou r locally con trolled, free pu blic sch ools, or w hich w ou ld deprive A rlington o f its sh are o f state fu nds for public education. The AIM Board v oted d ow n a resolu tion w hich w ou ld h av e pu t the County on record as o p p o sin g state legisla tion w hich w ou ld d a m a g e or d estroy ou r locally con trolled pu blic schools. �THE ABC CANDIDATE FOR COUNTY BOARD THE AIM CANDIDATE FOR COUHTY BOARD Curtis Tuthill, the ABC candidate, is a t e s t e d a n d e x p e r i e n c e d public servant. E l e c t e d to Arlington’ first elected School s Board in 1947, he was r e e le c t e d in 1949 on his record of accomplishments. He served as Chairman of the School Board for part of his second term. The AIM record has been so bad that some of the supporters of the AIM candidate, Dr. L. H. Blevins, are trying to create the impression that Dr. Blevins is d iff e r e n t from the o ld Curtis Tuthill is, in fact, one of the principal architects of Arlington’ nationally recognized school system. s During his six years on the School Board, Curtis Tuthill faced many of the same problems that confront a member of the County Board— h o w t o p la n a h e a d t o k e e p p a c e w ith A r lin g t o n ’ g row th , h o w s f li c t in g n e e d s, h o w to e s t a b lis h p r i o r it i e s a m o n g con t o u n d e r s t a n d a n d e v a lu a te c o m p l ic a t e d g o v e r n m e n t bu d gets. Curtis Tuthill, h im s e l f a r e s id e n t o f A r l in g t o n f o r 14 y ea rs has met with civic associations and advisory committees, over the years, from every corner of Arlington and every field of interest. H e k n o w s A r l in g t o n a n d a h o m e o w n e r f o r 8 years, A I M c liq u e . B u t t h e f a c t s s h o w th a t D r . B le v in s is 1 0 0 % A IM . Dr. Blevins has been a member of AIM since its founding in 1952 and has publicly supported every AIM candidate in every election for County Board and School Board. D r . B le v in s w a s h im s e l f a n A I M c a n d id a t e f o r S c h o o l B o a r d la st year. H e w a s d e c i s i v e ly d e fe a te d . D r. B le v in s a ls o s ta te s th a t h e f a v o r s t h e A I M - e n d o r s e d M o n c u r e bill, w h ic h t o o k a w a y A r l in g t o n ’ r ig h t t o e le c t a s S c h o o l B o a rd . Dr. Blevins has said he would have voted to request the Legislature to approve that bill had he been on the County Board when the question arose. T h u s D r. B le v in s, h a v in g p r e s e n t e d h im s e l f t o t h e v o t e r s a n d h a v in g lo s t i n t h e S c h o o l B o a r d e le c tio n , is now o p p o s e d to having the voters c h o o s e their School Board. i n s id e a n d out. Curtis Tuthill also served as campaign manager for the ABC-Convention candidates who swept all offices in the election last year. Curtis Tuthill’ specific civic achievements are a matter of s record, a n d t h e v o t e r s h a v e t w i c e e n d o r s e d h im . F R A LIN TO C U TY B A D O N V M E 6 O R G N ON OR N OE BR Curtis Tuthill helped formulate and wholeheartedly supports the ABC program for Arlington. SEGREGATION, INTEGRATION AND OUR PUBLIC SCHOOLS Arlington faces a crisis in public education. The situation has passed the point where it makes any material difference whether anyone is personally for or against segregation or integration. Arlington is directly under the gun— under a Federal Court order to desegregate its public schools this coming January. I n t h is c r is is w e c a n n o t a ff o r d t o b e g o v e r n e d b y a n A I M C o u n t y B o a r d , w h o s e m e m b e r s h a v e p r o v e d th e y c a n n o t b e c o u n t e d o n t o s ta n d u p f o r A r lin g to n . ABC includes both segregationists and integrationists. But ABC believes it would be tragic and inexcusable to turn Arlington into a segregation-integration battle ground. T h e r e a l i\ su e a t t h is t i m e is w h e t h e r A r l in g t o n w i l l b e a b le ABC w ill d o e v e r y t h in g in it s p o w e r t o a s su r e th a t n o t o p r e s e r v e , k e e p o p e n a n d r u n its o w n s c h o o ls . A r l in g t o n c h ild , w h it e o r c o lo r e d , w i l l b e r e q u i r e d t o a t t e n d If our public schools are closed or paralyzed, the damage will be incalculable. a n i n t e g r a t e d s c h o o l. The education of our children will be impaired, our teach ing staff dispersed. Our school plant, Arlington’ largest s single public investment, will be jeopardized. Home and property values will be threatened. The present AIM County Board has refused to oppose Governor Stanley’ program, which was fought by the entire s Arlington delegation in the Legislature. This punitive pro gram can deprive Arlington annually of $1,300,000 in state funds if the Federal Court order is upheld. ABC will continue to fight for the right of the people of Arlington t o r u n t h e ir o w n s c h o o ls . ABC will do everything in its power to keep the schools 'open and to carry out the provisions of State and Federal [law as finally determined by the Courts. J ABC pledges that if the State attempts to cut off Arlington’ s rightful share of state funds, t h e A B C B o a r d m e m b e r s w i l l ta k e e v e r y l e g a l m e a n s t o c o m p e l t h e S ta te T r e a s u r e r t o m a k e p a y m e n t. �WHAT’S AHEAD FOR ARLINGTOH? THE CHOICE IS CLEARS A iC = iiS T O R A T M OF @@@i GOVERNMENT A IM = MORE YEARS OF MISRULE VOTE VOTE FI TUTHILL FOR ARLINGTON COUNTY BOARD ON NOV. 6! N O T E : Neither N B C (A rlingtonians f o r a Better County tior A I M (Arlington Independent Movement ) has ) the official sponsorship or endorsement o f either national politica l party. A B C , however, numbers within its ra n is many leading A r lin g ton Republicans, Democrats, non-partisans and independents. ABC CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE FOR CURTIS E. TUTHILL 3 3 North 07 Stafford Street, Arlington 7 Va. , � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ABC Party campaign pamphlet for Curtis E. Tuthill. Description An account of the resource ABC Party campaign pamphlet for Curtis E. Tuthill for County Board. Description of ABC Party and what it stands for. 4 pages Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource ABC Campaign Committee for Curtis e. Tuthill Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No date Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant undated Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 18_2_1_3_3 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/d3f4b5cea973a02720ea2521c128f683.pdf 5bc903f13ac591d71de95d0f969f603d PDF Text Text \ Ch. 56 Acts of t h e 1956 Extra S e s s i o n of the Vir g i n i a General A s s e m b l y _________________________________________________________________ "An A c t to make a v a i lable to certain counties, cities and t o w n s f unds to be e x p e n d e d in fu r t h e r a n c e of the e l e m e n t a r y a n d / o r secondary e d u c a t i o n of p u p i l s in non s e c t a r ian private schools and for payments to t eachers and other employees u n d e r certain conditions, and to provide for a d e t e r m i n a t i o n of the amount an d conditions f o r receipt of such funds." 1 R a c e R e i s . L. R e p . 1 0 9 2 . §1. A m o u n t s u n d e r I t ems 133, 134, 137, 13 8 and 143 o f Ch. 716 o f t h e A c t s of A s s e m b l y o f 1 9 5 6 to which elementary school systems were entitled which are w i t h h e l d s hall b e a v a i l a b l e f o r i n s t r u c t i o n of pupils in nonsectarian private schools and for pay ment of salaries of unemployed teachers and other public school employees to the extent of the terms and c o n d i t i o n s of t h e i r contracts or t h e end of the s c h o o l year, w h i c h e v e r is longer. §2. Same provi s i o n s s c h o o l systems. as il covering secondary §3. F u n d s p r o v i d e d b y ill & 2 t o b e a l l o c a t e d to each pupil attending a nonsectarian private school on t h e basis of the t otal amount w i t h h e l d divided by the n u m b e r of children f o r m e r l y a t t e n d i n g th e public sch o o l system. §4. An y funds t o be d istributed u n d e r terms of §3 r e m a i n i n g u n d i s t r i b u t e d s h o u l d b e a l l o c a t e d t o c h i l d r e n already r e c e i v i n g grants, but not to exceed th e a c t u a l attendance at the private school, and not to exceed #350 per p upil per year f r o m all public sources. §5. Satisfactory evidence of expenditures for edu c a t i o n a l purposes in nonsectarian p r i v a t e schools must be furnished. §6. If current d a t a mine allocation of funds, s h a l l b e used. Ch. 57 are the not a v a i l a b l e to most recent data deter available Acts of th e 1956 Extra S e s s i o n of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y _________________________________________________________________ "An Act of money b y t o authorize c e r t a i n localities to raise sumes a t a x on property, subject to local taxation, to be e x p e n d e d by local s c h o o l author i t i e s f o r educational purposes, including cost of transportation, and to impose penalties §1. for violations." Authorizes levy 1 of Race such In lieu of such a L. Rep. educational pu b l i c welf a r e m a y r e q u i r e in taxation or appropriation for §2. Reis. 1093« taxes areas w h e r e there public schools. levy, appropriation as the is no for e d u c a t i o n a l purposes m a y be m ade f r o m t h e general coun t y or city levy. The governing b o d y m a y also make appropriation for educational purposes from any other funds available. �r * §3. In any t o w n w h e r e no l evy or a p p r opriation is m a d e f o r o p e r a t i o n o f p u b l i c s c h o o l s , i f it c o n stitutes a separate school district, the governing b o d y is a u t h o r i z e d t o c o l l e c t a d d i t i o n a l t a x e s on p r o p e r t y subject to l ocal taxation, f or educational pur p o s e s , but not t o ex c e e d 1 of t h e a s s e s s e d value of taxable property. I n lieu of such a levy, a p p r o p r i a t i o n m a y be m a d e out of the g e n e r a l t o w n lev y or % any other §4. source. Any town where no levy or appropriation is m a d e f o r o p e r a t i o n o f p u b l i c schools, i f it c o n s t i t u t e s a separate s c h o o l district, is e n t i t l e d t o its s h a r e o f s c h o o l f u n d s , §22-14-1 o f t h e C o d e a n d is a u t h o r i z e d and r e q u i r e d to expend same for educational p u r p o s e s u n d e r t e r m s o f §7 below. §5. If a n y t o w n c o n s t i t u t e s a s e p a r a t e t o w n s c h o o l d i s t r i c t a n d i t s c o u n t y d o e s n o t t a x or a p p r o priate for operation of public schools, an additional t o w n sch o o l levy on l o c a l taxable property, not ex ceeding of the a s s e s s e d valuation, m a y be raised. If the county levies a t a x or makes an appropriation f o r e d u c a t i o n a l p u r p o s e s , the t o w n s h a l l r e c e i v e its s h a r e o f such f u n d s u n d e r §22-141 o f t h e Code. 3% §6. The p r o c e d u r e to be f o l l o w e d f o r obtaining th e e d u c a tional f u n d s p r o vided by t h i s Act shall be t h e s a m e as p r e s c r i b e d b y th e l a w f o r r a i s i n g of f u n d s for public school purposes. §7. The educational funds raised or appropriated u n d e r i l l , 2, 3 , a n d 4 h e r e o f , o r o t h e r w i s e m a d e a v a i l able, s h a l l be e x p e n d e d b y t he s c h o o l b o a r d in p a y m e n t o f a g e n t s f o r th e f u r t h e r a n c e of t h e e l e m e n t a r y or s e c o n d a r y education, as the case m a y be, of the chil dr e n of the county, city, or town in nonsectarian p r i v a t e schools. The local school board m a y by rules and regulations p r ovide for the cancellation or revo cation of any such g r a n t which the board finds was not o b t a i n e d in goo d faith; p r o v i d e d t h a t the action of t h e board in c a n c e l l i n g or r e v o k i n g a n y grant shall be subj e c t to r e v i e w by bill of com p l a i n t against t h e sc h o o l b oard to th e circ u i t or c o r p o r a t i o n court ha v i n g equity jurisdiction. §8. School boards may provide transportation for t h o s e pupils q u a l i f y i n g f o r such grants, and in such event, shall be e n t i t l e d to r e i m b u r s e m e n t out of State f u n d s t o th e same e x t e n t as counties a n d cities are reimbursed for costs expended for transportation to and f r o m the public schools. §9. Provides criminal penalties for misdemeanor of obtaining, s e eking t o obtain, e x p e n d i n g or seeking to expend, any transpo r t a t i o n or e d u c a t i o n grant for any other purpose than the transportation or education of the child for w h i c h th e grant is s o u g h t or obtained. Ch. $8 Acts of the 1956 Extra Sessions of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y ___________________________________________________________________ " A n Ac t to require t h e inclusion in school budgets of amou n t s sufficient f o r t h e payment of g r a n t s fo r e ducational purposes; to provide for local governing bodies raising money for educational purposes and making appropriations therefor; to p r o v i d e for the e x p e n d i t u r e of such f unds fo r payment of 2 �such gran t s and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n costs u n d e r certain ci r c u m s t a n c e s ; to e m p o w e r t h e State Board of Education t o m a k e r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s and p a y s u c h g rants; to provide for the w i thholding of certain funds and the use thereof; and to provide penalties for the violation of this Act." 1 R a c e R e i s . L. Rep. 1 0 9 4 * il. The division superintendent of each school d i s t r i c t shall i n c l u d e i n his budget e s t imates an item for the payment of grants for the furtherance of th e education of t h e children in n o n s e c t a r i a n private schools. §2. Board of supervisors of each school di s t r i c t s h a l l p r o v i d e a l e v y or an a p p r o p r i a t i o n to m e e t t h e e s t i m a t e s r e q u i r e d b y §1. §3. These e d u c a t i o n a l funds are t o be expended by the local school board through payments to par ents, guardians, or o t h e r persons h a v i n g cust o d y of c h i l d r e n w h o have b e e n a s s igned to or are in a t t e n d ance at public scho o l s w h e r e i n both w h i t e and colored c h i l d r e n are enrolled, up o n filing a n affidavit that t h e y object to the a s s i g n m e n t of such c h i l d r e n to such a school. Man d a m u s will not lie t o force p ay m e n t of a grant to a c h i l d assigned o r r eassigned to a school where only p u pils of his race are enrolled. §4. Theanount of t he grant shall of a t t e n d a n c e at a n o n s e c t a r i a n p r i v a t e the current school year, provided that exceed the total cost of operation per d a i l y a ttendance in the public schools ity t h e preceding year. be the cost school for it s hall not p u p i l in of the local §5. The school b oard providing transportation to its p u b l i c schools s h a l l supply like t r a n s p o rtations to a n o n s e c t a r i a n p r i v a t e school, p r o v i d e d that the b o a r d m a y provide a g r a n t for t r a n s p o r t a t i o n equal to the p e r p u p i l cost of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n in th e public s c h o o l d i s t r i c t t h e p r e c e d i n g year. 86. In distributions of State funds, payment f o r g r a n t s shall be c o n s i d e r e d as t h o u g h t h e y were made by the locality for operation and maintenance public schools. of §7. Rules and regulations to c arry out purposes of t h i s Ac t ma y be d r a w n u p by local s c h o o l boards. T h e y m a y p r o v i d e f o r c a n c e l l a t i o n or r e v o c a t i o n of g r a n t s f o u n d not o b t a i n e d in good fait h , p r o v i d e d such acti o n be subject t o judicial r e v i e w in circuit or c o r p o r a t i o n court. S3. It s h a l l b e a m i s d e m e a n o r f o r a p e r s o n t o obtain, seek to obtain, expend or seek to expend any g r a n t f o r a n y o t h e r p u r p o s e t h a n th e e d u c a t i o n or transportation facilities. 19. When the school budget has b e e n prepared in accordance with il and funds secured as provided b y §2, n e i t h e r the s c h o o l b o a r d nor t h e g o v e r n i n g b o d y s h a l l have p o w e r t o c a n c e l or t r a n s f e r an d use for o ther purposes t he funds available f or grants, p r o v i d e d t h a t if at t h e e n d of the e l e v e n t h m o n t h of the school year any f unds are not obligated, they may be e x p e n d e d f o r a n y o b j e c t set f o r t h i n t h e s c h o o l budget. 3 �§10. For so l o n g as children are assigned to or attend schools w h e r e both white and colored c h i l d r e n are enrolled, the State B o a r d of E d u c a t i o n shall authorize and direct the Superintendent o f P u b l i c I n s t r u c t i o n t o p r o v i d e f o r p a y m e n t of g r a n t s o n b e h a l f o f s u c h county, city, or town, out of any funds due said unit for maintenance of its public school system. Records to be filed with State Comptroller. Ch. 59 Acts of t h e 1956 E xtra S e s s i o n of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y _________________________________________________________________ "An Act to provide that attend integrated schools." no 1 child shall be required to Race R e i s . L. Rep. 1096. "1. N o t w i t hstanding any no child shall be r e q u i r e d to any school wherein b oth white are enrolled." Ch. 60 other provision of law, enroll in or attend and colored children A c t s o f t h e 1 9 5 6 E x t r a S e s s i o n of the V i r g i n i a G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y _________________________________________________________________ "An Act to amend and re-enact §22-72, as amended, of the Code of Virginia, r e l a t i n g to the powers and duties of the county s c hool boards, and to amend the Code of Vir g i n i a by a d ding a new section n u mbered 22-72.1, authorizing county schools to provide for transportation of pupils. 1 Race Reis. L. Rep. 1096. §22-72.1. C o u n t y school boards m a y provide the transportation of pupils; but nothing herein con t a i n e d shall be con s t r u e d as r e q u i r i n g such transportation." Ch. 61 for Acts o f the 1956 E x t r a S e s s i o n of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y _________________________________________________________________ "An Ac t to amend an d r e - e n a c t §22-205 of the Code of Virginia, relating to assignment of teachers by division superintendents." 1 R a c e R e i s . L. R e p . 1 0 9 7 . "1. That §22-205 a m e n d e d and r e - e n a c t e d of as the Code of follows; Virginia be "§22-205. The division superintendent shall h a v e authority t o a s s i g n to t heir r e s p e c t i v e p o s i t i o n s in the s c h o o l wherein t h e y hav e been p l a c e d b y the s c h o o l b o a r d all t e a c h e r s . . . including principals . . . and r e a s s i g n them t h e r e i n , provided n o change or r e a s s i g n m e n t s h a l l affect the s a l a r y of such t e a c h e r s , and p r o vided, further, th a t he shall m a k e appropriate r e p o r t s and e x p l a n a t i o n s on the r e q u e s t of the school board." Ch. 62 Acts of the 1956 Extra S e ssions of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y ________________________________________________________ ___________ "An A ct to authorize l o c a l school b o a r d s to funds designated for p ublic school purposes for 4 expend such �grants in furtherance of elementary and secondary edu cation as m a y be p e r m itted by law without first obtain ing authority therefor from the tax levying body.” 1 R a c e R e i s . L. Rep. 1 0 9 7 . "1. The l o c a l s c h o o l board o f e v e r y county, c i t y o r t o w n i s h e r e b y a u t h o r i z e d w h e n i t is d e e m e d t o be for the publ i c benefit, to t r a n s f e r school funds, excluding t h o s e for capital out l a y and debt service, within the total amount o f its authorized b u d g e t , w i t h o u t t h e c o n s e n t of t h e t a x l e v y i n g body, notwithstanding a n y other law to t he contrary, and t o ex p e n d same in f u r t h e r a n c e of t h e e l e m e n t a r y and s e c o n d a r y e d u cation of the children of such county, c i t y , o r t o w n i n n o n s e c t a r i a n p r i v a t e s c h o o l s as m a y be permitted b y law." Ch. 63. Acts of the 1956 Extra Sessions of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y ___________________________________________________________________ " A n Act to provide f or the employment of counsel to de f e n d t h e actions of m e m b e r s of school b o a r d s and to p r o vide f o r the payment of costs, expenses and liabilities l e v i e d a g a i n s t such m e m b e r s out of l o c a l p u b l i c fund s . " 1 R a c e R e i s . L. R e p . 1 0 9 8 . "l.ll. N otwithstanding any other provision of law, the attorney f o r the Commonwealth or other c o u n s e l approved b y the school board of any county, c i t y , o r t o wn, t o d e f e n d it or a n y m e m b e r t h e r e o f , or a n y school official, in any legal proceeding to w h i c h the school b o a r d or any m e m b e r thereof, or a n y school official, m a y be a defendant, w h e n such p r o c e e d i n g is i n s t i t u t e d a g a i n s t it, o r a g a i n s t a n y m e m b e r thereof b y v i r t u e of his a c t i o n s in conn e c t i o n w i t h h i s duties as su c h member. "§2. All costs, expenses and liabilities of p r o c e e d i n g s so d e f e n d e d shall be a c h a r g e against t h e county, city o r t o w n treasury a n d pai d out of f u n d s provided by the governing b o d y of the county, city, or town in w h i c h such school board discharges its functions. "2. An emergency exists f o r c e f r o m its p a s s a g e . " Ch. 64 and this action is in Acts of the 1956 Extra Sess i o n of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y _________________________________________________________________ " A n Act to amend a n d reenact § 5 1 - 1 1 1 . 1 0 as amended of the Code of Virginia, r e l a t i n g to the m e a n i n g of certain w o r d s as u s e d in the V i r g i n i a Supp l e m e n t a l R etirement Act, a n d t o a m e n d t h e C o d e o f V i r g i n i a b y a d d i n g t o it T i t l e 51, Chapter 3.2 thereof, and A r t i c l e 4.1 c o n t a i n i n g S§51-111.38:1 through 51-111.38:3, p r o v i d i n g for the retir e m e n t of certain private school teachers." 1 Race Reis. L. Rep. 1098. §51-111.10 Definitions. - As u s e d in this u n l e s s a d i f f e r e n t m e a n i n g is p l a i n l y r e q u i r e d context: chapter by the "(4) 'Teacher* m e a n s a n y p e r s o n w h o is r e g u l a r l y e m p l o y e d on a s a l a r y b a s i s as a p r o f e s s i o n a l or c l e r i c a l e m p l o y e e of a county, city, o r o t h e r l o cal p u b l i c s c h o o l or of a c o r p o r a t i o n p a r t l c i p a i n g in the r e t i r e m e n t s y s t e m as p r o v i d e d b y A r t i c l e 4 . l V" 5 �"(6) 'Employee' • T e a c h e r ’ ." amended in same fashion as "(7) ’E m p l o y e r ’ m e a n s C o m m o n w e a l t h , i n t h e case of a State employee, . . . the local public s c h o o l b o a r d in t h e c a s e of a p u b l i c s c h o o l teacher, or the l o c a l i t y or corporation partici p a t i n g in the r e t i r e m e n t s y s t e m as p r o v i d e d in Articles 4 and 4.1." Article "Participation of Certain R e t i r e m e n t System. 4-1 [all Education new] Corporations in 51-111.36:1. A n y corporation organized after t h e e f f e c t i v e d a t e o f t h i s act f o r t h e p u r p o s e of p r o v iding elementary or secondary e d u c ation may by r e s o l u t i o n d uly a d o p t e d b y its b o a r d o f directors and approved by the Board of Trustees of the V i r g i n i a Supplemental Retirement System elect to have t e a c h e r s e m p l o y e d b y it b e c o m e e l i g i b l e t o p a r t i c i pa t e in the retirement system. A c c e p t a n c e of the t e a c h e r s employed b y such an e m p l o y e r f o r m e m b e r ship in the retirement system shall approve their participation, t h e n such teachers, as m e m b e r s of t h e r e t i r e m e n t sy s t e m , s h a l l p a r t i c i p a t e t h e r e i n as pr o v i d e d in the provisions of this chapter. §51-111.38:2. T he chief fiscal o f f i c e r of the employer shall submit to the Board such information and shall cause to be performed in respect to the e m p l o y e e s of t h e e m p l o y e r such d u t i e s a s s h a l l be p r e s c r i b e d b y the B o a r d in order t o c a r r y out the provisions of this chapter. §51-111.38:3. The employer contributions rate s h a l l unless o t h e r w i s e fixed by th e B o a r d be the n o r m a l a n d a c c r u e d c o n t r i b u t i o n r a t e d e t e r m i n e d as p r o v i d e d in § 5 1 - 1 1 1 . 4 7 but members of t h e retirement system qualifying under §51-111.10(4). The contri b u t i o n s so c o m p u t e d s h a l l be c e r t i f i e d b y t h e B o ard to the chief fiscal officer of the employer. The a m o u n t s so c e r t i f i e d s h a l l be a c h a r g e a g a i n s t the employer. The c hief fiscal officer of each such emp l o y e r shall p a y to the State T r e a s u r e r the amount certified by the Board as payable u n d e r this article, i n c l u d i n g such charges as the Board m a y de e m neces s a r y t o cover costs o f administration, and the State T r e a s u r e r shall credit such amounts to the appropri ate accounts of the retirement system." Ch. 65 Acts of t he 1956 Extra Ses s i o n of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y _________________________________________________________________ new " A n Act t o amend t h e Cod e of V i r g i n i a section numbered 2-86,1 providing that General boards, Rep. by adding a the Attorney shall render certain services to local school and to appropriate funds." 1 . R a c e R e i s . L. 1100. "1. adding a section That the Code of Virginia be new section numbered 2-86.1, being as follows: 6 amended the new by �"§2-86.1. The A t t o r n e y General s hall give such adv i c e and render such legal a ssistance as he deems n e c e s s a r y w h e n r e q u e s t e d to do so b y resolutions a d o p t e d by a county, city or town s c h o o l board, u p on m a t t e r s relat i n g t o t h e commingling of the races in the public schools of the State. "2. There is h e r e b y a p p r o priated out of the g e n e r a l fund of the State treasury to t he Attorney General for each year of the biennium beginning July one, nineteen h u n d r e d fifty-six, t h e sum of one h u n dred Ch. 66 thousand dollars." Acts of t he 1956 Extra Session of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y _________________________________________________________________ " A n Act to amend and reenact §22-5, as amended, Code of Virginia, r e l ating to minimum school terms." 1 R a c e R e i s . L. R e p . 1 1 0 1 . "That amended and §22-5, as reenacted amended, as of the Code of of Virginia be follows: "122-5. Minimum Term The s c h o o l board of e a c h county and c i t y in the State is empowered . . . to maintain th e public free schools of such c o u n t y and city f o r a period of at least nine m o n t h s or one h u n d r e d and eighty t e a c h i n g days in each school year; provided, however, . . . that if t h e length of t h e t e r m of a n y s c h o o l be reduced . . ., t h e a m o u n t p a i d b y t h e S t a t e s h a l l , u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e p r o v i d e d b y l a w , be r e d u c e d i n th e same p r o p o r t i o n as t h e l e n g t h of th e t e r m h a s b e e n r e duced Ch. 67 from nine months." A cts o f t h e 1956 E x t r a Sess i o n of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y . ________________________________________________________________ " A n A c t to a m e n d a n d r e e n a c t § 1 5 - 5 7 7 o f t h e Code of Virginia, relating to coun t y and city budgets; to amend and r e e n a c t §22-117 of t h e Code of V i rginia, r e l a t i n g to w h e n S tate funds are t o be pai d for pu b l i c schools; to amend and reenact §22-125 of the Code of Virginia, relat ing to procedure when g o v e r n i n g body ref u s e s to provide funds for public school purposes; to amend and reenact § 2 2 - 1 2 6 o f th e Code o f V i r g i n i a , as a m e n d e d , r e l a t i n g to sc h o o l levies and the u s e thereof; to a m e n d and reenact §22-127 of the Code of Virginia, r elating to cash appro pr i a t i o n s in lieu of s c h o o l levies; t o a m e n d and reenact §22-129 of the Code of Virginia, rel a t i n g t o town levies and appropriations fo r publ i c school purposes; to amend and reenact §22-138 of t h e Code of Virginia, relating to unexp e n d e d funds; t o a mend the Code of V i r g i n i a by adding thereto a section numbered §22-127.1 relating to levies and appropriations by the g o v e r n i n g bodies of c o u n t i e s , cit i e s a n d t o w n s fo r s c h o o l p u r p o s e s , so as t o a u t h o r i z e s u c h g o v e r n i n g b o d i e s t o w i t h h o l d funds already made available for school purposes, and to pro vide penalties for violations." 1 R a c e R e i s . L„ R e p . 1101. §15-577. A f t e r p u b l i c a t i o n of a synopsis of a bu d g e t has b een p u b l i s h e d and h e a r i n g s held, the b o a r d s of s u p e r v i s o r s of the c o u n t i e s and the coun c ils of the cities a n d towns s h a l l a d o p t the budget 7 the �covering all te n t a t i v e expenditures [ " T e n t a t i v e 1 w a s i n s e r t e d i n 1956.] 1 for the locality. "The p roposed expenditure for school p u r p o s e s as contained in any budget p r e pared under §15-575 and 15-576 and published under this section shall be te n t a t i v e only and condition ed u p o n a p p r o p r i a t i o n s f o r s u c h p u r poses being made by the board, council or o ther g o v e r n i n g body, f r o m t i m e to time, 129." as a u t h o r i z e d [ A l l New.] by §22-127 and 22- §22-117No State money shall be paid for the public schools until the division Superintendent has filed with the State Board evidence that schools h a v e b een kept in o p e r a t i o n for at l e a s t nine months, "or that arrangements have been m a d e w h i c h will sec u r e the k e e p i n g of t h e m in o p e r a t i o n for that l e n g t h of time or a l e s s period s a t i s f a c t o r y to the State B o a r d " ; p r o v i d e d no county shall be denied participation, ex c e p t as provided b y l a w if the c o u n t y b oard has a p p r o p r i a t e d a f u n d e q u a l to the m a x i m u m l ocal s c h o o l t a x al l o w e d b y l a w , or has l evied the maximum school tax allowed. §22-125. If a governing body refuses to levy s u c h a t a x or m a k e s u c h an a p p r o p r i a t i o n , a p e t i t i o n of not less t h a n 20% of the qualified voters o f t h e county or c i t y m a y r e q u e s t t h e c o u n t y or c o r p o r a t i o n court to order an e l e c t i o n to d e termine w h e t h e r a levy or appropriation should be fixed; "provided that w h e n e v e r any such governing body h as made a cash appropriation on a tentative basis only~as provided by 822-127. no pe t i t i o n hereunder s hall lie and no o r d e r calling an e l e c t i o n m a y be entered, even t h o u g h no resolution authorizing the p a y m e n t or t r a n s f e r o f a n y f u n d s t o t h e l o c a l school board has b e e n made." §22-126. A u t h o r i z e s each c o u n t y and city to l e v y a tax on all p r o p e r t y subject t o local t a x a t i o n at a rate of n o m o r e than 3 % o f th e assessed va l u a t i o n per y e a r f or the support of local schools "and in payment of grants for the furtherance of e l e m e n t a r y or s e c o n d a r y education and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n costs as r e q u i r e d or a u t h o r i z e d b y l a w ; 1 1 but counties w i t h populations of 37,001-38,999, the vote may be v a l u e of the p r o p e r t y per year. 6 ,401-6499 and of the assessed §22-127. A cash appropriation "either tenta t i v e or final" m a y be made in l i e u o f t h e levy p r o v i d e d in §22-126. Thi s was a m e n d e d in the s a m e w a y as § 2 2 - 1 2 6 , p l u s the f o l l o w i n g p a r agraph: " W h e n e v e r such a p p r o p r i a t i o n s hav e b e e n made on a t e n t a t i v e basis, n o p a r t of t h e f u n d s so a p p r o p r i a t e d shall, in any event, b e available to the local school b o a r d except as t he local g o v e rning body may, f r o m time to time, b y reso l u t i o n a u t h o r i z e t h e p a y m e n t or t r a n s f e r of such funds.or any part thereof, t o such local school board." [All New.] 8 �"122-127.1 Notwithstanding any other provi s i o n o f lav; t o t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e g o v e r n i n g b o d y o f a n y county, city or t o w n which has ma d e a levy for s c h o o l p u r p o s e s u n d e r § 22-126 o r § 2 2 - 1 2 9 o r h a s m a d e a cash appropriation under §22-127 or any o t h e r provision of l a w m a y by resolution divest the s c h o o l board of s u c h county, city o r t o w n and the t r e a s u r e r of such county, city or t o w n to make no f u r t h e r expenditures of local school funds until f u r t h e r a u t h o r i z e d t o d o so by s u c h l o c a l g o v e r n i n g body. Any school board, and each m e m b e r thereof, and any treasurer who makes any expenditure of l o c a l school funds a f t e r being so d i r e c t e d not to m a k e such expenditures shall be perso n a l l y liable to m a k e restitution to the county, ci t y or town in v o l v e d of the f unds so expended in v i o l a t i o n of a n y such resolution of the local g o v e r n i n g body and m a y be removed f r o m office under the provisions of A r t i c l e 3. C h a p t e r 1 6 , T i t l e 1 5 o f t h e C o d e . " [All new. ] §22-129. A u t h o r i z e t h e g o v e r n i n g b o d y of an y i n c o r p o r a t e d t own in the state to m a d e a lev y on all property subject to local taxation of of t h e a s s e s s e d v a l u a t i o n p e r y e a r f o r t h e s u p p o r t of schools, or to m a k e a cash appropriation. This w a s a m e n d e d in t h e s a m e w a y as § 2 2 - 1 2 6 a n d 127, i n c l u d i n g the entire n e w paragraph in the latter. 1% §22-138. "All sums of money derived from State f u n d s fo r school or e ducational purposes, w h i c h are u n e x p e n d e d in a n y c o u n t y or city, s h a l l g o i n t o the . . . fund of the S t a t e fro m w h i c h d e r i v e d for r e d i v i s i o n the next year, unless the State Board di rects otherwise. A l l s u m s d e r i v e d f r o m c o u n t y or city funds unexpended in any year shall remain a part of the county or ci t y funds, respectively, f o r u s e t h e n e x t y e a r , b u t n o l o c a l f u n d s s h a l l be subj e c t t o r e d i v i s i o n outside of th e c o u n t y or city in which they w e r e raised. Ch. 65 A c t s o f t h e 1 9 5 6 E x t r a S e s s i o n of th e V i r g i n i a G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y _________________________________________________________________ "An Act t o establish the responsibilities of the Commonwealth of Virginia f o r the control of certain pub lic schools under certain conditions; to that end to state th e conditions that m u s t exist in r e l a t i o n to such schools in order for the Commonwealth to a s sume such re sponsibility; to vest in t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h c o n t r o l of cer tain schools under stated conditions, and to confer powers and impose duties upon t h e Commonwealth to be exercised b y the G o v e r n o r of V i rginia; to provide t h e c onditions under which such powers shall be designated; to empower the G o v e r n o r to act in cases; to confer i m m u n i t y fro m legal p r o c e e d i n g s u pon t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h of V i r g i n i a and th e G o v e r n o r ; to ref u s e t h e c o n s e n t of t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h to certain legal proceedings; to provide for the payment of cert a i n educational grants; and to p r o v i d e fo r the a p propriation and expenditure of funds n e c e s s a r y under this Act." 1 R a c e Reis. L. Re p . 1104. 1.§1 Court ginia Policy statement. As a result of Supreme decisions affecting the public schools, "Vir w i l l be faced w i t h unprecedented obstacles" 9 �if and w h e n destroy the disturb the affected. is i n t e g r a t i o n is enforced, w h i c h could e f f i c i e n c y o f a n inte g r a t e d school and peace and tranquility of the community §2 Uniformity necessary in the of action throughout event of integration the State of the races. §3 " . . . the Commonwealth of Virginia as sumes direct responsibility for the control of any school, eleme n t a r y or secondary, in t h e Commonwealth, to w h i c h children of both races are as s i g n e d by any school authorities acting voluntarily or under com p u lsion of any court order. The m a k i n g of such an a s s i g n m e n t , and th e e n r o l l m e n t of s u c h c h i l d or children,* shall automatically divest the school a u t h o r i t i e s making t h e a s signment a n d enrollment of all f u r t h e r authority, p o w e r and control over such p u b l i c school, its p r i n c i p a l , t e a c h e r s a n d o t her employees, and all p u p i l s then enrolled or ordered to b e e n r olled therein; a n d such sc h o o l is closed and is removed from th e public school system, and s uch authority, p o w e r and control o v e r such school, its principal, teachers and other employees, and all p u p i l s t h e n enrolled or ordered to b e enrolled, shall b e a n d is h e r e b y v e s t e d i n t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h of V i r g i n i a to be e x e r c i s e d by the G o v e r n o r of V i r g i n i a in w h o m reposes t h e chief e x ecutive p o w e r of the State." I4 . " I m m e d i a t e l y u p o n such control; p o w e r and a u t h o r i t y b e c o m i n g v e s t e d in the C o m m o n w e a l t h of V i r g i n i a , by re a s o n of t h e occurrences p r o v i d e d in §3 a f o r e s a i d , s u c h s c h o o l i s clo s e d , a n d s h a l l n o t be r e o pened, as a p u b l i c school, u n t i l in the o p i n io n o f the Governor, and a f t e r an i n v e s t i g a t i o n by him, he f inds and i s s u e s an executive o r d e r that (1) t h e p e a s e a n d t r a n q u i l i t y o f t h e c o m m u n i t y i n w h i c h t h e s c h o o l is l o c a t e d w i l l not b e d i s t u r b e d b y s u c h s c h o o l b e i n g r e o p e n e d a n d o p e r a t e d , a n d (2) t h e a s s i g n m e n t of p u p i l s t o s u c h s c h o o l c o u l d be a c c o m p l i s h e d without e n f o r c e d or c o m p u l s o r y int e gration of the races t h e r e i n contrary to the wishes of any child enrolled therein, or of his or her parent or parents, l a w f u l guard i a n or o t h e r custodian." §5. If the school cannot be opened u n d e r terms o f §4, t h e G o v e r n o r m a y r e o r g a n i z e t h e s c h o o l , a n d r e a s s i g n the pupils, "provided, however, no school w h i c h has b een closed, as aforesaid, s h a l l be r e opened, or reorganized and reopened, b y t h e Governor, unless and until he finds and issues an executive o r d e r t h a t such s c h o o l c a n be r e o p e n e d o r r e o r g a n i z e d and r e o p e n e d in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h the p r o v i s i o n s of §4 * above." A c c o r d i n g t o t h is, t h e a s s i g n m e n t a n d e n r o l l m e n t is the act — off point, not t h e entry into a c l a s s r o o m — if no t changed in *5$ — system that is not "efficient" by other statutes. 10 �§6. If the G o v e r n o r finds that such school cannot be reopened, he is authorized to assign p u p i l s a n d t e a c h e r s i n t h e closed s c h o o l to some o ther school or schools or other facilities. §7. When a ny school has been closed and t h e children cannot be assigned to a n o t h e r school, t he Governor and t he du l y constituted a u t h o r i t i e s f o r m e r l y h a v i n g control of s u c h school are a u t h o r i z e d to p r o v i d e e d u cation or t u i t i o n grants for the children. §8. The Gov e r n o r is authorized to make a s u p p l e m e n t a l a p p r o p r i a t i o n to the e x t e n t that n e c e ssary expenditures exceed the amount the local school board would have expended. that t e r m s o f §4, h e i s t h e control of the M ote; Codified §22.188.12 and as amended in 1 9 5 8 by Senate Bill #337. §9. W h e never t h e Governor is s a tisfied a closed school m a y be r e o p e n e d u n d e r the authorized to r e t u r n l o c a l school board. it to §10. If, a f t e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n t h e G o v e r n o r d e c i d e s , or a local school board, c o u n t y board of s upervisors or c ity council cer t i f i e s by resolution, that a closed school cannot be r e o p e n e d , t h e G o v e r n o r s h a l l so p r o c l a i m , a n d t h e school shall again become part of the school system. ill. The G o v e r n o r is give effect to the Act and sibilities thereunder. given power fulfill the to respon §12. The C o m m o n w e a l t h assumes th e c o n tr a c t u a l obligation f or the duration of the c o n t r a c t of a l o c a l sc h o o l board w h e n one of i t s s c h o o l s is c l o s e d u n d e r t h i s A c t . §13. Every action authorized and taken in c o n f o r m i t y w i t h t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f t h i s Act is t h e a c t i o n of t h e G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y , a n d of the Governor, and in b e h a l f of the C o m m o n wealth. A n y suit, a c t i o n or o t h e r l e g a l p r o c e e d i n g is a g a i n s t t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h , and t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h d e c l i n e s to be s u b j e c t to suc h a suit unless i n s t i t u t e d by t h e Attorney G e n e r a l of V i r g i n i a to enforce the l a w s of the Commonwealth, 2. 3. 4. Ch. 69 Severability clause. R e p e a l e r of a cts in conflict herewith. " A n e m e r g e n c y e x i s t s and t h i s A c t is in force from its passage.” Acts of t he 19 5 6 Extra S e s s i o n of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y _________________________________________________________________ “A n A c t t o d e c l a r e a n e m e r g e n c y t o e x i s t i n a n y school d i v i s i o n in w h i c h a n efficient s y s t e m of elementary or secondary p ublic schools is not oper ated u n d e r local authority, and in such case to involve t he police powers of the Commonwealth and the Constitutional powers of the General Assembly; to e s t a blish in every su c h school district, su b ject to t h e adoption of t h e local g o v e r n i n g b o d y of a r e s o l u t i o n declaring t he need therefor, an efficient sy s t e m of e l e m e n t a r y or s e c o n d a r y public schools operated by the Commonwealth; to provide 11 �that such system be operated and maintained by the Governor for and on behalf of the General Assembly; to define efficient system of elementary public schools ’and* efficient system of secondary public schools; to provide for the use of local public school buildings and related facilities of certain counties, cities and towns; to provide for the pur chase of textbooks, supplies and equipment and to permit local school boards to provide for the trans portation of pupils; to provide for the adminis tration of the schoool system hereby established and the employment of persons therein; to provide for the for the application of this Act to counties, cities and towns; to vest in the State Board of Education the general supervision of such schools and to authorize it, subject to certain limitations, to make rules and regulations applicable thereto; to provide how proceedings against local school boards in matters involving the State established schools may be instituted; to prescribe the effect of certain proceedings brought against local school boards and the members thereof; to provide the circumstances under which pupils may be admitted to the State schools; to provide for the employment and assignment of teachers and other personnel; to prescribe the provisions of Title 22 of the Code of Virginia which shall apply to the State established and maintained schools; to provide the method for admission to the State established schools and the terms and conditions thereof; 1 Race Reis. L. Rep. 1107. §1. to Whenever operate system, of the of the an an any emergency Commonwealth General to established local governing gency exists ed. the A copy Keeper forward turn, tem of Keeper exist copy of of this §2. An system which no in w h i c h §3» provision are involved. Under system the to effect that efficient by an so cease certificate emergency shall Keeper of who who, to be the efficient system of within e a c h county, need to will in sys under school authority certifies the emer is efficient public shall the sent schools local Act the State, Governor, secondary an be is by system shall maintain Rolls by resolution the the and or of Education this Governor ’ hat ’t an of the Powers to reestablished and Constitutional Rolls copy Whenever Board powers the resolution operate elementary been State the the school police a the State-operated the true will Act. has a of and following a fails segregated) State-operated a body and of exists Assembly circumstances, division (i.e. and these be school efficient to the system and the the shall cease apply. A forwarded to true to Rolls. p u b l i c s c h o o l s is c i t y o r t o w n in . . . school consists of a while and colored children student body are taught." This Act shall be controlling over any of any l a w i n conflict w i t h it. Where there is no conflict the other statute shall apply as to the system of p u b l i c free s c h o o l s h e r e b y established. 12 �§4-. The system of State-established schools shall operate in the unused buildings owned, constructed and maintained by the local school boards. The provisions of law applicable to purchase of textbooks, supplies and equipment by local school boards shall continue in effect and the local school board s h a l l be required t o f u r n i s h same t o p u p i l s of State-established schools, and l ocal school boards may furnish transportation to such pupils. §5. The S t a t e - e s t a b l i s h e d p u b l i c free school system shall be administered b y the G o v e r n o r f o r the G e n e r a l Assembly. L o c a l S c h o o l B oards shall have such administration of such s c h o o l s as will not c o n f l i c t wit h t h i s Act or rules and regulations of the State Board of Education. §6. The g e n e r a l supervision o f the S t a t e - e s t a b l i s h e d s c h o o l system is v e s t e d i n t h e State Board o f Ed u c a t i o n w h i c h is authorized to make regulations for the oper ation thereof in an efficient manner. Pro vi d e d , however, t h a t ex c e p t as s p e c i f i c a l l y s t a t e d , n o t h i n g in t h i s A c t shall b e c o n s t r u e d as conferring upon the State Board the power to determine the e d u cational policies of the S t a t e i n c o n f l i c t w i t h t h i s Act. §7. Mo suit, action, p r o s e c u t i o n or p r o c e e d i n g shall b e b r o u g h t against a local b o a r d in any matter i n v o lving the Statee s t a b l i s h e d schools u n l e s s the same be i n s t i t u t e d by the A t t o r n e y General. If any local school b o a r d or member thereof be proceeded against otherwise such shall automatically terminate the powers of the members and such local school board as to any such State schools and the State Board of E d u cation shall appoint a trustee to o perate same until the powers of such local school board be re-established by the General A s s e m b l y as to such S t a t e schools. §8. The e n r o l l m e n t or p l a c e m e n t of p u p i l s in, a n d t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of, s c h o o l attendance districts for the State-established public schools shall be accomplished only by s u c h authority and in suc h manner as n o w or h e r e a f t e r may be p r e s c r i b e d by law, an d the sc h o o l books of th e s e v e r a l counties, cities and t o w n s shall h ave n o power to a d m i t or assign p u p i l s except in a c c o r d a n c e therewith. §9* L o c a l s c h o o l b o a r d s g i v e n p o w e r to employ and assign teachers, under State Board of Education, from a v a i l a b l e funds. §10. Provisions of Title 22 of the Code of Virginia and other laws applicable to oper a tion of public free schools by local school b o a r d s apply to the o p e r a t i o n of S t a t e - e s t a b l i s h e d pub l i c schools, u n l e s s this Act or S tate Board of Education require otherwise. 13 �§11. Funds to support State-established s c h o o l s are to be r a i s e d by levy or c a s h a ppro p r i a t i o n in an amount equivalent to that r e q u i r e d u n d e r Chap t e r 7 1 6 of the Acts o f A s s embly of 1956, as amended. These funds are m a d e avail able to the State B o a r d of Education f or expendi ture by State supported public schools in the l o c a l i t y in w hich t h e y w e r e raised a n d f o r no other purpose. Ch. 70 Acts of t h e 1 9 5 6 E xtra S e s s i o n of the V i r g i n i a General A s s e m b l y . ________________________________________________________________ "An Act to create a P upil Placement B o a r d and confer u p o n it powe r s as t o e n r o l l m e n t or p l a c e m e n t o f p u p i l s i n t h e pub l i c s c h o o l s an d d e t e r m i n a t i o n of school a t t e n d a n c e districts, a n d to provide f o r admi n i s trative pr o c e d u r e and rem e d i e s f or pupils seeking en r o l l m e n t i n a s c h o o l or a c h a n g e f r o m one s c h o o l to another school." 1 R a c e R e i s . L. Rep. 1109. § 2 2 - 2 3 2 .1 ment Act amended in 1 9 5 8 by striking the last s e n tence . of §1. All p o w e r of enrollment or p l a c e pupils in and d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f school a t t e n d a n c e districts f o r the public scho o l s in V i r g i n i a is hereby v e s t e d in a Pupil Pl a c e m e n t B o a r d as h e r e i n a f t e r p r o v i d e d for. The local school boards and d i v i s i o n superintendents are h e r e b y d i v ested of a l l a u t h o r i t y n o w or at any f u t u r e tim e to det e r m i n e th e school to w h i c h an y child shall be a d m itted. The Pupil P l a c e m e n t B o a r d is h e r e b y e m p o w e r e d to a d o p t r u l e s and regulations for such enrollment of pupils as are not i n c o n sistent w i t h the p r o v i s i o n s h e r e i n a f t e r set forth. Such rules and r egu l a t i o n s shall not be s u b j e c t to Chap t e r 1.1 of the T i t l e 9 of the Cod e of Virginia, th e short t i t l e o f w h i c h is " G e n e r a l A d m i n i s t r a t i v e Agencies Act." The P upil Placement Board and any of its agents h ereinafter provided for shall have authority to administer oaths to t hose w h o appear b e f o r e said Board or a n y of its agents in connection with the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of this Act." §22-232.2. Act amended in 1 9 5 8 so that P.P.B. members serve during p l e a s u r e of Governor. § 1 . a. The Pupil Placement B o a r d shall consist of three re s i d e n t s of the State, a p pointed by the Governor, and whose t e r m s expire w i t h th e t e r m of th e G o v e r n o r making t h e a p pointment. C o m p e n s a t i o n to be $20 p e r d i e m for each day of actual d u t y and n e c essary expenses. §2. The Pupil Placement Board m a y d e s i g n a t e such agents as it deems desirable, and empower them to ho l d hearings, take t e s t imony and make reports. §2. a . The Pupil Placement B oard m a y promu l g a t e rules and regulations and p rocedures to g o v e r n hearings and prescribe u n i f o r m forms and to require strict adherence thereto. 122-232.5 Amended in 1958 by striking §3. The P u p i l Pla c e m e n t B o a r d i n in g e a c h pupil in a sc h o o l in each s c h o o l shall take into consideration; 14 enroll district �everything after "the P . P . B . " in first sen tence and adding new language. "(1) The effect of the e n roll m e n t on the w e l f a r e and best interests of each child and all other children i n said s c h o o l a s w e l l as t h e e f f e c t on the efficiency of the operation of said school. "(2) compared school. The h e a l t h of the to other children c h i l d as in the "(3) The effect of any disparity between the p h y s i c a l and mental ages of any child to be enrolled especially when contrasted w i t h the average p h y s i c a l an d m e n t a l a g e s of t h e g r o u p with which the child might be placed. "(4) Availability of facilities. "(5) The aptitude of the "(6) Availability of transportation. child. "(7) The sociological, psychological, and like social scientific factors as wi l l pre v e n t , as n e a r l y as possi b l e , a c o n d i t i o n of socioeconomic class consciousness a mong the pupils. "(8) Such other relevant matters as may be pertinent to the efficient oper a t i o n of the s c h o o l s or indicate a clear and present d a nger to the public peace a n d tranquility a f f e c t i n g the s a f e t y or w e l f a r e of the c i t i z e n s of such school district." "§4. A f t e r the e f f e c t i v e date of t h i s Act, each school child who has hereto f o r e attended a public s c h o o l a n d h a s not m o v e d f r o m th e c ounty, c i t y or town i n w h i c h he r e s i d e d w h i l e a t tending s uch school shall a t t e n d the same sch o o l w hich he l a s t attended until graduation therefrom unless enrolled, for good cause shown, in a d i f f e r e n t school b y t h e P upil P l a c e ment Board. §22-232.7. Amended in 1958 by add ing pro vision for filing applica tion under protest. " 85. A n y child who d e s i r e s to enter a p u b l i c school f o r t h e f i r s t ti m e f o l l o w i n g D e c e m b e r 29, 1 9 5 6 , and a n y c h i l d w h o is g r a d u a t e d f r o m o ne s c h o o l t o a n o t h e r within a school division or who transfers to a school division or any child who desires to enter a public school after the opening of the session, shall apply to the P upil Placement B o a r d for e n rollment i n such f o r m as it m a y p r e s c r i b e , a n d shall be e n r o l l e d in such s c h o o l as the B o a r d d e e m s p r o p e r u n d e r th e p r o v i s i o n s of this Act. S u c h a p p l i cation shall be mad e on b e h a l f of the c hild by his parent, g u a r d i a n or o ther pe r s o n ha v i n g cust o d y of the c h i l d . " §6. Appeal procedure. 1. File protest in writing w i t h P . P . B . w i t h i n 15 d a y s a f t e r p l a c e m e n t . 2. A h e a r i n g m u s t be held b y P.P.B. not m o r e t h a n 30 days after r e c e i p t of protest. The Board shall publish notice, once a week fo r t wo weeks, c o n t a i n i n g the name of t he applicant, p e r t inent facts a nd the time and 15 �p lace of hearing. An y parent, etc. of any c h i l d attending t he school in w h i c h the Board enrol l e d an a p p l i c a n t child shall be deemed an interested party and may intervene. 3W i t h i n not mo r e t h a n 30 days after the hearing, the Board must file a written d e c i s i o n setting f o r t h th e f i n d i n g s o n w h i c h t h e d e c i s i o n is based. §22-232.9. Repealed i n 1956. § 22-232.10. Amended in 1958. § 6 . a. Appeal procedure. (Continued). A n y party a g g rieved by a de c i s i o n of the P.P,,.B., o r a n y i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y , m a y o b t a i n a review by filing an application in writing with th e Governor w i t h i n 15 days after suc h decision. The application must specify the decision sought to be r e v iewed, the action t a k e n by the P.P.B., and th e grou n d s of g r i e v a n c e or inter est, a c c o m panied b y a copy of th e P.P.B. dec i sion and a transcript of the p r o ceedings b e fore the P.P.B. 5. Upon the f i l i n g of a p e t i t i o n for r e v i e w , t h e G o v e r n o r s h a l l set the same for hearing, and within 15 days a fter the fi l i n g of th e petition, s h a l l file his opinion in writing, setting f o r t h the findings upon w h i c h his decision is based. 4. §7. Appeal procedure. (Continued). 6. Any party aggrieved by a d e c i s i o n of the G o v e r n o r , or a n y i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y , m a y obtain a judicial review by f iling with the C l e r k of the C o u n t y Circuit C o u r t or City Corporation Court, a petition in writing, specifying the d e cision sought to be reviewed, t h e actions t a k e n b y the Governor, and a s t a t e m e n t of t h e g r o u n d s of g r i e v a n c e or interest, accompanied by a copy of the deci s i o n of the G o v e r n o r and a t r a n s c r i p t of the proceeding befo r e the Governor. § 7 . a. A p p e a l procedure. (Continued). A n y interested p a r t y may intervene and shall b e h e a r d b y t h e C o u r t in its d i s c r e t i o n . §8. Appeal procedure. (Continued). 7Upon the filing of the petition w i t h the C l e r k of the C o u r t , th e P.P.B. s h a l l be notified forthwith, requiring an answer within 21 days. F a ilure of P.P.B. to ans w e r shall not constitute an a d mission of t h e t ruth of the facts or t h e a llegations t h e r e i n . The C l e r k of th e C o u r t s hall p u b l i s h n o t i c e of the filing of th e petition once a week for two weeks, s e t t i n g f orth the n a m e of the applicant, p e r t i n e n t facts c o n c e r n i n g the application, a nd the time and place for the hearing. 8. The proceeding shall be matured for hearing 21 days after notice to the P.P.B. has b e e n issued by the Clerk. 9» The case shall b e heard and d e t e r m i n e d by th e Judge e i t h e r in ter m or vacation. [Note; There is no time limit here.] §9. findings shall be stantial Appeal procedure. (Continued). “The of fact of the Pupil P l a c e m e n t Board c o n s i d e r e d final, if s u p p o r t e d b y s u b evidence on the r e c o r d . ” 16 �§10. Appeal Procedure (Continued) 10. From the f i n a l o r d e r of t h e c o u r t th e a g g r i e v e d p a r t y or an i n t e r e s t e d p arty m a y t ake an appeal as of right to the Supreme Court of Appeals in the manner pre scribed for appeals of right from the State Corpora tion Commission. §10a. Appeal P r o c e d u r e (Continued) "An in junction proceeding m a y be brought in any State court of competent jurisdiction by the Commonweath, o r b y a n i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y [but not b y a n a g g r i e v e d p a r t y ] a s d e f i n e d i n §6, f o r the p u r p o s e o f r e s t r a i n in g t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f a n y act, or a n y i n t e n d e d or t h r e a t e n e d act, w h i c h m a y be in e v a s i o n of, i n d i s r e g a r d of, or at v a r i a n c e w ith, a n y o f t h e f o r e g o i n g provisions." §11. " N e i t h e r t h e P. P. B. n o r i t s a g e n t s shall be answerable t o a charge of libel, slander or i n s u l t i n g words, w h e t h e r criminal or civil, by r e a s o n of any finding or statement c o n t a i n e d in t h e w r i t t e n f i n d i n g s o f f a c t or d e c i s i o n s or by r e a s o n of any written or oral statement ma d e during the Ch. 71 proceedings Acts of the Assembly or deliberations." 1956 Extra Session of the V i r g i n i a General 1 R a c e R e i s . L . R e p . 1 1 1 1 ________________________ "The General Assembly declares, finds and establishes as a fact t hat the mi x i n g of w h i t e and colo r e d children in any e l e m e n t a r y or public schools within a n y county, city or t o w n of the Commonwealth constitutes a clear and present d a n g e r a f fecting an d endangering t h e h e a l t h and welfare of the children and citizens residing in such county, cit y or town, and tha t no efficient s y s t e m of elementary and secondary public schools can be maintained in an y county, city or t o w n in w hich w hite a n d colored c h i ldren are taught in a n y s u c h school loca t e d therein. "An efficient system of elementary public schools m eans and s h a l l be only tha t s y s t e m w i t h i n e a c h county, c ity or t o w n in w h i c h no e l e m e n t a r y school c o n sists of a student bo d y in which w h i t e and colored c h i l d r e n are taught. "An efficient system of secondary public schools m e a n s and s h a l l be only tha t s y s t e m wi t h i n e ach county, c ity or t o w n in w hich no s e c o n d a r y school c o n s i s t s of a student bo d y in which white and colored c hildren are taught. "The G e n e r a l Assembly, f o r the purpose of protecting the health and welfare of the people and in order to p re serve and m a i n t a i n an efficient system of public element ary and s e c o n d a r y schools, h e r e b y declares and establishes it t o be t h e p o l i c y o f t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h t h a t n o p u b l i c elementary or secondary schools in which w h i t e and colored children ar e m i x e d and ta u g h t s hall be e n t i t l e d t o receive or shall r e c e i v e any funds f r o m the State T r e a s u r y for t heir operation, and to t h a t end, forbids a n d p r o h i b i t s the e x p e n d i t u r e of any part of the funds a p p r o p r i a t e d by I t e m s 133> 1 3 4 , 137, 1 3 8 a n d 1 4 3 o f t h i s s e c t i o n f o r t h e establishment and maintenance of any system of public ele m e n t a r y or s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s , w h i c h is no t e f f i c i e n t . The 143 a p p r o p r i a t i o n s m a d e b y I t e m s 133, 134, 1 3 7 , 1 3 8 a n d of this section shall be deemed to be appropriated 17 �separately to the counties and cities and the funds made available and apportioned to the counties and cities severally and separately b y t h e Department of Education a n d the State Board of E d u c a t i o n shall be s e p a r a t e l y sub ject to t h e limitations i m p o s e d in this s e c t i o n for their use, w h i c h limitations and a strict observance thereof shall be a condition pre c e d e n t to their use. "For the purposes of th i s section and a l l other ap plicable laws, the public sc h o o l s of the counties, cities and towns shall consist of t w o separate classes, namely, elementary and secondary schools. "Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Chap t e r o r t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f a n y o t h e r law, w h e n e v e r t h e student b o d y in any e l e m e n t a r y or sec o n d a r y p u b l i c school shall consist of both white and colored children, the Department of Education, the State Board of Education, the State Comptroller, the State Treasurer, local school board, l o c a l treasurer, an d a n y officer of t h e State or of any c ounty or city w h o has power to distribute or ex p e n d a n y o f t h e f u n d s a p p r o p r i a t e d b y I t e m s 1 3 3 , 134, 137, 1 3 8 a n d 143, each s e v e r a l l y and c o l l e c t i v e l y , are directed and commanded to refrain immediately from pay ing, a l l o c a t i n g , t r a n s f e r r i n g or in a n y m a n n e r m a k i n g a v a i l a b l e t o a n y county, city, or tow n in w h i c h such s c h o o l is l o c a t e d a n y p a r t of t h e f unds a p p r o p r i a t e d in I t e m s 1 3 3 , 134, 137, 1 3 8 a n d 1 4 3 f o r t h e m a i n t e n a n c e of any public school of the class [elementary or secondary] of the s c h o o l in which w h i t e and colored c h i l d r e n are t a u g h t w h e n e v e r it is m a d e t o a p p e a r t o t h e G o v e r n o r , a n d he so c e r t i f i e s to th e D e p a r t m e n t of E d u c a t i o n , that all s u c h s c h o o l s o f such c l a s s w i t h i n a n y s u c h cou n t y , city, or t own ca n be m a i n t a i n e d a n d operated w i t h o u t w h i t e and colored c hildren being m i x e d or taught therein, the funds a p p r o p r i a t e d in I t ems 133, 134, 137, 138 a n d 143 t o s u c h county or c i t y shall be m a d e available subj e c t to the limitations contained herein and only for such period a t i m e as it is m a d e to a p p e a r t o the G o v e r n o r t h a t t h e r e is no s c h o o l of that c l a s s b e i n g o p e r a t e d i n s u c h county, city or to w n in which w h i t e and colored ch i l d r e n are mixed and taught, provided that all the limitations herein con t a i n e d s h a l l a g a i n b e e f f e c t i v e i m m e d i a t e l y w h e n e v e r it a p p e a r s t h a t a n y c h i l d r e n ar e b e i n g m i x e d a n d t a u g h t in any public school of the class involved. "It is provi d e d tha t t h e limita t i o n s h e r e i n set forth shall not prohibit the release and d i s t r i b u t i o n of the funds a p p o r t i o n e d and allo c a t e d , or an y u n e x p e n d e d part thereof, to which any county, city or t o w n would otherwise be entitled, to such county, city or t o w n f o r the payment of salaries and wages of unemployed teachers in State and teaching positions, and other public school employees, who are u n d e r contract and for educational p u r p o s e s which m ay be e x p e n d e d in f u r t h erance o f e l e m e n t a r y an d sec o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n of V i r g i n i a s t u d e n t s in n o n s e c t a r i a n private sc h o o l s , a s m a y be p r o v i d e d b y law. . . . . " House Bill # 63 1 Acts of the 1958 Session of the Virginia General Assembly "A B i l l to est a b l i s h t h e policy of t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h of Virginia with respect to the operation of the public free schools when the peace and t r a nquility of the school d i v i s i o n is d i sturbed or the orderly a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of the 18 �e d u c a t i o n a l p r o c e s s is d i s t u r b e d b y r e a s o n o f t h e e x i s t ence of certain conditions; to provide for the closing of s u c h s c h o o l s ; t o v e s t a n d c o n f e r c e r t a i n p o w e r s in t h e G o v e r n o r ; a n d to p r o v i d e t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r r e t u r n of such schools to the local authorities.1 1 il. If m i l i t a r y f o r c e s or o t h e r p e r s o n n e l under Fed e r a l authority e nter the premises of a free public school or the premises thereof, or if such a school sh o u l d be closed as t h e result of suc h action, the G o v e r n o r , at h i s d i s c r e t i o n m a y c l o s e a n y o t h e r sch o o l or s c h o o l s in the sam e division, w h e t h e r t h e y are p o l i c e d b y federal auth o r i t y , if he d e e m s the peace and t r a n q u i l i t y of t h e sc h o o l d i v i s i o n t o be disturbed. §2. Upon such closing the Governor shall assume all c o n t r o l and e x e r c i s e all au t h o r i t y w i t h respect to such school, its o p e r a t i n g personnel and pupils. The local authorities f o r m e r l y in control of such school are vested with the p o wers granted t h e m with regard to payment of tuit i o n grants. §3. "During th e p e r i o d of time a n y public s c h o o l is clos e d p u r s u a n t t o this Act, t h e powe r s a n d d u t i e s of t h e l o c a l s c h o o l board, t h e d i v i s i o n superintendent, the superintendent of public insti tutions, the State B oard of Education and the Pupil P l a c e m e n t Board, as t h e same are p r e s c r i b e d by st a tute w i t h respect to c o n t r o l and o p e r a t i o n of such s c h o o l shall be sus p e n d e d and divested, and all such powers, du r i n g such p e r i o d of time, s h a l l be vested in and exercised by the Governor, Nothing herein c o n t a i n e d shall be c o n s t r u e d as i m p a i r i n g the power of th e l ocal school b o a r d w i t h respect to the sale or e x c h a n g e of p r o p e r t y as provided b y §22- l 6 l of the Code." §4. W h e n e v e r a s c h o o l closed u n d e r t h i s Act can be reopened without the existence of any condi tions w h i c h caused its closing, the Governor, by exe c u t i v e order, s h a l l rest o r e the p o w e r s divested b y §3 a n d r e t u r n t h e o p e r a t i o n , c o n t r o l a n d m a i n t i nance of such school t o the local school board. Senate Bill Acts of the 1958 Session of the Virginia General Assembly #337 "A B i l l t o a m end an d r e e n a c t §10 of C h a p t e r 68 of the A c t s of A s s e m b l y of 1956, E x t r a Session, a p p r o v e d S e p t e m b e r 29, 1 9 5 6 , t h e c h a p t e r r e l a t i n g t o o p e r a t i o n o f c e r t a i n p u b l i c s c h o o l s u n d e r c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s a n d t h e p o w e r s of the Governor in connection therewith; the section, which was codified as 122-188.12, relating to m a n n e r certain scho o l s taken out of the public s c h o o l be returned thereto and the effect thereof." in which system may T h i s a m e n d m e n t p r o v i d e s t h a t if, a f t e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n , the G o v e r n o r concludes, or th e local a u t h o r i t i e s certify to the Gove r n o r by resolution, that in t h e i r o p inion such school cannot be reopened or reorganized and reopened, the G o v e r n o r m a y to proclaim, an d return th e school as a part of t h e public school system. [The a m e n d m e n t u n d e r scored substituted "may" f o r "Shall".] 19 �Senate Bill #120 Acts of "A the Assembly Bill to of 1958 establish the policy of the Commonwealth of Virginia with respect to public schools whenever u n d e r a n y f e d e r a l a u t h o r i t y t h e o p e r a t i o n t h e r e o f is poli c e d b y m i l i t a r y t r o o p s or enforcement officer; to provide f o r the closing of s u c h schools; t o ves t and confer certain powers in the Governor; to provide the conditions for return of such schools to the local authorities." il. S t atement of Policy. No public school shall be operated whenever a n y military f o r c e s or p er sonnel are employed or used upon the o rder or di r e c t i o n of any federal authority. §2. Whenever, except up o n application of the Gene r a l Assembly of Vi r g i n i a or the Governor, m a d e u n d e r the p r o v i s i o n s of A r t i c l e IV, S e c t i o n 4, o f t h e C o n g r e s s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , any military forces or personnel under any fed eral authority occupy a public school, the s c h o o l s s h all a u t o m a t i c a l l y be c l o s e d a n d its operation suspended. §3. U p o n the clos i n g o f an y public s c h o o l under thi s Act, the G o v e r n o r shall assume a l l control. The local authorities shall have power to make p a y m e n t of tuition grants. §4. #637 as §4 of House Bill #631. §5. House Bill Same Same as §5 of House Bill #631. Acts of "A the Bill Assembly of to and amend 1958 reenact 1122-232.1, 22-232.2, 22-232.3, 22-232.5, 2 2 - 2 3 2 . 7 and 22 - 2 3 2 . 1 0 of the Code o f V i r g i n i a , t o r e p e a l S e c t i o n 2 2 - 2 3 2 . 9 o f t h e C o d e of Vi r g i n i a and to add a n e w section numbered 22-232.17, d e c l a r i n g t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f A r t i c l e 1 . 1 o f C h a p t e r 12 of the Code of Virginia to be severable, to authorize i s s u a n c e o f s u b p o e n a s b y t h e P upil P l a c e m e n t B o a r d or its a g e n t s an d p u n i s h as f o r conte m p t i n t h e event of failure or refusal to ob e y such subpoena; and to pre scribe s t a ndards g o v e r n i n g th e Pupil P l a c e m e n t Board in the enrollment of pupils i n the public schools and cer tain administrative p r o c e d u r e s and r emedies for pupils seeking e n rollment in a p u b l i c school o r a change from one public school to another. 1. ence. See §22-232.1. Ch. 7 0 A c t s Amended of 1956 by striking last sent E x t r a S e s s i o n §1. §22-232.2. Amended by providing that members o f t h e P . P. B. s h a l l " s e r v e d u r i n g t h e p l e a s u r e o f t h e Governor" i n s t e a d of "to s e r v e f o r terms to expire at the e x p i r a t i o n of the t e r m o f the Governor making the appointment." S e e Ch. 70 A c t o f 1 9 5 6 E x t r a S e s s i o n §la. 20 �§22-232=3. A m e n d e d by adding p r o v i s i o n that m e m b e r s o r a g e n t s o f t h e P = P. B = m a y a d m i n i s t e r o a t h s or issue s u b p o e n a s an d t h a t a n y c o u r t of r e c o r d of the C o m m o nwealth m ay compel appearance u n d e r subpoena, o r p u n i s h as for c o n t e m p t an y f a i l u r e o r r e f u s a l t o d o so. S e e Ch . 70, A c t o f 1 9 5 6 Extra Session §2. §22-232=5. Amended by striking everything fo l l o w i n g the first fo u r words. It n o w reads; !,T h e P = P . B = s h a l l e n r o l l e a c h p u p i l i n a s c h o o l i n e a c h s c h o o l d i s t r i c t so as to p r o v i d e f o r the o r derly administration of such public schools, th e c o mpetent i n s t r u c t i o n of the p u p i l s enrolled and th e health, s a f e t y and general w e l f a r e of such pupils." See Ch. 70, A c t s of 1 9 5 6 E x t r a Session, §3= §22-232=7= Amended b y adding the following; " p rovided, however, t h a t any parent, g u a r d i a n or o ther person having cus t o d y of a child, w ho co n scientiously objects to the signing of an appli cation, may execute the required application 'under protest* in o rder to secure the proper placement of the child in the public school sys tem, without w a i v i n g a n y right to w h i c h such parent, guardian, o t h e r p e r s o n or child are or may be properly entitled." "I n the event tha t a n y parent, guardian, or other person, in v i o l a t i o n of this section, r e f uses or fails to exec u t e an application for p l a c e m e n t e i t h e r v o l u n t a r i l y o r ’u n d e r p r o t e s t ’ , the Board may issue a subpoena to c o m p e l such parent, guardian or other person to appear before it a n d furn i s h such i n f o r m a t i o n as m a y be n e c e s s a r y to assign the c h i l d to a pr o p e r school; and p e n d i n g the receipt of such information, the Board m a y t a k e such a c t i o n as to the p l a c e m e n t of such c h i l d a s , i n i t s d i s c r e t i o n , it m a y d e e m p r o p e r . " S e e Ch. 70, A c t s o f 1 9 5 ° E x t r a S e s s i o n §5. §22.232,10. A m e n d e d so that e v e r y t h i n g fo l l o w ing "Any party aggrieved by a d e cision of the P.P.B." is s t r i c k e n and t h e f o l l o w i n g s u b s t i t u t e d , " U n d e r t h i s arti c l e or an y p a r t y defined as a n interested p a r t y in §22-232.8 m a y obtain a r e v i e w of such deci s i o n b y f i l i n g i n t h e C l e r k ’s o f f i c e o f t h e C i r c u i t Court of the county or corporation court of the city in the jurisdiction of which such p arty resides, within fifteen days after such decision, a petition in writi n g , spec i f y i n g th e decis i o n so u g h t to be r e viewed, and the actions taken by the P . P . B . , together w i t h a statement of the grounds on w h i c h the petition er is aggrieved or b y r e a s o n of w h i c h h e is an inter ested party. The p etitioner shall file w i t h his peti t i o n a c opy of the d e c i s i o n of the P.P.B. and a t r a n script of the proceeding before the P.P.B. w h i c h shall be f u r n i s h e d to t h e p e t i t i o n e r b y t h e P.P.B. within te n d ays after the r e q u e s t t h e refor u p o n paym e n t of the costs of such t r a n s c r i p t by the p e t i t i o n e r . " S e e C h . 7 0 s A c t s o f 1 9 5 6 E x t r a S e s s i o n § § ° a & 7. 21 �are its "§22-232.17. The provision of this article h e r e b y d e c l a r e d to be s e v e r a b l e . If an y of sections, provisions, clauses, phrases, or parts, be remainder r e m a i n in is held unconstitutional or invalid, the of t h i s article, shall, nevertheless, full force and effect." "2. That repealed." See Ch. §6a. §22-232.9 70, Acts of the of 1956 Code of Extra Virginia Session �REASON and TRUTH in VIRGINIA POLITICS A n A ddress by Colonel Francis Pickens M iller Lee W a rd D em ocratic C lub, Richmond, Va. T u e s d a y E v e n in g , D e c e m b e r 12, 1950 A t this h o u r w h en the storm clouds gro w blacker and w hen a ll th a t we h o ld dear is in m o rta l jeopardy, i t is f ittin g th a t we sh o u ld c o n tin u a lly re-exam ine the c o n d itio n s o f s u rv iv a l o f o u r representative fo rm o f gove rnm ent and o f o u r dem ocratic way o f life . W e k n o w the p ric e o f s u rv iv a l we are g o in g to have to pav in term s o f o u r arm ed forces. A n d we are prepared to pay th a t price. B u t we also kn o w th a t there are m o ra l and in te lle c tu a l q u a litie s necessary fo r s u rv iv a l w ith o u t w h ic h even o u r arm ed forces w i ll n o t save us. I wish to discuss some o f these this evening. T h e dem ocratic fo rm o f representative govern m e n t established in A m e rica by tire C o n s titu tio n of 1787 is in its essence an appeal to reason. A h u n d re d and fifty years ago V irg in ia n s were the forem ost advo cates o f a p o litic a l p h ilo so p h y in sp ire d by th a t appeal. O u r V irg in ia system—o u r A m e rica n system—assumes th a t m a n is, above a ll else, a ra tio n a l and a m ora l being. I t assumes th a t the best gove rn m e n t is one in w h ic h p o lic y decisions are taken a fte r die citizens themselves have had an o p p o rtu n ity to become fa m il ia r w ith the facts and to reflect w ith th e ir m inds upon the facts in the lig h t o f d ie ir beliefs a b o u t die u ltim a te goals o f h u m a n destiny. F alsifica tio n o f fact and ap peals to passion ra th e r th a n to reason constitute a betrayal o f the V irg in ia way o f life C o m m unism is the m ost dangerous external d ire a t to o u r in s titu tio n s . T h is is tru e n o t so m uch because o f the erroneous econom ic views o f K a rl M a rx as because o f its use o f the ‘b ig lie ’, and its ap peal to fear, hate and p re ju d ic e ra th e r d ia n to reason and tru th . T h e use o f the ‘b ig lie ’ and the appeal to passion is u n fo rtu n a te ly b y n o means confined to C om m unists. T h e re has been a w o rld -w id e flig h t fro m reason d u rin g the first h a lf o f the T w e n tie th C e n tu ry . T h is is the most- frig h te n in g and o m in o u s characteristic o f o u r age. F o r flig h t fro m reason is exactly the same th in g as flig h t fro m de m o cra tic representative governm ent. I t means p o lic y im posed fro m above by clever rulers and demagogues ra th e r th a n p o lic y g ro w in g o u t o f ra tio n a l discussions and decisions am ong the people themselves. Enemies o f dem ocracy w h o pro m o te this flig h t fro m reason assume th a t die average m an is litt le m ore than a sm art m onkey w h o can be m ost effectively led by appeals to his em otions and appetites d iro u g h the 1 I h o ld here in m y han d a copy o f a fake p h o to g ra p h used in the recent M a ry la n d cam paign. T h is copy was reproduced in “ T h e N e w Y o rk T im e s ” fo r Sunday, N o v e m b e r 12. T h e p h o to g ra p h p u rp o rts to show Senator T y d in g s conversing w ith E a rl Brow der, fo rm e r leader o f the A m e ric a n C o m m u n is t Party. T h e effect was achieved by ta k in g tw o separate photos and m a k in g a com posite o f them . A c c o rd in g to “ T h e N ew Y o rk T im e s ” this fake p ic tu re was believed to be one o f the factors in d e te rm in in g the outcom e o f the M a ry la n d contest fo r the U n ite d States Senate. T h e fu tu re o f the R e p u b lic is indeed in je o p a rd y i f o u r A m e ric a n electorate is to be dup ed by this k in d o f fra u d u le n t tric k e ry . Those w h o use o r condone such m ethods are as dangerous enemies o f A m e ric a as any o f the gangsters in the K re m lin . H e re in the South we are p a rtic u la rly vuln e ra b le to such tric k s because we have a special problem . W h erever tw o races liv e together in the same te rr i tory, the te m p ta tio n is enorm ous to abandon reason in the in terest o f arousing the basest passions know n to m en. T h e despicable appeal to race hatred and V irg in ia n s as a ru le feel su p e rio r to such sordid activ itie s in n e ig h b o rin g states. W e are sorry th a t p o litic ia n s elsewhere cond uct th e ir affairs on such a lo w level and we p retend th a t ours are conducted on a m uch h ig h e r plane. A c tu a lly , the flig h t fro m reason in V irg in ia p o li tics has been as pronou nced as anyw here else, and for this Senator H a rr y F lood B y rd is m ore responsible than any o th e r m an in the C o m m onw ealth. H e is in this respect one o f the m ost a u th e n tic demagogues in the c o u n try —a ll the m ore dangerous because o f the facade o f aris to c ra tic re s p e c ta b ility be h in d w h ic h he operates. M a n y people w i ll be startle d to hear H a rry B yrd called a demagogue. W h y is he a demagogue? H e is a demagogue because his appeal is n o t to reason b u t to passion, fear, and p reju dice. T h e technique o f the demagogue is to d iv e rt ra tio n a l a tte n tio n fro m the real issues by focusing the e m o tio n a l a tte n tio n o f peo ple on a hated g ro u p o r person too week o r too distan t to fig h t back o r re ta lia te effectively. H itle r used this technique w ith m ore d ia b o lic a l c u n n in g and satanic ruthlessness than any o th e r m an in history. H e gained and m a in ta in e d his p ow er by focusing the fu ry o f the G erm an people on the helpless lews. C o m in g closer hom e, there is a prize story about th a t e m in e n t Southern demagogue, B ilb o o f M issis sip p i. P rio r to one o f his campaigns, he is alleged to have been asked by a new spaperm an if he knew w ho was g o in g to r u n against h im . “ M y son,” re p lie d B ilb o , " th a t is n o t the que stion. T h e que stion is w ho am / g o in g to r u n against. I m ig h t r u n against the C IO . I m ig h t r u n against W a lte r W in c h e ll. So far, I ju s t h ave n’t m ade u p m y m in d .” B ilb o kn e w th a t in M ississippi he c o u ld easily w in by r u n n in g against e ith e r one, and he always d id . H a rr y B y rd has used exa c tly this same technique in V irg in ia . M a n y years ago he chose the C IO as the g ro u p against w h ic h he was g o in g to ru n , o r have his m an ru n , in o rd e r to d iv e rt the a tte n tio n o f V irg in ia n s fro m the real issues. H e has been r u n n in g against the C IO ever since. T h e C IO is his fa v o rite w h ip p in g boy, and he has a p p lie d the lash to good effect. I n 1937 R o b e rt W . D a n ie l o f “ B ra n d o n ” decided to r u n fo r lie u te n a n t gove rno r. R o b e rt D a n ie l had been a W a ll Street b a n k e r and had no m ore in com m o n w ith d ie C IO th a n had H a rr y B yrd , b u t he was a m an o f great in te llig e n c e and in te g rity , and he d id n o t believe in a llo w in g one c liq u e to d o m in a te the state w ith o u t c o m p e titio n . C o nsequen tly he decided to r u n against the B yrd m achine. I t is generally kn o w n in the V a lle y o f V irg in ia that, sh o rtly a fte r he ann ounced, w o rd was passed o u t th ro u g h a ll the ru ra l d is tric ts th a t D a n ie l was the C IO -su p p o rte d candidate. T h e tric k w o rked. D a n ie l was defeated a t the polls. I n fact the tric k w o rke d so w e ll th a t i t was h e ld over fo r to p b illin g n e x t tim e. In 1946 M a rtin A . H u tc h in s o n offered h im s e lf fo r the U n ite d States Senate. T h e same w h ip p in g boy was tro tte d o u t. T h e B y rd m achine covered the state w ith advertisem ents d is p la y in g such scare headlines as, “ S hall the C IO -P A C Inva d e V irg in ia ? ” and con c lu d in g , “ V ote A m e rica n . . . R e tu rn H a rr y F. B y rd ,” th e clear im p lic a tio n b e in g th a t i f anyone voted against B y rd , he was v o tin g un-A m erican . A g a in the tric k w o rke d b e a u tifu lly . So we come to the g u b e rn a to ria l cam paign o f 1949. Y o u w i ll re ca ll th a t in M ay, June, and the e a rly p a r t o f J u ly , 1949, the outcom e o f the cam paign was in real d o u b t. F o r the firs t tim e in its existence, the B yrd m achine had been forced to fig h t fo r its life . T h e Senator’s personal prestige and his c o n tro l o f the state were a t stake. T h e w h ip p in g boy technique had p a id o ff w e ll in the past; there was no reason w h y it s h o u ld n o t pay o ff again. A n d so on J u ly 9, 1949, the Senator w e n t d ow n to H a rriso n b u rg , go t o u t his lash and had his fa v o rite w h ip p in g boy tro tte d out. I n o rd e r th a t he m ig h t c o n tin u e to name his ow n ca n d i date fo r go ve rn o r and in o rd e r to d iv e rt die a tte n tio n o f the people o f V irg in ia fro m the real issues o f the cam paign, he w a rne d against “ p e rm ittin g die election o f a C IO -su p p o rte d candidate by a m in o rity g ro u p .” H e said th a t the “ v ita l issue” in the cam paign was w h e th e r V irg in ia w o id d c lin g to its p h iloso phy o f “ sound g o ve rn m e n t” o r w h e d ie r "outsid e la b o r lead ers” w o u ld g a in a fd o th o ld . T h is was the o n ly issue 2 3 4 use o f techniques o f mass suggestion w h ic h the ad vance o f science has m ade possible. T h e flig h t fro m reason is the same as the flig h t to w a rd to ta lita ria n is m w h e d ie r in Russia, G erm any, I ta ly o r the U n ite d States. A n d in spite o f A m e ric a ’s vast system o f p u b lic and p riv a te edu cation, and in spite o f o u r su p e rio r s cie ntific s k ill and know -how , the flig h t fro m reason in the U n ite d States has reached te rr ify in g p ro p o rtio n s . I f i t continues unarrested, o u r d e m ocratic system o f representative gove rn m e n t w ill cease to fu n c tio n . A n yone w h o is fa m ilia r w ith recent p o litic a l cam paigns in this c o u n try is aware o f the e x te n t to w h ic h appeals to reason and tru th have given place to ap peals to passion and p re ju d ic e . D u rin g the past year we have observed on the n a tio n a l scene a phenom enon c alled M c C a rd iy is m . N e ver before in o u r n a tio n a l life has the lie been used m ore brazenly o r w ith such u tte r disregard fo r tru th and reason. T h e techniques em plo yed are alrea dy e a tin g lik e a cancer in to the life o f the body p o litic . Since, how ever, M cC a rth yism has p a id o ff at the polls, as in the defeat o f Senator T y d ings in M a ry la n d , we can a n tic ip a te th a t i t w ill con tin u e to th riv e in the m onths ahead w ith even greater, v iru le n c e . I n com m e n tin g on the recent n a tio n a l elections, M r. James Reston o f “ T h e N e w Y o rk T im e s ” w rites: “ . . . T h e means adopted in this contest were n o t he a lth y ; the suspicions in the p u b lic m in d have n o t been rem oved b u t have been increased by as ig n o b le a series o f p o litic a l tric k s as this c o u n try has seen since the A1 S m ith cam paign in 1928_____ ” fear em ployed in N o r th C a ro lin a last s p rin g and sum m er d u r in g die p rim a ry contest fo r a seat in the U n ite d States Senate serves as a so lu m n w a rn in g o f the dangers w h ic h lie ahead unless we recover o u r perspec tiv e and m ake o u r appeal to reason. In com m e n tin g on the m ethods used in the Senate race, " T h e C hapel H i l l W e e k ly ” o f C hapel H ill, N o rth C a ro lin a , said in an e d ito ria l p u b lis h e d on Ju n e 30, 1950: " A p ro m in e n t c itiz e n o f an eastern N o rth C a ro lin a tow n, a m an w h o bears a nam e hon ore d in N o rth C a ro lin a fo r generations, b ro u g h t to R a le ig h one day this week specimens o f circulars and o th e r p rin te d m a tte r th a t had been c irc u lated. . . . .One c irc u la r spread a ro u n d in the east showed Negroes s ittin g id le on a p o rc h lo o k in g a t w h ite people w o rk in g in a field, w id i te x t saying th a t people w h o voted fo r G raham w o u ld be v o t in g fo r that. T h e re were h a n d b ills saying th a t a vote fo r G raham was a vote fo r the m in g lin g o f w h ite and N e gro c h ild re n in schoolroom s and o th e r places. . . . I t was a m isrepresentation cam paign on the u p p e r level; and on the lo w e r level, where i t was w on, i t was a hate cam paign in v ir u le n t fo rm .” �he discussed, and he elaborated on i t in every con ceivable way. T h e “ R ic h m o n d T im es-D ispatch” ac c o u n t o f the Senator’s speech noted th a t B y rd was ap p a re n tly re fe rrin g to m e in his reference to “ the c and i date w h o is kn o w n to be su pp orted by the P o litic a l A c tio n C o m m itte e o f the C IO .” A g a in B y rd ’s use o f the w h ip p in g boy paid off. Some weeks a fte r the p rim a ry o f 1949 was over, I was v is itin g frie n d s in the V a lle y, and a m an w h o m I had n o t m et before was ta lk in g to me a b o u t the cam paign. A f te r we chatted fo r some tim e he said, “ C o lone l, I d id n o t k n o w you and was com ple tely m isin fo rm e d a b o u t the issues o f the cam paign. I knew the B yrd m a ch in e was bad, b u t I fe lt th a t to have V irg in ia ru n by die C IO w o u ld be worse, and I had been to ld d ia t the choice was between h a v in g the state ru n by the B y rd m achin e o r h a v in g it r u n by the C IO , so I voted fo r the B y rd m achin e.” T h is gen tlem a n’s story c ould be c o n firm e d b y thousands o f o th e r people w ho were delu d e d by H a rr y B y rd in to b e lie v in g th a t the issu was, “ S h all V irg in ia be ru n by the B y rd m achine o r sh a ll i t be r u n by die C IO ? ” I t was a close c a ll fo r the B yrd m achine on the second o f A u gust, 1949. I t is g o in g to be closer s till in A u gust, 1953. T h e boys in the m achine are aware o f d ia t, and are alrea dy ta k in g p re ca u tin a ry measures. As everyone knows, the e d ito ria l page o f “ T h e D a n v ille R e gister” is distin g u ish e d by the faithfu lness w ith w h ic h i t fo llo w s die B y rd m achine line. A p p a r e n tly the e d ito r o f th a t pap er had heard a ru m o r th a t R o b e rt W h ite h e a d m ig h t r u n fo r G o v e rn o r in 1953. T h is te rr ify in g prospect re q u ire d in s ta n t action. T h e one tric k th a t had w o rked in the past and the one tric k th a t the B y rd m achine hoped w o u ld con tin u e to w o rk in the fu tu re was its use o f the C IO as a w h ip p in g boy. So, on O cto b e r 4, 1950, an e d ito ria l appeared in “ T h e D a n v ille R e gister” headed, “ Does W e b b e r Seek C a n n o n ’s F o rm e r R ole?” (Charles C. W e b b e r is C h a irm a n o f d ie V irg in ia In d u s tria l U n io n C o u n c il, C IO .) T h is e d ito ria l was given the widest possible c irc u la tio n by being re p u b lis h e d in the “ R ic h m o n d T im e s-D isp a tch ” fo r O ctobe r 12, 1950, u n der the hea ding, “ W e b b e r A n o th e r Bishop Cannon?” T h e e d ito ria l concludes as follow s: N o greater falsehood was ever c o m m itte d to p r in t. T h e w r ite r o f this e d ito ria l knew p e rfe c tly w e ll th a t R o b e rt W h ite h e a d is one o f the m ost e m in e n t lawyers in V irg in ia w ith a ll o f the w isdom and und e rsta n d in g th a t a m an acquires w h o has spent his life in the ser vice o f a g ric u ltu ra l c o m m u nities. H e also knew th a t R o b e rt W h ite h e a d has as lit t le c onn ection w ith the C IO as d id R o b e rt W . D a n ie l o f “ B ra n d o n .” O n seven successive occasions, b e g in n in g in 1935, R o b e rt W h ite head has been elected by the people to p u b lic office. I d o u b t i f there are seventy-five C IO votes in his e n tire d is tric t. H ow ever, the e d ito ria l w r ite r ’s in terest was n o t in these p la in facts b u t in d o in g the m a x im u m a m o u n t o f damage to anyone w ith the guts to c h a l lenge the B y rd m achine. So he in v e n te d this cocka n d -b u ll story and p u b lis h e d it. Such is the record o f the one cam paign issue on w h ic h H a rr y B yrd and his henchm en have re lie d to c o n tro l V irg in ia d u r in g the past fifteen years. I f any one to o k this record a t its face value, w h a t w o u ld he im a g in e the C IO in V irg in ia to be? Surely, a m an in Senator B y rd ’s p o s itio n w o u ld n o t make tire C IO the exclusive issue o f V irg in ia p o litic s fo r fifteen years unless the C IO in V irg in ia were a very p o w e rfu l o r g a n iza tio n ! Since the C IO has been p ic tu re d as the m a in th re a t to the a ll-p o w e rfu l B y rd m achin e, it m ust indeed have enorm ous strength. W h a t is its strength? T h e “ R ic h m o n d T im e s -D is p a tc h ” in an e d ito ria l on J u ly 17, 1940, said: “ R o b e rt W h ite h e a d , as d id Francis Pickens M ille r , is lo o k in g to w a rd the gove rno rship and is c o u n tin g h e a v ily u p o n the Rev. M r. W ebber in m a k in g his plans fo r 1953. Just as C o lo n e l M ille r insisted he was n o p o litic a l fro n t fo r W ebbe r and his PA C , so w i ll W h ite h e a d say and believe he is his o w n fro n t. B u t n e id ie r m an, being pra c tic a l as w e ll as a m b itio u s , w o u ld deny th a t he co u ld seek such an office and be certa in o f a sizable vote o n ly w ith the a ll-o u t bush-beating s u p p o rt o f C h a p la in W e b b e r.” 5 L W h a t was tru e in 1946 was s till tru e in 1949. A f te r the m ost ca re fu l checking and rcchecking, i t is clear th a t n o t m ore d ia n e ig h t o r n in e thousand m em bers o f the C IO voted in the g u b e rn a to ria l cam paign o f 1949, w h ic h is tw o and three-quarters per cent o f a ll the votes cast in th a t p rim a ry . A vote as sm all as th is w o u ld be u tte rly in capable o f c o n tro llin g any m a jo r cand idate and is n o t la rge enough to influence decisively the outcom e o f an election. F u rd ie r, as recent events in O h io have m ade a b u n d a n tly clear, it is q u ite in c o rre c t to assume th a t die votes o f u n io n m embers can be d elivered by anyone in a block. T h e A m e ric a n w o rk in g m an is too in te llig e n t and too in dependent fo r that. P a re n th e tic a lly , i t is a fact th a t in Ju n e and J u ly, 1949, i t was m y r u ra l s u p p o rt th a t was the real th re a t to the m achine, and the boys w h o c o n tro l die m achine were w e ll aware o f that. These are the facts. T h e y ca n n o t be reconciled w id i the p ic tu re B y rd has dra w n . T h e im pression he has created in the m in d s o f thousands o f V irg in ia n s is th a t the C IO in d iis state is a g ig a n tic , sin ister o rg a n i zation w h ic h musters sufficien t s tre n g th to m atch its votes w ith the votes o f the B y rd m achine, and th a t anyone w ho challenges the B y rd m achin e m ust neces sa rily be a C IO -c o n tro lle d cand idate to secure enough votes to w in . T h is is an u tte rly false and rid ic u lo u s p ic tu re o f the s itu a tio n . As everyone knows, I am abso lutely opposed to gove rnm ent by pressure groups, w h e th e r the g ro u p be the C IO o r die N a tio n a l Association o f M a n u fa c turers. I am as m u c h opposed to “ la b o r” gove rnm ent as 1 am to gove rn m e n t by in d u s tria l corp o ra tio n s and fo r exactly die same reasons. A “ la b o r” p o litic a l m a c hine c o n tr o llin g the state w o u ld be as a b h o rre n t to me as the B yrd m achine c o n tr o llin g the state, and I w o u ld fig h t the one as w h o le h e a rte d ly as the other. T o receive die s u p p o rt and votes o f w o rk in g m en w h o belong, to la b o r u nions is, how ever, a very d if fe re n t th in g fro m b e in g c o n tro lle d by a C IO p o litic a l m achine. A p p a re n tly , m any u n io n m embers in O h io recently voted fo r R o b e rt A . T a f t fo r the Senate, yet I never heard o f anyone accusing h im o f being con tro lle d by the C IO . T h e w o rk in g m en w h o belong to the C IO have exactly the same r ig h t to organize as the lawyers o f V irg in ia , o r the doctors, o r the p e a n u t and hog growers, o r the dairym en, o r as any o th e r professional o r p ro d u c in g g ro u p . T h e y also have exa ctly die same r ig h t to vote. As V irg in ia n s , they s h ou ld be treated lik e V irg in ia n s by everyone w h o aspires to p u b lic o f fice. I k n o w o f n o d iin g m ore c o n te m p tib le th a n fo r die ric h and p o w e rfu l, w h o also consider themselves the* w e ll-b o rn , to k ic k w o rk in g men a b o u t as H a rry B y rd has done in o rd e r to secure and m a in ta in p o lit i cal c o n tro l. F u rth e r, i t is an e v il day in the h isto ry o f this C o m m onw ealth w hen a candidate is a u to m a tica lly brande d as un -A m e ric a n because he receives supp ort fro m V ir g in ia ’s organized w o rk in g m en. T h e record o f the B yrd m achine in this respect is an in s u lt to h u m a n in te llig e n c e and an a ffro n t to the C h ris tia n conscience. W e have had enough o f it. By using the C IO as a w h ip p in g boy, H a rry Byrd has, fo r the tim e being, reta ined c o n tro l over the state, b u t he has re ta in e d c o n tro l at te rriffic cost to the peo ple o f V irg in ia . Perhaps the greatest in ju r y he has in flic te d on o u r beloved C o m m onw ealth has been the e x te n t to w h ic h the p o litic a l m ethods used by h im and his m achine have discouraged good m en and 6 7 “ H e re in V irg in ia the emphasis b e in g p u t u p o n the a ttitu d e o f die u nions in the c u rre n t sena toria l cam paign seems exaggerated. ‘T h e T im e s -D is p a tc h ’ has c ritic iz e d them fre q u e n tly and is o u t o f sym pathy w ith m uch th a t they are d o in g , b u t la b o r is too weak in the State to be the fa c to r in d e te rm in in g the outcom e o f die sena to ria l contest th a t some im agine. T h e horrendous C IO -P A C , fo r exam ple, p ro b a b ly can d e liv e r n o t m ore tiffin 10,000 votes in the State, a t the outside. F ro m a ll the u p ro a r a b o u t it, one w o u ld suppose th a t i t c ould th ro w 50,000 votes a ro u n d a t w ill. ” w om en w h o d iffe r w ith h im fro m o p e n ly expressing th e ir differences and fro m o ffe rin g fo r p u b lic office. N o decent c itiz e n likes to be smeared p u b lic ly . Yet, th a t is exactly w h a t happens to everyone w h o ch a l lenges the ru le o f th is d ic ta to ria l cliq u e . T h e effect ove r the years has been to d e p rive V irg in ia o f some o f h e r ablest and m ost in te llig e n t leadership. M a n y a y o u n g m an wrh o co u ld have served us w e ll has had no a lte rn a tiv e b u t to leave the state o r else to b u y his liv in g a t the p ric e o f silence. In lig h t o f V irg in ia ’s g reat tra d itio n s o f tolerance and fa ir play, th is is a d e p lo ra b le situ a tio n . H a rr y B y rd ’s m ethods o f m a in ta in in g c o n tro l have had o th e r e q u a lly serious consequences. H e has discouraged the use o f reason in p u b lic affairs and, by so d o in g , has u n d e rm in e d the process o f dem ocratic representative gove rnm ent. H e has d iv id e d m any V irg in ia c o m m u n itie s in to tw o hostile camps, re c re a tin g a class society and s e ttin g class over against class. A n d fu rth e r, he has d iv e rte d a tte n tio n fro m the real issues w h ic h are c ry in g to h ig h heaven fo r statesm anlike s o lu tio n , and w'hich o u g h t to have been d e a lt w ith a g en era tion ago. Senator B yrd know s w h a t the real issues are as w e ll as anyone. B u t they are the la st issues in the w o rld he wants the people o f V irg in ia to discuss, because once they are considered and resolved by an appeal to reason, the B y rd m achine w i ll cease to exist. I challenge the leaders o f the B y rd m achine to discuss real issues in place o f spurious and false issues. F o r exam ple. South C a ro lin a has ju s t abolished the p o ll tax. W h y -have o u r m achine p o litic ia n s in V i r g in ia k e p t s ile n t now fo r m ore than a year on this great issue? W h e n w i ll V irg in ia resume h e r leader s h ip o f th e S outhern States in m atters o f this kind? O u r V irg in ia tra d itio n lives. I t w i ll su rvive the assaults o f any demagogue, how ever p o w e rfu l he m ay be. Deep in o u r souls we believe in the appeal to reason and the appeal to tru th . W e m ake th a t ap peal, and th a t appeal w i ll even tu a lly be victo rio u s. J o h n M ilto n said in 1644: “ A n d th ough a ll the w inds o f d o c trin e were le t loose to p la y up o n the earth, so T r u t h be in the field, we do in ju r io u s ly by licensing and p ro h ib itin g , to m isdou bt her strength L e t her and falsehood grapple. W h o ever knew T r u t h p u t to the worse in a free and open encounter?” T h is saying is as tru e in 1950 as it was three h u n d re d years ago. A d d itio n a l C o p ie s C a n B e S e c u re d F ro m B o o m 301, 416 E a s t M ain S tr e e t C h a rlo tte s v ille , V irg in ia 8 �STATEMENT BY THE ARLINGTON SCHOOL BOARD December 15, 1955 We, County School amendment be is the members Board, and believe enacted^ the members-elect that public if the school of the proposed system Arlington constitutional of Virginia will weakened. We are payment of public We it would fear tax lack burden, of the effective breakdown throughout of unalterably tax monies result in impairment state disciplines Virginiar a opposed for tuition substantial of the the in of principle private increase educational control^ in to education of our the schools. in the standards curriculum, of and through in children the �The members of the Fairfax Citizens1 Council ask your support of legislation to provide for State investigation of organizations which exert pressure to change the laws and way of life of Virginia and its people. Organizations such as Freedom House, Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, NAACP, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, Delegate Assembly for Civil Rights, American Civil Liberties Union, national Urban League, Fund for the Republic, Southern Regional Council, Virginia Council on Human Relations, American Friends Service Committee and many others, including commercial organizations which have given their support, finan cial and otherwise to the above groups. We welcome any investigation of our organization, our motives, our operations or our membership. We denounce the ridiculous suggestion that other organizations, such as the League of Women Voters, Parent-Teacher Organizations, Virginia Education Association and so-called "Civic" groups, etc., be excluded from investigation. These groups certainly should be investigated; individually and collectively, including their national and international affiliations. Why should they be excluded though they have not even asked to be excluded? If they feel they should not be investigated, they must have something to hide. FAIRFAX CITIZENS' COUNCIL Fairfax County, Va. Address: Route 2, Box 592 McLean, Virginia Phones: Crescent 3-1809 Jefferson 2-7879 Elmwood 6 - k b 8 6 �REMARKS OF EDMUND D. CAMPBELL BEFORE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF VIRGINIA AT PUBLIC HEARING ON BILL PROPOSED BY GOVERNOR THOMAS B. STANLEY TO WITHHOLD STATE TAX FUNDS FROM COUNTIES OR CITIES WHICH PERMIT ANY INTEGRATION OF PUPILS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS September 5, 1956 I come before you today as a native Virginian, born on a college campus in Lexington within a stone's throw of the last resting place of the South's greatest hero. General Robert £. Lee. Dean Harry Campbell of Washington and Lee was my father. It goes without saying that the problem which you have to meet in this special session is an extraordinarily difficult one, and I am convinced that you are approaching it with real sincerity of purpose. It is my plea to you, however, that in the white-hot urgency to enact effective legislation on the racial problem you do not forget or repudiate the great and fundamental principles on which the commonwealth was founded. Mr. Chairman, I would ask the members of this Assem bly to glance at the dedication plaque on the wall of this room immediately behind the speaker's chair. "To Nathaniel Bacon * * * a great patriot leader of the Virginia people." It was this Nathaniel Bacon, whom you honor here, who fought a rebellion against the Qovernor of Virginia and its �then House of Burgesses for the right of the Individu«l counties to local self-government. Under the law as it was then. Governor Berkley, with the House of Burgesses, appointed all members of the so-called county courts. These county courts were not only courts, — they were the very governing bodies of the counties themselves. They fixed the tax levy for their counties. It was in the historic Grand Assembly of Burgesses headed by Nathaniel Bacon that Virginia established once and for all the fundamental right of local self-government, by providing that the people of each county could elect their own officials to have a say in the levying of their local taxes. I respectfully suggest to you that this September afternoon we are in grave danger of losing the fundamental principle of government for which you honor Nathaniel Bacon and for which cause he gave his life. For in the plan now recommended to you by the present Governor of Virginia, there are the same aspects of tyranny against the individual counties and cities of this commonwealth as existed under Governor Berkley. Punitive taxation against any locality in this state, whatever the guise, whatever the provocation, is tyranny. It is un-American. It is un-Virginian. It would make tragic sport of the motto, "Sic Semper Tyrannis" which 2 �we proudly display on our state flag. I hope you will de feat the Governor's proposals and uphold Virginia's proud tradition of local self-government which has been the pride of this commonwealth since a century before the American Revolution. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Description An account of the resource This collection consists of the personal papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell, and covers the period from 1945 through 1991, with the bulk of the material falling between 1947 and 1959. The materials in this collection were generated or collected as a result of Mrs. Campbell's involvement in the Arlington County School Board, as well as her interests and activities in education and local politics. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Acts of the 1956 Extra Session of the Virginia General Assembly Description An account of the resource Acts of the 1956 Extra Session of the Virginia General Assembly, including act "to provide no child shall be required to attend integrated schools" and other race related legislation. 27 pages Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 19, The Personal Papers of Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Virginia Acts of Assembly Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 19_5_2_1_2 https://projectdaps.org/files/original/909a349432a74dbb5118a1f395189a59.pdf 8b029f0387e40a672967bbe84ba73f85 PDF Text Text ? N ^ J Mrs* Beatrice U. y W Vashington, Broad Han, V ir g in ia , V/Nr- Mr. Elmer C. Jordan, Amissvllle, (7 r X ^ Q Virginia. \ „ ' Mrs. Esther X, Cooper, 500 S, Veitoh S t „ Arlington, Virginia. Mrs. Julia Broddie, Vashington, Virginia. / }5rs, Moses 7illiams. Mr. Cecil Robinson, 1214 Oronoco Street, Alexandria, Va. Mrs, Clara Ambers, lueketts, Virginia. Mrs* Marcia Tuper* 29 E. Poll Mall Street Front Royal, Virginia# 107 Liberty Street, Berryville, Virginia. , Mrs. Mabel Tolliver, Box 94, Woodstock, Virginia, 5 W ( Hr. Julian Jeffries, 426 Hill Street, Front Royal, Virginia. -, K i . t ■{.T I "Vi r ' 4 ) ; o - f - j .<1 -' GW (w Q o^f < x W > , a Iw 0\ A Mr. J. Leonard Carter, Box 92, Washington, Virginia, ■' ^ J 0 °Y 7 ,v, \\o - f p fr o> 4 L C . < ?. 1 L 1 W J U 1y ( 3 -n T> r r - S, f.T~ \ Her. Milton Sheppard, Route 2, Mr. Janes E. Browne, 2019 N. Buchanan 3tie9. Arlington, Virginia, Alexandria;) V ir g in ia , Di v xR. M. .ViIlians, J 303 S,. Alfred Street, Alexandria* Virginia, Mrs. Marie M. Medley, 211 > . Market Street, Tee,burg, Virginia, Ur, Dawning E, Banks R. F. D. 1, Boyce, Virginia. Rev. J. '7. Jefferson, 202 E. Loeust St., ’ Voodstook, Virginia. Rev. J. C. Braithwal*15 E. Prospect Street, Front Royal, Virginia. Mr. Garfield Praether. 1212 Loudoun Street, / inchester, Virginia, x jb cN ~h Mrs* Alice 71 Ilians, 406 Center Street, Unnasaaa, Virginia. Mrs* Ora Barber, Box 402, '.Vashington, Virginia, Mrs* Ada 7. Broadus* 426 Hill Street, Front Rcpal, Virginia. \ ’ s Eai t h Craig, T Box 203, ' ' rrent on, Virginia, .a Mrs. Mary E. Butler# Sperryville, V ir g in ia . /L,5 ^ Mrs. Barbara Marx, 6897 N, Vashington Blvd. Arlington, Virginia, Mrs. Dorothy E. Fields, Gainesville, f ! ( t . Virginia. V 1 Mrs. Minnie Davis. Vashington, Virginia, Tl Thomas H» Fields, ^v, 1 'r Gainesville, Virginia. f tti �We, t h e u n d e r s i g n e d , a r e t h e p a r e n t s o f c h i l d r e n o f sc hool age e n t i t l e d t o a t t e n d and a t t e n d i n g th e p u b l i c e l e m e n t a r y and s e c o n d a r y h ig h s c h o o l s u nder your j u r i s d i c t i o n . As you u n d o u b t e d l y know, th e United S t a t e s Supreme C o u r t on .vlay 17, 1954* r u l e d t h a t th e m ain ten an ce o f r a c i a l l y s e g r e g a t e d p u b l i c s c h o o l s i s a v i o l a t i o n o f th e C o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e United S t a t e s and on May t h a t p r i n c i p l e and r e q u i r e s 3 1 , 1 9 5 5 reaffirm ed ‘ ‘good f a i t h co m p lian ce a t th e e a r l i e s t p r a c t i c a b l e d a t e '* / w i t h th e f e d e r a l c o u r t s a u t h o r i z e d t o d e t e r m i n e w h eth er l o c a l o f f i c i a l s a r e p r o c e e d i n g in good f a i t h . We, t h e r e f o r e , c a l l upon you to t a k e immediate s t e p s t o r e o r g a n i z e t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s u n d er your j u r i s d i c t i o n on a n o n d i s c r i m m a t o r y b a s i s . As we u n d e r s t a n d i t , you have t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to r e o r g a n i z e th e sch o o l sy s tem s under y o u r c o n t r o l so t h a t th e c h i l d r e n o f p u b l i c sch o o l age a t t e n d i n g and e n t i t l e d t o a t t e n d p u b l i c s c h o o l s c a n n o t be d e n ie d ad m i s s i o n t o any sc h o o l c r be r e q u i r e d t o a t t e n d any sc h o o l s o l e l y becau se of r a c e and c o l o r . The May 3 l s t d e c i s i o n o f the Supreme c o u r t , to u s , means t h a t th e tim e f o r d e l a y , e v a s i o n or p r o c r a s t i n a t i o n i s p a s t . Whatever t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s in a c c o r d i n g our c h i l d r e n t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t s , i t i s c l e a r t h a t th e sch o o l boar d must meet and seek a s o l u t i o n to t h a t q u e s t i o n in a c c o r d a n c e w ith t h e law o f th e l a n d . As we i n t e r p r e t t h e d e c i s i o n , you a r e d u t y bound t o tak e immediate c o n c r e t e s t e p s l e a d i n g t o e a r l y e l i m i n a t i o n o f s e g r e g a t i o n in t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s . P l e a s e r e s t a s s u r e d o f o u r w i l l i n g n e s s t o s e r v e in any way we can t o a i d you in d e a l i n g w i t h t h i s q u e s t i o n . P l e a s e S ig n : P arents PresicTerTt of BrancTi Addr<3ss Co unse1 ( P l e a s e use a d d i t i o n a l S h e e t s i f n e c e s s a r y ) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RG 18: Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Address list, (NAACP?), no date. 2 pages. Page 1, Address; Page 2, scrap. Description An account of the resource Address list, (NAACP?). Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RG 18, Personal Papers of Barbara Marx Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource No date Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s (?) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is subject to copyright. Unauthorized use of the images in the Local History Collections of the Arlington Community Archives is prohibited. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 18_1_1_9_19